               United Nations                                                                     S/RES/2238 (2015)
               Security Council                                                  Distr.: General
                                                                                10 September 2015

               Resolution 2238 (2015)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 7520th meeting, on
               10 September 2015

                    The Security Council,
                    Recalling its resolution 1970 (2011) and all its subsequent resolutions on Libya,
                      Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence,
               territorial integrity and national unity of Libya,
                     Calling on all parties to armed conflict to take all appropri ate steps to protect
               civilians,
                    Recalling that all parties to armed conflict must comply strictly with the
               obligations applicable to them under international humanitarian, human rights and
               refugee law,
                     Welcoming the ongoing efforts of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya
               (UNSMIL) and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General to facilitate a
               Libyan-led political solution to the increasing challenges facing the country and
               underlining the importance of agreement, in accordance with the principles of
               national ownership, on immediate next steps towards completing Libya’s political
               transition, including the formation of a Government of National Accord,
                   Recognizing the need for assistance planning for a Government of National
               Accord and security arrangements,
                     Welcoming the initialling of the Libyan Political Agreement of Skhirat,
               Morocco on 11 July 2015 by the majority of the Libyan delegates to the ongoing
               UN-facilitated political dialogue, recognizing the contribution of Member States to
               host and support meetings of that dialogue, and emphasizing the necessity for the
               constructive participation of the elected House of Representatives and other Libyan
               parties to take forward the democratic transition, build state institutions and start the
               reconstruction of Libya,
                     Urging the full, equal and effective participation of women in all activities
               relating to the democratic transition, conflict resolution and peacebuilding in line
               with relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 1325 (2000) and
               2122 (2013), and in this regard welcoming the United Nations facilitation of
               meetings of women’s participation within the framework of the ongoing Political
               Dialogue,

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                     Welcoming the efforts made by all participants in the UN-facilitated Libyan
               Political Dialogue and other tracks of the peace process, including the contributions
               of civil society, tribal leaders, local-level ceasefires, prisoner exchanges and the
               return of internally displaced persons,
                     Reiterating grave concern at the growing trend of terrorist groups in Libya
               proclaiming allegiance to Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) (also known as
               Da’esh) and the continued presence of other Al-Qaida-linked terrorist groups and
               individuals operating there, and further reiterating grave concern about the negative
               impact of their presence, violent extremist ideology and deadly actions in Libya,
               neighbouring countries, and the region, reaffirming the need to combat by all
               means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law,
               including applicable international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law,
               threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts, and recalling, in
               this regard, the obligations under resolution 2161 (2014),
                     Expressing deep concern at the threat posed by unsecured arms and
               ammunition in Libya and their proliferation, which undermines stability in Libya
               and the region, including through transfer to terrorist and violent ex tremist groups,
               and underlining the importance of coordinated international support to Libya and
               the region to address these issues,
                     Reaffirming the importance of holding accountable those responsible for
               violations or abuses of human rights or violations of international humanitarian law,
               including those involved in attacks targeting civilians,
                     Recalling its decision in resolution 1970 (2011) to refer the situation in Libya
               to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), noting the decision of
               the Pre-Trial Chamber dated 10 December 2014, and also noting the request of the
               Prosecutor to the Pre-Trial Chamber dated 30 July 2015 that Libya immediately
               surrender Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi to the Court,
                     Further recalling the arms embargo, travel ban, assets freeze and measures
               concerning illicit oil exports which were imposed and modified by resolutions 1970
               (2011), 1973 (2011), 2009 (2011), 2040 (2012), 2095 (2013), 2144 (2014), 2146
               (2014), 2174 (2014) 2213 (2015) (the Measures), and that the mandat e of the Panel
               of Experts established by paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) and modified by
               resolutions 2040 (2012), 2146 (2014) and 2174 (2014) was extended until 30 April
               2016 by resolution 2213 (2015),
                     Encouraging the Libyan authorities to continue to implement measures to
               increase transparency of government revenues and expenditures, including salaries,
               subsidies, and other transfers from the Central Bank of Libya, and welcoming the
               efforts of the Libyan authorities to eliminate the duplication of payments and to
               guard against the illegal diversion of payments, and encouraging further steps in
               this regard that ensure the long-term sustainability of Libya’s financial resources,
                     Emphasizing the need for all parties to respect the relevant provisions of
               international humanitarian law and the United Nations guiding principles of
               humanitarian emergency assistance,
                   Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations
               Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) (S/2015/624),

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                Taking note also of the special report of the Secretary-General on the strategic
           assessment of the UN presence in Libya (S/2015/113) including the
           recommendations on the configuration of the UN presence made therein,
                Taking note of the final report of the Panel of Experts (S/2015/128) submitted
           pursuant to paragraph 14 (d) of resolution 2144 (2014) and the findings and
           recommendations contained therein,
                Recalling its determination in resolution 2213 (2015) that the situation in
           Libya constitutes a threat to international peace and se curity,
                 1.   Calls for an immediate and unconditional ceasefire, underscores that
           there can be no military solution to the ongoing political crisis, and urges all parties
           in Libya to engage constructively with the efforts of UNSMIL and the Special
           Representative of the Secretary-General to finalise the Libyan Political Agreement;
                2.    Calls for the immediate formation of a Government of National Accord,
           and agreement on interim security arrangements necessary for stabilising Libya
           through the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue;
                3.   Calls upon all Member States to fully support the efforts of the Special
           Representative of the Secretary-General;
                4.    Encourages Member States, particularly in the region, to continue to
           urge all parties in Libya to engage constructively in the UN -facilitated dialogue and
           work quickly towards a successful outcome;
                 5.    Condemns the use of violence against civilians and civilian institutions
           and continuing escalation of conflict, including attacks on airports, State
           institutions, and other vital national infrastructure and natural assets, and calls for
           those responsible to be held accountable;
                 6.    Expresses its deep concern over the increased tensions and displacement
           of civilians resulting from violence between armed groups, including in the South of
           Libya, and urges all groups to exercise restraint and work towards local and national
           reconciliation initiatives;
                7.    Calls upon the Libyan government to promote and protect human rights,
           including those of women, children and people belonging to vulnerable groups, and
           to comply with its obligations under international law, and calls for those
           responsible for violations of international humanitarian law and violations and
           abuses of human rights, including sexual violence, to be held accountable;
                 8.   Condemns cases of torture and mistreatment, and deaths by torture, in
           detention centres in Libya, calls upon the Libyan government to take all steps
           necessary to accelerate the judicial process, transfer detainees to State authority and
           prevent and investigate violations and abuses of human rights, calls for all Libyan
           parties to cooperate with Libyan government efforts in this regard, calls for the
           immediate release of all individuals arbitrarily arrested or detained in Libya,
           including foreign nationals, and underscores the Libyan government’s primary
           responsibility for promoting and protecting the human rights of all persons in Libya,
           including those of African migrants and other foreign nationals;
                9.   Expresses concern that the situation in Libya is exacerbated by the
           smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons from and through Libyan territory,
           and expresses grave concern at the recent proliferation of, and endangerment of

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               lives by, the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, in particular off the
               coast of Libya;
                    10. Calls upon the Libyan government to cooperate fully with and provide
               any necessary assistance to the International Criminal Court and the Prosecutor as
               required by resolution 1970 (2011);
                    11. Encourages Libya and regional States to promote regional cooperation
               aimed at stabilization of the situation in Libya, to prevent former Libyan regime
               elements and violent extremist groups or terrorists from using the territory of Libya
               or such States to plan, fund or carry out violent or other ill icit or terrorist acts to
               destabilize Libya or States in the region, and notes that such cooperation would
               benefit regional stability;

               United Nations mandate
                     12. Extends the mandate of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya
               (UNSMIL) until 15 March 2016 under the leadership of the Special Representative
               of the Secretary-General, and further mandates UNSMIL as an integrated special
               political mission, in full accordance with the principles of national ownership, shall
               focus, as an immediate priority, through mediation and good offices, on support to
               the Libyan political process towards the formation of a Government of National
               Accord and security arrangements, through the security track of the UN-facilitated
               Libyan Political Dialogue, and further, within operational and security constraints,
               shall undertake:
                    (i)   human rights monitoring and reporting;
                    (ii) support for securing uncontrolled arms and related materiel and
                    countering its proliferation;
                    (iii) support to key Libyan institutions;
                    (iv) support, on request, for the provision of essential services, and delivery
                    of humanitarian assistance and in accordance with humanitarian principles;
                    (v)   co-ordination of international assistance;
                     13. Requests that the Secretary-General continue to maintain the necessary
               flexibility and mobility to adjust UNSMIL staffing and operations at short notice in
               order to support, as appropriate and in accordance with its mandate, implementation
               by the Libyans of agreements and confidence-building measures or in response to
               their expressed needs, and further requests the Secretary-General keep the Security
               Council informed prior to such changes to UNSMIL in his reports pursuant to
               paragraph 15 of this resolution;

               Sanctions measures
                     14. Calls upon all Member States to fully and effectively implement the
               aforementioned Measures, and urges the Libyan government to implement those
               Measures accordingly, in accordance with their obligations under the relevant
               resolutions and the Charter of the United Nations;

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           Reporting and review
                15. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on the
           implementation of this resolution at least every 60 days;
                  16. Affirms its readiness to review the appropriateness of the Measures
           contained in this resolution, including the strengthening, modification, suspension
           or lifting of the Measures, and its readiness to review the mandate of UNSMIL, as
           may be needed at any time in light of developments in Libya, particularly outcomes
           of the UN-facilitated dialogue;
                17.   Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

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Security Council resolution 2238 (2015) [on extension of the mandate of the UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) until 15 Mar. 2016]

S/70 [220] UN SUPPORT MISSION IN LIBYA
S/70 [219] LIBYA SITUATION

UN Support Mission in Libya|UN. Panel of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011)|INTERNAL SECURITY|CEASEFIRES|PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS|LIBYA|SANCTIONS


               United Nations                                                                    S/RES/2239 (2015)
               Security Council                                                  Distr.: General
                                                                                17 September 2015

               Resolution 2239 (2015)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 7525th meeting, on
               17 September 2015

                    The Security Council,
                     Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular 1509 (2003), 2066 (2012),
               2116 (2013), 2177 (2014), 2190 (2014), 2215 (2015) and 2237 (2015) concerning
               the situation in Liberia, as well as 2162 (2014) and 2226 (2015) on the situation in
               Côte d’Ivoire,
                     Affirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial
               integrity and unity of Liberia and recalling the principles of good -neighbourliness,
               non-interference and regional cooperation,
                     Affirming that the Government of Liberia bears primary responsibility for
               ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Liberia and
               for reforming the security sector, particularly the Liberia National Police (LNP) and
               the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization (BIN),
                    Stressing that lasting stability in Liberia will require the Government of
               Liberia to sustain well-functioning and accountable government institutions,
               especially in the security and justice sectors, to build the confidence of all Liberians
               and urging the Government of Liberia to demonstrate substantive progress in the
               reform, restructuring and effective functioning of the security and justice sectors to
               provide for the protection of all Liberians,
                      Welcoming the overall progress towards restoring peace, security and stability
               in Liberia, commending the enduring commitment of the people and Government of
               Liberia to peace and to developing democratic processes and institutions and
               initiating important reform efforts, recognizing the effective response by the
               Government of Liberia, including with support from the international community, to
               the Ebola epidemic in Liberia and, in this regard, the resilience of the people and
               Government of Liberia and its security institutions and calling on all Liberian
               stakeholders to intensify momentum towards achieving greater social cohesion,
                     Looking forward to a comprehensive, inclusive constitutional review process
               as well as the implementation of the National Reconciliation Roadmap, urging
               efforts to strengthen the Independent National Commission on Human Rights,
               which could play a key role as a publicly accessible human rights institution and as
               a mechanism to monitor and follow-up on the implementation of the

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               recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and stressing that
               the responsibility for the preparation, security and conduct of free, fair and
               transparent 2017 presidential elections rests with the Liberian authorities,
                    Noting with concern the potential for conflict over Liberia’s natural resources
               and disputes related to land ownership and also noting that issues related to
               corruption continue to threaten to undermine stability and the effectiveness of
               government institutions,
                     Commending the cooperation between, and significant efforts of, the
               Government of Liberia and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to plan
               and prepare for the 30 June 2016 security transition to the Liberian authorities,
               expressing concern that the Government has not provided predictable and
               sustainable funding to shoulder the costs of deploying and sustaining its security
               personnel and resources throughout the country, including to operate and maintain
               the LNP and BIN outside of Monrovia, and welcoming the commencement of arms
               marking by the Armed Forces of Liberia,
                     Commending the continued efforts of the Government of Liberia to strengthen
               security cooperation in the subregion, notably with the governments of Guinea, Sierra
               Leone and Côte d’Ivoire, and recognizing that the instability in western Côte d’Ivoire
               continues to pose cross-border security challenges for Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire,
                    Expressing appreciation for the continued assistance provided by the people
               and Government of Liberia to Ivorian refugees in eastern Liberia and towards their
               voluntary repatriation to Côte d’Ivoire,
                    Extolling the continued contribution, commitment and resolve of United
               Nations personnel, as well as of the troop- and police-contributing countries of
               UNMIL, to assist in consolidating peace and stability in Liberia,
                     Expressing appreciation to the international community, including the
               Economic Community of West African States, African Union and Mano River
               Union, for their support to consolidate peace, security and stability in Liberia,
               welcoming, in particular, the contributions of bilateral partners and multilateral
               organizations, as well as the Peacebuilding Commission, to support Liberia’s efforts
               on security sector reform (SSR), rule of law and national reconciliation, as well as
               in the post-Ebola recovery period, strongly encouraging the continued contributions
               of the international community in this regard, recognizing that key peacebuilding
               priorities must be fully integrated in the post-Ebola recovery efforts, including
               revitalizing socioeconomic development and emphasizing the need for coherence
               between, and integration of, peacekeeping, peacebuilding and development to
               achieve an effective response to post-conflict situations,
                    Recognizing the significant challenges that remain across all sectors, including
               continuing problems with violent crime, in particular the high rates of sexual and
               gender-based violence, especially involving children, recalling its resolutions 1325
               (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), and 2106 (2013) on
               women, peace, and security, welcoming the renewed efforts by the Government of
               Liberia to promote and protect human rights, in particular of women and children
               and emphasizing that persistent barriers to full implementation of resolution 1325
               (2000) will only be dismantled through dedicated commitment to women’s
               empowerment, participation, and human rights, and through concerted leadership,

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           consistent information and action, and support, to build women’s engagement in all
           levels of decision-making,
                Taking note of the 13 August 2015 report of the Secretary-General
           (S/2015/620) and the recommendations contained therein on the adjustments to the
           mandate and composition of UNMIL in line with the security transition,
                 Determining that the situation in Liberia continues to constitute a threat to
           international peace and security in the region,
                Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

           Governance, Rule of Law, Security Sector Reform and National Reconciliation
                 1.    Emphasizes that the Government of Liberia bears primary and ultimate
           responsibility for security and the protection of its population and urges the
           Government to prioritize the effective and rapid development of the security
           agencies, especially the LNP, which is the priority law enforcement agency tasked
           with civilian policing responsibilities, including through the timely provision of
           sufficient financial resources and other support, adequate training and development
           of senior management;
                 2.    Encourages the Government of Liberia to prioritize national reconciliation
           and economic recovery, to combat corruption and to promote efficiency and good
           governance, in particular by continuing to strengthen transparency and accountability,
           including by managing effectively Liberia’s natural resources, emphasizes the
           importance of pursuing a national reconciliation and social cohesion strategy through
           concrete measures to promote national healing, justice and reconciliation at all levels
           and involving all Liberian stakeholders and recognizes the efforts of the Government
           of Liberia to support enhancing the participation of women in conflict prevention,
           conflict resolution and peacebuilding, including in decision-making roles in postconflict governance institutions and the broad range of reform efforts;
                3.    Emphasizes the need for continued progress by the Liberian authorities
           on constitutional and institutional reforms, especially of the ru le of law and security
           sectors, and the national reconciliation processes, particularly in light of the impact
           of the Ebola outbreak on communities and the need to intensify the longer -term
           recovery of Liberia and, in this regard, requests the Special Representative of the
           Secretary-General to continue to assist such efforts through the use of good offices
           and political support;
                  4.   Urges the Government of Liberia to intensify its efforts towards achieving
           progress on the transition of security responsibilities from UNMIL to the national
           authorities, particularly with regard to prioritizing and resourcing the critical gaps to
           facilitate a successful transition, improving the capacity and capability of the LNP
           and BIN, as well as the justice sector, including courts and prisons, enabling the
           promotion of human rights and reconciliation, effective oversight, professionalism,
           transparency and accountability across all security institutions and strengthening
           democratic institutions and extension of state authority and services throughout the
           country for the benefit of all Liberians;
                 5.   Affirms its expectation that the Government of Liberia will assume fully
           its complete security responsibilities from UNMIL no later than 30 June 2016 and
           encourages Member States and multilateral organizations to continue to provide

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               financial, technical and other assistance to the Government of Liberia in this regard,
               including for the long-term support necessary for professionalizing and sustaining
               Liberia’s security institutions and infrastructure;
                     6.   Calls on the Government of Liberia to accelerate its efforts to enhance
               the capacity of its security sector in coordination with the continued reconfiguration
               of UNMIL, especially the leadership, coordination, monitoring and resourc es,
               oversight mechanisms, early passage of the draft Police and BIN Acts and further
               reform of the promotion and manpower policies, with a view to decentralizing the
               national security institutions, particularly the LNP, to provide security for all people
               throughout Liberia and urges the Government of Liberia to accelerate efforts to
               implement measures on the proper management of arms and ammunition, including
               enacting the appropriate domestic laws, the effective monitoring and management of
               Liberia’s border regions and the registering and tracking of arms and material used
               and imported by its security forces;
                     7.    Underscores the importance of the Government of Liberia continuing to
               develop national security and rule of law institutions that are fully and ind ependently
               operational, and to this end, encourages accelerated coordinated progress on the
               implementation of the Security and Justice Development Plans and the National
               Human Rights Action Plan and urges the effective, transparent and efficient
               management by the Government of Liberia of assistance, including from bilateral and
               multilateral partners, to support the reform of the justice and security sectors;
                     8.   Expresses its continued concern that women and girls in Liberia continue
               to face a high incidence of sexual and gender-based violence, reiterates its call on
               the Government of Liberia to continue to combat sexual violence, particularly
               against children, and gender-based violence and to combat impunity for perpetrators
               of such crimes and to provide redress, support and protection to victims, including
               through public information campaigns and by continuing to strengthen national
               police capacity in this area and to raise awareness of existing national legislation on
               sexual violence and encourages the Government to reinforce its commitment in this
               regard, including by funding the implementation of its national action plan on
               sexual and gender-based violence and improving women and girls’ access to justice;

               UNMIL mandate
                    9.    Decides to extend the mandate of UNMIL until 30 September 2016;
                    10.   Decides that the mandate of UNMIL shall be the following:
                    (a)   Protection of Civilians
                    (i) To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Liberian
                    authorities, the civilian population from threat of physical violence, within its
                    capabilities and areas of deployment;
                    (b)   Reform of Justice and Security Institutions
                    (i) To assist the Government of Liberia in implementing and in close
                    coordination with bilateral and multilateral partners, as approp riate, its
                    national strategy on Security Sector Reform (SSR);
                    (ii) To advise the Government of Liberia on SSR and the organization of the
                    LNP and BIN, as well as on the justice and corrections sector, with a particular

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                focus on developing their leadership, internal management and accountability
                mechanisms;
                (iii) To assist the Government of Liberia to coordinate these efforts with all
                partners, including bilateral and multilateral donors;
                (c)   Human Rights Promotion and Protection
                (i) To carry out promotion, protection and monitoring activities of human
                rights in Liberia, with special attention to violations and abuses committed
                against children and women;
                (ii) To support the strengthening of efforts by the Government of Liberia to
                combat sexual- and gender-based violence, including its efforts to combat
                impunity for perpetrators of such crimes;
                (d)   Protection of United Nations personnel
                (i) To protect the United Nations personnel, installations and equipment and
                ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and
                associated personnel;
                 11. Decides that UNMIL, in accordance with paragraphs 4, 5, 6 and 10 (b)
           above, shall put renewed focus on supporting the Government of Liberia to achieve
           a successful transition of complete security responsibility to the Liberian authorities
           by strengthening the capacity of the relevant security agencies to manage existing
           personnel and to improve training programs to expedite their readiness to assume
           security responsibilities throughout Liberia and requests UNMIL to continue to
           communicate, including through UNMIL Radio, with the people and Government of
           Liberia to raise awareness and understanding about its mandate and activities in line
           with the security transition;
                12. Requests UNMIL to ensure that any support provided to non-United
           Nations security forces is provided in strict compliance with the Human Rights Due
           Diligence Policy on United Nations Support to non-United Nations Security Forces
           (S/2013/110);
                 13. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that UNMIL has the requisite
           qualified specialist advisers with the professional skills and experience appropriate
           to this transition phase in order to enhance mentoring with the aim of increasing the
           capacity of the Government, particularly the LNP and BIN, to accelerate the
           implementation of sustainable rule of law, justice, governance and SSR programs,
           including mechanisms to hold perpetrators of sexual and gender -based violence
           accountable;
                 14. Encourages UNMIL, within its capabilities and areas of deployment and
           without prejudice to its mandate, to continue to assist the Government of Liberia,
           the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 21 of resolution 1521 (2003) and
           the Panel of Experts to carry out its tasks, in this regard, as set forth in previous
           resolutions, including its resolution 2237 (2015);

           Force structure
                15. Decides to decrease UNMIL’s authorized military strength from 3,590 to
           1,240 military personnel, which includes one infantry battalion and re lated enablers,
           by 30 June 2016 and to decrease UNMIL’s authorized police strength from 1,515 to

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               606 police personnel, which includes three formed police units, as well as
               immigration and police advisers, by 30 June 2016;
                     16. Requests UNMIL, from 1 July 2016, to support the Liberian security
               agencies to protect civilians in the event of a deterioration of the security situation
               that could risk a strategic reversal of peace and stability in the country, taking into
               account UNMIL’s reduced capabilities and areas of deployment;
                    17. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to streamline the activities of
               UNMIL across its civilian, police and military components and narrowing of the
               mandate decided in this resolution and further requests the Secretary-General to
               accelerate efforts to achieve the consolidation of the civilian, police and military
               presence of UNMIL in line with the security transition;
                     18. Affirms its intention, based on the Security Council’s review by
               15 December 2016 of Liberia’s overall capacity to ensure security and stability after
               the conclusion of the security transition on 30 June 2016 and security conditions on
               the ground, to consider the possible withdrawal of UNMIL and transition to a future
               United Nations presence to continue to assist the Government of Liberia to
               consolidate peace and, in this regard, requests the Secretary-General to conduct an
               assessment mission to Liberia in order to provide recommendations to the Security
               Council by 15 November 2016;

               Regional and inter-mission cooperation
                     19. Recognizes the importance of resuming fully and also enhancing the joint
               activities between the Governments of Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire as UNMIL and the
               United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) downsize, calls on the
               Governments of Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire to continue reinforcing their cooperation,
               particularly with respect to the border area, including through increased monitoring,
               information sharing, and coordinated actions, and in implementing the shared border
               strategy to, inter alia, support the disarmament and repatriation of armed elements on
               both sides of the border and the voluntary return of refugees in safety and dignity, as
               well as to address the root causes of conflict and tension, and in this regard, calls
               upon all United Nations entities in Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, including all relevant
               components of UNOCI and UNMIL, within their respective mandates, capabilities
               and areas of deployment, as well as the two United Nations Country Teams, where
               relevant and appropriate, to intensify support to the Ivorian and Liberian authorities;
                     20. Affirms the importance of inter-mission cooperation arrangements as
               UNMIL and UNOCI downsize, reaffirms the inter-mission cooperation framework
               set out in its resolution 1609 (2005), recalls its endorsement in its resolution 2062
               (2012) of the recommendation of the Secretary-General to transfer three armed
               helicopters from UNMIL to UNOCI to be used in both Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia
               along and across their border and also recalls its decision in its resolution 2162
               (2014) that all UNOCI and UNMIL military utility helicopters shall be utilized in
               both Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia in order to facilitate rapid response and mobility,
               while not affecting the area of responsibility of either mi ssion;
                     21. Welcomes the full operationalization of the quick reaction force
               established by its resolution 2162 (2014) to implement UNOCI’s mandate as defined
               in paragraph 19 of its resolution 2226 (2015) and to support UNMIL as defined in

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           paragraph 33 of its resolution 2226 (2015) while recognizing that this unit will
           remain primarily a UNOCI asset;
                 22. Recalls its authorization, pursuant to its resolutions 2162 (2014) and
           2226 (2015), to the Secretary-General to deploy this unit to Liberia, subject to the
           consent of the troop contributing countries concerned and the Government of
           Liberia, in the event of a serious deterioration of the security situation on the ground
           in order to temporarily reinforce UNMIL with the sole purpose of implementing its
           mandate and further recalls its requests to the Secretary-General to inform the
           Security Council immediately of any deployment of this unit to Liberia and to
           obtain Security Council authorization for any such deployment for a period that
           exceeds 90 days;

           Reports of the Secretary-General
                  23. Requests the Secretary-General to keep it regularly informed of the
           situation in Liberia and the implementation of the mandate of UNMIL and to provide
           to it a midterm report no later than 28 February 2016 and a final report no later than
           15 August 2016 on the situation on the ground and implementation of this resolution;
                24.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.

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Security Council resolution 2239 (2015) [on extension of the mandate of the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) until 30 Sept. 2016]

S/70 [89] LIBERIA SITUATION
S/70 [90] UN MISSION IN LIBERIA

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               United Nations                                                                   S/RES/2240 (2015)
               Security Council                                               Distr.: General
                                                                              9 October 2015

               Resolution 2240 (2015)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 7531st meeting, on
               9 October 2015

                    The Security Council,
                   Recalling its press statement of 21 April on the maritime tragedy in the
               Mediterranean Sea,
                      Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence,
               territorial integrity and national unity of Libya,
                     Recalling that international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention
               on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, sets out the legal framework applicable
               to activities in the ocean,
                     Reaffirming also the United Nations Convention against Transnational
               Organized Crime (UNTOC Convention) and its Protocol against the Smuggling of
               Migrants by Land, Air and Sea, as the primary international legal instruments to
               combat the smuggling of migrants and related conduct, and the Protocol to Prevent,
               Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,
               supplementing the UNTOC Convention, as the primary international legal
               instruments to combat trafficking in persons,
                    Underlining that, although the crime of smuggling of migrants may share, in
               some cases, some common features with the crime of trafficking in persons,
               Member States need to recognise that they are distinct crimes, as defined by the
               UNTOC Convention and its Protocols, requiring differing legal, operational, and
               policy responses,
                    Deploring the continuing maritime tragedies in the Mediterranean Sea that
               have resulted in hundreds of casualties, and noting with concern that such casualties
               were, in some cases, the result of exploitation and misinformation by transnational
               criminal organisations which facilitated the illegal smuggling of migrants via
               dangerous methods for personal gain and with callous disregard for human life,
                     Expressing grave concern at the recent proliferation of, and endangerment of
               lives by, the smuggling of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, in particul ar off the
               coast of Libya and recognizing that among these migrants may be persons who meet
               the definition of a refugee under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of
               Refugees and the 1967 Protocol thereto,

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                     Emphasizing in this respect that migrants, including asylum-seekers and
               regardless of their migration status, should be treated with humanity and dignity and
               that their rights should be fully respected, and urging all States in this regard to
               comply with their obligations under international law, i ncluding international human
               rights law and international refugee law, as applicable, stressing also the obligation
               of States, where applicable, to protect the human rights of migrants regardless of
               their migration status, including when implementing their specific migration and
               border security policies,
                     Reaffirming in this respect the need to promote and protect effectively the
               human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, regardless of their
               migration status, especially those of women and childr en, and to address
               international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and
               dialogue and through a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles
               and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination i n promoting and
               protecting the human rights of all migrants, and avoiding approaches that might
               aggravate their vulnerability,
                    Further recalling the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
               and the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue,
                      Expressing further concern that the situation in Libya is exacerbated by the
               smuggling of migrants and human trafficking into, through and from the Libyan
               territory, which could provide support to other organised crime and terrorist
               networks in Libya,
                    Mindful of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
               peace and security under the Charter of the United Nations,
                     Underlining the primary responsibility of the Libyan Government to take
               appropriate action to prevent the recent proliferation of, and endangerment of lives
               by, the smuggling of migrants and human trafficking through the territory of Libya
               and its territorial sea,
                     Mindful of the need to support further efforts to strengthen Libyan border
               management, considering the difficulties of the Libyan Government to manage
               effectively the migratory flows in transit through Libyan territory, and noting its
               concern for the repercussions of this phenomenon on the stability of Libya and of
               the Mediterranean region,
                     Welcoming support already provided by the most concerned Member States,
               including Member States of the European Union (EU), taking into account inter alia
               the role of FRONTEX and the specific mandate of EUBAM Libya in support of the
               Libyan Government, and by neighbouring States,
                    Acknowledging the European Council statement of 23 April 2015 and the press
               statement of the African Union Peace and Security Council of 27 Apri l, which
               underlined the need for effective international action to address both the immediate
               and long-term aspects of human trafficking towards Europe,
                     Taking note of the Decision of the Council of the European Union of 18 May
               2015 setting up ‘EUNAVFOR Med’ which underlined the need for effective
               international action to address both the immediate and long -term aspects of migrant
               smuggling and human trafficking towards Europe,

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               Taking further note of the ongoing discussions between the EU and the Libyan
           Government on migration related issues,
                Expressing also strong support to the States in the region affected by the
           smuggling of migrants and human trafficking, and emphasizing the need to step up
           coordination of efforts in order to strengthen an effective m ultidimensional response
           to these common challenges in the spirit of international solidarity and shared
           responsibility, to tackle their root causes and to prevent people from being exploited
           by migrant smugglers and human traffickers,
                Acknowledging the need to assist States in the region, upon request, in the
           development of comprehensive and integrated regional and national strategies, legal
           frameworks, and institutions to counter terrorism, transnational organised crime,
           migrant smuggling, and human trafficking, including mechanisms to implement
           them within the framework of States’ obligations under applicable international law,
                 Stressing that addressing both migrant smuggling and human trafficking,
           including dismantling smuggling and trafficking networks in the region and
           prosecuting migrant smugglers, and human traffickers requires a coordinated,
           multidimensional approach with States of origin, of transit, and of destination, and
           further acknowledging the need to develop effective strategies to deter mi grant
           smuggling and human trafficking in States of origin and transit,
                 Emphasizing that migrants should be treated with humanity and dignity and
           that their rights should be fully respected, and urging all States in this regard to
           comply with their obligations under international law, including international human
           rights law and international refugee law, as applicable,
                 Bearing in mind the obligations of States under applicable international law to
           exercise due diligence to prevent and combat migrant smuggling and human
           trafficking, to investigate and punish perpetrators, to identify and provide effective
           assistance to victims of trafficking and migrants and to cooperate to the fullest
           extent possible to prevent and suppress migrant smuggling and human trafficking,
                 Affirming the necessity to put an end to the recent proliferation of, and
           endangerment of lives by, the smuggling of migrants and trafficking of persons in
           the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Libya, and, for these specific purposes,
           acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
                 1.    Condemns all acts of migrant smuggling and human trafficking into,
           through and from the Libyan territory and off the coast of Libya, which undermine
           further the process of stabilisation of Libya and endanger the lives of thousands of
           people;
                  2.    Calls on Member States acting nationally or through regional
           organisations, including the EU, to assist Libya, upon request, in building needed
           capacity including to secure its borders and to prevent, investig ate and prosecute
           acts of smuggling of migrants and human trafficking through its territory and in its
           territorial sea; in order to prevent the further proliferation of, and endangerment of
           lives by, the smuggling of migrants and human trafficking into, th rough and from
           the territory of Libya and off its coast;
                 3.   Urges Member States and regional organisations, in the spirit of
           international solidarity and shared responsibility, to cooperate with the Libyan
           Government, and with each other, including by sharing information about acts of

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               migrant smuggling and human trafficking in Libya’s territorial sea and on the high
               seas off the coast of Libya, and rendering assistance to migrants and victims of
               human trafficking recovered at sea, in accordance with intern ational law;
                    4.    Urges States and regional organisations whose naval vessels and aircraft
               operate on the high seas and airspace off the coast of Libya, to be vigilant for acts of
               migrant smuggling and human trafficking, and in this context, encourages States
               and regional organisations to increase and coordinate their efforts to deter acts of
               migrant smuggling and human trafficking, in cooperation with Libya;
                     5.    Calls upon Member States acting nationally or through regional
               organisations that are engaged in the fight against migrant smuggling and human
               trafficking to inspect, as permitted under international law, on the high seas off the
               coast of Libya, any unflagged vessels that they have reasonable grounds to believe
               have been, are being, or imminently will be used by organised criminal enterprises
               for migrant smuggling or human trafficking from Libya, including inflatable boats,
               rafts and dinghies;
                     6.    Further calls upon such Member States to inspect, with the consent of the
               flag State, on the high seas off the coast of Libya, vessels that they have reasonable
               grounds to believe have been, are being, or imminently will be used by organised
               criminal enterprises for migrant smuggling or human trafficking from Libya;
                     7.    Decides, with a view to saving the threatened lives of migrants or of
               victims of human trafficking on board such vessels as mentioned above, to
               authorise, in these exceptional and specific circumstances, for a period of one year
               from the date of the adoption of this resolution, Member States, acting nationally or
               through regional organisations that are engaged in the fight against migrant
               smuggling and human trafficking, to inspect on the high seas off the coa st of Libya
               vessels that they have reasonable grounds to suspect are being used for migrant
               smuggling or human trafficking from Libya, provided that such Member States and
               regional organisations make good faith efforts to obtain the consent of the vessel’s
               flag State prior to using the authority outlined in this paragraph;
                     8.   Decides to authorise for a period of one year from the date of the
               adoption of this resolution, Member States acting nationally or through regional
               organisations to seize vessels inspected under the authority of paragraph 7 that are
               confirmed as being used for migrant smuggling or human trafficking from Libya,
               and underscores that further action with regard to such vessels inspected under the
               authority of paragraph 7, including disposal, will be taken in accordance with
               applicable international law with due consideration of the interests of any third
               parties who have acted in good faith;
                     9.   Calls upon all flag States involved to cooperate with respect to efforts
               under paragraphs 7 and 8, and decides that Member States acting nationally or
               through regional organisations under the authority of those paragraphs shall keep
               flag States informed of actions taken with respect to their vessels, and calls upon
               flag States that receive such requests to review and respond to them in a rapid and
               timely manner;
                    10. Decides to authorise Member States acting nationally or through regional
               organisations to use all measures commensurate to the specific circumstances in
               confronting migrant smugglers or human traffickers in carrying out activities under
               paragraphs 7 and 8 and in full compliance with international human rights law, as

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           applicable, underscores that the authorizations in paragraph 7 and 8 do not apply
           with respect to vessels entitled to sovereign immunity under international law, and
           calls upon Member States and regional organisations carrying out activities under
           paragraphs 7, 8 and this paragraph, to provide for the safety of persons on board as
           an utmost priority and to avoid causing harm to the marine environment or to the
           safety of navigation;
                 11. Affirms that the authorisations provided in paragraphs 7 and 8 apply only
           with respect to the situation of migrant smuggling and human trafficking on the high
           seas off the coast of Libya and shall not affect the rights or obligations or
           responsibilities of Member States under international law, including any rights or
           obligations under UNCLOS, including the general principle of exclusive
           jurisdiction of a flag State over its vessels on the high se as, with respect to any other
           situation, and further affirms that the authorisation provided in paragraph 10 applies
           only in confronting migrant smugglers and human traffickers on the high seas off
           the coast of Libya;
                 12. Underscores that this resolution is intended to disrupt the organised
           criminal enterprises engaged in migrant smuggling and human trafficking and
           prevent loss of life and is not intended to undermine the human rights of individuals
           or prevent them from seeking protection under international human rights law and
           international refugee law;
                 13. Emphasises that all migrants, including asylum-seekers, should be
           treated with humanity and dignity and that their rights should be fully respected,
           and urges all States in this regard to comply with their obligations under
           international law, including international human rights law and international refugee
           law, as applicable;
                 14. Urges Member States and regional organisations acting under the
           authority of this resolution to have due regard for the l ivelihoods of those engaged
           in fishing or other legitimate activities;
                15. Calls upon all States, with relevant jurisdiction under international law
           and national legislation, to investigate and prosecute persons responsible for acts of
           migrant smuggling and human trafficking at sea, consistent with States’ obligations
           under international law, including international human rights law and international
           refugee law, as applicable;
                 16. Calls for Member States to consider ratifying or acceding to, and for
           States Parties to effectively implement the Protocol against the Smuggling of
           Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention
           against Transnational Organized Crime, and as well as the Protocol to Prevent,
           Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children;
                 17. Requests States utilising the authority of this resolution to inform the
           Security Council within three months of the date of adoption of this resolution and
           every three months thereafter on the progress of actions undertaken in exercise of
           the authority provided in paragraphs 7 to 10 above;
                18. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council eleven
           months after the adoption of this resolution on its implementation, in particular with
           regards to the implementation of paragraphs 7 to 10 above;

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                    19. Expresses its intention to review the situation and consider, as appropriate,
               renewing the authority provided in this resolution for additional periods;
                    20.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.

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Security Council resolution 2240 (2015) [on migrant smuggling and human trafficking into, through and from the Libyan territory and off the coast of Libya]

Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)|UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000). Protocols, etc.|Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)|Charter of the United Nations (1945). Chapter VII|TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS|MIGRANTS|LIBYA|MEDITERRANEAN SEA|CRIME PREVENTION|CAPACITY BUILDING|SHIPS|MARITIME LAW|MARITIME TRAFFIC|MARITIME SAFETY|JURISDICTION OVER SHIPS AT SEA|HUMAN RIGHTS|ASYLUM SEEKERS|REFUGEE LAW|INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS