               United Nations                                                                  S/RES/2443 (2018)
               Security Council                                                Distr.: General
                                                                               6 November 2018

               Resolution 2443 (2018)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 8392nd meeting, on
               6 November 2018

                    The Security Council,
                    Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions concerning the conflicts in the
               Former Yugoslavia and relevant statements of its President, including resolutions
               1031 (1995) of 15 December 1995, 1088 (1996) of 12 December 1996, 1423 (2002)
               of 12 July 2002, 1491 (2003) of 11 July 2003, 1551 (2004) of 9 July 2004, 1575
               (2004) of 22 November 2004, 1639 (2005) of 21 November 2005, 1722 (2006) of
               21 November 2006, 1764 (2007) of 29 June 2007, 1785 (2007) of 21 November 2007,
               1845 (2008) of 20 November 2008, 1869 (2009) of 25 March 2009, 1895 (2009) of
               18 November 2009, 1948 (2010) of 18 November 2010, 2019 (2011) of 16 November
               2011, 2074 (2012) of 14 November 2012, 2123 (2013) of 12 November 2013, 2183
               (2014) of 11 November 2014, 2247 (2015) of 10 November 2015, 2315 (2016) of
               8 November 2016, and 2384 (2017) of 7 November 2017,
                     Reaffirming its commitment to the political settlement of the conflicts in the
               Former Yugoslavia, preserving the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States
               there within their internationally recognized borders,
                     Underlining its commitment to support the implementation of the General
               Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the annexes thereto
               (collectively the Peace Agreement, S/1995/999, Annex), as well as the relevant
               decisions of the Peace Implementation Council (PIC),
                    Noting the reports of the High Representative, including his latest report of
               17 October 2018,
                     Encouraging the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the support of the
               international community, to accelerate their efforts to address the disposal of excess
               ammunition,
                     Emphasizing its appreciation to the Commander and personnel of the
               multinational stabilization force (EUFOR ALTHEA) and the personnel of other
               international organizations and agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina for their
               contributions to the implementation of the Peace Agreement,
                    Recalling all the agreements concerning the status of forces referred to in
               Appendix B to Annex 1-A of the Peace Agreement, and reminding the parties o f their
               obligation to continue to comply therewith,

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                    Further recalling the provisions of its resolution 1551 (2004) concerning the
               provisional application of the status of forces agreements contained in Appendix B to
               Annex 1-A of the Peace Agreement,
                     Welcoming the continued presence of EUFOR ALTHEA and the EU’s readiness
               to continue at this stage an executive military role to support Bosnia and Herzegovina
               authorities to maintain the safe and secure environment, its decision to refocus the
               operation on its core mandate and to keep the operation under regular review,
               including on the basis of the situation on the ground,
                     Reiterating its calls on the competent authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina to
               take necessary steps to complete the 5+2 agenda, which remains necessary for closure
               of the Office of the High Representative, as confirmed by the PIC Steering Board
               communiqués,
                     Reaffirming provisions concerning the High Representative as set out in its
               previous resolutions, and further reaffirming Article V of Annex 10 of the Peace
               Agreement regarding the High Representative’s final authority in theatre in the
               interpretation of the civilian implementation of the Agreement,
                     Recognizing the importance of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s transition to a
               functional, reform oriented, modern and democratic European country,
                     Taking note of the Peace Agreement and of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s
               leadership’s commitment towards a European perspective, including through the
               submission of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU membership application in February
               2016 and through the ongoing work to answer the EU Commission ’s Opinion
               questionnaire through the coordination mechanism on EU matters, and encouraging
               response to the follow up questions, and recalling that this commitment needs to be
               translated urgently into comprehensive reform results on the ground,
                    Noting with concern continued polarizing unconstructive policies, actions and
               rhetoric in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and reiterating its calls to political leaders to
               advance reconciliation and mutual understanding,
                    Noting positively that the initial implementation of the Reform Agenda, has
               provided the first steps of structural adjustment to the economy of the country, while
               however, noting that the pace of implementation of the Reform Agenda has slowed
               and underscoring the urgency to step up the implementation of comprehensive
               reforms, in an inclusive manner, to the benefit of all citizens,
                     Emphasizing the need for Bosnia and Herzegovina to step up efforts regarding
               the functioning and independence of the judiciary, the fight against corruption and
               organized crime and the fight against terrorism and prevention of radicalization,
                     Urging all concerned parties to work constructively for the implementation of
               the results of the election and emphasizing the importance of a swift government
               formation at all levels, in the interest of all citizens,
                     Underscoring the urgency to address outstanding OSCE-ODIHR
               recommendations to improve the electoral framework and related rulings of the
               Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Court of Human
               Rights and emphasizing electoral reforms should be approached in a spirit of
               consensus and dialogue and should move the country towards modern democratic
               standards, and notes with regret the failure to make necessary amendments to the
               election law prior to the elections of 7 October 2018,
                    Encouraging the parties to implement Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National
               Action Plan on Women Peace and Security in an inclusive manner and looking
               forward to its continuation,

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                Taking note of the planned strategic review in early 2019,
                 Recognizing that the security environment has remained calm and stable, and
           noting that the Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities have so far proven capable to deal
           with threats to the safe and secure environment,
                 Determining that the situation in the region continues to constitute a threat to
           international peace and security,
                Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
                 1.   Reiterates that the primary responsibility for the further successful
           implementation of the Peace Agreement lies with all the authorities in Bosnia and
           Herzegovina themselves and notes the continued willingness of the internation al
           community and major donors to support them in implementing the Peace Agreement,
           and calls upon all the authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina to fully cooperate with
           the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals;
               2.  Welcomes the EU’s readiness to maintain an EU military operation
           (EUFOR ALTHEA) in Bosnia and Herzegovina from November 2018;
                 3.   Authorizes the Member States acting through or in cooperation with the
           EU to establish for a further period of twelve months, starting from the dat e of the
           adoption of this resolution, a multinational stabilization force (EUFOR ALTHEA) as
           a legal successor to SFOR under unified command and control, which will fulfil its
           missions in relation to the implementation of Annex 1 -A and Annex 2 of the Peace
           Agreement in cooperation with the NATO Headquarters presence in accordance with
           the arrangements agreed between NATO and the EU as communicated to the Security
           Council in their letters of 19 November 2004, which recognize that EUFOR ALTHEA
           will have the main peace stabilization role under the military aspects of the Peace
           Agreement;
                 4.   Decides to renew the authorization provided by paragraph 11 of its
           resolution 2183 (2014) for a further period of twelve months starting from the date of
           adoption of this resolution;
                 5.    Authorizes the Member States acting under paragraph 3 and 4 above to
           take all necessary measures to effect the implementation of and to ensure compliance
           with annexes 1-A and 2 of the Peace Agreement, stresses that the parties shall
           continue to be held equally responsible for the compliance with that annex and shall
           be equally subject to such enforcement action by EUFOR ALTHEA and the NATO
           presence as may be necessary to ensure implementation of those annexes and the
           protection of EUFOR ALTHEA and the NATO presence;
                 6.   Authorizes Member States to take all necessary measures, at the request of
           either EUFOR ALTHEA or the NATO Headquarters, in defence of the EUFOR
           ALTHEA or NATO presence respectively, and to assist both organizations in carrying
           out their missions, and recognizes the right of both EUFOR ALTHEA and the NATO
           presence to take all necessary measures to defend themselves from attack or threat of
           attack;
                 7.   Authorizes the Member States acting under paragraph 3 and 4 above, in
           accordance with annex 1-A of the Peace Agreement, to take all necessary measures
           to ensure compliance with the rules and procedures governing command and control
           of airspace over Bosnia and Herzegovina with respect to all civilian and military air
           traffic;
                 8.    Urges the parties to engage constructively on swift government formation
           at all levels and to prioritise the implementation of comprehensive reforms, in an
           inclusive manner, to the benefit of all citizens and in line with the European

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               perspective the country is committed to, and, in this regard, further calls on them to
               refrain from any polarizing unconstructive policy, action and rhetoric;
                    9.    Urges the parties, in accordance with the Peace Agreement, to abide to
               their commitment to cooperate fully with all institutions involved in the
               implementation of this peace settlement, as described in the Peace Agreement,
               including Annex 4;
                     10. Reaffirms that under the Peace Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina
               consists of two entities, which exist legally by virtue of the Bosnia and Herzegovina
               Constitution, and further reaffirms that any change to the Constitution must be made
               in accordance with the amendment procedure prescribed therein;
                    11.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.

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Security Council resolution 2443 (2018) [on renewal of the authorization of the European Union-led Multinational Stabilization Force (EUFOR ALTHEA) in Bosnia and Herzegovina for a period of 12 months]

S/ X The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
S/73 [62] BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SITUATION
S/73 [60] FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SITUATION

EUFOR|NATO|Agreement on Implementing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995)|Charter of the United Nations (1945). Chapter VII|PEACEBUILDING|PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SITUATION|FORMER YUGOSLAVIA SITUATION


               United Nations                                                                    S/RES/2442 (2018)
               Security Council                                                  Distr.: General
                                                                                6 November 2018

               Resolution 2442 (2018)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 8391st meeting, on
               6 November 2018

                    The Security Council,
                     Recognizing that 2018 marks the 10th anniversary of resolution 1816 on the
               situation with respect to piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia and
               recalling its previous resolutions concerning the situation in Somalia, especially
               resolutions 1814 (2008), 1816 (2008), 1838 (2008), 1844 (2008), 1846 (2008), 1851
               (2008), 1897 (2009), 1918 (2010), 1950 (2010), 1976 (2011), 2015 (2011), 2020
               (2011), 2077 (2012), 2125 (2013), 2184 (2014), 2246 (2015) and 2316 (2016) and
               2383 (2017) as well as the Statements of its President (S/PRST/2010/16) of 25 August
               2010 and (S/PRST/2012/24) of 19 November 2012,
                     Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General (S/2018/903), as requested by
               resolution 2383 (2017), on the implementation of that resolution and on the situation
               with respect to piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia,
                    Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political
               independence, and unity of Somalia, including Somalia’s sovereign rights in
               accordance with international law, with respect to offshore natural resources,
               including fisheries,
                     Noting that the joint counter-piracy efforts of States, regions, organizations, the
               maritime industry, the private sector, think tanks, and civil society have resulted in a
               steady decline in pirate attacks as well as hijackings since 2011, with no successful
               ship hijackings reported off the coast of Somalia since March 2017 however,
               recognizing the ongoing threat that resurgent piracy and armed robbery at sea poses
               to the prompt, safe, and effective delivery of humanitarian aid to Somalia and the
               region, to the safety of seafarers and other persons, to international navigation and
               the safety of commercial maritime routes, and to other ships, including fishing vessels
               operating in conformity with international law, commending countries that have
               deployed naval forces in the Gulf of Aden and the Somali Basin to dissuade piracy
               networks from carrying out acts of piracy,
                     Welcoming the reinstatement of the Somali Maritime Security Coordination
               Committee (MSCC) meeting held from 9 to 10 July 2018 between the Federal
               Government of Somalia, Federal Member States and international partners which
               called for enhanced cooperation in strengthening Somalia ’s maritime security as a
               key priority for both the Federal Government of Somalia and Federal Member States
               and urged the National Security Council to agree on a delineation of roles of the

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               Somali maritime forces, as required by the Transition Plan and recognizing the
               importance of engaging in transition planning,
                     Further reaffirming that international law, as reflected in the United Nations
               Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (“The Convention”), sets out
               the legal framework applicable to activities in the ocean, including countering piracy
               and armed robbery at sea,
                     Recognizing the need to investigate and prosecute not only suspects captured at
               sea, but also anyone who incites or intentionally facilitates piracy operations,
               including key figures of criminal networks involved in piracy who plan, organize,
               facilitate, or illicitly finance or profit from such attacks, and reiterating its concern
               over persons suspected of piracy having been released without facing justice,
               reaffirming that the failure to prosecute persons responsible for acts of piracy and
               armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia undermines anti -piracy efforts,
                     Noting with concern that the continuing limited capacity and domestic
               legislation to facilitate the custody and prosecution of suspected pirates after their
               capture has hindered more robust international action against pirates off the coast of
               Somalia, which has led to pirates in many cases being released without facing justice,
               regardless of whether there is sufficient evidence to support prosecution, and
               reiterating that, consistent with the provisions of The Convention concerning the
               repression of piracy, the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
               Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (“SUA Convention”) provides for parties
               to create criminal offences, establish jurisdiction, and accept delivery of persons
               responsible for, or suspected of seizing, or exercising control over, a ship by force or
               threat thereof, or any other form of intimidation,
                      Underlining the primary responsibility of the Somali authorities in the fight
               against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of So malia, noting the several
               requests from Somali authorities for international assistance to counter piracy off its
               coast, including the letter of 25 October 2018, from the Permanent Representative of
               the Permanent Mission of Somalia to the United Nations expressing the appreciation
               of Somali authorities to the Security Council for its assistance, expressing their
               willingness to consider working with other States and regional organizations to
               combat piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, as king member
               states and international organizations to support the Federal Government of Somalia
               in its efforts to address illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in its Exclusive
               Economic Zone, and requesting that the provisions of resolution 2383 (2017) be
               renewed for an additional 12 months,
                    Welcoming the participation of the Federal Government of Somalia and regional
               partners in the 21st plenary session of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of
               Somalia (CGPCS) in Nairobi, Kenya, 11–13 July 2018, co-hosted by the Indian Ocean
               Commission under the Chairmanship of Mauritius,
                     Recognizing the work of the CGPCS and the Law Enforcement Task Force to
               facilitate the prosecution of suspected pirates, and the intentions of the Regional
               Capacity Building Working Group to identify regional priorities and coo rdination of
               capacity-building activities and regional responsibilities,
                    Noting the progress made to enhance Somali capacity building through the
               National Maritime Coordination Committee (NMCC) to assess maritime priorities
               between the Federal Government of Somalia and Federal Member States,
                     Welcoming the financing provided by the Trust Fund to Support Initiatives of
               States Combating Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (the Trust Fund) to strengthen
               regional ability to prosecute suspected pirates and imprison those convicted in
               accordance with applicable international human rights law, noting with appreciation

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           the assistance provided by the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
           Maritime Crime Programme, and being determined to continue efforts to en sure that
           pirates are held accountable,
                 Commending the efforts of the European Union Naval Forces (EUNAVFOR)
           Operation ATALANTA and EUCAP Somalia, Combined Maritime Forces’ Combined
           Task Force 151, the counter-piracy activities of the African Union onshore in Somalia
           and other States acting in a national capacity in cooperation with Somali authorities
           and each other to suppress piracy and to protect ships transiting through the waters
           off the coast of Somalia, and welcoming the Shared Awareness and Deconfliction
           Initiative (SHADE) and the efforts of individual countries, including China, India,
           the Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the Russian
           Federation, which have deployed naval counter-piracy missions in the region,
                 Noting the efforts of flag States for taking measures to permit vessels sailing
           under their flag transiting the High Risk Area (HRA) to embark vessel protection
           detachments and privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP), and to
           allow charters that favour arrangements that make use of such measures, while urging
           States to regulate such activities in accordance with applicable international law,
                 Welcoming and encouraging the capacity-building efforts in the region made by
           the International Maritime Organization (IMO) funded Djibouti Code of Conduct, the
           Trust Fund and the European Union’s activities under the EU Capacity Building
           Mission in Somalia (EUCAP Somalia) which assists Somalia in strengthening its
           maritime security capacity in order to enable it to e nforce maritime law more
           effectively, and recognizing the need for all engaged international and regional
           organizations to coordinate and cooperate fully,
                 Supporting the development of a coastguard at the federal level and coastguard
           police at the Federal Member State level, noting with appreciation the efforts made
           by the IMO and the shipping industry to develop and update guidance, best
           management practices, and recommendations to assist ships to prevent and suppress
           piracy attacks off the coast of Somalia, including in the Gulf of Aden, and in relevant
           parts of the Indian Ocean that are still within the High Risk Area and recognizing the
           work of the IMO and the CGPCS in this regard, noting the efforts of the International
           Organization for Standardization, which has developed industry standards of training
           and certification for Private Maritime Security Companies when providing PCASP
           on board ships in high-risk areas, and further welcoming the European Union’s
           EUCAP Somalia, which is working to develop the maritime security capacities of
           Somalia,
                 Underlining the importance of continuing to enhance the collection,
           preservation, and transmission to competent authorities of evidence of acts of piracy
           and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, and welcoming the ongoing work
           of the IMO, INTERPOL, and industry groups to develop guidance to seafarers on
           preservation of crime scenes following acts of piracy, and noting the importance of
           enabling seafarers to give evidence in criminal proceedings to prosecut e acts of
           piracy,
                 Further recognizing that pirate networks continue to rely on kidnapping and
           hostage-taking to help generate funding to purchase weapons, gain recruits, and
           continue their operational activities, thereby jeopardizing the safety and securi ty of
           civilians and restricting the flow of commerce, and welcoming international efforts to
           coordinate the work of investigators and prosecutors, inter alia, through the Law
           Enforcement Task Force and collect and share information to disrupt the pirate
           enterprise, as exemplified by INTERPOL’s Global Database on Maritime Piracy, and
           commending the establishment of the Maritime Information Fusion Centre (RMIFC)
           in Madagascar, the sister centre of the Regional Centre for Operational Coordination

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               (RCOC) in Seychelles following the signing of the Regional Agreement for the
               Setting up of a Regional Maritime Information Exchange and Sharing Mechanism in
               the Western Indian Ocean by Djibouti, Madagascar, Mauritius, Union of Comoros and
               Seychelles , including the establishment of the Piracy Prosecution Readiness Plan
               which, under the auspices of UNODC and in partnership with EU NAVFOR, will
               further develop the region’s capacity to conduct piracy prosecutions,
                     Reaffirming international condemnation of acts of kidnapping and hostagetaking, including offences contained within the International Convention against the
               Taking of Hostages, strongly condemning the continuing practice of hostage-taking
               by pirates operating off the coast of Somalia, expressing serious concern at the
               inhumane conditions hostages face in captivity, recognizing the adverse impact on
               their families, calling for the immediate release of all remaining hostages, and noting
               the importance of cooperation between Member States on the issue of hostage -taking
               and the prosecution of suspected pirates for taking hostages,
                     Commending Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Tanzania, for their efforts to
               prosecute suspected pirates in their national courts, and noting with appreciation the
               assistance provided by the UNODC Maritime Crime Programme, the Trust Fund, and
               other international organizations and donors, in coordination with the CGPCS, to
               support Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles, Tanzania, Somalia, and other States in the
               region with their efforts to prosecute, or incarcerate in a third State after prosecution
               elsewhere, pirates, including facilitators and financiers ashore, consistent with
               applicable international human rights law, and emphasizing the need for States and
               international organizations to further enhance international efforts in this regard,
                     Welcoming the readiness of the Federal Government of Somalia and Federal
               Member States to cooperate with each other and with States who have prosecuted
               suspected pirates with a view to enabling convicted pirates to be repatriated back to
               Somalia under suitable prisoner transfer arrangements, consistent with applicable
               international law, including international human rights law, and acknowledging the
               return from Seychelles to Somalia of convicted prisoners willing and eligible to serve
               their sentences in Somalia, and noting that the sentences served must be those passed
               by the courts of the prosecuting states and that any proposal to vary the sentences
               must be in conformity with the 2011 Transfer Agreement with the Seychelles,
                    Welcoming the work of the Maritime Security Coordination Committee
               (MSCC), the central mechanism for developing capability and identifying and
               channelling support, as highlighted at the London Somalia Conference in May 2017,
               and encouraging the Somali national and regional administrations to take increasing
               responsibility for counter-piracy initiatives,
                     Expressing serious concern over reports of illegal, unreported and unregulated
               fishing (IUU) in Somalia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and noting the complex
               relationship between IUU fishing and piracy, recognizing that IUU fishing accounts
               for millions of dollars in lost revenue for Somalia each year, and can contribute to
               destabilization among coastal communities,
                     Noting Somalia’s accession to the FAO’s Agreement on Port State Measures to
               Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing,
               recognizing the projects supported by FAO and UNODC aimed at enhancing
               Somalia’s capacity to combat such activities, and stressing the need for States and
               international organizations to further intensify their support to the Federal
               Government of Somalia, at its request, in enhancing Somalia ’s capacity to combat
               such activities,
                     Recognizing the ongoing efforts of the Federal Government of Somalia towards
               the development of a legal regime for the distribution of fishing licences, commending

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           in this regard the implementation of a component of the EU -funded Programme to
           Promote Regional Maritime Security (CCAP) with FAO aims to promote proper and
           transparent licensed and regulated fishing with regional states, and encouraging
           further efforts in this regard, with the support of the international community,
                 Recalling the reports of the Secretary General which illustrate the seriousness
           of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia and provide useful
           guidance for the investigation and prosecution of pirates, including on specialized
           anti-piracy courts,
                 Remaining concerned that four-Iranian seafarers from the FV Siraj remain as
           hostages inside Somalia in appalling conditions, and welcoming the work of
           International Seafarers Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) and Maritime
           Piracy Humanitarian Response Programme (MPHRP) in the provision of post trauma
           intervention and financial support to victims of piracy and their families; as well as
           the CGPCS Piracy Survivors Family Fund (PSFF), which provides funds for the
           survivors of Somali piracy, and for their families, to provide a range of support during
           and after captivity and recognizing the need to continue supporting these initiatives
           and contributions to funds,
                 Recognizing the progress made by the CGPCS and UNODC in the use of public
           information tools to raise awareness of the dangers of piracy and highlight the best
           practices to eradicate this criminal phenomenon,
                Noting efforts by UNODC and UNDP and the funding provided by the Trus t
           Fund, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other donors
           to develop regional judicial and law enforcement capacity to investigate, arrest, and
           prosecute suspected pirates and to incarcerate convicted pirates consistent with
           applicable international human rights law,
                 Bearing in mind the Djibouti Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of
           Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf
           of Aden, noting the operations of information-sharing centres in, Kenya, and
           Tanzania, recognizing the efforts of signatory States to develop the appropriate
           regulatory and legislative frameworks to combat piracy, enhance their capacity to
           patrol the waters of the region, interdict suspect vessels, and prosecute suspected
           pirates,
                 Emphasizing that peace and stability within Somalia, the strengthening of State
           institutions, economic and social development, and respect for human rights and the
           rule of law are necessary to create the conditions for a durable eradication of piracy
           and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, and further emphasizing that
           Somalia’s long-term security rests with the effective development by Somali
           authorities of the Somali Coast Guard and Maritime Police Units, Somali National
           Army, and Somali Police Force,
                Welcoming the Padang Communique and Maritime Cooperation Declaration
           adopted by the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) at its 15th Council of Ministers
           meeting, which call upon members to support and strengthen cooperation to address
           maritime challenges including piracy and illegal trafficking of drugs,
                 Welcoming the publication in June 2018 by BIMCO, International Chamber of
           Shipping, International Group of Protection & Indemnity Clu bs, Intertanko, The Oil
           Companies International Marine Forum and others, of version 5 of Best Management
           Practices to deter Piracy and Enhance Maritime Security in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden,
           Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea (BMP5), acknowledging that the i nformation and
           guidance contained within helps to reduce the risks to mariners and seafarers engaged
           in their lawful occupations,

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                    Recognizing that the ongoing instability in Somalia and the acts of piracy and
               armed robbery at sea off its coast are inextricably linked, and stressing the need to
               continue the comprehensive response by the international community to repress
               piracy and armed robbery at sea and tackle its underlying causes,
                     Determining that the incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast
               of Somalia, as well as the activity of pirate groups in Somalia, are an important factor
               exacerbating the situation in Somalia, which continues to constitute a threat to
               international peace and security in the region,
                    Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
                    1.    Reiterates that it condemns and deplores all acts of piracy and armed
               robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia;
                     2.     While noting improvements in Somalia, recognizes that piracy exacerbates
               instability in Somalia by introducing large amounts of illicit cash that fuels additional
               crime, corruption, and terrorism;
                     3.   Stresses the need for a comprehensive response to prevent and suppress
               piracy and tackle its underlying causes by the international community in
               collaboration with Somali authorities and other relevant actors;
                     4.    Underlines the primary responsibility of the Somali authorities in the fight
               against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, encourages the
               approval by the Parliament of the draft coast guard law which the Somali authorities,
               with the support of EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta and EUCAP Somalia have
               submitted to the Council of Ministers and urges the Somali authorities, to continue
               their work to pass a comprehensive set of anti-piracy and maritime laws without
               further delay and establish security forces with clear roles and jurisdictions to enforce
               these laws and to continue to develop, with international support as appropriate, the
               capacity of Somali courts to investigate and prosecute persons responsible for acts of
               piracy and armed robbery, including key figures of criminal networks involved in
               piracy who plan, organize, facilitate, or illicitly finance or profit from such attacks;
                     5.     Recognizes the need to continue investigating and prosecuting those who
               plan, organize, or illicitly finance or profit from pirate attacks off the coast of
               Somalia, including key figures of criminal networks involved in piracy, urges States,
               working in conjunction with relevant international organizatio ns, to adopt legislation
               to facilitate prosecution of suspected pirates off the coast of Somalia;
                    6.    Calls upon the Somali authorities to interdict, and upon interdiction to
               have mechanisms in place to safely return effects seized by pirates, investigate and
               prosecute pirates and to patrol the waters off the coast of Somalia to prevent and
               suppress acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea;
                     7.   Calls upon the Somali authorities to make all efforts to bring to justice
               those who are using Somali territory to plan, facilitate, or undertake criminal acts of
               piracy and armed robbery at sea, and calls upon Member States to assist Somalia, at
               the request of Somali authorities and with notification to the Secretary -General, to
               strengthen maritime capacity in Somalia, including regional authorities and, stresses
               that any measures undertaken pursuant to this paragraph shall be consistent with
               applicable international law, in particular international human rights law;
                    8.    Calls upon States to cooperate also, as appropriate, on the issue of hostage
               taking, and the prosecution of suspected pirates for taking hostages;
                    9.   Calls for the immediate and unconditional release of all seafarers held
               hostage by Somali pirates, and further calls upon the Somali authorities and all

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           relevant stakeholders to redouble their efforts to secure their safe and immediate
           release;
                 10. Welcomes the initiative of the Seychelles authorities to establish a court
           for piracy and maritime crime and further welcomes the successful prosecution of
           piracy cases by this body;
                 11. Recognizes the need for States, international and regional organizations,
           and other appropriate partners to exchange evidence and information for anti -piracy
           law enforcement purposes with a view to ensuring effective prosecution of suspected,
           and imprisonment of convicted, pirates and with a view to the arrest and prosecution
           of key figures of criminal networks involved in piracy who plan, organize, facilitate,
           or illicitly finance and profit from piracy operations, and keeps und er review the
           possibility of applying targeted sanctions against individuals or entities that plan,
           organize, facilitate, or illicitly finance or profit from piracy operations if they meet
           the listing criteria set out in paragraph 43 of resolution 2093 (2013), and calls upon
           all States to cooperate fully with the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group, including
           on information-sharing regarding possible violations of the arms embargo or charcoal
           ban;
                 12. Renews its call upon States and regional organizations that are able to do
           so to take part in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of
           Somalia, in particular, consistent with this resolution and international law, by
           deploying naval vessels, arms, and military aircraft, by providing basing and
           logistical support for counter-piracy forces, and by seizing and disposing of boats,
           vessels, arms, and other related equipment used in the commission of piracy and
           armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, or for which there are reasonable
           grounds for suspecting such use;
                13. Highlights the importance of coordination among States and international
           organizations in order to deter acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast
           of Somalia, commends the work of the CGPCS to facilitate such coordination in
           cooperation with the IMO, flag States, and Somali authorities, and urges continued
           support of these efforts;
                 14. Encourages Member States to continue to cooperate with Somali
           authorities in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea, notes the primary role
           of Somali authorities in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast
           of Somalia, and decides that, for a further period of 13 months from the date of this
           resolution to renew the authorizations as set out in paragraph 14 of resolution 2383
           (2017) granted to States and regional organizations cooperating with Somali
           authorities in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of
           Somalia, for which advance notification has been provided by Somali authorities to
           the Secretary-General;
                15. Affirms that the authorizations renewed in this resolution apply only with
           respect to the situation in Somalia and shall not affect the rights, obligations, or
           responsibilities of Member States under international law, including any rights or
           obligations under The Convention, with respect to any other situation, and
           underscores in particular that this resolution shall not be considered as establishing
           customary international law; and affirms further that such authorizations have been
           renewed in response to the 25 October 2018 letter conveying the request of Somali
           authorities;
                 16. Decides that the arms embargo on Somalia imposed by paragraph 5 of
           resolution 733 (1992) and further elaborated upon by paragraphs 1 and 2 of resolution
           1425 (2002) and modified by paragraphs 33 to 38 of resolution 2093 does not apply
           to supplies of weapons and military equipment or the provision of assistance destined

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               for the sole use of Member States, international, regio nal, and subregional
               organizations undertaking measures in accordance with paragraph 14 above;
                     17. Requests that cooperating States take appropriate steps to ensure that the
               activities they undertake pursuant to the authorizations in paragraph 14 do not h ave
               the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage to the ships
               of any third State;
                     18. Calls upon all States, and in particular flag, port, and coastal States, States
               of the nationality of victims and perpetrators of piracy an d armed robbery, and other
               States with relevant jurisdiction under international law and national legislation, to
               cooperate in determining jurisdiction and in the investigation and prosecution of all
               persons responsible for acts of piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia,
               including key figures of criminal networks involved in piracy who plan, organize,
               facilitate, or illicitly finance or profit from such attack, consistent with applicable
               international law including international human rights law, to ensure that all pirates
               handed over to judicial authorities are subject to a judicial process, and to render
               assistance by, among other actions, providing disposition and logistics assistance with
               respect to persons under their jurisdiction and control, such as victims, witnesses, and
               persons detained as a result of operations conducted under this resolution;
                    19. Calls upon all States to criminalize piracy under their domestic law and to
               favourably consider the prosecution of suspected, and imprisonmen t of those
               convicted, pirates apprehended off the coast of Somalia, and their facilitators and
               financiers ashore, consistent with applicable international law, including international
               human rights law, and decides to keep these matters under review, includ ing, as
               appropriate, the establishment of specialized anti-piracy courts in Somalia with
               substantial international participation and/or support as set forth in resolution 2015
               (2011), and encourages the CGPCS to continue its discussions in this regard;
                     20. Welcomes, in this context, the UNODC Maritime Crime Programme ’s
               continued work with authorities in Somalia and in neighbouring States to ensure that
               individuals suspected of piracy are prosecuted and those convicted are imprisoned in
               a manner consistent with international law, including international human rights law;
                     21. Encourages the Federal Government of Somalia to accede to the United
               Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, as par t of its efforts to
               target money laundering and financial support structures on which piracy networks
               survive;
                     22. Urges all States to take appropriate actions under their existing domestic
               law to prevent the illicit financing of acts of piracy and the la undering of its proceeds;
                    23. Urges States, in cooperation with INTERPOL and Europol, to further
               investigate international criminal networks involved in piracy off the coast of
               Somalia, including those responsible for illicit financing and facilitation;
                    24. Urges all States to ensure that counter-piracy activities, particularly landbased activities, take into consideration the need to protect women and children from
               exploitation, including sexual exploitation;
                    25. Urges all States to share information with INTERPOL for use in the global
               piracy database, through appropriate channels;
                    26. Commends the contributions of the Trust Fund and the IMO-funded
               Djibouti Code of Conduct and urges both state and non-State actors affected by piracy,
               most notably the international shipping community, to contribute to them;
                    27. Urges States parties to The Convention and the SUA Convention to
               implement fully their relevant obligations under these conventions and customary

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           international law and to cooperate with the UNODC, IMO, and other States and
           international organizations to build judicial capacity for the successful prosecution of
           persons suspected of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia;
                 28. Acknowledges the recommendations and guidance provided by the IMO
           on preventing and suppressing piracy and armed robbery at sea; and urges States, in
           collaboration with the shipping and insurance industries and the IMO, to continue to
           develop and implement avoidance, evasion, and defensive best practices and
           advisories to take when under attack or when sailing in the waters off the coast of
           Somalia, and further urges States to make their citizens and vessels available for
           forensic investigation as appropriate at the first suitable port of call immediately
           following an act or attempted act of piracy or armed robbery at sea or release from
           captivity;
                29. Encourages flag States and port States to further consider the development
           of safety and security measures on board vessels, including, where applicable,
           developing regulations for the use of PCASP on board ships, aimed at preventing and
           suppressing piracy off the coast of Somalia, through a consultative process, including
           through the IMO and ISO;
                 30. Invites the IMO to continue its contributions to the preventio n and
           suppression of acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships, in coordination, in
           particular, with the UNODC, the World Food Program (WFP), the shipping industry,
           and all other parties concerned, and recognizes the IMO ’s role concerning privately
           contracted armed security personnel on board ships in high-risk areas;
                 31. Notes the importance of securing the safe delivery of WFP assistance by
           sea, and welcomes the ongoing work by the WFP, EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta,
           and flag States with regard to Vessel Protection Detachments on WFP vessels;
                 32. Requests States and regional organizations cooperating with Somali
           authorities to inform the Security Council and the Secretary-General in nine months
           of the progress of actions undertaken in the exercise of the authorizations provided in
           paragraph 14 above and further requests all States contributing through the CGPCS
           to the fight against piracy off the coast of Somalia, including Somalia and other States
           in the region, to report by the same deadline on their efforts to establish jurisdiction
           and cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of piracy;
                 33. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council within
           twelve months of the adoption of this resolution on the implementation of this
           resolution and on the situation with respect to piracy and armed robbery at sea off the
           coast of Somalia;
                34. Expresses its intention to review the situation and consider, as appropriate,
           renewing the authorizations provided in paragraph 14 above for addit ional periods
           upon the request of Somali authority;
                35.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.

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S/73 [84] SOMALIA SITUATION
S/ X The situation in Somalia.

IMO|INTERPOL|UN Office on Drugs and Crime|Charter of the United Nations (1945). Chapter VII|MARITIME SECURITY|HIJACKING OF SHIPS|PIRACY|SOMALIA|SOMALIA SITUATION|ARMS EMBARGO|CRIME PREVENTION|INTER-AGENCY COOPERATION

Eastern Asia|Northern Europe|Southern Asia|Sub-Saharan Africa

China|Comoros|Djibouti|Eritrea|United Kingdom|India|Iran, Islamic Republic of|Japan|Kenya|Korea, Republic of|Madagascar|Mauritius|Somalia|Seychelles|Tanzania, United Republic of


               United Nations                                                                   S/RES/2444 (2018)
               Security Council                                                 Distr.: General
                                                                                14 November 2018

               Resolution 2444 (2018)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 8398th meeting, on
               14 November 2018

                    The Security Council,
                     Recalling all its previous resolutions and statements of its President on the
               situation in Somalia and Eritrea, in particular resolutions 733 (1992), 1844 (2008),
               1907 (2009), 2023 (2011), 2036 (2012), 2093 (2013), 2111 (2013), 2124 (2013), 2125
               (2013), 2142 (2014), 2182 (2014), 2244 (2015), 2317 (2016) and 2385 (2017),
                    Taking note of the final reports of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group
               (the SEMG) on Somalia (S/2018/1002) and Eritrea (S/2018/1003) and their
               conclusions on the situations in Somalia and Eritrea,
                    Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political
               independence and unity of Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea, and underscoring the
               importance of working to prevent destabilising effects of regional crises and disputes
               from spilling over into Somalia,
                    Condemning Al-Shabaab attacks in Somalia and beyond, expressing concern
               that Al-Shabaab continues to pose a serious threat to the peace and stability of
               Somalia and the region, and further expressing concern at the presence of affiliates
               linked to Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as Da ’esh) and the
               security implications of the situation in Yemen for Somalia,
                     Reaffirming the need to combat by all means, in accordance with the Charter of
               the United Nations and international law, including applicable international human
               rights law, international refugee law, and international humanitarian law, threats to
               international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,
                     Underlining its support for the efforts of the Somali authorities to deliver
               stability and security in Somalia and to reduce the threats to peace and security posed
               by Al-Shabaab and affiliates linked to ISIL (also known as Da ’esh),
                     Condemning any flows of weapons and ammunition supplies to and through
               Somalia in violation of the arms embargo on Somalia, including when they result in
               supplies to Al-Shabaab and affiliates linked to ISIL (also known as Da’esh) and when
               they undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Somalia, as a serious threat
               to peace and stability in the region, and expressing concern at reports of increased
               illegal flows of weapons and ammunition supplies from Yemen to Somalia,

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                     Welcoming the cooperation between the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS),
               the Federal Member States (FMSs), and the SEMG, and underlining the importance
               of these relationships improving further and strengthening in the future,
                     Welcoming the development of a conditions-based transition plan with clear
               target dates for the progressive transfer of security responsibilities from the African
               Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) to the Somali security institutions and forces,
               calling for its swift and coordinated implementation with full participation from all
               stakeholders, and recalling the critical importance of accelerating the implementation
               of the National Security Architecture agreement between the FGS and the FMSs,
               including decisions to define the composition and roles of Somalia ’s security forces
               and to integrate and provide federal support to regional forces, in order to provide the
               foundation for a successful transition to Somali-led security,
                     Taking note of the efforts of the FGS to improve its notifications to the
               Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia
               and Eritrea (“the Committee”), urging further progress in this regard, and recalling
               that improved arms and ammunition management in Somalia is a fundamental
               component of greater peace and stability for the region,
                     Commending the efforts of the FGS to restore key economic and financial
               institutions, increase domestic revenue and implement financial governance and
               structural reforms, welcoming the continued progress on building a track record of
               reforms under the International Monetary Fund Staff-Monitored Programme, together
               with progress on the anti-corruption bill, and highlighting the importance of continual
               progress in these areas,
                     Welcoming the FGS’s efforts to implement the Anti-Money Laundering and
               Countering the Financing of Terrorism Act (2015) and the National Communications
               Act (2017), underlining the importance of compliance with the counter-terrorism and
               national security provisions in this legislation, and further welcoming the
               establishment of a Financial Reporting Centre to serve as Somalia ’s financial
               intelligence unit,
                    Underlining the importance of financial propriety in contributing to stability and
               prosperity, welcoming the efforts of the FGS to address corruption, and stressing the
               need for a zero tolerance approach to corruption to promote transparency and increase
               mutual accountability in Somalia,
                     Expressing serious concern at reports of illegal, unreported and unregulated
               fishing in waters where Somalia has jurisdiction, underlining the importance of
               refraining from illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, welcoming further
               reporting on the matter, and encouraging the FGS, with the support of the
               international community, to ensure that fishing licenses are issued in a responsible
               manner and in line with the appropriate Somali legal framework,
                    Expressing serious concern at the ongoing difficulties in delivering
               humanitarian aid in Somalia, and condemning in the strongest terms any party
               obstructing the safe delivery of humanitarian assistance, any misappropriation or
               diversion of any humanitarian funds or supplies, and acts of violence against and
               harassment of humanitarian workers,
                    Recalling that the FGS has the primary responsibility to protect its population,
               and recognising the FGS’s responsibility, working with the FMSs, to build the
               capacity of its own national security forces, as a matter of priority,
                     Welcoming the FGS’s efforts to address sexual- and gender-based violence,
               encouraging strengthened reporting mechanisms to facilitate prosecutions, and
               further encouraging the FGS to continue to implement its National Action Plan on

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           Ending Sexual Violence in Conflict through training, accountability, victim support
           and oversight of the security sector,
                 Commending efforts towards peace, stability and reconciliation in the region,
           including the signing of the Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship bet ween Eritrea
           and Ethiopia on 9 July 2018, the signing of the Joint Declaration on Comprehensive
           Cooperation between Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea on 5 September 2018, and the
           signing of the Agreement on Peace, Friendship and Comprehensive Cooperation
           between Eritrea and Ethiopia on 16 September 2018,
                 Taking note of the decision of the Secretary-General to appoint a new Special
           Envoy for the Horn of Africa who will, inter alia, work with the Intergovernmental
           Authority on Development (IGAD) and other relevant subregional and regional
           organisations in consolidating recent gains in peace and security in the region, and
           carry out good offices on behalf of the Secretary-General,
                Regretting that the SEMG has not been able to visit Eritrea since 2011 and fully
           discharge its mandate, and welcoming the meeting on 5 October 2018 between the
           representative of the Government of Eritrea and the Coordinator of the SEMG,
                Welcoming that in recent months several armed groups in the region have
           declared that they will cease hostilities and engage peacefully in efforts to pursue
           reconciliation in the region,
                 Expressing concern at ongoing reports of Djiboutian combatants missing in
           action since the clashes in 2008, calling on Eritrea and Djibouti to continue to engage
           in resolving the issues of combatants, and urging Eritrea to share any further available
           detailed information pertaining to the combatants,
                 Taking note of increased engagement between Eritrea and Djibouti, strongly
           encouraging further efforts towards normalisation of relations and good
           neighbourhood between Djibouti and Eritrea, including cooperation in accordance
           with international law to resolve any disputes regarding their shared border, and
           reaffirming its readiness to continue to assist the parties in the pe aceful settlement of
           any prolonged disputes,
                 Determining that the situation in Somalia continues to constitute a threat to
           international peace and security in the region,
                Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

           Lifting of arms embargoes, travel bans, asset freezes and targeted sanctions
           on Eritrea
                 1.   Recalls paragraphs 16 and 17 of resolution 1907 (2009) and recognises
           that during the course of its current and four previous mandates the SEMG has not
           found conclusive evidence that Eritrea supports Al-Shabaab;
                 2.   Welcomes the meeting on 25 September 2018 between the representative
           of the Government of Eritrea and the Chair of the Committee, and further welcomes
           the meeting on 5 October 2018 between the representative of the Government of
           Eritrea and the Coordinator of the SEMG, with the participation of the Chair of the
           Committee;
                 3.    Welcomes the meeting between the President of Djibouti and the President
           of Eritrea in Jeddah on 17 September 2018, underlines the importance of continuing
           efforts towards the normalisation of relations between Eritrea and Djibouti for
           regional peace, stability and reconciliation, and encourages Member States,
           international, regional and subregional organisations and other parties to continue to
           support these efforts including through their good offices;

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                    4.    Decides to lift from the date of adoption of this resolution the arms
               embargoes, travel bans, asset freezes and targeted sanctions imposed on Eritrea by
               the Security Council in its resolutions 1907 (2009) 2023 (2011), 2060 (2012) and
               2111 (2013);
                     5.   Expresses its satisfaction that funds derived from the mining sector of
               Eritrea are not contributing to violations of resolutions 1844 (2008), 1862 (2009),
               1907 (2009) or 2023 (2011), and decides that from the date of adoption of this
               resolution, States are no longer required to undertake the measures set out in
               paragraph 13 of resolution 2023 (2011);
                     6.   Urges Eritrea and Djibouti to engage on the issue of the Djiboutian
               combatants missing in action including through the mediation of any relevant party
               of their own choosing, and further urges Eritrea to make available any further detailed
               information;
                     7.    Urges the two parties to continue efforts to settle their border dispute
               peacefully in a manner consistent with international law by conciliation, arbitration
               or judicial settlement, or by any other means of pacific dispute settlement identified
               in Article 33 of the Charter upon which they agree;
                    8.    Affirms that it will continue to follow developments towards the
               normalisation of relations between Eritrea and Djibouti and will support the two
               countries in the resolution of these matters in good faith;

               Committee
                     9.    Decides that the mandate of the Committee pursuant to resolutions 751
               (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, hereafter to be known as the
               Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia ( “the Committee”),
               shall include the tasks as set out in paragraph 11 of resolution 751 (1992), paragraph
               11 of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraph 23 of resolution 2036 (2012), and
               requests that the Committee amends its guidelines, its implementation assistance
               notices and its website accordingly;

               Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group
                   10. Decides to terminate the mandate of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring
               Group (SEMG), with effect from 16 December 2018;

               Panel of Experts on Somalia
                     11. Decides to establish, with effect from the date of adoption of this
               resolution, until 15 December 2019, the Panel of Experts on Somalia, further decides
               that the mandate of the Panel of Experts shall include the tasks as set out in paragraph
               13 of resolution 2060 (2012) and updated in paragraph 41 of resolution 2093 (2013),
               paragraph 15 of resolution 2182 (2014), paragraph 23 of resolution 2036 (2012) and
               paragraph 29 of this resolution as they relate to Somalia, and expresses its intention
               to review the mandate and take appropriate action regarding any extensions of the
               mandate of the Panel of Experts no later than 15 November 2019;
                     12. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary administrative
               measures as expeditiously as possible to establish the Panel of Experts, consisting of
               six members and to be based in Nairobi, in consultation with the Committee, until
               15 December 2019, drawing, as appropriate, on the expertise of the members of the
               SEMG established pursuant to previous resolutions, and further requests the Panel of
               Experts to include the necessary gender expertise, in line with paragraph 6 of
               resolution 2242 (2015);

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           Somalia Arms embargo
                 13. Reaffirms the arms embargo on Somalia, imposed by paragraph 5 of
           resolution 733 (1992) and further elaborated upon in paragraphs 1 and 2 of resolution
           1425 (2002) and modified by paragraphs 33 to 38 of resolution 2093 (2013) and
           paragraphs 4 to 17 of resolution 2111 (2013), paragraph 14 of resolution 2125 (2013),
           paragraph 2 of resolution 2142 (2014), paragraph 2 of resolution 2244 (2015),
           paragraph 2 of resolution 2317 (2016) and paragraph 2 of resolution 2385 (2017)
           (hereafter referred to as “the arms embargo on Somalia”);
                 14. Decides to renew the provisions set out in paragraph 2 of resolution 2142
           (2014) until 15 November 2019, and in that context reiterates that the arms embargo
           on Somalia shall not apply to deliveries of weapons, ammunition or military
           equipment or the provision of advice, assistance or training, intended solely for the
           development of the Somali National Security Forces, to provide security for the
           Somali people, except in relation to deliveries of the items set out in the annex of
           resolution 2111 (2013);
                 15. Reaffirms its decision that the entry into Somali ports for temporary visits
           of vessels carrying arms and related materiel for defensive p urposes does not amount
           to a delivery of such items in violation of the arms embargo on Somalia, provided
           that such items remain at all times aboard such vessels;
                 16. Reiterates its decision that weapons or military equipment sold or supplied
           solely for the development of the Somali National Security Forces may not be resold
           to, transferred to, or made available for use by, any individual or entity not in the
           service of the Somali National Security Forces, and underlines the responsibility of
           the FGS and the FMSs to ensure the safe and effective management, storage and
           security of their stockpiles;
                 17. Welcomes in this regard the improvements made by the FGS in weapons
           registration, recording and marking procedures and encourages further
           improvements, expresses concern at reports of continued weapons diversion from
           within the FGS and FMSs, notes that further improved weapons and ammunition
           management is vital in order to prevent the diversion of weapons and ammunition,
           and reiterates that the Security Council is committed to monitoring and assessing
           improvements in order to review the arms embargo when all conditions as set out in
           Security Council resolutions are met;
                 18. Calls upon the FGS to facilitate access for the Panel of Experts, on the
           basis of written requests to the FGS by the Panel of Experts submitted at least ten
           days in advance, to all FGS armouries in Mogadishu, all FGS imported weapons and
           ammunition prior to distribution, all FGS military storage facilit ies in Somalia
           National Army (SNA) sectors and all captured weaponry in FGS custody, and to allow
           photographs of weapons and ammunition in FGS custody and access to all FGS
           logbooks and distribution records, in order to enable the Security Council to monitor
           and assess progress in this area;
                 19. Welcomes the ongoing efforts of the FGS to develop detailed Standard
           Operating Procedures for weapons and ammunition management including an issue
           and receipt system to track all weapons post distribution, further welcomes the
           development of a mechanism to distribute weapons and ammunition to regional
           forces, consistent with the requirements of this resolution including paragraph 16,
           encourages that such a mechanism be expanded to include other military equipment
           and supplies, consistent with the requirements of this resolution including paragraph
           16, and urges the FGS to finalise and implement these procedures as soon as possible;

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                    20. Welcomes the establishment of the Joint Verification Team (JVT) and urges
               Member States to support improved weapons and ammunition management to
               improve the capacity of the FGS to manage weapons and ammunition;
                     21. Takes notes of FGS reporting to the Security Council pursuant to paragraph
               9 of resolution 2182 (2014) and as requested in paragraph 7 of resolution 2244 (2015),
               calls on the FGS and FMSs to accelerate the implementation of the National Security
               Architecture agreement, the Security Pact, and the transition plan in order to provide
               Somali-led security and protection to the people of Somalia, and requests the FGS to
               report to the Security Council in accordance with paragraph 9 of resolution 2182
               (2014) and as requested in paragraph 7 of resolution 2244 (2015), by 15 March 2019
               and then by 15 September 2019, on the structure, composition, strength and
               disposition of its Security Forces, including the status of regional and militia forces,
               and to include as annexes the reports of the JVT requested in paragraph 7 of resolution
               2182 (2014);
                     22. Recalls that the FGS has the primary responsibility to notify the
               Committee of any deliveries of weapons, ammunition or military equipment or the
               provision of advice, assistance or training to its Security Forces, pursuant to
               paragraphs 3 to 8 of resolution 2142 (2014), and calls upon the FGS to improve its
               notifications to the Committee;
                     23. Calls upon the FGS to continue to improve the timeliness and content of
               notifications regarding the completion of deliveries, as set out in paragraph 6 of
               resolution 2142 (2014);
                     24. Requests the FGS to incorporate the notifications regarding the destination
               unit in the Somali National Security Forces upon distribution of imported arms and
               ammunition, detailed in paragraph 7 of resolution 2142 (2014), into the regular FGS
               reporting to the Security Council requested in paragraph 20;
                     25. Stresses Member States’ obligations pursuant to the notification
               procedures set out in paragraph 11 (a) of resolution 2111 (2013), urges Member States
               to strictly follow the notification procedures for providing assistance to develop
               Somali security sector institutions, and encourages Member States to consider
               Implementation Assistance Notice No.2 of the Committee as a guide;
                     26. Recalls paragraph 2 of resolution 2142 (2014) and notes that support for
               the development of the Somali National Security Forces may include, inter alia,
               building infrastructure and provision of salaries and stip ends solely provided to the
               Somali National Security Forces;
                     27. Urges increased cooperation by the FGS, FMSs and AMISOM, as set out
               in paragraph 6 of resolution 2182 (2014), to document and register all military
               equipment captured as part of offensive operations or in the course of carrying out
               their mandates;
                     28. Calls upon the FGS and FMSs to enhance civilian oversight of their
               security forces, to continue to adopt and implement appropriate vetting procedures of
               all defence and security personnel, including human rights vetting, and to investigate
               and as appropriate prosecute individuals responsible for violations of international
               law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law, an d in this
               context recalls the importance of the Secretary-General’s Human Rights and Due
               Diligence Policy in relation to the support provided by the United Nations to Somali
               security forces;
                    29. Decides that the Panel of Experts will continue the investigations started
               by the SEMG related to the export to Somalia of chemicals that may be used as
               oxidisers in the manufacture of improvised explosive devices, such as the precursors

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           ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate and sodium chlorate w ith a
           view to considering further action, and calls on Members States and the FGS to
           cooperate with the Panel of Experts in this regard;
                 30. Underlines the importance of timely and predictable payment of salaries
           to the Somali security forces and calls on the FGS to continue to implement systems
           to improve the timeliness and accountability of payments and supply of provisions to
           the Somali security forces, and welcomes the progress made to date on biometric
           registration;
                31. Recalls the need to build the capacities of the Somali National Security
           Forces, in particular the provision of equipment, training and mentoring, in order to
           develop credible, professional and representative security forces to enable the gradual
           handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces
           in line with the transition plan, and encourages further donor support and
           coordination as set out in the Security Pact;
                32. Requests the Secretary-General to conduct a technical assessment
           regarding the arms embargo, with options and recommendations for improving
           implementation, by 15 May 2019;

           Threats to peace and security in Somalia
                 33. Condemns Al-Shabaab’s increased revenue from natural resources
           including the taxing of the illicit sugar trade, agricultural production and livestock,
           further expresses concern at the group’s involvement in the illicit charcoal trade, and
           welcomes the Panel of Experts’ reporting on these issues;
                 34. Requests the FGS to cooperate with the Panel of Experts to facilitate
           interviews of suspected members of Al-Shabaab and ISIL (also known as D’aesh)
           held in FGS custody, in order to assist the Panel of Experts with its investigations;
                35. Welcomes the efforts that the FGS has made to improve its financ ial
           management procedures including the successful completion of two International
           Monetary Fund (IMF) Staff-Monitoring programmes and the commitments to further
           reform made under the third Staff-Monitored programme, encourages the FGS and
           FMSs to maintain the pace of reform to increase transparency, accountability,
           comprehensiveness and predictability in revenue collection and budget allocations,
           and expresses concern at the generation and distribution of counterfeit Somali
           currency;
                 36. Expresses concern at the continued reports of corruption and diversion of
           public resources, including reports of alleged financial impropriety involving
           members of the FGS, FMSs, Federal Parliament and Somali opposition groups which
           pose a risk to state-building efforts, and in this context strongly welcomes the steps
           taken by the FGS to address cases of corruption and to develop anti -corruption
           legislation;
                37. Underlines that individuals engaged in acts that threaten the peace and
           reconciliation process in Somalia may be listed for targeted measures;
                 38. Recognises that addressing outstanding constitutional issues around power
           and resource sharing between the FGS and FMSs is crucial for Somalia ’s stability,
           calls upon the FGS and the FMSs to work constructively together to address these
           issues in an inclusive manner, and encourages the FGS and FMSs to implement the
           outstanding elements of the National Security Architecture agreement, including
           decisions around the make-up, distribution and command and control of the security
           forces and resource-sharing;
                39.   Reaffirms Somalia’s sovereignty over its natural resources;

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                     40. Reiterates its serious concern that the petroleum sector in Somalia could
               be a driver for increased conflict, welcomes the political agreement on petroleum and
               mineral resource-sharing reached by the FGS and the FMSs in June 2018, and
               underlines the vital importance of the FGS and FMSs putting in place, without undue
               delay, resource-sharing arrangements and credible legal frameworks to ensure that
               the petroleum sector in Somalia does not become a source of increased tension;

               Somalia Charcoal ban
                     41. Reaffirms its decision regarding the ban on the import and export of Somali
               charcoal, as set out in paragraph 22 of resolution 2036 (2012) (“the charcoal ban”),
               welcomes efforts of Member States to prevent the import of charcoal of Somali origin,
               reiterates that the FGS and FMSs shall take the necessary measures to prevent the
               export of charcoal from Somalia, urges Member States to continue their efforts to
               ensure full implementation of the ban, and further reiterates that individuals and
               entities engaged in acts which violate the charcoal ban may be listed for targeted
               measures;
                    42. Reiterates its requests in paragraph 18 of resolution 2111 (2013) and
               paragraph 16 of resolution 2431 (2018) that AMISOM support and assist the FGS and
               FMSs in implementing the total ban on the export of charcoal from Somalia, and calls
               upon AMISOM to facilitate regular access for the Panel of Experts to charcoal
               exporting ports;
                    43. Welcomes the efforts of the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) to disrupt
               the export and import of charcoal to and from Somalia, and further welcomes the
               cooperation between the Panel of Experts and CMF in keeping the Committee
               informed on the charcoal trade;
                     44. Expresses concern that the charcoal trade provides significant funding for
               Al-Shabaab, and in that context reiterates paragraphs 11 to 21 of resolution 2182
               (2014), and further decides to renew the provisions set out in paragraph 15 of
               resolution 2182 (2014) until 15 November 2019;
                     45. Condemns the ongoing export of charcoal from Somalia, in violation of
               the total ban on the export of charcoal, calls on Member States to share information
               with the Panel of Experts, requests the Panel of Experts to continue to focus on this
               in their next report and propose further measures, taking account of human rights
               concerns, and expresses its intention to consider further measures if violations
               continue;
                    46. Encourages the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to continue its
               work with the FGS, within its current mandate, under the Indian Ocean Forum on
               Maritime Crime to bring together relevant Member States and int ernational
               organisations to develop strategies to disrupt the trade in Somali charcoal;

               Humanitarian access in Somalia
                     47. Expresses grave concern at the ongoing humanitarian situation in Somalia
               and its impact on the people of Somalia, commends the efforts of the United Nations
               humanitarian agencies and other humanitarian actors to deliver life -saving assistance
               to vulnerable populations, condemns in the strongest terms attacks against
               humanitarian actors and any misuse of donor assistance and the ob struction of the
               delivery of humanitarian aid, reiterates its demand that all parties allow and facilitate
               full, safe and unhindered access for the timely delivery of aid to persons in need
               across Somalia, and encourages the FGS to improve the regulatory environment for
               aid donors;

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                 48. Decides that until 15 November 2019 and without prejudice to
           humanitarian assistance programmes conducted elsewhere, the measures imposed by
           paragraph 3 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall not apply to the payment of funds, other
           financial assets or economic resources necessary to ensure the timely delivery of
           urgently needed humanitarian assistance in Somalia, by the United Nations, its
           specialised agencies or programmes, humanitarian organisations having observer
           status with the United Nations General Assembly that provide humanitarian
           assistance, and their implementing partners including bilaterally or multilaterally
           funded non-governmental organisations participating in the United Nations
           Humanitarian Response Plan for Somalia;
                49. Requests the Emergency Relief Coordinator to report to the Security
           Council by 15 October 2019 on the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Somalia
           and on any impediments to the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Somalia, and
           requests relevant United Nations agencies and humanitarian organisations having
           observer status with the United Nations General Assembly and their implementing
           partners that provide humanitarian assistance in Somalia to increase their cooperation
           and willingness to share information with the United Nations;

           Targeted sanctions in Somalia
                 50. Recalls its decisions in resolution 1844 (2008) which imposed targeted
           sanctions and resolutions 2002 (2011) and 2093 (2013) which expanded the listing
           criteria, notes one of the listing criteria under resolution 1844 (2008) is engaging in
           or providing support for acts that threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia,
           and decides that such acts may also include but are not limited to planning, directing
           or committing acts involving sexual and gender-based violence;
                51. Reiterates its willingness to adopt targeted measures against individuals
           and entities on the basis of the above-mentioned criteria;
                 52. Recalls paragraph 2 (c) of resolution 2060 (2012) and emphasises that
           certain misappropriation of financial resources is a criterion for designation and
           applies to misappropriation at all levels;
                 53. Reiterates its request for Member States to assist the Panel of Experts in
           its investigations, and further requests the FGS, FMSs and AMISOM to share
           information with the Panel of Experts regarding Al-Shabaab activities;

           Reporting
                 54. Requests the Panel of Experts to provide monthly updates to the
           Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992), and a comprehensive midterm update,
           as well as to submit, for the Security Council’s consideration, through the Committee,
           a final report by 15 October 2019;
                 55. Requests the Committee, in accordance with its mandate and in
           consultation with the Panel of Experts and other relevant United Nations entities, to
           consider the recommendations contained in the reports of the Panel of Experts and
           recommend to the Security Council ways to improve the implementation of and
           compliance with the Somalia arms embargo, the measures regarding the import and
           export of charcoal from Somalia, as well as implementation of the measures imposed
           by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolutions 1844 (2008) in response to continuing
           violations;
                 56. Requests the Committee to consider, where and when appropriate, visits
           to selected countries by the Chair and/or Committee members to enhance the full and
           effective implementation of the measures above, with a view to encouraging States to
           comply fully with this resolution;

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                     57. Requests the Secretary General to keep the Security Council informed of
               developments towards the normalisation of relations between Eritrea and Djibouti
               and to report to the Security Council no later than 15 February 2019 and every six
               months thereafter, and expresses its intention to keep this request under review in
               light of developments;
                    58.   Decides to remain seized of the matter.

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Security Council resolution 2444 (2018) [on lifting of arms embargoes, travel bans, asset freezes and targeted sanctions on Eritrea, termination of the mandate of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group (SEMG) with effect from 16 Dec. 2018, and establishment of the Panel of Experts on Somalia]

S/73 [151] ERITREA--POLITICAL CONDITIONS
S/73 [84] SOMALIA SITUATION
S/73 [207] DJIBOUTI--ERITREA
S/ X The situation in Somalia.

UN. Security Council Committee Established pursuant to Resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea|UN. Security Council Committee Established pursuant to Resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia|UN. Monitoring Group Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1519 (2003) and 1907 (2009)|UN. Panel of Experts on Somalia|UN. Panel of Experts on Somalia > Establishment|Charter of the United Nations (1945). Chapter VII|SANCTIONS|ERITREA|SOMALIA|SOMALIA SITUATION|DJIBOUTI|ARMS EMBARGO|ARMS TRANSFERS|CHARCOAL|SANCTIONS COMPLIANCE|GROUPS OF EXPERTS|HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

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