2 base encoding
if encoding override is given, set encoding to the result of getting an output encoding from encoding override .
decodes a string of data which has been encoded using base - 64 encoding .
. base 64 encoding with url and filename safe alphabet... . .
table 5: the base 16 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 4 4 8 8 12 c 1 1 5 5 9 9 13 d 2 2 6 6 10 a 14 e 3 3 7 7 11 b 15 f unlike base 32 and base 64, no special padding is necessary since a full code word is always available .
term 1: definition 1 term 2 with * inline markup *: definition 2 { some code, part of definition 2 } third paragraph of definition 2 .
this can happen when encoding code points using a non - utf - 8 encoding .
set value to the result of serializing the result of encoding value, using encoding .
h ~ 2 ~ o is a liquid. 2 ^ 10 ^ is 1024 .
let name be the result of serializing the result of encoding tuple ’s name, using encoding .
so, 2 + 2 = 10 in base 4. it would be 11 in base 3, or 4 in base 5 and above (since they have the room for 4 without ticking over). hope that helps !
is 10. the allowed values are 0 and 2–36. base - 2, - 8, and - 16 literals can be optionally prefixed with
set url ’s username to base ’s username, url ’s password to base ’s password, url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s port to base ’s port, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, and url ’s query to base ’s query .
by oligonucleotide ligation and detection
. due to its 2 base encoding system, it ensures greater accuracy e. g; 99. 94% .
do not perform base uri fixup. the xinclude processor will not add xml: base attributes .
this means that base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is unset .
base 16 really isn’t that different from base 10, we just take longer to fill up .
must be non - negative. (this restriction was added in python 2. 2. in python 2. 1 and before, floating 3 - argument
] is often used as a reference for base 64 encoding. however, mime does not define
base 64
per se, but rather a
base 64 content - transfer - encoding
for use within mime. as such, mime enforces a limit on line length of base 64 encoded data to 76 characters. mime inherits the encoding from pem [
format is: line number; (2 ^ n) / (base ^ exponent) represented as a percentage; (base ^ exponent = result) - (2 ^ exponent) = distance .
15. 2. io — core tools for working with streams — python 2. 7. 15 documentation
set url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, and url ’s query to base ’s query .
] is often used as a reference for base 64 encoding. however, mime does not define
base 64
per se, but rather a
base 64 content - transfer - encoding
for use within mime. as such, mime enforces a limit on line length of base 64 - encoded data to 76 characters. mime inherits the encoding from privacy enhanced mail (pem) [
we’ve seen plenty of base systems, from over - simple unary, to the unwiedly roman numerals, the steady - going base 10 and the compact base 16 .
i' ve heard people talking about
base 64 encoding
here and there. what is it used for ?
. base 64 encoding with url and filename safe alphabet... ...... ...
let url be the result of running the basic url parser on input with base, and encoding override as provided .
in an odd - number base system (like base 3) it becomes more tricky to tell when a number is even. for example, in base 3 we have
in valve’s game, portal, glados says that 2 + 2 = 10… in base four. how is that? that would be 4 figures per digit, so… 1 is 1, 2 is 2, 3 is 3, 4 is 4, 5 is 10, 6 is 11, 7 is 12, 8 is 13, 9 is 14, 10 is 20. so how do you figure that 2 + 2 is ten? how does base four work ?
set url ’s username to base ’s username, url ’s password to base ’s password, url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s port to base ’s port, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, url ’s query to base ’s query, url ’s fragment to the empty string, and state to fragment state .
setting encoding in web authoring applications – how to get your editor to save in a different encoding for a list of editing environments .
set url ’s username to base ’s username, url ’s password to base ’s password, url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s port to base ’s port, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, and then remove url ’s path ’s last item, if any .
set url ’s username to base ’s username, url ’s password to base ’s password, url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s port to base ’s port, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, url ’s query to the empty string, and state to query state .
a true value for this feature allows the encoding of the file to be specified as a java encoding name as well as the standard iso encoding name. be aware that other parsers may not be able to use java encoding names. if this feature is set to false, an error will be generated if java encoding names are used .
to use the example of base92, 92 2 = 8464, with the closest base - 10 exponent of 2 being 2 13 = 8192. 8464 - 8192 = 272 indices available on the base92 side that (if i understand correctly) are not possible to take advantage of. (2 19 = 524288 < 91 3 = 753571 < 2 20 = 1048576, but 2 20 - 91 3 = 295005. 272 is the clear winner. )
the soap mustunderstand attribute (see section 4. 2. 3) and soap actor attribute (see section 4. 2. 2) may be used to indicate how to process the entry and by whom (see section 4. 2. 1) .
, as with integer literals in code. base 0 means to interpret the string exactly as an integer literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16 .
to translate between binary and a base encoding, the input is stored in a structure and the output is extracted. the case for base 64 is displayed in the following figure, borrowed from [
otherwise, set url ’s username to base ’s username, url ’s password to base ’s password, url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s port to base ’s port, state to path state, and then, decrease pointer by one .
to translate between binary and a base encoding, the input is stored in a structure, and the output is extracted. the case for base 64 is displayed in the following figure, borrowed from [
if base is null, or base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set and c is not u + 0023 (#), validation error, return failure .
here we discuss the discrepancies between base encoding implementations in the past and, where appropriate, mandate a specific recommended behavior for the future .
here we discuss the discrepancies between base encoding implementations in the past, and where appropriate, mandate a specific recommended behavior for the future .
writing 5 as 10 is not base - 4. that’s base - 5. base 4 has 4 possible digits: from 0 to 3. the base is however many numbers are numbered to reach 10. if 10, 20, 30, 40, etc. is counting by fours, that’s how base - 4 works .
create had a race that required an etag be sent when a resource is first created. (section 10. 2. 2) .
christina a. bormann chung, 1, * victoria l. boyd, 1 kevin j. mckernan, 2 yutao fu, 2 cinna monighetti, 1 heather e. peckham, 2 and melissa barker 1
]. this encoding may be referred to as
base32hex
. this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base32
encoding and should not be referred to as only
base32
. this encoding is used by, e. g. , nextsecure3 (nsec3) [
note that just declaring a different encoding in your page won' t change the bytes; you need to save the text in that encoding too .
base64 is a generic term for a number of similar encoding schemes that encode binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation. the base64 term originates from a specific mime content transfer encoding .
( perhaps to illustrate some other problem) and accidentally reveals the password because she is unaware that the base encoding does not protect the password .
for our choice of base 10, it’s probably because we have 10 fingers. though some ancient civilizations used base 60, base 10 is pretty natural to us as we count off items on our hands .
is the infinite set {... , - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, ... }. the
. this encoding may be referred to as
base64url
. this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base64
encoding and should not be referred to as only
base64
. unless clarified otherwise ,
base64
refers to the base 64 in the previous section. this encoding is technically identical to the previous one, except for the 62: nd and 63: rd alphabet character, as indicated in table 2 .
figure 4. schematic of abi solid v2. 0 sequencing chemistry. solid 2. 0 chemistry utilizes 1 / 2 encoding (meaning bases 1 / 2 of the probe are the specific bases linked to the colorspace calls). the original version of the chemistry used 4, 5 encoded probes .
. base 32 encoding with extended hex alphabet... ...... ...... .... .
note that on windows, there is an encoding known as “mbcs”, which uses an encoding specific to your current locale. in many cases, and particularly when working with com, this may be an appropriate default encoding to use .
base64 encodes three 8 - bit characters onto onto four (base - 64) 6 - bit
characters
. base64 is efficient because it uses a base (64) and exponent (4) that happens to perfectly match a base - 10 exponent of 2 (24): 3x8 = 4x6 = 24 and 2 24 = 64 4 = 16777216 .
if base ’s path [ 0 ] is a normalized windows drive letter, then append base ’s path [ 0 ] to url ’s path .
the following description is original but analogous to previous descriptions. essentially, base 16 encoding is the standard standard case insensitive hex encoding, and may be referred to as
base16
or
hex
. a 16 - character subset of us - ascii is used, enabling 4 bits to be represented per printable character. the encoding process represents 8 - bit groups (octets) of input bits as output strings of 2 encoded characters. proceeding from left to right, a 8 - bit input is taken from the input data. these 8 bits are then treated as 2 concatenated 4 - bit groups, each of which is translated into a single digit in the base 16 alphabet. each 4 - bit group is used as an index into an array of 16 printable characters. the character referenced by the index is placed in the output string. table 5: the base 16 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 4 4 8 8 12 c 1 1 5 5 9 9 13 d 2 2 6 6 10 a 14 e 3 3 7 7 11 b 15 f unlike base 32 and base 64, no special padding is necessary since a full code word is always available .
returns), but any encoding supported by python can be used. see the
in html, when the document encoding is a legacy encoding, code points in the url - query string that are higher than u + 007f delete will be converted to percent - encoded bytes using the document’s encoding. this can cause problems if a url that works in one document is copied to another document that uses a different document encoding. using the utf - 8 encoding everywhere solves this problem .
similarly, in base 4 we go 0 1 2 3 and then “tick over” to reach four: 10. the digits “10” are always the base in whatever system you are using. so 10 means 2 in binary, it means 4 in base 4, it means ten in decimal, it means 16 in hexadecimal. it means you’ve ticked over once in your counting .
otherwise, if base ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set and c is u + 0023 (#), set url ’s scheme to base ’s scheme, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, url ’s query to base ’s query, url ’s fragment to the empty string, set url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag, and set state to fragment state .
set url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, url ’s query to base ’s query, url ’s fragment to the empty string, and state to fragment state .
what happens to evens and odds in an odd - number base system? in base 10, which is an even - number base, an even number of even numbers makes an even number. in an odd - number base, does an odd number of even numbers make an even number ?
is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file. this should only be used in text mode. the default encoding is platform dependent (whatever
the atob () function decodes a string of data which has been encoded using base - 64 encoding. conversely, the btoa () function creates a base - 64 encoded ascii string from a
string
of binary data .
transfer - coding and message lengths all interact in ways that required fixing exactly when chunked encoding is used (to allow for transfer encoding that may not be self delimiting); it was important to straighten out exactly how message lengths are computed. (sections 3. 6, 4. 4, 7. 2. 2, 13. 5. 2, 14. 13, 14. 16 )
here’s an interesting pop quiz question for all you who just finished reading this page: which is a more powerful base for division, base 10 or base 16? hint: the lesson on prime numbers will shed some light .
interned strings are not immortal (like they used to be in python 2. 2 and before); you must keep a reference to the return value of
all fundamental facets are fully described in fundamental facets (§4. 2) .
xml representation of simple type definition schema components (§4. 1. 2 )
is the infinite set { 1, 2, ... }. the
; this specifies the treatment of characters which are invalid in the input encoding. if
sincerely speaking, i seem nt 2 understand d idea in “tick over”. also, can u pls help me wit d names f d system and their representation, eg base 2 – binary – 0, 1. thnks in advance .
sincerely speaking, i seem nt 2 understand d idea in “tick over”. also, can u pls help me wit d names f d system and their representation, eg base 2 – binary – 0, 1. thanks in advance .
the conversion of the genome from a 4 - base alphabet to a 3 - base alphabet lengthens the number of bases required for unique alignment. this reduced complexity in base space increases the number of non - unique sequence matches to the
]. this encoding may be referred to as
base64
. the base 64 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that allows the use of both upper - and lowercase letters but that need not be human readable .
( in theory you could do base - 80 encoding or something similar, but it would be significantly harder. powers of two are natural bases for binary. )

method _ map ([ a, b ] ,
meth
, (1, 2) ) gives [ a. meth (1, 2), b. meth (1, 2) ]

this change adds the expect header and 417 status code. the message transmission requirements fixes are in sections 8. 2, 10. 4. 18, 8. 1. 2. 2, 13. 11, and 14. 20 .
browse other questions tagged algorithm bit - manipulation base or ask your own question .
. base uri from the retrieval uri... .... .
this small php script computes every possible base ^ exponent (for 0 < base < 513 and 2 < exponent < 257, both picked arbitrarily) alongside every possible exponent of 2 n (for 0 < n < 256). it then subtracts the results of the two calculations, and lists the results in ascending order .
because bases work in powers, not multiples. 9 is 3 ^ 2. 6 is just 3 * 2. each digit in a base - 3 number is the next power of 3. so, 100 is 1 * 3 ^ 2 + 0 * 3 ^ 1 + 0 * 3 ^ 0, which is 9. 6 is 20: 2 * 3 ^ 1 + 0 * 3 ^ 0 .
if port is greater than 2 16 − 1, validation error, return failure .
world wide web consortium. xml schema language: part 2 primer. available at :
pandoc uses the utf - 8 character encoding for both input and output. if your local character encoding is not utf - 8, you should pipe input and output through iconv :
to ignore errors. (note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss. )
is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled. pass
percent - encoding (% xx) mechanism. characters not in the unreserved character set (
“protocol buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet extensible format. ”
the key point is that v and lllll are two ways of encoding the number 5 .
us - ascii encoding (found by kurt huwig). this uses malformed ascii encoding with 7 bits instead of 8. this xss may bypass many content filters but only works if the host transmits in us - ascii encoding, or if you set the encoding yourself. this is more useful against web application firewall cross site scripting evasion than it is server side filter evasion. apache tomcat is the only known server that transmits in us - ascii encoding .
the union of the set of facets (§2. 4) components resolved to by the facet [ children ] merged with { facets } from { base type definition }, subject to the facet restriction valid constraints specified in facets (§2. 4) .
xml allows very flexible encoding of data. soap defines a narrower set of rules for encoding. this section defines the encoding rules at a high level, and the next section describes the encoding rules for specific types when they require more detail. the encodings described in this section can be used in conjunction with the mapping of rpc calls and responses specified in section 7 .
. base uri embedded in content... ...... .
), relative references are only usable when a base uri is known. a base uri must be established by the parser prior to parsing uri references that might be relative. a base uri must conform to the < absolute - uri > syntax rule (
a non - null base url is necessary when parsing a relative - url string .
@ caleb: base 4 means we tick over the odometer when we reach 4 .
this is my understanding, the 16 possible 2 base - combinations for the oligos are present in the mix, not only those 4 on their diagrams. am i wrong ?
] (with corrections). the base 32 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that needs to be case insensitive but need not be humanly readable .
in the unlikely case that you care about python versions older than 2. 0, use
in the content, which is illegal a processing instruction per section 2. 6 of [
is the set of gregorian calendar dates as defined in § 5. 2. 1 of
is the set of gregorian calendar months as defined in § 5. 2. 1 of
is the set of gregorian calendar years as defined in § 5. 2. 1 of
is the infinite set {... , - 2, - 1 }. the
is the infinite set { 0, 1, 2, ... }. the
an attribute specifying the encoding used for this document at the time of the parsing. this is
biallelic variants in ttll5, encoding a tubulin glutamylase, cause retinal dystrophy. - pubmed - ncbi
other unicode characters map to one, three or four bytes in the utf - 8 encoding .
] prior to name lookup. uri producers should provide these registered names in the idna encoding, rather than a percent - encoding, if they wish to maximize interoperability with legacy uri resolvers .
otherwise, if url is special, base is non - null, and base ’s scheme is equal to url ’s scheme, set state to special relative or authority state .
base - 64 encoding is a way of taking binary data and turning it into text so that it' s more easily transmitted in things like e - mail and html form data .
if no base uri is embedded, the base uri is defined by the representation' s retrieval context. for a document that is enclosed within another entity, such as a message or archive, the retrieval context is that entity. thus, the default base uri of a representation is the base uri of the entity in which the representation is encapsulated .
]. one property with this alphabet, which the base64 and base32 alphabets lack, is that encoded data maintains its sort order when the encoded data is compared bit - wise. this encoding is identical to the previous one, except for the alphabet. the new alphabet is found in table 4. table 4: the
extended hex
base 32 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 0 9 9 18 i 27 r 1 1 10 a 19 j 28 s 2 2 11 b 20 k 29 t 3 3 12 c 21 l 30 u 4 4 13 d 22 m 31 v 5 5 14 e 23 n 6 6 15 f 24 o (pad) = 7 7 16 g 25 p 8 8 17 h 26 q
creates a base - 64 encoded ascii string from a
string
of binary data .
set url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, url ’s query to the empty string, and state to query state .
the team’s solution was to translate the binary computer information into ternary (a system that uses three numerals: 0, 1 and 2) and then encode that information into the dna. instead of a direct link between a given number and a particular base, the encoding scheme depends on which base has been used most recently (see table). for instance, if the previous base was a, then a 2 would be represented by t. but if the previous base was g, then 2 would be represented by c. similar substitution rules cover every possible combination of letters and numbers, ensuring that a sequence of identical digits in the data is not represented by a sequence of identical bases in the dna, helping to avoid mistakes .
gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be decoded or encoded with. it defaults to
in the content, which is illegal in a cdata section per section 2. 7 of [
. (this last feature was added in python 2. 2. in python 2. 1 and before, if both arguments were of integer types and the second argument was negative, an exception was raised .) if the second argument is negative, the third argument must be omitted. if
gives a syntax error because python regards numbers starting with ‘0’ as octal (base 8) .
mckernan kj, peckham he, costa gl, mclaughlin sf, fu y. sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short - read massively parallel ligation sequencing using two - base encoding .
yes, this feature was added in python 2. 5. the syntax would be as follows :
is the infinite set {... , - 2, - 1, 0 }. the
]. an alternative alphabet has been suggested that used
~
as the 63rd character. since the
~
character has special meaning in some file system environments, the encoding described in this section is recommended instead. this encoding should not be regarded as the same as the
base64
encoding, and should not be referred to as only
base64
. unless made clear ,
base64
refer to the base 64 in the previous section. this encoding is technically identical to the previous one, except for the 62: nd and 63: rd alphabet character, as indicated in table 2. table 2: the
url and filename safe
base 64 alphabet value encoding value encoding value encoding value encoding 0 a 17 r 34 i 51 z 1 b 18 s 35 j 52 0 2 c 19 t 36 k 53 1 3 d 20 u 37 l 54 2 4 e 21 v 38 m 55 3 5 f 22 w 39 n 56 4 6 g 23 x 40 o 57 5 7 h 24 y 41 p 58 6 8 i 25 z 42 q 59 7 9 j 26 a 43 r 60 8 10 k 27 b 44 s 61 9 11 l 28 c 45 t 62 - (minus) 12 m 29 d 46 u 63 _ (understrike) 13 n 30 e 47 v 14 o 31 f 48 w (pad) = 15 p 32 g 49 x 16 q 33 h 50 y
). if the base uri is obtained from a uri reference, then that reference must be converted to absolute form and stripped of any fragment component prior to its use as a base uri .
$ wguploadstashscalerbaseurl – to enable remote on - demand scaling, set this to the thumbnail base url .
the signature base string has been designed to support the signature methods defined in this specification. when designing additional signature methods, the signature base string should be evaluated to ensure compatibility with the algorithms used .
the signature base string cannot guarantee the order in which parameters are sent. if parameter ordering is important and affects the result of a request, the signature base string will not protect against request manipulation .
homer n, merriman b, nelson sf. local alignment of two - base encoded dna sequence .
]. + - - first octet - - + - second octet - - + - - third octet - - + | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 5 4 3 2 1 0 | + - - 1. index - - + - - 2. index - - + - - 3. index - - + - - 4. index - - + the case for base 32 is shown in the following figure, borrowed from [
function base64encode (str, encoding =' utf - 8') { var bytes = new (textencoder | | textencoderlite) (encoding). encode (str); return base64js. frombytearray (bytes); } function base64decode (str, encoding =' utf - 8') { var bytes = base64js. tobytearray (str); return new (textdecoder | | textdecoderlite) (encoding). decode (bytes); }
the name of the encoding used to decode the stream’s bytes into strings, and to encode strings into bytes .
additional information relevant to the encoding of a method request but not part of the formal method signature may be expressed in the rpc encoding. if so, it must be expressed as a subelement of the soap header element .
the padding step in base 64 and base 32 encoding can, if improperly implemented, lead to non - significant alterations of the encoded data. for example, if the input is only one octet for a base 64 encoding, then all six bits of the first symbol are used, but only the first two bits of the next symbol are used. these pad bits must be set to zero by conforming encoders, which is described in the descriptions on padding below. if this property do not hold, there is no canonical representation of base - encoded data, and multiple base - encoded strings can be decoded to the same binary data. if this property (and others discussed in this document) holds, a canonical encoding is guaranteed. in some environments, the alteration is critical and therefore decoders may chose to reject an encoding if the pad bits have not been set to zero. the specification referring to this may mandate a specific behaviour .
2. made it clear that user - agents should retry requests, not
clients
in general .
proxies should be able to add content - length when appropriate. (section 13. 5. 2 )
. it is hoped that future versions of this specification will provide support for
level 2
features .
] data. base encoding can also be used in new applications that do not have legacy restrictions, simply because it makes it possible to manipulate objects with text editors. in the past, different applications have had different requirements and thus sometimes implemented base encodings in slightly different ways. today, protocol specifications sometimes use base encodings in general, and
base64
in particular, without a precise description or reference. mime [
let' s mix and match base encoding and throw in some tabs and newlines - why browsers allow this, i' ll never know). the tabs and newlines only work if this is encapsulated with quotes :
although it is anticipated that this representation is likely to be used in combination with the encoding style defined in section 5 other representations are possible. the soap encodingstyle attribute (see section 4. 3. 2) can be used to indicate the encoding style of the method call and or the response using the representation described in this section .
it appears that there are no base / exponent combinations that result in values that exactly match base - 10 exponents of 2 (specifically 2 n for any 0 < n < 256), except for base32, base64 and base128 (along with base4, base8, base16, base256, base512, etc which are more difficult to make practical use of). see the last code block for the full list of matching exponents !
. default base uri... ...... ...... .
. pre - parse the base uri... ...... ... .
a base url is useful for the url parser when the input might be a relative - url string .
well! i want the symbols for the base 4 number system …… can anyone please say me …… .
not the answer you' re looking for? browse other questions tagged encoding base64 encode or ask your own question .
base64 is a group of similar binary - to - text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ascii string format by translating it into a radix - 64 representation. the term base64 originates from a specific mime content transfer encoding .
content authors need to find out how to declare the character encoding used for the document format they are working with .
is not specified the encoding used is platform dependent. (for reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave
data the entire binary stream is encoded using the base64 content - transfer - encoding defined in section 6. 8 of
note: in dom level 2, the method normalize is inherited from the node interface where it was moved .
charset wildcarding is introduced to avoid explosion of character set names in accept headers. (section 14. 2 )
the processing party found an invalid namespace for the soap envelope element (see section 4. 1. 2 )
[ 11 ] w3c working draft
xml schema part 2: datatypes
. this is work in progress .
the term base64 refers to a specific mime content transfer encoding. it is also used as a generic term for any similar encoding scheme that encodes binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation. the particular choice of base is due to the history of character set encoding: one can choose a set of 64 characters that is both part of the subset common to most encodings, and also printable. this combination leaves the data unlikely to be modified in transit through systems, such as email, which were traditionally not 8 - bit clean .
otherwise, set url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag, append an empty string to url ’s path, and set state to cannot - be - a - base - url path state .
status of this memo this memo provides information for the internet community. it does not specify an internet standard of any kind. distribution of this memo is unlimited. copyright notice copyright (c) the internet society (2003). all rights reserved. abstract this document describes the commonly used base 64, base 32, and base 16 encoding schemes. it also discusses the use of line - feeds in encoded data, use of padding in encoded data, use of non - alphabet characters in encoded data, and use of different encoding alphabets. table of contents
sergouniotis pi 1, chakarova c 2, murphy c 3, becker m 4, lenassi e 1, arno g 2, lek m 5, macarthur dg 5; ucl - exomes consortium, bhattacharya ss 2, moore at 1, holder ge 1, robson ag 1, wolfrum u 4, webster ar 6, plagnol v 3 .
is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled—this cannot be used in binary mode. pass
] data. base encoding can also be used in new applications that do not have legacy restrictions, simply because it makes it possible to manipulate objects with text editors. in the past, different applications have had different requirements and thus sometimes implemented base encodings in slightly different ways. today, protocol specifications sometimes use base encodings in general, and
base64
in particular, without a precise description or reference. multipurpose internet mail extensions (mime) [
. establishing a base uri... ...... ...... .
, step 6a, failed to account for a base uri with no path. o restored the behavior of [
base - 12 (dozenal) is a personal fave of mine too! it’s down to that or base - 18. base - 18 has the same overall kind of advantages to it as dozenal, plus the awesome 3 - digit rotational multiples of 7 (just like decimal multiples of 27 and 37). that’s because 7 cubed equals 111 (base - 18). decimal 111 is 3 times 37; 999 is 27 times 37 .
production and transmission of uris: local name and data encoding, public interface encoding, uri character encoding, data format encoding, and protocol encoding. local names, such as file system names, are stored with a local character encoding. uri producing applications (e. g. , origin servers) will typically use the local encoding as the basis for producing meaningful names. the uri producer will transform the local encoding to one that is suitable for a public interface and then transform the public interface encoding into the restricted set of uri characters (reserved, unreserved, and percent - encodings). those characters are, in turn, encoded as octets to be used as a reference within a data format (e. g. , a document charset), and such data formats are often subsequently encoded for transmission over internet protocols. for most systems, an unreserved character appearing within a uri component is interpreted as representing the data octet corresponding to that character' s encoding in us - ascii. consumers of uris assume that the letter
x
corresponds to the octet
01011000
, and even when that assumption is incorrect, there is no harm in making it. a system that internally provides identifiers in the form of a different character encoding, such as ebcdic, will generally perform character translation of textual identifiers to utf - 8 [
( double - hyphen) in the content, which is illegal in a comment per section 2. 5 of [
( 2) the final quantum of encoding input is exactly 8 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be two characters followed by two
=
padding characters. (3) the final quantum of encoding input is exactly 16 bits; here, the final unit of encoded output will be three characters followed by one
=
padding character .
the following description is original but analogous to previous descriptions. essentially, base 16 encoding is the standard case - insensitive hex encoding and may be referred to as
base16
or
hex
. a 16 - character subset of us - ascii is used, enabling 4 bits to be represented per printable character. the encoding process represents 8 - bit groups (octets) of input bits as output strings of 2 encoded characters. proceeding from left to right, an 8 - bit input is taken from the input data. these 8 bits are then treated as 2 concatenated 4 - bit groups, each of which is translated into a single character in the base 16 alphabet. each 4 - bit group is used as an index into an array of 16 printable characters. the character referenced by the index is placed in the output string .
for java and ecmascript, domstring is bound to the string type because both languages also use utf - 16 as their encoding .
as a content author or developer, you should nowadays always choose the utf - 8 character encoding for your content or data. this unicode encoding is a good choice because you can use a single character encoding to handle any character you are likely to need. this greatly simplifies things. using unicode throughout your system also removes the need to track and convert between various character encodings .
a url also has an associated cannot - be - a - base - url flag. it is initially unset .
if the substring from pointer in input does not start with a windows drive letter, then set url ’s host to base ’s host, url ’s path to a copy of base ’s path, and then shorten url ’s path .
if context object ’s url ’s cannot - be - a - base - url flag is set, then return .
anyways, that’s just division, if you are interested in a diagram of why i love base 12, just look at this picture i made: urltoken i really hope humanity educates ourselves to base 12, it would be beautiful .
section 2. 3) must be encoded. characters in the unreserved character set must not be encoded. hexadecimal characters in encodings must be upper case. text names and values must be encoded as utf - 8 octets before percent - encoding them per
with the in­tro­duc­tion of http / 2, in­lin­ing is an even less at­trac­tive op­tion. http / 2 en­ables par­al­lel down­loads over the same con­nec­tion. this has the same ben­e­fit as in­lin­ing (avoid­ing con­nec­tion over­head) but none of the down­sides. caching, font for­mat ne­go­ti­a­tion, lazy load­ing, and pro­gres­sive ren­der­ing will con­tinue to work as ex­pected with http / 2. many browsers, servers, and host­ing providers al­ready sup­port http / ​2, so you can start us­ing it to­day in­stead of in­lin­ing !
warnings could be cached incorrectly, or not updated appropriately. (section 13. 1. 2, 13. 2. 4, 13. 5. 2, 13. 5. 3, 14. 9. 3, and 14. 46) warning also needed to be a general header, as put or other methods may have need for it in requests .
o return a string consisting of the reference' s path component appended to all but the last segment of the base uri' s path (i. e. , excluding any characters after the right - most
/
in the base uri path, or excluding the entire base uri path if it does not contain any
/
characters) .
as this example illustrates, base64 encoding converts 3 uncoded bytes (in this case, ascii characters) into 4 encoded ascii characters .
an attribute specifying the encoding used for this entity at the time of parsing, when it is an external parsed entity. this is
since the document encoding is windows - 1252, the link’s url ’s query will be
sm% f6rg% e5sbord
. if the document encoding had been utf - 8, it would instead be
sm% c3% b6rg% c3% a5sbord
.
the abstract base class for all i / o classes, acting on streams of bytes. there is no public constructor .
the signature base string includes the request absolute url, tying the signature to a specific endpoint. the url used in the signature base string must include the scheme, authority, and path, and must exclude the query and fragment as defined by
otherwise, if base ’s scheme is not
file
, set state to relative state and decrease pointer by one .
if there aren’t any symbols (0b or 0x) in front, we assume it’s base 10, a regular number .
i’m wondering, how is the base 60 system written? please respond to me if you have an answer. thanks !
this attribute must appear in the instance in order to be effective (see section 3 and 4. 2. 1) .
how do you keep these numbers apart? programmers will often write “0b” in front of binary numbers. so 2 in binary is
in order to continue, you must clench both hands into fists in order to start again with the next set, ie. 11, 12, 13…. this is why it is called the base 10 system and not the base 9 system .
the red bytes are the utf8 of
testing
. the key here is 0x12 → field number = 2, type = 2. the length varint in the value is 7 and lo and behold, we find seven bytes following it – our string .
the soap encoding rules (see section 5) defines a serialization mechanism that can be used to exchange instances of application - defined datatypes .
when implementing base encoding and decoding, care should be taken not to introduce vulnerabilities to buffer overflow attacks, or other attacks on the implementation. a decoder should not break on invalid input including, e. g. , embedded nul characters (ascii 0). if non - alphabet characters are ignored, instead of causing rejection of the entire encoding (as recommended), a covert channel that can be used to
leak
information is made possible. the implications of this should be understood in applications that do not follow the recommended practice. similarly, when the base 16 and base 32 alphabets are handled case insensitively, alteration of case can be used to leak information. base encoding visually hides otherwise easily recognized information, such as passwords, but does not provide any computational confidentiality. this has been known to cause security incidents when, e. g. , a user reports details of a network protocol exchange
the system identifiers passed to the notationdecl, unparsedentitydecl, and externalentitydecl events will be absolutized relative to their base uris before reporting .
is a base for all new style classes. it has the methods that are common to all instances of new style classes .
a class can be based on one or more other classes, called its base class (es). it then inherits the attributes and methods of its base classes. this allows an object model to be successively refined by inheritance. you might have a generic
an attribute specifying, as part of the text declaration, the encoding of this entity, when it is an external parsed entity. this is
the soap encodingstyle attribute may be used to indicate the encoding style used for the body entries (see section 4. 1. 1) .
the soap encodingstyle attribute may be used to indicate the encoding style used for the detail entries (see section 4. 1. 1) .
base class for text streams. this class provides a unicode character and line based interface to stream i / o. there is no
selects the pandoc < = 2. 0 behavior for parsing lists, so that four spaces indent are needed for list item continuation paragraphs .
module provides the python interfaces to stream handling. under python 2. x, this is proposed as an alternative to the built - in
and 6. 2. 3, is optional. a uri reference must be transformed to its target uri before it can be normalized .
2) although rfc 2046 [ 40 ] permits the boundary string to be quoted, some existing implementations handle a quoted boundary string incorrectly .
this attribute must appear in the soap message instance in order to be effective (see section 3 and 4. 2. 1) .
for example, - 1e4, 1267. 43233e12, 12. 78e - 2, 12 and inf are all legal literals for float .
for example, - 1e4, 1267. 43233e12, 12. 78e - 2, 12 and inf are all legal literals for double .
1 second 2 3 4 5 … 58 59 1: 00 (60 seconds aka 1 minute. we’ve started a new digit. )
you could define an alias for the base class, assign the real base class to it before your class definition, and use the alias throughout your class. then all you have to change is the value assigned to the alias. incidentally, this trick is also handy if you want to decide dynamically (e. g. depending on availability of resources) which base class to use. example :
with the exception of the soap mustunderstand attribute (see section 4. 2. 3) and the soap actor attribute (see section 4. 2. 2), it is generally permissible to have attributes and their values appear in xml instances or alternatively in schemas, with equal effect. that is, declaration in a dtd or schema with a default or fixed value is semantically equivalent to appearance in an instance.
2 base encoding , also called solid ( sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection ) , is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by applied biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008 . these technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time . well-known examples of such dna sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing ( introduced in 2005 ) , the solexa system ( introduced in 2006 ) and the solid system ( introduced in 2007 ) . these methods have reduced the cost from $ 0.01 / base in 2004 to nearly $ 0.0001 / base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006 . 2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis . however , instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases , 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the macevicz method , thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained ( 25-50bp published , 50bp in ncbi in feb 2008 ) . the 2 base encoding enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work . 
2 base encoding, also called solid (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by applied biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008. these technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time. well-known examples of such dna sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005), the solexa system (introduced in 2006) and the solid system (introduced in 2007). these methods have reduced the cost from $ 0.01 / base in 2004 to nearly $ 0.0001 / base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006. 2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis. however, instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases, 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the macevicz method, thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained (25-50bp published, 50bp in ncbi in feb 2008). the 2 base encoding enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work.
2 base encoding, also called solid (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by applied biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008. these technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time. well-known examples of such dna sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005), the solexa system (introduced in 2006) and the solid system (introduced in 2007). these methods have reduced the cost from $ 0.01 / base in 2004 to nearly $ 0.0001 / base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006. 2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis. however, instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases, 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the macevicz method, thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained (25-50bp published, 50bp in ncbi in feb 2008). the 2 base encoding enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work.