quantum tunnelling composite
quantum tunnelling composite, a new facilitate sensing and switching technology in textile ...
smart materials (quantum tunnelling composite). 2010. smart materials (quantum tunnelling composite). [ online ] available at: urltoken [ accessed 13 november 2010 ] .
wikipedia. 2010. quantum tunnelling composite. [ online ] available at: urltoken [ accessed 29 september 10 ] .
quantum - tunnelling composite (qtc) is a flexible polymer which contains tiny metal particles. it is normally an insulator but if it is squeezed it becomes a conductor .
professor john cave (2004). quantum tunnelling composite. tep news [ online ]. 9, [ accessed 20 november 2010 ], p. 24 - 25. available from: .
quantum tunnelling is realised by selecting the precise shape of certain conductive nanoparticles and carefully controlling the processes used to blend them with other particles .
quantum tunnelling adds a level of control, reliability, and range to create a real - world touch experience that otherwise would not exist .
quantum tunnelling composite are composite materials of metals and non - conducting elastomeric binder, which is used as a textile keypad. the textile keypad is enough durable, easily washable, flexible and light weight. conventional composite carbon particle are used that’s have a round surface but in qtc nickel particles are used embedded in rubber. the major differences between conventional and modern qtc are -
when a textile keypads made on the basis of quantum tunnelling composite, then the keypad in a normal state works as insulator. when it pressed then it works as a perfect conductor and start to pass very high current .
put simply, qtc changes its electrical resistance based on changes in applied force. the more force the less resistance. this is achieved through quantum tunnelling alongside other
qtc is a composite made from micron - sized metallic filler particles (silicone rubber) mixed into an elastomeric matrix. quantum tunnelling composite is a flexible polymer that exhibits extraordinary electrical properties. in its normal state it is a perfect insulator, but when compressed it becomes a more or less perfect conductor and able to pass very high currents. history: first produced in 1996, qtc is a composite material made from conductive filler particles combined with an…
the following paper shows a momentous presence of quantum tunnelling composite in textile keypad, by this research we have tried to present the properties of the novel materials and importance of their industrial and commercial application in textile keypad. this product have millions of uses in different sector, by using quantum tunnelling composite in smart textile we can be beneficial by removing barriers of old technology of traditional switching because it gives massive flexibility in the design, shape, thickness and style of a switch or pressure control with load as well as more interactive with the user and latent benefits to society .
the limits of conductivity of a novel elastomeric matrix - nanostructured nickel powder composite are reported. the conductivity falls by a factor of = > 2×10
mac os x server. 2009. quantum tunneling. [ online ] available at: urltoken [ accessed 30 september 10 ] .
for compression and by a similar amount in extension. uncompressed and highly compressed composite displays ohmic behavior but between these limits the current - voltage characteristics are highly nonlinear. the matrix intimately coats the filler so that even above the expected percolation threshold the composite has a very low conductivity. the conductivity of the composite is increased under all mechanical deformations. these and other unusual properties are amplified versions of smaller effects seen in composites containing less highly structured fillers .
4. qtc (quantum tunneling composite) is a flexible polymer that exhibits extraordinary electrical properties. in its normal state it is a perfect insulator, but when compressed it becomes a more or less perfect conductor and able to pass very high currents. electron microscope image of qtc what is qtc? ?
the principle effect of the increased charge on the spikes is to decrease the effective width of the potential barrier in quantum tunneling, thus reducing the distance and energy required for the electron charge to tunnel through .
5.  quantum tunneling composite is a new class of electrically conductive material  qtc material is a patented technology developed in the uk by peratech limited based on original discoveries by david and chris lussey, the company' s founders.  first produced in 1996.  while in an unstressed state the qtc material is a near - perfect insulator; with any form of deformation the material starts to conduct  qtc usually comes in the form of pills or sheet
the key to the sensing technology is peratech' s patented' qtc' materials. qtc' s, or quantum tunnelling composites, are a unique new material type which provides a measured response to force and / or touch by changing its electrical resistance - much as a dimmer light switch controls a light bulb. this enables a simple electronic circuit within the robot to determine touch. being easily formed into unique shapes - including being' draped' over an object much like a garment might, qtc' s provide a metaphor for how human skin works to detect touch .
today, qtc is produced as a screen printable polymer - based ink in opaque and transparent versions .
peratech holdco limited is registered in england and wales. company registration number: 08908953. vat number: gb 181 2971 00
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aa (department of physics, durham university, durham dh1 3le, united kingdom; peratech ltd. , g3 morton park way, darlington dl1 4pj, united kingdom), ab (department of physics, durham university, durham dh1 3le, united kingdom; peratech ltd. , g3 morton park way, darlington dl1 4pj, united kingdom), ac (department of physics, durham university, durham dh1 3le, united kingdom; peratech ltd. , g3 morton park way, darlington dl1 4pj, united kingdom), ad (peratech ltd. , g3 morton park way, darlington dl1 4pj, united kingdom), ae (peratech ltd. , g3 morton park way, darlington dl1 4pj, united kingdom )
applied physics letters, volume 88, issue 10, id. 102103 (3 pages) (2006). (apphl homepage )
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smart materials have properties that react to changes in their environment. this means that one of their properties can be changed by an external condition, such as temperature, light, pressure or electricity. this change is reversible and can be repeated many times .
there are a wide range of different smart materials. each offer different properties that can be changed .
for most materials, if they are bent out of shape, they stay that way. however, if a part made from a shape - memory alloy (sma) is bent out of shape, when it is heated above a certain temperature it will return to its original shape .
this property makes it useful for making spectacle frames - they return to their original shape if they are put in hot water after bending them .
smas are used as triggers to start the sprinklers in fire alarm systems, controllers for hot water valves in showers or coffee machines and for spectacle frames .
when a piezoelectric material is squeezed rapidly, it produces a small electrical voltage for a moment. if a voltage is put across the material it makes a tiny change in shape .
piezoelectric materials are being used for contact sensors for alarm systems and in microphones and headphones .
qtc can be used to make membrane switches like those used on mobile phones, pressure sensors and speed controllers .
electroluminescent materials give out light when an electric current is applied to them. among many possible applications are safety signs and clothing for use at night .
thermochromic materials change colour as the temperature changes. these are used on contact thermometers made from plastic strips and test strips on the side of batteries (where the heat comes from a resistor under the thermochromic film). they are also used as food packaging materials that show you when the product they contain is cooked to the right temperature .
photochromic materials change colour according to different lighting conditions. they are used for security markers that can only be seen in ultraviolet light .
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there aren' t many companies that can lay claim to an entire area of material science. uk company peratech can. paul fanning finds out more .
this article is excellent, and i commend the author, paul fanning for it .
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6.  qtc pills are magnetic too. nothing like having some magnets laying around on the table while you work.  the sheets are composed of one layer of qtc, one layer of a conductive material, and a third layer of a plastic insulator.  while qtc sheets switch quickly between high and low resistances, qtc pills are pressure sensitive variable resistors .
10.  qtc material is a pressure / force sensing material.  can be formed or molded into virtually any size, thickness or shape.  simple and reliable to use.  durable - it has no moving parts to wear out.  mechanically strong.  can be made to withstand extreme temperatures limits .
11.  versatile, both electrically and physically e. g. its range and sensitivity can be altered.  intrinsically safe - the material is a contactless switch, ideal for spark free operation.  can be directly interfaced to standard electronic and electrical devices  can be customized for customer requirements, applications and products .
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peratech limited has been commissioned by the mit media lab to develop a new type of electronic' skin' that enables robotic devices to detect not only that they have been touched but also where and how hard the touch was .
uniquely, qtc' s provide a' proportional' response - in other words detecting' how hard' they have been touched. further, using peratech' s patented xy scanning technology, the robot is able to detect where on a matrix of sensors applied to areas such as the forearms, shoulders and torso, it has been touched .
as robotic devices continue to make inroads to our daily life, their ability to understand the presence and interaction with humans and other objects within a space becomes critically important. this research project is hoped to produce results which could soon be applied to a range of robotics projects that mit works upon .
peratech' s qtc technology has an established track record for use in robotics, having previously been adopted by nasa for their robonaut device and by shadow robot in the uk, producers of what is widely regarded as the world' s most advanced robotic hand, which have utilised qtc to sense' touch'. however, this project with mit is a world first in enabling a human to interact - through touch across the body of a robot - much as they would with another human .
qtc' s are electro - active polymeric materials made from metallic or non - metallic filler particles combined in an elastomeric binder. these enable the action of' touch' to be translated into an electrical reaction, enabling a vast array of devices to incorporate very thin and highly robust' sensing' of touch and pressure. qtc’s unique properties enable it to be made into force sensitive switches of any shape or size. qtc switches and switch matrices can be screen printed allowing for development and integration of switches that are as thin as 75 microns .
qtc is also low power and interfaces can be designed with no start resistance so that without pressure, the switch draws no power and passes no current. importantly, when pressure is applied, the resistance drops in proportion to the amount of pressure which allows sophisticated human machine interface designs that react to variations in pressure. qtc technology has no moving parts and requires no air gap between contacts. this makes it extremely reliable and suitable for integration into the thinnest electronic designs and with industry leading operational life .
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february 24, 2010: japanese scientists incorporate new qtc skin into advanced sex robot .
advances like these are very exciting. combined with the advanced robotic hand and techniques for interfacing with the nervous system, we are getting close to being able to provide fully functional prosthetic limbs. imagine restoring full mobility _ and _ sense of touch to an amputee! and yes, sex robots will be nice too. be careful with those though - if i learned anything from futurama it' s that relationships with robots are bad !
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textiles are playing an important role in everyday life and it is justified by their significant presence in every sector of industry such as medicine, automotive, construction, farming and so on. during the continuous research and development work the new applications of textiles are being researched in order to reduce costs, improve quality and have durable and sustainable products. the applications of textile in the manufacturing of keypads which cannot only work with computers but can also open up a new way to many other amazing techniques .
carbon composites always show some conduction typically with a resistance of a few thousand ohms, whereas in the unstressed state qtcs can be considered an insulator at 1012 ohms .
under pressure, carbon composites can decrease to a few hundred ohms, whereas qtcs reduce to less that 1 ohm. it uses very little power, typically operating at about 5v .
the deformation required to produce a significant (factor of 10) change in resistance is significantly less for qtc than for carbon composites [ 4 ] .
the special property of new qtc is that the metal particles have spiked surface, which is covered by the silicone rubber. this coating prevents the direct contact of the metals particles and makes a barrier. the spikes on the surface allow a higher concentration of electron charges on the tips, so that more current can flow [ 5 ] .
qtc is currently available in three forms: pills, thin sheet or cable – samples of which are contained in a low - cost tep starter pack. each form of qtc offers different possibilities for practical use, but all exhibit striking resistance change when deformed by squeezing, pulling or twisting [ 8 ] .
this technology is based on printed conductive ink, consisting of polymer, metal particles, e. g. carbon and silver (old technology). the silver is in a powder form and makes this preparation conductive. the special property of qtc is that the metal particles have spiked surface, which is covered by the silicone rubber .
in order to make the current flow the barrier needs to be reduced. it can be done by putting the pressure on the qtc material. the above picture illustrate that if the pressure is more, then metal particles are more closer and the conduction level of the keypad increased .
as qtc is compressed, the conductive particles are brought closer together and barrier widths reduced further. this leads to an exponential decrease in electrical resistance [ 4 ] .
textile keypad which is sewn into clothing and operated or controlled by an integrated control panel or operation button. the use of area of textile keypad are in sports, leisure and fashion wear garments where a soft textile pressure sensitive keypad is sewn into the garment sleeve and connected to an earpiece or headset by textile wiring running between the fabric layers of the jacket, soft switching of electronic textile like light switching, game pad, calculator keypad and soft fabric computer mouse and also for soft keypad which are found in jackets and bags for ipod control, wireless ipod control, ipod / bluetooth control, and mp3 volume control modules. the following possible application where textile keypad are uses :
textile keypad can be used in garments for tremendous sports such as snowboarding and skiing. which content included mp3 players, a bluetooth connection to mobile phones, will control by the keypad .
a sensitive textile keypad is sewn into the garment sleeve and linked to an earphone or headset by textile electric wiring running between the fabric layers of the jacket. the battery, headset and mp3 player all can be removed during the time of laundering [ 9 ] .
textile keypad can be extensively used in soft switching for electronic textile. can we imagine that a music keyboard that can be rolled up, a television remote control sewn into the arm of a sofa, a “soft” computer mouse. light switches embedded in curtains or other home furnishings, rugs that control the playing of music. these all could be available using a combination of textile keypad with qtc technology. there are some sample which developed jointly by the new zealand - based textile research and development organization wronz, and electronic materials company peratech ltd. of darlington, county durham, uk [ 10 ] .
the new soft keypad launched by fibretronic which is compatible with wearable electronic products like clothing and soft goods. these soft keypads can be found in a broad range of jackets, bags and gloves to control personal electronic devices. the new keypad technology is an extra soft version of silicone keypad for wearable audio, mobile phone and communication product controls [ 11 ] .
the backlit fabric keypad system is the world’s first washable fabric keypad with combination switch lights launched by fibretronic. this technology designed for garment or automotive applications fabric keypads to be viewed in dark conditions. the lighting system can be supplied with either light emitting diode (led) or electroluminescent (el) technology integrated in the fabric and then combined with textile switches [ 12 ] .
qtc technology has a lot of benefits than the conventional system, though production processes is still faced with many challenges like how much pressure is applied for printed keypad to flow accurate current? is the fabric water resistance or abrasion resistance property same like normal fabric? as the qtc technology enter into market at first they are likely to be expensive and using printed keypad which allows eliminating uncomfortable, heavy wears, connectors and electronics and also creating computer clothing that feels like normal clothing and if the technology progresses and production processes perfect then prices will decline .
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industrial hmi design may be complex, but its needs are simple: safety, safety, and safety .
industrial hmis require high durability and reliability in harsh environments, while delivering intuitive interfaces for complex control systems, often to human beings wearing all types of gloves and protective gear .
peratech qtc - based sensors meet the challenges of this market with excellent durability, deployment both above and below touch displays and other complex surfaces, with high immunity to electromagnetic noise, moisture, and other environmental conditions .
peratech delivers cutting edge hmi possibilities to environments where other touch solutions either cannot be used or cannot survive .
we’re equipped to test and verify our fully - integrated solutions to your unique applications so that you’re customers have high - reliability controls they need. learn more about how our engineering services design, source, and produce to your high - reliability requirements.
quantum tunnelling composites ( or qtcs ) are composite materials of metals and non-conducting elastomeric binder , used as pressure sensors . they utilise quantum tunnelling : without pressure , the conductive elements are too far apart to conduct electricity ; when pressure is applied , they move closer and electrons can tunnel through the insulator . the effect is far more pronounced than would be expected from classical ( non-quantum ) effects alone , as classical electrical resistance is linear ( proportional to distance ) , while quantum tunnelling is exponential with decreasing distance , allowing the resistance to change by a factor of up to 10 ¹² between pressured and unpressured states . 
quantum tunnelling composites (or qtcs) are composite materials of metals and non-conducting elastomeric binder, used as pressure sensors. they utilise quantum tunnelling: without pressure, the conductive elements are too far apart to conduct electricity; when pressure is applied, they move closer and electrons can tunnel through the insulator. the effect is far more pronounced than would be expected from classical (non-quantum) effects alone, as classical electrical resistance is linear (proportional to distance), while quantum tunnelling is exponential with decreasing distance, allowing the resistance to change by a factor of up to 10 ¹² between pressured and unpressured states.
quantum tunnelling composites (or qtcs) are composite materials of metals and non-conducting elastomeric binder, used as pressure sensors. they utilise quantum tunnelling: without pressure, the conductive elements are too far apart to conduct electricity; when pressure is applied, they move closer and electrons can tunnel through the insulator. the effect is far more pronounced than would be expected from classical (non-quantum) effects alone, as classical electrical resistance is linear (proportional to distance), while quantum tunnelling is exponential with decreasing distance, allowing the resistance to change by a factor of up to 10 ¹² between pressured and unpressured states.