roses ( store )
to find the best bargains at roses, you have to understand how the store is organized .
despite the economic downturn that the roses encountered in the 1990s, many north carolina residents may remember roses as the first discount store they shopped at. in addition, roses have been considered the first to be part of a discount store chain in the southeast united states .
chain store age executive $ 100 million club ,
chain store age executive, august 1985, pp. 22 - - 30 .
roses is not a dollar store, but several areas of the store are quite similar to dollar tree and family dollar. candy, shampoo and coloring books are a few of the items that sell for a buck .
pasadena tournament of roses, 391 south orange grove boulevard, pasadena, california 91184 - (626) 449 - 4100 | © 2018 tournament of roses. all rights reserved .
the retailer is part of variety wholesalers, a north carolina - based company that operates nearly 400 stores under a handful of banners, including roses and its smaller sibling, roses express .
many traditional retailers have a separate clearance area in the back, but i discovered marked down merchandise at roses mixed in throughout the store. keep an eye out for the yellow signs and tags !
the perimeter of the store features apparel, shoes, home decor, auto care, toys, electronics and seasonal items, while the beauty and food departments are located in the middle of the store .
kresge tops big builders ,
chain store age executive, november 1974, pp. 17, 64 .
state of the industry ,
chain store executive age, august 1994, pp. 3 - - 25a .
if you’re paying more than $ 1 for a gift bag, you’re paying too much. medium bags are $ 1 at roses and there are smaller ones for $ 0. 50. the store had an entire aisle of bags to choose from .
roses is known for selling the everyday staples you need for life, plus one - time closeout buys — at very low prices .
ben sherman ties are only $ 3. 99 at roses! the store also has $ 10 dress shirts, $ 8 belts and $ 18 dress shoes. similar ben sherman ties sell for $ 17. 97 at nordstrom rack and $ 12. 99 at burlington .
photographs of various roses stores and employees. there is also a slide show, 1979, with audiotaped lecture on the process of loss control auditing .
along with many other off - price retailers, roses is finding that customers can’t get enough of home decor. here are just some of the super - low prices i jotted down :
currently in 17 states from ohio to florida, a company spokesperson told urltoken that roses is in growth mode. it’s on track to open 25 new stores and remodel 25 existing stores in 2017 .
every throw pillow in this bin is priced at just $ 2. 50! and just like the travel pillows i showed you, this incredible value was located in the center aisle of the store .
i visit this roses everytime we camp at mayberry campground. i love roses. i was able to find many grave flowers for my dads grave here recently. all were beautiful and $ 10 and under. my dad passed away recently and finding grave flowers has been a task. it was a blessing that they carried them. i was also able to find an outdoor rug for our campsite that was only $ 10 .
i can always count on roses to have cheap odds and ends that i need. from underwear to lawn chairs they had everything that i was looking for. sometimes you have to really look through the racks ...
roses is slowly going the way of the dinosaur, but i like going there. it' s not wal - mart, but the good thing is, you don' t have the crowd of people like wal - mart .
i hadn’t been to a roses in probably 10 years until just recently, but i ended up leaving with a bag of stuff — including the $ 3. 99 tie and $ 1. 99 travel pillow featured in this story .
when roses has a great deal, there are signs everywhere to tell you about it. where else can you buy a travel pillow for less than $ 2? the “unbeatable value” signs spotlight items you’ll want to grab before they’re gone .
by the time wal - mart and k - mart entered the national scene of supermarket competition, roses started to decline in the 1990s. eventually, the company declared bankruptcy in 1993. however, art and john pope, a brother team who owned variety wholesalers, inc. , bought the rose’s company in 1997. the whole transaction cost $ 15. 3 million. under their leadership, the company started to be successful again and 106 roses exist today. today, according to the variety wholesaler’s website, the roses stores range in a size of “30, 000 square feet to 70, 000 square feet and are chiefly competitive with discount stores such as k - mart, wal - mart, etc” (about variety wholesalers) .
roses’ assortment of food, toys and supplies for your pet takes up a few aisles. it reminded me of the selection at other off - price retailers such as t. j. maxx and marshalls. lots of dog beds for just $ 5 !
although roses does release a sale ad a couple of times per month, its mission is to offer low prices every time you shop. if you’re 55 or older, the savings don’t stop there. show your id to get an extra 10% off on wednesdays .
for this first project, memories and present day stories about mickleham village shop, “rose’s store”, were collected. for generations the shop has been at the heart of the community, providing a meeting place, a source of gossip and the everyday essentials of life .
henry tudor was proclaimed king henry vii, the first tudor king. henry was the grandson of catherine of valois, the widow of henry v, and owen tudor. in 1486, he married edward iv’s daughter elizabeth of york, thereby uniting the yorkist and lancastrian claims. this event is seen as marking the end of the war of roses; although some yorkists supported in 1487 an unsuccessful rebellion against henry, led by lambert simnel. the war of roses left little mark on the common english people but severely thinned the ranks of the english nobility .
a fire at the l’innovation department store in brussels, belgium, kills 322 people on this day in 1967. poor preparation and safety features were responsible for the high death toll. at l’innovation, it was the first day of a heavily promoted american fortnight exhibition, a salute to american fashion... .
the end of the war and the economic boon in the u. s. economy that followed enabled the company to implement several innovative management and marketing strategies. in addition to establishing a group health insurance plan and a profit sharing trust plan, rose' s added a trucking division that shortened the time required to deliver merchandise from the henderson warehouse to surrounding stores. the appearance of the rose' s stores also underwent a significant change. until 1947, all of the stores prominently displayed goods in the large windows at the front of the store, an advertising technique that required not only a great deal of merchandise to make them look full but a significant amount of employee time to maintain. when it came time to remodel a store in durham, paul rose went with a new design featuring untrimmed windows that allowed anyone to see directly into the store. the grand opening of the new store was such a success that all future stores were designed according to the
see - through
concept. the founder' s entrepreneurial drive also brought significant returns on the company balance sheets: in 1948 rose' s generated $ 17. 6 million in sales and recorded its highest net profit in relation to sales, a mark that would stand for nearly two decades .
it would take only two years for the prediction to come true, and by the time neil armstrong took his historic step, rose' s had nearly quadrupled its volume of sales and had expanded to 183 stores. having first entered shopping centers in 1947, the company continued its move from the small variety store to the large self - service department store. while improving upon older, small - town units periodically through modernization, new units took the form of large, self - service, junior department stores, located primarily in suburban shopping centers. in the early 1960s, under the direction of president l. h. harvin, jr. , the company also enlarged its operations through diversification, entering the discount market with the construction of a large store in spartanburg, south carolina, in 1961, and adding up - scale merchandise to its product line by acquiring the paul h. rose corporation - - an offshoot of rose' s founded in the early 1940s & mdash a subsidiary and opening up three full - line department stores. in an effort to better reflect this broader focus, the company changed its name to rose' s stores inc. in 1962 .
rose partnered with two businessmen, purchased stock in united 5 & 10 cent stores and opened retail outlets in henderson and charlotte. the venture failed, but in 1915, rose borrowed $ 500, bought a shop in henderson and opened the first rose’s store. rose removed merchandise from behind counters (where it had to be retrieved by stock clerks) to shelves that shoppers could peruse at their own pace .
despite the challenges that accompanied the great depression and the entrance of the united states into the second world war, rose' s continued to prosper, growing into one of the leading variety store chains in the south. while countless businesses collapsed during the 1930s, rose' s not only survived but experienced a steady increase in sales and expansion. in addition to boosting sales from $ 1. 8 million to $ 5. 6 million by the end of the decade, the company surpassed the 100 - store mark, extending its operations into the five states of north carolina, virginia, south carolina, tennessee, and georgia. a large part of the company' s success during this period can be attributed to its commitment to efficiency. the decade saw rose' s add a company print ship and a 20, 000 - square - foot consolidated warehouse, enabling the company to reduce office and transportation costs by as much as 40 percent .
paul howard rose, born in 1881, had a knack for entrepreneurship. when he was young boy, for example, rose sold his mother’s cookies and wood bundles to make a buck. later in life and with limited capital, rose opened his first department store in littleton, north carolina. after his time in littleton, paul rose became a traveling salesman and he periodically visited five - and - ten cent stores to determine the best price for certain goods to be sold .
in the opening battle of england’s war of the roses, the yorkists defeat king henry vi’s lancastrian forces at st. albans, 20 miles northwest of london. many lancastrian nobles perished, including edmund beaufort, the duke of somerset, and the king was forced to submit to the rule of his cousin, richard of york. the dynastic struggle between the house of york, whose badge was a white rose, and the house of lancaster, later associated with a red rose, would stretch on for 30 years .
rose' s stores, inc. , owned by variety wholesalers, inc. , of henderson, n. c. , is a southeastern chain of discount retail stores that began in 1915 with the founding of the first store by paul h. rose in henderson, n. c. rose' s stores were most common in north carolina and south carolina, but, at various times, the company had stores in virginia, georgia, alabama, maryland, mississippi, louisiana, and west virginia .
born in 1881 in seaboard, rose discovered his knack for merchandising early on. at age 12, he set up a wooden packing crate outside his hometown pharmacy and sold bundles of wood, his mother’s homemade cookies and other items. after business school in virginia, rose opened a store in littleton. at times his capital was so limited he used empty shoeboxes to help fill the shelves. for a time he worked as a traveling salesman. he used that experience to educate himself about competitive pricing strategies .
in 1927, rose’s 5, 10, and 25 cent stores were incorporated in the state of delaware, and in 1962, the name of the company was changed to rose’s, inc. although paul rose passed away in 1955, thomas rose, paul’s brother, continued operation of the company. the chain continued to be successful–250 stores were in 11 southeastern states by the 1980s. roses “had three distribution warehouses, a fixture manufacturing plant, a new york buying office, and fleet of trucks” at its zenith of operation (powell, p. 989) .
also included are tax documents, balance sheets, and rent books. the tax documents, 1919 - 1945, include income tax returns, capital stock returns, franchise returns, list of depreciations taken on fixtures, and claims made under the agricultual adjustment act. the balance sheets, which record sales and expenses, run continuously from 1921 to 1925. there is also a bound volume of monthly financial reports from stores 27 through 53 for 1935. the earliest rent books appear to have been created in the early 1960s, but they contain a financial and real estate history of each store that extends back to its establishment .
in 1915, rose, with the plan to create a chain of department stores, partnered with two businessmen and bought stock in united 5 & 10 cent stores. the united stores failed to stay open, so paul rose decided to go it alone. several months later, rose borrowed $ 500 from his brother - in - law, and he bought a building in henderson. rose had success with his first store because he priced his stock reasonably and shoppers had the opportunity to walk and shop however they saw fit. (in the past, general stores were organized with items behind the counter, and a clerk had to find every item the shopper wanted) .
primarily tax documents, balance sheets, and rent books. the tax documents date from 1919 to 1945 and include income tax returns, capital stock returns, franchise returns, list of depreciations taken on fixtures, and claims made under the agricultual adjustment act. the balance sheets, which record sales and expenses, run continuously from 1921 to 1925. there is also a bound volume of monthly financial reports from stores 27 through 53 for 1935. the earliest rent books appear to have been created in the early 1960s, but they contain a financial and real estate history of each store that extends back to its establishment. the rent books, 1988 - 1995 (folders 73 - 75) are closed to research .
the first major wave of competition called for a new marketing focus, and lucius h. harvin iii, succeeding his father as president and ceo in 1980, was given the responsibility of redefining the company. he assumed leadership of a company whose growth, according to some analysts, exceeded its ability to keep its existing stores up to date with a changing retail environment. as a result, many of its stores, while large and favorably located, relied on antiquated merchandise assortments and presentations. these problems were compounded by the vast dissimilarity among rose' s stores, which ranged from 4, 000 to greater than 60, 000 square feet, making it difficult for the company to implement a coherent marketing strategy. with lucius harvin at the helm, though, the company restructured itself as a discount store and made changes accordingly. in late 1982, the company initiated a strategic planning process that led to the reshaping of rose' s basic design and conceptual framework: existing stores were remodeled to enhance merchandise display and improve traffic flow; apparel sales were underscored; inventories were augmented. in line with the new focus on discount store business, nearly all of the p. h. rose variety stores were sold by the end of 1983. the new strategy resulted in a record boon for the company: rose' s stock split twice in 1983, leading to the first public offering of stock since 1927; two years later, the company broke the $ 1 billion sales barrier .
in mid - 1991 a new management team, led by president and ceo george l. jones, a former top executive with target stores, was selected to help the company reverse the decline brought on by competition. their plan called for a thorough remerchandising of their stores, which involved eliminating categories of slow - moving merchandise and replacing them with products better suited to rose' s target
value - oriented
customer. for instance, instead of offering a complete line of hardware products, rose' s reduced its line to include a limited number of tools and materials designed for light
do - it - yourself
tasks. on the other hand, the company' s traditionally strong departments & mdashøys, health and beauty aids, and lawn and garden, for instance - - were expanded. likewise, the company mounted a
greatest deal on earth
campaign, featuring an assortment of first - quality merchandise at
closeout ,
or significantly reduced prices, in an attempt to provide attractive opportunities for unplanned purchases. while restructuring its product line, rose' s also took advantage of new technology to improve customer service and store space management, implementing a state - of - the - art computerized price removal and inventory replenishment system .
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5 stars really maria? ?? yes really! ! and this is because evvvvvery time i come in here for something specific i allllllways find it! now the lines stay crazy long at any given time. i can go as ...
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“our model isn’t to rollback prices. we offer the deepest discount possible at everyday low prices, ” said rachel wing, vp of marketing at variety wholesalers. “so it’s not like a shopper has to wait and come back when it’s marked down. ”
popular closeout buys can be anywhere, but featured sale items are generally located in the aisles and on banquet tables .
in one of the aisles, i stumbled upon this huge table of $ 10 wrangler jeans. they had all sizes in regular and slim fit. and the price is about $ 7 less than the cheapest pair of wranglers at walmart .
gift bags are also on my list of the best things to buy at dollar tree .
speaking of clearance items, check out what i spotted in the furniture section. the price of this charcoal gray sofa was slashed to just $ 200. that’s even cheaper than ikea !
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“rose’s stores. ” william s. powell, ed. encyclopedia of north carolina (university of north carolina press: chapel hill, nc 2006) .
“paul h. rose. ” north carolina highway historical marker program website. a division of the north carolina department of cultural resources. (accessed january 25, 2012) .
“about variety wholesalers. ” variety wholesalers, inc. website. urltoken (accessed january 25, 2012 )
© 2016 john locke foundation | 200 west morgan st. , raleigh, nc 27601, voice: (919) 828 - 3876
p. o. drawer 947 henderson, north carolina 27536 u. s. a .
as the company entered the 1940s, world events again brought new challenges to the company. as hostilities in europe grew, congress passed a draft law that promised to create vacancies in numerous labor and management position within the company. seeing that the u. s. involvement in world war ii was imminent, the company began training women to fill these posts in its 118 stores. and when the war started, rose' s was prepared to make the necessary personnel changes: by 1944, 32 women were serving as managers. the nation' s commitment to the war effort, though, brought about a shortage in labor and raw materials for manufacturing suppliers, forcing many suppliers to ration goods to the stores on a quota basis. despite the fact that stores were rarely fully stocked, sales increased every year during the war and four stores were added .
in 1987, just as rose' s completed a 12 - month period in which its stock price increased faster than that of any other southeastern company, the company' s customer base was diminished by the opening of 53 new wal - mart stores. although sales continued to climb steadily, net profits declined nearly 25 percent, the direct result of competition and large capital expenditures needed to upgrade the company' s distribution and information systems. as the decade drew to a close, sales records continued to be broken, but net profits plummeted as at least two - thirds of the company' s 259 stores were engaged in head - to - head competition with their two major competitors, wal - mart and kmart .
despite these efforts, the company continued to lose money and had difficulty maintaining its inventory due to credit problems, leading to poor sales performance. and on september 5, 1993, the company filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 11, title 11 of the u. s. bankruptcy code. after closing more than a hundred stores in the first half of 1994, rose' s secured an exit financing commitment from the first national bank of boston and the cit group / business credit, inc. , calling for a three - year revolving credit agreement that enabled the company to borrow up to $ 125 million. under the direction of a new president and ceo, r. edward anderson, who took over in august 1994, the company finished the year with sales of $ 756 million, a decrease of more than 40 percent. however, the company recorded operating profits of $ 6. 6 million, compared to a loss of $ 27 million the previous year, and entered 1995 with the operating cash flows necessary to emerge from chapter 11. after turning in its best overall performance in several years, the company looked forward to leaving behind the complicated distractions of financial reorganization and returning to its focus on the operational aspects of the business .
with 75 percent of its stores in direct competition with wal - mart or kmart and 60 percent forced to contend with both, rose' s has attempted to prosper in the mid - 1990s by further narrowing its marketing focus within the discount industry, targeting value - conscious lower income consumers by offering special senior citizens' discounts and double - coupon deals, emphasizing closeout merchandise, and prominently displaying discounted goods .
we feel our niche is narrower and more toward the lower end ,
anderson told discount merchandiser' s pat corwin in march 1995 ,
so we want our customers to see value very quickly when they walk into our stores. we don' t want it to be subliminal, we want it right in their faces .
and with a strong belief that there are people who still believe in the 80 - year - old rose' s name, anderson has predicted that, under stable economic conditions, the company will grow once again .
corwin pat ,
rose' s recovery - - built to last ,
discount merchandiser, march 1995, pp. 26 - - 28, 70 .
folger, j. c. ,
unfolding our history ,
communiques, henderson, north carolina: rose' s stores, inc. , 1991 .
jones, george ,
a need for differentiation ,
discount merchandiser, december 1993, pp. 68 - - 70 .
marcial, gene g. ,
don' t discount this discounter ,
business week, october 23, 1989, p. 130 .
rose' s: plans to emerge from chapter 11 ,
discount merchandiser, september 1994, p. 12 .
source: international directory of company histories, vol. 13. st. james press, 1996 .
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collection title: rose' s stores, inc. , records, 1919 - 1996
this is a finding aid. it is a description of archival material held in the wilson library at the university of north carolina at chapel hill. unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the world wide web. see the duplication policy section for more information .
suggest topics, persons, geography, etc. interspersed through the entire collection; the terms do
usually represent discrete and easily identifiable portions of the collection - - such as folders or items .
clicking on a subject heading below will take you into the university library' s online catalog .
the collection includes the minutes of corporate committees, corporate documents, tax documents, balance sheets, rentbooks, and photographs of rose' s stores, inc. , discount retail stores, with headquaters in henderson, n. c .
the minutes are from meetings of various corporate committees, including the profit sharing trust advisory committee, the auditing committee, the directors' and stockholders' meetings, the executive committee, and the proxy committee. there are also articles and certificates of incorporation; bylaws of the rose trucking co. , inc. ; a brief history of the company; and copies of the company newsletter .
photographs are of various rose' s stores and employees. there is also a slide show from 1979 with an audiotaped lecture on the process of loss control auditing .
note that materials dated after 1985 are closed to research and have been moved out of the normal run of materials .
1. corporate papers, 1927 - 1996. 1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988. 1. 2. auditing committee, 1984 - 1986. 1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996. 1. 4. executive committee, 1955 - 1988. 1. 5. proxy committee, 1966 - 1977. 1. 6. other papers, 1957 - 1994. 2. financial papers, 1919 - 1995. 3. audiovisual material, 1930s - 1980s .
chiefly the minutes from meetings of various corporate committees, including the profit sharing trust advisory committee, the auditing committee, the directors and stockholders meetings, the executive committee, and the proxy committee. other corporate papers include articles and certificates of incorporation; bylaws of the rose trucking co. , inc. ; a brief history of the company; and copies of the company newsletter. materials dated after 1985 are closed to researchers .
subseries 1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
minutes of the profit sharing trust advisory committee' s meetings, 1970 - 1988. the minute book, 1984 - 1988, (folders 4 - 6) and the leaves of absence file (folder 7) are closed to research .
# 05097, subseries :
1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
folder 1
# 05097, subseries :
1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
folder 2
# 05097, subseries :
1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
folder 3
# 05097, subseries :
1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
folder 4 - 6
# 05097, subseries :
1. 1. advisory committee, profit sharing trust, 1970 - 1988 .
folder 7
minutes of the auditing committee' s meetings from 1984 to 1986. this item is closed to research .
minutes of the directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996. the minute books, 1984 - 1996, (folders 25 - 38) are closed to research .
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 9
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 10 - 11
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 12
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 13
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 14
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 15
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 16
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 17
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 18
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 19
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 20
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 21
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 22
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 23
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 24
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 25
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 26
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 27
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 28
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 29
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 30
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 31
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 32
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 33
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 34
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 35
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 36
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 37
# 05097, subseries :
1. 3. directors and stockholders meetings, 1927 - 1996 .
folder 38
minutes of the executive committee' s meetings, 1955 - 1988. the minute book, 1982 - 1988, (folders 44 - 45) is closed to research .
. the issues of
communiques ,
1990 - 1994 (folders 51 - 52) are closed to research .
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over a period of six months in 2013 some 20 people were interviewed, resulting in 17 digital recordings. each recording has been given an index number as a unique identifier. in many cases photographs and other relevant documents were added to the individual recordings and these are available under the same index number. this is the complete and unedited version; a shorter, edited version will be available in due course .
the history group extends grateful thanks to all those who very generously contributed to this inaugural project. special thanks must be given to surrey county council for funding the purchase of specialist computing and recording equipment and to surrey history centre for the loan of equipment and for their invaluable professional advice .
public access to this material is free of charge. mickleham & westhumble local history group has been assigned the copyright of all contributions to this project. the right to preserve as a permanent public resource for use in research, publication, the internet, education, exhibitions, lectures and broadcasting is held by mickleham & westhumble local history group and surrey history centre .
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both families, closely related, claimed the throne through descent from the sons of edward iii, the king of england from 1327 to 1377. the first lancastrian king was henry iv in 1399, and rebellion and lawlessness were rife during his reign. his son, henry v, was more successful and won major victories in the hundred years war against france. his son and successor, henry vi, had few kingly qualities and lost most of the french land his father had conquered. at home, chaos prevailed and lords with private armies challenged henry vi’s authority. at times, his ambitious queen, margaret of anjou, effectively controlled the crown .
in 1453, henry lapsed into insanity, and in 1454 parliament appointed richard, duke of york, as protector of the realm. henry and york’s grandfathers were the fourth and third sons of edward iii, respectively. when henry recovered in late 1454, he dismissed york and restored the authority of margaret, who saw york as a threat to the succession of their son, prince edward. york raised an army of 3, 000 men, and in may the yorkists marched to london. on may 22, 1455, york met henry’s forces at st. albans while on the northern road to the capital. the bloody encounter lasted less than an hour, and the yorkists carried the day. the duke of somerset, margaret’s great ally, was killed, and henry was captured by the yorkists .
after the battle, richard again was made english protector, but in 1456 margaret regained the upper hand. an uneasy peace was broken in 1459, and in 1460 the lancastrians were defeated, and york was granted the right to ascend to the throne upon henry’s death. the lancastrians then gathered forces in northern england and in december 1460 surprised and killed york outside his castle near wakefield .
york’s son edward reached london before margaret and was proclaimed king edward iv. in march 1461, edward won a decisive victory against the lancastrians at the battle of towton, the bloodiest of the war. henry, margaret, and their son fled to scotland, and the first phase of the war was over .
yorkist rivalry would later lead to the overthrow of edward in 1470 and the restoration of henry vi. the next year, edward returned from exile in the netherlands, defeated margaret’s forces, killed her son, and imprisoned henry in the tower of london, where he was murdered. edward iv then ruled uninterrupted until his death in 1483. his eldest son was proclaimed edward v, but edward iv’s brother, richard iii, seized the crown and imprisoned edward and his younger brother in the tower of london, where they disappeared, probably murdered. in 1485, richard iii was defeated and killed by lancastrians led by henry tudor at the battle of bosworth field .
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a massive wagon train, made up of 1, 000 settlers and 1, 000 head of cattle, sets off down the oregon trail from independence, missouri. known as the “great emigration, ” the expedition came two years after the first modest party of settlers made the long, overland journey to oregon. after leaving independence, the ...
on this day in 1781, major general nathanael greene and 1, 000 patriots attempt an attack on the critical village of ninety - six in the south carolina backcountry. after failing to seize the fortified settlement, they began a siege of it, which lasted until their retreat on june 18, making it ...
on this day in 1969, the legendary actor, philanthropist and automobile enthusiast paul newman makes his onscreen racing debut in the action - drama film “winning. ” by the time he made “winning, ” the blue - eyed newman was already famous for his performances in such films as “the hustler” (1960), “hud” (1962) and “cool hand ...
southern congressman preston brooks savagely beats northern senator charles sumner in the halls of congress as tensions rise over the expansion of slavery. when the controversial kansas - nebraska act of 1854 was passed, popular sovereignty was applied within the two new territories and people were given the right to decide the slave ...
president jimmy carter, in a speech delivered at notre dame university, reaffirms his commitment to human rights as a cornerstone of u. s. foreign policy and disparages the “inordinate fear of communism which once led us to embrace any dictator who joined us in that fear. ” carter’s speech marked a new ...
police staking out a bridge over the chattahoochee river near atlanta, georgia, hear a loud splash, and begin chasing wayne williams as he attempts to drive away in a station wagon. after questioning him about his involvement in the unprecedented string of child murders in atlanta over the two previous ...
the remains of former federal bureau of prisons intern chandra levy are found on this day in 2002, over a year after the 24 - year - old was last seen at a health club. the bone remains, discovered by a man walking through washington d. c. ’s rock creek park, were identified through dental records... .
just moments after ariana grande finished the final song of her may 22, 2017 concert at manchester arena, a suicide bomber detonated an explosion on the premises, killing 22 concertgoers and injuring 116 more. isis claimed responsibility for what was the deadliest act of terrorism in britain since the 2005 london metro bombings. a ...
on this day, president richard nixon arrives in moscow for a summit with soviet leaders. although it was nixon’s first visit to the soviet union as president, he had visited moscow once before–as u. s. vice president. as eisenhower’s vice president, nixon made frequent official trips abroad, including a 1959 trip to ...
after 150 years apart, marxist south yemen and conservative north yemen are unified as the republic of yemen. ali abdullah, president of north yemen, became the new country’s president, and ali salem al - baidh, leader of the south yemeni socialist party, vice president. the first free elections were held in 1993. situated ...
on this day in 2004, michael moore’s documentary film fahrenheit 9 / 11 beats out 18 other films to win the coveted palme d’or, the top prize at the cannes film festival. it became the first documentary to triumph at cannes since the silent world, co - directed by jacques cousteau and louis malle, ...
it’s the birthday of sir arthur conan doyle, the creator of master sleuth sherlock holmes. doyle was born in scotland and studied medicine at the university of edinburgh, where he met dr. joseph bell, a teacher with extraordinary deductive reasoning power. bell partly inspired doyle’s character sherlock holmes years later. after medical ...
the arrival in the united kingdom of one of the biggest figures in rock and roll was looked forward to with great anticipation in may of 1958. nowhere in the world were the teenage fans of the raucous music coming out of america more enthusiastic than they were in england, ...
the first major wagon train to the northwest departs from elm grove, missouri, on the oregon trail. although u. s. sovereignty over the oregon territory was not clearly established until 1846, american fur trappers and missionary groups had been living in the region for decades. dozens of books and lectures proclaimed oregon’s ...
president george washington’s devoted widow and the nation’s first first lady, martha dandridge custis washington, dies at her mt. vernon home on this day in 1802. she was 70 years old. like her husband, martha washington was born in the american colonies as a british subject (1731). the petite, dark - haired ...
on may 22, 2003, golfer annika sorenstam becomes the first woman to play in a pga tour event since babe didrikson 58 years earlier, after receiving a sponsor’s exemption to compete in the bank of america colonial in fort worth, texas. annika sorenstam was born october 9, 1970, in bro, sweden, ...
in a major speech before the american law institute in washington, d. c. , secretary of state dean rusk explicitly accuses north vietnam of initiating and directing the aggression in south vietnam. u. s. withdrawal, said rusk, “would mean not only grievous losses to the free world in southeast and southern asia but ...
ambassador henry cabot lodge, at the 18th plenary session of the paris peace talks, says he finds common ground for discussion in the proposals of president richard nixon and the national liberation front. in reply, nguyen thanh le, spokesman for the north vietnamese, said the programs were “as different as ...
with hunger and discontent spreading among the civilian and military populations of the austro - hungarian empire, a crisis mounts within its government, as hungarian prime minister istvan tisza resigns at the request of the austrian emperor, karl i, on may 22, 1917. a great power in decline when world war i broke ...
on this day in 1939, italy and germany agree to a military and political alliance, giving birth formally to the axis powers, which will ultimately include japan. mussolini coined the nickname “pact of steel” (he had also come up with the metaphor of an “axis” binding rome and berlin) after reconsidering ...
on this day in 1944, u. s. and british aircraft begin a systematic bombing raid on railroads in germany and other parts of northern europe, called operation chattanooga choo - choo. the operation is a success; germany is forced to scramble for laborers, including foreign slave laborers, to repair the widespread damage exacted ...
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on january 19, 1955, paul howard rose, founder of the chain of rose’s discount department stores, died at age 73 .
the entrepreneur eventually operated 280 rose’s stores in 11 southeastern states. today, about 106 rose’s stores remain.
roses stores ( originally known as rose 's 5 ¢ 10 ¢ 25 ¢ stores ) is a regional discount store in the united states with its headquarters in henderson , north carolina . the chain has stores in fifteen states , primarily in the south . roses was purchased by variety wholesalers inc. in 1997 and the company 's roses division has approximately 175 stores which compete chiefly with kmart and wal-mart . in 2010 , the roses division began expanding beyond its original base of stores in the south , opening stores in pennsylvania , ohio and indiana . 
roses stores (originally known as rose's 5 ¢ 10 ¢ 25 ¢ stores) is a regional discount store in the united states with its headquarters in henderson, north carolina. the chain has stores in fifteen states, primarily in the south. roses was purchased by variety wholesalers inc. in 1997 and the company's roses division has approximately 175 stores which compete chiefly with kmart and wal-mart. in 2010, the roses division began expanding beyond its original base of stores in the south, opening stores in pennsylvania, ohio and indiana.
roses stores (originally known as rose's 5 ¢ 10 ¢ 25 ¢ stores) is a regional discount store in the united states with its headquarters in henderson, north carolina. the chain has stores in fifteen states, primarily in the south. roses was purchased by variety wholesalers inc. in 1997 and the company's roses division has approximately 175 stores which compete chiefly with kmart and wal-mart. in 2010, the roses division began expanding beyond its original base of stores in the south, opening stores in pennsylvania, ohio and indiana.