ia - 64
the ia - 64 development project is devoted to keeping gentoo in good shape on the ia - 64 architecture .
the gentoo / ia - 64 project works to keep gentoo the most up to date and fastest ia - 64 distribution available. we are responsible for the maintenance of all ia - 64 specific meta - data and the testing of all other non ia - 64 specific meta - data on the ia - 64 architecture to ensure portability. portability implies reusable meta - data .
ia - 64 architecture refers to systems based on the intel® itanium® processor running a 64 - bit operating system .
the ia - 64 architecture at work
is an article from ieee computer which shows some actual ia - 64 optimization examples. (requires ieee computer membership) urltoken
december: intel and sun announce joint effort to port solaris to ia - 64 .
october: project monterey is formed to create a common unix for ia - 64 .
bugs are tracked and resolved from the gentoo bug tracker and correspondence is maintained on the various ia - 64 related mailing lists. (gentoo - ia - 64 - user, gentoo - ia - 64 - dev and those belonging to the sub - projects) .
describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
june: idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 38bn / yr by 2001 .
june: idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 30bn / yr by 2001 .
august: idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 25bn / yr by 2002 .
these manuals describe the architecture and programming environment of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures .
how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september, 2010 (324264 - 001). pdf
nonstop os, an intel 64 (x86 - 64) port was developed .
^ diagram of the architecture of the itanium (ia - 64) 64 - bit intel microprocessor, image by fred the oyster, september 08, 2014, wikimedia commons, ia - 64 from wikipedia, cc by - sa 4. 0
volume 1: describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
volume 4: describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
this document has been merged into volume 3a of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual .
openvms i64, an intel 64 (x86 - 64) port is being developed .
—general information on 64 - bit intel assembly (x86 - 64. org) .
hpl - 1999 - 83 porting linux to ia - 64 - eranian, stephane; mosberger, david. urltoken
describes bug fixes made to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer' s manual between versions .
ia - 64 is a 64 - bit processor architecture developed at intel that is based on explicitly parallel instruction computing (epic) and designed as the foundation for intel' s line of microprocessors through 2005. the itanium is the first in intel' s line of ia - 64 processors .
ia - 64 is the intel itanium architecture. this is a very long instruction word (vliw) processor instruction set .
pdfs / how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september, 2010 (324264 - 001). pdf at master · tpn / pdfs · github
august: amd releases specification for x86 - 64, a set of 64 - bit extensions to intel' s own x86 architecture intended to compete with ia - 64. it will eventually market this under the name
amd64
.
the ia - 64 application developers guide is available for download from both hp and intel, the intel download page is located here .
ia64 refers to the 64 bit itanium architecture while x64 is the 64 bit extension to the x86 architecture .
november: hp announces that its nonstop servers will start using intel 64 (x86 - 64) chips .
the goal of the gentoo ia - 64 development project is to guarantee that the ia - 64 packages build using gentoo meta - data are up to date. by continuously enhancing the meta - data, we provide the ia - 64 user with the gentoo community feeling, performance, freedom and up to dateness. the meta - distribution notion allows for a user to to be as bleeding edge as he / she wants :
hp - ux 11i, an intel 64 (x86 - 64) port was proposed, but later canceled .
the information contained in this white paper has been merged into volume 3c of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer' s manual .
the information contained in this application note is now part of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer' s manual volumes 3a and 3b .
in this first segment of our 64 - bit computing series, we’ll launch into the wonder that is ia - 64. you’ve probably seen much information already written about itanium and ia - 64 architecture in the past few years, which is mostly a replay of intel - generated information. we’ll try to get beyond the standard facts and hype, and take a critical look at itanium and ia - 64 / epic, by describing features and delivering some critical analyses. we’ll set the stage for an architectural comparison with hammer and other 64 - bit architectures in future segments .
ia - 64 (intel architecture 64) is an almost completely unrelated 64 bit architecture (also known as itanium), developed by intel initially for high - end servers. it was said that itanium could have been a replacement for the x86 architecture, but this architecture didn' t have much success (for various reasons), so it' s unlikely that you' ll ever need the ia - 64 installers .
itanium and the ia - 64 architecture were intel' s first effort to transition from 32 - bit to 64 - bit computing. the first products were server chips—consumer pcs back in the early 2000s were still some way off from hitting the 4gb ram limit of 32 - bit systems. but the original intent was for ia - 64 to eventually replace the older x86 instruction set entirely. the problem was that ia - 64 wasn' t backward - compatible with x86 code, making any transition potentially costly and disruptive .
@ pacerier: simply
64 - bit architecture
means nothing besides
there' s some architecture where most registers are 64 bit (maybe )
. x64 is a 64 bit architecture, aarch64 is a 64 bit architecture; ia64 is a 64 bit architecture; ppc64 is a 64 bit architecture; all of these have very little in common one with each other .
ia - 64 is for computers running intel itanium 64 bit processors. they do not support running 32 bit applications like x64 processors do. a special version of windows is needed to run on these processors, thus the two different installers .
in 2001 during merger talks with hp, compaq (a huge intel customer) announced their plans to phase out alpha in favor of intel' s new enterprise chip called itanium or ia - 64 (intel architecture 64 - bit) .
for most of us waiting breathlessly on the sidelines, the 64 - bit battle is between intel’s ia - 64 and amd’s hammer architectures. separately, we’ll evaluate the pros and cons of the “other” 64 - bit processors used in workstations and servers, such as sparc, power, mips, and alpha .
intel® 64 architecture refers to systems based on ia - 32 architecture processors which have 64 - bit architectural extensions, for example, intel® core tm 2 processor family), running a 64 - bit operating system such as microsoft windows xp * professional x64 edition or microsoft windows vista * x64. if the system is running a 32 - bit version of the windows operating system, then ia - 32 architecture applies instead. systems based on amd * processors running a 64 - bit version of windows are also supported by intel compilers for intel® 64 architecture applications .
note: this change document applies to all intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual sets (combined volume set, 4 volume set, and 10 volume set) .
stefan rusu and gadi singer. the first ia - 64 microprocessor. ieee journal of solid - state circuits, 35 (11): 1539 - 1544, november 2000. bibtex entry
my understanding is that ia - 64 is a subclass of x64, so i' m curious why it would have a separate installer. if possible, a succinct explanation would be appreciated .
many people also call this stuff x86 - 64, to have a vendor - independent name and to stress the fact that it' s the 64 bit evolution of the x86 architecture. all the
regular
pcs that are sold with
64 bit processors
run on x86 - 64 architecture .
t2450 is an ia - 32 architecture. for more information about specific processors you can search here to get the details :
april: amd releases opteron, the first processor with x86 - 64 extensions .
february: intel announces it has been working on its own x86 - 64 implementation (which it will eventually market under the name
intel 64
) .
this section contains some general tips for making your code 64 - bit clean .
note: the intel 64 architecture, otherwise known as x86 - 64, should not be confused with the ia64 architecture. the ia64 architecture, short for intel architecture 64, is the architecture used by itanium processors. despite their similar names, the intel 64 architecture is not related to the itanium (ia64) architecture .
i was on microsoft' s website and noticed two different installers, one for x64 and one for ia - 64. reference: installing the. net framework 4. 5, 4. 5. 1
an internal audit (ia) is an organizational initiative to monitor and analyze its own business operations in order to determine ...
jerry huck, dale morris, jonathan ross, allan knies, hans mulder, and rumi zahir. introducing the ia - 64 architecture. ieee micro, 20 (5), september 2000. bibtex entry, pdf comments: this a reference that shows how the ideas from [ 11 ] were implemented by the ia - 64 architects. needless to say that the paper is very interesting on its own. paper importance: 10 / 10
ia - 64 processors will have massive computing resources including 128 integer registers, 128 floating - point registers, and 64 predicate registers along with a number of special - purpose registers. instructions will be bundled in groups for parallel execution by the various functional units. the instruction set has been optimised to address the needs of cryptography, video encoding and other functions that will be increasingly needed by the next generation of servers and workstations. support for intel’smmx technology and internet streaming simd extensions is maintained and extended in ia - 64 processors .
x86 _ 64 is the normal 64 - bit architecture that is used by processors inside every laptop / desktop in today' s computers. this processor is a dynamic processor .
on intel - based macintosh computers, 64 - bit code uses the intel 64 (formerly em64t) extensions to the intel assembly language isa. this section summarizes the differences between intel 64 code and ia32 code in terms of their impact on registers and instruction sets .
x64 is short for x86 - 64 which is an extension of the x86 instruction set .
i had one of those early amd x86 - 64 chips (on the desktop side). i believe it was an athlon 64 x2? i was running the 64 - bit version of windows xp (it must have been dual boot). if you think windows me was bad, 64 - bit xp was unusable. it was fun, though .
hp thought that it was not good for individual enterprise system companies like hp to make proprietary processors, so hp worked with intel in 1994 to create the ia - 64 architecture, made with epic' s ideas. intel wanted to make a large effort in creating ia - 64 in the expectation that the resulting processor would be used by most enterprise systems. hp and intel had a large design effort to make the first itanium product, merced, in 1998 .
whilst ia - 64 is emphatically not a 64 - bit version of intel’s 32 - bit x86 architecture nor an adaption of hp’s 64 - bit pa - risc architecture, it does provide investment protection for today’s existing applications and software infrastructure by maintaining compatibility with the former in processor hardware and with the latter through software translation. however, one implication of isa is the extent to which compilers will be expected to optimise instruction streams – and a consequence of this is that older software will not run at optimal speed unless it’s recompiled. ia - 64’s handling of 32 - bit software has drawn criticism from amd whose own proposals for providing support for 64 - bit code and memory addressing, codenamed sledgehammer, imposes no such penalties on older software .
be sure to control alignment of shared data. the alignment of long long (64 - bit) integers has changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit. this alignment change can pose a problem when you are exchanging data between 32 - bit and 64 - bit code .
\ windows server 2003. this package is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system .
rakesh krishnaiyer, dattatraya kulkarni, daniel lavery, wei li, chu cheow lim, john ng, and david sehr. an advanced optimizer for ia - 64 architecture. ieee micro, 20 (6), november 2000. bibtex entry, pdf
64 - bit cpu support requires the latest 64 - bit version of either windows xp professional \ windows server 2003. this framework is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system. it contains both the 64 - bit and 32 - bit runtime in one convenient setup. for 32 - bit operating systems, please click the related resource link for the 32 - bit framework download page .
jay bharadwaj, william y. chen, weihaw chuang, gerolf hoflehner, kishore menezes, kalyan muthukumar, and jim pierce. the intel ia - 64 compiler code generator. ieee micro, 20 (5), september 2000. bibtex entry, pdf
at present, downloadable pdfs of all volumes are at version 067. the downloadable pdf of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual is at version 040. additional related specifications, application notes, and white papers are also available for download .
use 64 - bit types for pointer arithmetic results. because the size of pointers is a 64 - bit value, the result of pointer arithmetic is also a 64 - bit value. you should always store these values in a variable of type ptrdiff _ t to ensure that the variable is sized appropriately .
in 64 - bit - capable versions of gcc (4. 0 and later), the size of a long double will be 128 bits instead of 64 bits. this change is not limited to code compiled as a 64 - bit executable, but it is a toolchain change you should be aware of .
for more information, you may have a look at the wikipedia articles on x86 - 64 and itanium .
after 64 - bit itanium chips were introduced in 2001, intel upgraded its x86 cpus to 64 bits, and over the years added advanced security and fault detection features into high - end x86 xeon chips. see
most ia32 instructions can take 64 - bit arguments. all ia32 instruction set extensions up through sse3 are included as part of the intel 64 architecture. in addition, a number of new instructions have been added .
amd invented the amd64 extensions; intel was more or less forced to implement them, and called them first ia - 32e, then em64t and finally intel 64 (actually, the amd and intel extensions aren' t exactly the same, but they are almost identical) .
note: if you would like to be notified of updates to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer' s manuals, you may utilize a third - party service, such as urltoken to be notified of changes to this page (please reference 1 below) .
june: intel releases its first processor with x86 - 64 extensions, a xeon processor codenamed
nocona
.
conversion of shorter types to 64 - bit longs may yield unexpected results in certain cases. be sure to read
can you make computers do amazing things? are you excited about exploring areas of computing never explored before? we are continuously looking for volunteers willing to spend some of their free time on this project. in return for your work, you get the respect of the ia - 64 community .
not the answer you' re looking for? browse other questions tagged 64 - bit or ask your own question .
itanium, a family of 64 - bit microprocessors by intel that implement the ia - 64 architecture originated by hewlett - packard (hp) and later jointly developed by hp and intel. while the early development started in 1989 by hp, intel officially announced the name of the processor, itanium, on october 4, 1999 [ 1 ]. the itanium merced was released on june 2001, itanium 2 mckinley and madison in 2002 and 2003 respectively, the so far most recent poulson (itanium 9500) in november 2012, and kittson planned for 2015 [ 2 ]. initially intended as intel' s successor for x86 aka ia - 32 architecture, amd forced intel to change priorities with x86 - 64 .
describes the operating - system support environment of an ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures, including: memory management, protection, task management, interrupt and exception handling, and multi - processor support. this volume also contains the table of contents for volumes 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d .
yes, exactly. 64 - bit addressing is a moot point because both x86 - 64 and ia64 solve the problem. i' m more interested if there is some technical benefit ia64 would have graced us with if it had become the standard rather than x86 - 64. expanded addressing is about all i' ve seen in difference between x86 32 and 64 bit; would ia64 have given us anything on top of the addressing issue that would have made its adoption more beneficial ?
itanium, due toward the middle of next year, will be the chipmaker' s first 64 - bit processor, which means that the chip can process information in 64 - bit chunks. current intel processors work with 32 - bit chunks .
amd decided on an easier idea, creating x86 - 64, a 64 - bit addition to the x86 architecture, which microsoft soon supported in microsoft windows, so intel had to include the same type of 64 - bit addition in intel' s x86 processors. x86 - 64 can use existing 32 - bit applications at full hardware speed, but has 64 - bit memory addressing and other additions to new applications. this architecture has now become the most used 64 - bit architecture in the desktop and laptop market, with the 64 - bit armv8 architecture powering many mobile devices, used in today' s iphones, ipads, ipod touches, and now many android phones and tablets such as the nexus 6p and nexus 9. ssome itanium - based workstations were initially introduced by companies such as sgi, but they are no longer available. because amd made the first x86 - 64 chip, the architecture is commonly referred to as
amd64
inside of operating systems .
in the code, note that the upper bits in the mask are filled with ones in the 64 - bit case .
x64 is a vendor - neutral / microsoft term for 64 - bit cpus. a lot of linux people will use the term
amd64
instead because amd was the one that first came out with cpus that extended the intel
x86
32 - bit instruction set and architecture to 64 bits (rather than developing a new, incompatible 64 - bit processor) .
at about the same time the ilp work began, hp labs started a separate program to build an epic architecture to replace pa - risc. what emerged by 1993 was the pa - wideword architecture - - the basis of the hp - intel alliance and the itanium processor specification (formerly known as ia - 64) .
note: we are no longer offering the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manuals on cd - rom. hard copy versions of the manual are available for purchase via a print - on - demand fulfillment model through a third - party vendor, lulu (please reference 1 and 2 below): urltoken .
if you want the mask value to contain zeros in the upper 32 bits on a 64 - bit architecture, the usual fixed - width mask will work as expected, because it will be extended in an unsigned fashion to a 64 - bit quantity .
to be honest, x86 - 64 has been in a word, underwhelming, to me. yes, it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space, but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu .
in 2003, amd released the opteron, which implemented the first x86 - 64 architecture (called amd64 at the time). opteron was much more successful because it was an easy upgrade from x86. intel implemented x86 - 64 in its xeon processors in 2004 .
in addition to adding general - purpose registers, the intel 64 architecture instruction set has eight additional vector registers. in the ia32 instruction set, the vector registers are numbered xmm0 through xmm7. the intel 64 architecture instruction set extends this by adding xmm8 through xmm15 .
solution: to fix this problem, you should cast the initial value to a long prior to the shift. thus, the short will be promoted only once—this time, to a 64 - bit type (at least when compiled as a 64 - bit executable) .
the first nail in itanium' s coffin came in 2003, when amd (then in its heyday) released its first 64 - bit opteron chip based on the amd k8 architecture. that chip' s amd64 instruction set introduced 64 - bit support but didn' t break compatibility with regular 32 - bit x86 code, letting it shops make the jump to 64 - bit hardware without also having to switch to 64 - bit software all at once. amd' s approach was so successful that intel actually adopted amd' s extensions, cementing what is now usually called x86 - 64 as the dominant industry standard. this left itanium to die a long, slow death .
—information about 64 - bit optimization. note that the abi information at this location is windows oriented, so those portions do not apply .
no, for general purpose computing, ia64 is a disadvantage over
traditional
speculative execution super - scaler processors like x86 - 64 .
during creation, intel, hp, and other industry analysts thought that ia - 64 would be very popular in servers, workstations, and desktops, and one day replace risc and complex instruction set computing (cisc) architectures for multi - purpose applications. compaq and silicon graphics stopped working on their alpha and mips architectures to move to the itanium architecture .
electronic versions of these documents allow you to quickly get to the information you need and print only the pages you want. the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer' s manuals are now available for download via one combined volume, a four volume set or a ten volume set. all content is identical in each set; see details below .
and microsoft moved to the standard being 64 - bit os for its servers for this among many other reasons. 64 - bit apps simply are much easier to write, and much less clunky (read easier to maintain, less buggy), than page - based 32 - bit apps .
the result is that the processor can simply grab as large a chunk of instructions as possible and execute them simultaneously, with minimal pre - processing. increased performance is realised by reducing the number of branches and branch mis - predicts, and reducing the effects of memory - to - processor latency. the ia - 64 instruction set architecture – published in may 1999 – applies epic technology to deliver massive resources with inherent scaleability not possible with previous processor architectures. for example, systems can be designed to slot in new execution units whenever an upgrade is required, similar to plugging in more memory modules on existing systems. according to intel the ia - 64 isa represents the most significant advancement in microprocessor architecture since the introduction of its 386 chip in 1985 .
it killed many competing architectures that would have died any way as soon as x86 - 64 started scaling up into that world with or without itanium .
this document describes planned extensions to the intel 64 architecture to expand the size of addresses that can be translated through a processor’s memory - translation hardware .
although intel has not officially released the speed or price of the chip, it will provide details about the internal structure of the chip tomorrow, according to steve smith, vice president and general manager of the ia - 64 division. if anything, the structure of the chip makes it apparent that the processor will indeed be more powerful than any previous intel processor, he said .
there is a performance cost associated with pragmas, however; memory accesses to unaligned data fields result in a performance penalty. because there are no existing 64 - bit os x gui applications with which to be compatible, it is not necessary to preserve binary compatibility for these data structures in 64 - bit applications. thus, to improve overall performance, when compiling 64 - bit executables, the os x version of gcc ignores requests for mac68k alignment .
any assembly code needs to be rewritten because 64 - bit intel assembly language is significantly different from its 32 - bit counterpart. for more information, see
be careful when mixing integers and long integers. the size and alignment of long integers and pointers have changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit .
intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual provides information on intel® core™ processors, netburst microarchitecture, and other recent intel® microarchitectures. it describes code optimization techniques to enable you to tune your application for highly optimized results when run on intel® atom™, intel® core™ i7, intel® core™, intel® core™2 duo, intel® core™ duo, intel® xeon®, intel® pentium® 4, and intel® pentium® m processors .
osx now defaults to 64 - bit mode on newer hardware. the primary issue there was first, drivers, then when driver support matured, older 32 - bit efi
bios'
. older hardware with 32 - bit efi won' t boot a 64 - bit kernel. all the newer machines will .
as the itanium market is still limited to hpc and (ultra) high - end servers, microsoft is losing interest in the itanium. ia 64 versions of longhorn are low priority and only the future of the high performance computing version for itanium seems certain. visual studio 2005 does not even support the itanium platform. dell and ibm are no longer interested. it is not going too well for itanium .
what hardware or architectural changes are in store for 64 bits? quite a lot, although few of them have to do with 64 - bittedness, per se. but 64 - bit processors are at today’s very high end, and they showcase all the best thinking in microprocessor design. this is the cutting edge, where silicon manufacturing, computer architecture, compiler technology, and marketing wizardry all come together. in the words of calvin and hobbes, scientific progress goes “boink! ”
code that looks for only the _ _ ppc _ _ or _ _ i386 _ _ definition will break if you compile for the related 64 - bit architecture .
64 bit
means that addresses, memory, busses... everything is organized with 64 bits. x86 is an instruction set architecture, which defines the sets of commands available to the programmer. it defines the assembly language in which all software, from bios to os to c / c + +, python, java... is written in. you literally can' t go below the isa as a programmer; for that, you have to change the physical structure of the processor itself .
pure 64 bit
as opposed to an isa like x86 is not really a meaningful comparison. 64 bit is simply a property of an isa .
64 - bit chips are designed for use in servers that handle real - time financial transactions, manage large databases and perform complex scientific tasks, according to the company .
in 2005, itanium systems accounted for about 14% of hpc systems revenue, but the percentage has declined as the industry shifts to x86 - 64 clusters for this application .
note: casting 64 - bit pointers to integer types is also required when passing a pointer via a mach port. in these cases, use the caddr _ t type .
when working with bits and masks with 64 - bit values, you must be careful to avoid getting 32 - bit values inadvertently. here are some tips to help you :
the 64 - bit registers on intel have different names than their 32 - bit counterparts do. in addition, there are more of them. these register names are listed in
i' m curious myself, but people keep failing to answer the question. you keep talking about pae and 64 - bit and whatnot - when the question really was: does ia - 64, as an architecture, actually offer us something more advanced than x86 *? too much branch prediction (was that the right word ?) came up as an issue where you need specialised, predictable applications to really get good performance, but other than that, no responses so far. instead people are talking about whether x86 is
good enough
and drivers and osx and... good lord cindy what is this .
problem: the expected result (and the result from a 32 - bit executable) is 0x80000000. the result generated by a 64 - bit executable, however, is 0xffffffff80000000 .
when an ia - 64 compiler finds a branch statement in the source code, it analyses the branch to see if it’s a candidate for predication, marking all the instructions that represent each path of the branch with a unique identifier called a predicate for suitable instances. after tagging the instructions with predicates, the compiler determines which instructions the cpu can execute in parallel – for example, by pairing instructions from different branch outcomes because they represent independent paths through the program .
september: hp, novell, and sco announce plans for a
high volume unix operating system
to deliver
64 - bit networked computing on the hp / intel architecture
.
it’s the peak, the top, it’s the mona lisa. it’s the $ 64, 000 question: what processor will dominate 64 - bit computing? sixty - four bits holds the promise of new performance, new architectures, new compilers, and a new balance of power in cpu realpolitik. a clean break with the old, a new chance for the new .
64 - bit sizeof returns size _ t. note that sizeof returns an integer of type size _ t. because the size of size _ t has changed to 64 bits, do not pass the value to a function in a parameter of size int (unless you are certain that the size cannot be that large). if you do, truncation will occur .
ia - 32 architecture refers to systems based on 32 - bit processors generally compatible with the intel pentium® ii processor, (for example, intel® pentium® 4 processor or intel® xeon® processor), or processors from other manufacturers supporting the same instruction set, running a 32 - bit operating system .
when first released in 2001, itanium' s speed was disappointing compared to other processor types. using existing x86 applications and operating systems was especially bad, with one test in 2001 showing that it was as fast as a 100 mhz pentium (1. 1 ghz pentiums were on the market at that time). itanium did not have success compared to ia - 32 or risc, and was even worse when x86 - 64 was released, which worked with older x86 applications .
let me re - phrase the question. disregarding all compatibility issues, recompile issues, etc. what would ia64 afford us that x86 - 64 doesn' t? to be honest, x86 - 64 has been in a word, underwhelming, to me. yes, it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space, but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu. beyond the addressing issue, i haven' t found any real world examples where x86 - 64 has improved my computing experience. would ia64 have given us anything that x86 - 64 doesn' t? anything noticeable by a user? greater stability? greater self - healing? greater security (encrypt everything)? to me, speed is still the' thing' that improves my computing experience but that is having diminishing returns since processors are so fast nowadays. would ia64 have been better able to utilize these insanely fast processor speeds and how ?
volume 3: includes the full system programming guide, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4. describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures, including: memory management, protection, task management, interrupt and exception handling, multi - processor support, thermal and power management features, debugging, performance monitoring, system management mode, virtual machine extensions (vmx) instructions, intel® virtualization technology (intel® vt), and intel® software guard extensions (intel® sgx) .
at run time, the cpu encounters the speculative load instruction first and tries to retrieve the data from memory. here’s where an ia - 64 processor differs from a conventional processor. sometimes the load will be invalid – it might belong to a block of code beyond a branch that has not executed yet. a traditional cpu would immediately trigger an exception – and if the program could not handle the exception, it would likely crash. an ia - 64 processor, however, won’t immediately report an exception if the load is invalid. instead, the cpu postpones the exception until it encounters the speculative check instruction that matches the speculative load. only then does the cpu report the exception. by then, however, the cpu has resolved the branch that led to the exception in the first place. if the path to which the load belongs turns out to be invalid, then the load is also invalid, so the cpu goes ahead and reports the exception. but if the load is valid, it’s as if the exception never happened .
x64 is used as a short term for the 64 bit extensions of the
classical
x86 architecture; almost any
normal
pc produced in the last years have a processor based on such architecture .
sir i' m confused whether i can install windows 7 64 bit on my pc... ...... . is my pc compatible with 64 bit... . i have installed 2gb ram & 1gb graphics card... ...... ...... ... please help me... ...... .. thank u .
the microsoft. net framework version 2. 0 (ia64) redistributable package installs the. net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the. net framework v2. 0 .
gentoo is unique because of its interpretation of the meta - distribution notion: all architectures share the same' generic' meta - data (information about how to build packages - how to build a distribution). the ia - 64 developers are responsible for building and testing packages using this meta - data. the meta - data gets marked' tested' or' stable' afterwards, depending on the building and testing experience. our users can use (but don' t have to use) this information to build a system that suits their needs .
i was in the semiconductor industry when rumors of
project yamhill
were filtering down from intel in oregon. it soon became known that intel was acknowledging the failure of the ia64 architecture and move toward x86 - 64 .
processor family architecture, co - developed by hp and intel®. this design philosophy will one day replace risc and cisc. it is a gateway into the 64 - bit future but it still remains completely 32 - bit compatible .
although the sse and velocity engine c and assembly language interfaces have not changed for 64 - bit, if you are using these technologies, you should review any code that attempts to align pointers to 16 - byte addresses for processing .
first, the pointer is cast to an int value, which results in truncation. even after this problem is fixed, however, the pointer will still be truncated because the constant value 0xfffffff0 is not a 64 - bit value .
note: when you assign a value to the 32 - bit version of these registers, the value is automatically zero extended to fill the corresponding 64 - bit register. to sign extend during assignment, use the movsx instruction instead .
to put it another way, for most general purpose programs, computers would be
stuck
at a maximum of 4gb to this day, with no real hope of going further if we didn' t have x86 - 64 .
to be clear, this 64 - bit computing architecture series is not performance testing focused. it’s architecture focused, and discusses long - term potentials. we will, however, point you to a few itanium performance studies on the web .
if intel had tried to switch its desktop architecture to itanium, we would all be using macs now, probably with powerpcs (yes, apple switched from 68xx to ppc and again to x86, but the architectural changes involved were less severe and they had a much smaller developer and user base, so they were able to transition relatively well with a combination of compilers and emulators). also, the current generation tukwilla ia - 64 chips run at up to 185w for a 1. 86 ghz quad core chip, so it' s not necessarily true that shifting to vliw will automatically bring power savings .
itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high - performance computing (hpc) markets. other enterprise - and hpc - focused processor lines include oracle corporation' s sparc m7, fujitsu' s sparc64 x + and ibm' s power8. measured by quantity sold, itanium' s most serious competition comes from x86 - 64 processors including intel' s own xeon line and amd' s opteron line. since 2009, most servers were being shipped with x86 - 64 processors .
cristina cifuentes and mike van emmerik. uqbt: adaptable binary translation at low cost. ieee computer, 33 (3): 60 - 66, march 2000. bibtex entry, pdf comments: describes a generic framework that translates (at compile - time) binaries from one os / processor to another. the paper presents an important application of binary translation, but i think that the efficiency of the approach is limited: the approach produces good results when translating for the same os and different processors (e. g. solaris / sparc to solaris / ia - 64). paper importance: 7 / 10
this section describes some of the issues involved in porting assembly language code to a 64 - bit application. on the intel architecture, in addition to the issues described in this section, you must considerably modify any assembly language code that deals with the stack directly, because the 64 - bit abi differs significantly from the 32 - bit abi. the subject of stack frames is beyond the scope of this section. for more information, see os x abi mach - o file format reference .
. now chipzilla is upping the ante - - moving to 32nm process, adding up to four more cores, and tacking on more than one billion additional transistors. poulson also adds a new feature called intel instruction replay technology, which adds a buffer for more quickly recovering from errors, allowing the chip to pick up from the last known good instruction instead of having to completely flush the pipeline. those looking to upgrade will also be happy to hear that the upcoming ia - 64 cpu is pin compatible with tukwila, so customers can simply drop the new processor in to existing systems. check out the full pr after the break .
the microsoft visual c + + 2005 redistributable package (ia64) installs runtime components of visual c + + libraries required to run 64 - bit applications developed with visual c + + on a computer that does not have visual c + + 2005 installed .
this document contains the full system programming guide, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, in one volume. describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures, including: memory management, protection, task management, interrupt and exception handling, multi - processor support, thermal and power management features, debugging, performance monitoring, system management mode, virtual machine extensions (vmx) instructions, intel® virtualization technology (intel® vt), and intel® software guard extensions (intel® sgx). this document allows for easy navigation of the system programming guide through functional cross - volume table of contents, references, and index .
predication is central to ia - 64’s branch elimination and parallel instruction scheduling. normally, a compiler turns a source - code branch statement (such as if - then - else) into alternate blocks of machine code arranged in a sequential stream. depending on the outcome of the branch, the cpu will execute one of those basic blocks by jumping over the others. modern cpus try to predict the outcome and speculatively execute the target block, paying a heavy penalty in lost cycles if they mispredict. the basic blocks are small, often two or three instructions, and branches occur about every six instructions. the sequential, choppy nature of this code makes parallel execution difficult .
all of the new registers (r8 through r15) added in the intel 64 architecture instruction set can also be accessed as 32 - bit, 16 - bit, and 8 - bit registers. for example, register r8 can be addressed in the following ways :
a major benefit of a 64 - bit computer architecture is the amount of memory that can be addressed. in the mid - 1980s, the 4gb addressable memory of 32 - bit platforms was more than sufficient. however, by the end of the millennium large databases exceeded this limit. the time taken to access storage devices and load data into virtual memory has a significant impact on performance. 64 - bit platforms are capable of addressing an enormous 16 tb of memory – 4 billion times more than 32 - bit platforms are capable of handling. in real terms this means that whilst a 32 - bit platform can handle a database large enough to contain the name of every inhabitant of the usa since 1977, a 64 - bit one is sufficiently powerful to store the name of every person who’s lived since the beginning of time! however, notwithstanding the impact that its increased memory addressing will have, it is its explicitly parallel instruction computing (epic) technology – the foundation for a new 64 - bit instruction set architecture (isa) – that represents itanium’s biggest technological advance .
any assembly code that directly deals with the structure of the stack (as opposed to simply using pointers to variables on the stack) must be modified to work in a 64 - bit environment. for more information, see os x abi mach - o file format reference .
problem: when this code is executed on a 32 - bit architecture, the result is - 1 (0xffffffff). when the code is run on a 64 - bit architecture, the result is 4294967295 (0x00000000ffffffff), which is probably not what you were expecting .
eventually most desktop computer apps will make good use of the extra data crunching potential of 64 - bit cpus, but it' s like how the internet has changed in the last ten years - some elements have had radical upgrades, but many aren' t that different .
cindy zheng and carol thompson. pa - risc to ia - 64: transparent execution, no recompilation. ieee computer, 33 (3): 47 - 52, march 2000. bibtex entry, pdf comments: the objective of the system described in the paper is to execute binaries of os / processor a on a os / processor b with the highest possible speed. in this case, the os / processor a is the legacy architecture and the os / processor b is the new native architecture. the ideas presented in this paper can also be applied to binary translation as a generic run - time optimization technique. it would be useful if the paper contained more quantitative results. paper importance: 10 / 10
the microsoft. net framework version 2. 0 (ia64) redistributable package installs the. net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the. net framework v2. 0. the. net framework version 2. 0 (ia64) improves scalability and performance, improved caching, application deployment and updating with clickonce, support for the broadest array of browsers and devices with asp. net 2. 0 controls and services and 64 - bit support. for more information on the. net framework 2. 0, click here .
second when the shift completed, the result was stored into a long. thus, the 32 - bit signed value represented by (a < < 31) was sign extended (rule 4) when it was promoted to a 64 - bit value (even though the resulting type is unsigned) .
avoid truncating file positions and offsets. although file operations have always used 64 - bit positions and offsets, you should still check for errors in their use. errors will become more and more important as common file sizes grow. use fpos _ t for file position and off _ t for file offset .
use inverted masks if needed. be careful when using bit masks with variables of type long, because the width differs between 32 - bit and 64 - bit architectures. there are two ways to create a mask, depending on whether you want the mask to be zero - extended or one - extended :
if you are using this pragma only to access apple data structures, you should not need to make any code changes to your code. when compiling 64 - bit code, the compiler ignores the pragmas and your code works correctly. if, however, you currently use the mac68k alignment pragma in your own data structures that will be shared between 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions of your application (or if you use the mac68k pragma for a data structure that corresponds with the register layout of a physical device), you must rewrite the data structure to use a packed alignment and pad the structure appropriately .
for code that is truly architecture - specific (such as assembly language code), you should continue to use architecture - specific tests. be aware, however, that when compiling for a 64 - bit architecture, code wrapped in a test for a 32 - bit architecture is not compiled into the executable .
vb: how do you look back at itanium [ intel’s 64 - bit microprocessors ]? it didn’t take off as expected. it left an opening for amd with the opteron [ which was less drastic a change and more power efficient and thus became amd’s first success in server chips ]. did you make mistakes ?
remember itanium? intel' s first crack at 64 - bit server processors from circa the turn of the millennium? well, two things: intel is releasing four new 9700 - series itanium cpus based on the
kittson
architecture, and the chips are the last new itanium processors that the company plans to ship .
when this code is compiled with a 32 - bit compiler, the variable bar begins 12 bytes from the start of the structure. when the same code is compiled with a 64 - bit compiler, the variable bar begins 16 bytes from the start of the structure, and a 4 - byte pad is added after foo2 .
@ pacerier: it means that the basic structure of everything you use (available instructions, most addressing modes, down even to most of the instructions encoding) stays the same, but you have wider registers (rax / rbx / rcx /... are the 64 - bit extensions of the 32 bit eax / ebx / ecx /... , which you can still use as
the lower half of the 64 bit registers
). plus, you get some extra registers (r8 to r16), some new instructions, guaranteed presence of some instruction sets, new addressing modes (rip - addressing) plus a bunch of other stuff .
fix format strings. print functions such as printf can be tricky when writing code to support 32 - bit and 64 - bit platforms because of the change in the sizes of pointers. to solve this problem for pointer - sized integers (uintptr _ t) and other standard types, various macros exist in the inttypes. h header file .
it was in june 1994 that hewlett - packard announced their joint research - and development project aimed at providing advanced technologies for end - of - the - millennium workstation, server and enterprise - computing products and october 1997 that they revealed the first details of their 64 - bit computing architecture. at that time the first member of intel’s new family of 64 - bit processors – codenamed merced, after a californian river – was slated for production in 1999, using intel’s 0. 18 - micron technology. in the event the merced development programme slipped badly and was estimated at still nearly a year from completion when intel announced the selection of the brand name itanium at the october 1999 intel developer forum.
ia-64 ( also called intel itanium architecture ) is the instruction set architecture ( isa ) of the itanium family of 64-bit intel microprocessors . the basic isa specification originated at hewlett-packard ( hp ) , and was evolved and then implemented in a new processor microarchitecture by intel with hp 's continued partnership and expertise on the underlying epic design concepts . in order to establish what was their first new isa in 20 years and bring an entirely new product line to market , intel made a massive investment in product definition , design , software development tools , os , software industry partnerships , and marketing . to support this effort intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86 . the first itanium processor , codenamed merced , was released in 2001 . the itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism , in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel . this contrasts with other superscalar architectures , which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime . in all itanium models , up to and including tukwila , cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle . as of 2008 , itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems , behind x86-64 , power architecture , and sparc . 
ia-64 (also called intel itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (isa) of the itanium family of 64-bit intel microprocessors. the basic isa specification originated at hewlett-packard (hp), and was evolved and then implemented in a new processor microarchitecture by intel with hp's continued partnership and expertise on the underlying epic design concepts. in order to establish what was their first new isa in 20 years and bring an entirely new product line to market, intel made a massive investment in product definition, design, software development tools, os, software industry partnerships, and marketing. to support this effort intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86. the first itanium processor, codenamed merced, was released in 2001. the itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism, in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel. this contrasts with other superscalar architectures, which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime. in all itanium models, up to and including tukwila, cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle. as of 2008, itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, power architecture, and sparc.
ia-64 (also called intel itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (isa) of the itanium family of 64-bit intel microprocessors. the basic isa specification originated at hewlett-packard (hp), and was evolved and then implemented in a new processor microarchitecture by intel with hp's continued partnership and expertise on the underlying epic design concepts. in order to establish what was their first new isa in 20 years and bring an entirely new product line to market, intel made a massive investment in product definition, design, software development tools, os, software industry partnerships, and marketing. to support this effort intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86. the first itanium processor, codenamed merced, was released in 2001. the itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism, in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel. this contrasts with other superscalar architectures, which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime. in all itanium models, up to and including tukwila, cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle. as of 2008, itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, power architecture, and sparc.