air pacific ( united states )
the amount of air pollution in the western united states resulting from emissions from china is still very small compared with the amount produced by sources in the united states that include traffic and domestic industries .
the movement of air pollutants associated with the production of goods in china for the american market has resulted in a decline in air quality in the western united states, the scientists wrote, though less manufacturing in the united states does mean cleaner air in the american east .
japan launched a surprise attack on the united states pacific fleet at pearl harbor, hawaii, on december 7, 1941. the attack severely damaged the american fleet and prevented, at least for the short term, serious american interference with japanese military operations. in response, the united states declared war on japan. following germany' s declaration of war on the united states, the united states also declared war on germany .
records of commander naval air force, pacific fleet, 1941 - 59; commander fleet air alameda, ca, 1942 - 59; commander fleet air seattle, wa, 1942 - 51; commander fleet air japan, 1950 - 54; commander fleet air hawaii, 1945 - 60; commander fleet air whidbey, wa (fleet air wing 4), 1947 - 56; commander fleet air wing 14, 1942 - 48; fleet logistic air wing pacific fleet, 1947 - 57; and naval air transport service pacific, 1942 - 48 .
the asiatic and pacific squadrons remained separate until april 15, 1907, when they were combined to form the united states pacific fleet. in 1922, the pacific and atlantic fleets were combined to form the united states fleet, which positioned a main body of ships in the pacific and a scouting fleet in the atlantic. for the first time, the major weight of american seapower was assigned to the pacific .
beijing — filthy emissions from china’s export industries are carried across the pacific ocean and contribute to air pollution in the western united states, according to a paper published monday by a prominent american science journal .
( germany and italy) in 1940, and its occupation of french indochina in july 1941 prompted the united states to respond that same month by freezing japanese assets in the united states and declaring an embargo on petroleum shipments and other vital war materials to japan. by late 1941 the united states had severed practically all commercial and financial relations with japan. though japan continued to negotiate with the united states up to the day of the pearl harbor attack, the government of prime minister
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yesterday, december 7th, 1941 - - a date which will live in infamy - - the united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan .
the united states was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the pacific .
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records of commanding general fleet marine force pacific, 1941 - 58; commanding general air fleet marine force pacific, 1942 - 55; commanding general 1st marine air wing, 1952; and commanding general 1st marine division, 1942 - 55 .
using a modeling system called geos - chem, the scientists estimated that in 2006, sulfate concentrations in the western united states increased as much as 2 percent, and ozone and carbon monoxide levels also increased slightly because of the transportation of pollutants from emissions that resulted from the manufacture of goods for export to the united states. because the eastern united states has a much denser population, the outsourcing of manufacturing to china still resulted in “an overall beneficial effect for the u. s. public health, ” even if western states suffered, the scientists wrote .
chinese exports to the united states sagged in 2009 because of the global financial crisis but have resumed vigorous growth. by china’s method of counting, which includes only direct shipments from mainland chinese ports to the united states and excludes goods that travel by way of hong kong, chinese exports grew to $ 368. 5 billion last year from $ 252. 3 billion in 2008. by contrast, china imported only $ 152. 6 billion worth of goods directly from the united states .
a watercolor by gunner william h. myers shows the pacific squadron ships uss united states, uss cyane, uss saint louis, uss yorktown, and uss shark. (u. s. naval historical center photograph )
records of commander naval air force, atlantic fleet, 1942 - 61; fleet air wings, atlantic fleet (naval air facility weeksville), 1949 - 53; commander fleet air quonset point, ri, 1943 - 58; commander fleet air wing 7, 1942 - 45; commander fleet air wing 12 (key west), 1943; commander fleet air norfolk, va, 1944; commander 2d carrier task force, 1944 - 45; commander antisubmarine defense force atlantic, 1952 - 61; and commander naval air transport service command ferry wing, 1943 - 47 .
by franklin d. roosevelt yesterday, december 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the united states of america was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of japan. speech to congress, december 8, 1941 .
yet it was in the pacific rather than the atlantic that war came to the united states. when japan joined the axis powers of germany and italy, roosevelt began to restrict exports to japan of supplies essential to making war. throughout…
textual records: records of commander fleet air west coast, 1942 - 49. records of commander fleet air wing 4, 1941 - 45; commander fleet air wing 5, 1944 - 56; and commander fleet air wing 14, 1949 - 54. records of fleet airship wing 1, 1954 - 61 .
today the pacific fleet remains the world' s largest naval command, extending from the west coast of the united states, into the indian ocean, encompassing three oceans, six continents, and more than half the earth' s surface .
and air strength in the pacific. however, the three aircraft carriers attached to the pacific fleet were not at pearl harbor at the time and thus escaped. of the eight battleships, all but the
he air force historical support division is part of the air force history and museums program and is located in washington, dc at joint base anacostia - bolling .
the latest paper explores the environmental consequences of interconnected economies. the scientists wrote that “outsourcing production to china does not always relieve consumers in the united states — or for that matter many countries in the northern hemisphere — from the environmental impacts of air pollution. ”
smog enveloping beijing last summer. a group of researchers found that trans - pacific air pollution is a hidden price of the goods sent abroad from china .
japanese expansion in east asia began in 1931 with the invasion of manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on china. on september 27, 1940, japan signed the tripartite pact with germany and italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the
axis .
seeking to curb japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of japanese forces from manchuria and china, the united states imposed economic sanctions on japan. faced with severe shortages of oil and other natural resources and driven by the ambition to displace the united states as the dominant pacific power, japan decided to attack the united states and british forces in asia and seize the resources of southeast asia .
on august 6, 1945, the united states air force dropped an atomic bomb on the japanese city of hiroshima. tens of thousands of people died in the initial explosion, and many more died later from radiation exposure. three days later, the united states dropped a bomb on the japanese city of nagasaki. approximately 120, 000 civilians died as a result of the two blasts. on august 8, the soviet union declared war on japan and invaded japanese - occupied manchuria .
charts (23 items, in washington area): air navigation, u. s. cities and states and central and south america, 1939 - 40. see also 313. 10 .
after japan agreed to surrender on august 14, 1945, american forces began to occupy japan. japan formally surrendered to the united states, great britain, and the soviet union on september 2, 1945 .
records of commander battleship cruiser force, pacific fleet, 1942 - 49; and commander cruiser destroyer force, pacific fleet, 1949 - 59 .
records of commander service squadron southern pacific, 1942 - 45; commander amphibious forces southern pacific, 1942 - 45; commander fleet aircraft southern pacific, 1942 - 44; commander southwest pacific, 1942; commander submarines southwest pacific, 1942 - 45; commander destroyer flotilla west pacific, 1950; northern pacific forces, 1951 - 59; commander naval forces far east, 1945 - 57; commander naval forces japan, 1950 - 61; commander naval forces kyushu, 1945 - 46; commander naval forces marianas, 1942 - 54; naval forces western pacific, 1945; commander naval forces philippines, 1944 - 45; commander naval forces ryukyu islands, 1945; commander formosa patrol force (fleet air wing 1), 1951 - 54; and commander taiwan patrol force (fleet air wing 1), 1957 - 60 .
the research is the first to quantify how air pollution in the united states is affected by china’s production of goods for export and by global consumer demand for those goods, the study’s authors say. it was written by nine scholars based in three nations and was published by proceedings of the national academy of sciences, which last year published a paper by other researchers that found a drop in life spans in northern china because of air pollution .
following the civil war, the pacific squadron conducted anti - piracy operations in the gulf of california. it was during this period, the 1870s, when the navy and hawaii became firmly intertwined. a warship of the pacific fleet helped quell riots following the election of king david kalakaua in 1874, and the king later granted the united states the rights to use pearl harbor as a coaling station .
the american commanders in the pacific were sent a war warning on 24 november. president roosevelt also provided the british with informal assurances that the united states would give support if britain and japan went to war. there is no evidence that either president roosevelt or prime minister churchill had advance warning of the pearl harbor attack .
misawa air base, japan (july 2, 2018) - u. s. air force col. r. scott jobe, left, the 35th fighter wing commander, and japan air self - defense force maj. gen. kenichi samejima, right, the 3rd air wing commander, pose for a photo after a familiarization flight at misawa air base. the familiarization flight gave samejima an opportunity to experience the responsibilities of the f - 16 fighting falcon and further enhanced the understanding of the wings' different missions. flickr
bibliographic note: web version based on guide to federal records in the national archives of the united states. compiled by robert b. matchette et al. washington, dc: national archives and records administration, 1995. 3 volumes, 2428 pages .
the united states, which does include goods briefly transiting hong kong in its trade figures with mainland china, has shown even larger american trade deficits with china for many years, because chinese companies use hong kong heavily for exports but much less for imports .
the spanish - american war of 1898 resulted in further expansion of american naval power in the pacific. commodore george dewey led america' s asiatic squadron into manila bay for the first engagement of the war, on may 1, 1898. it was here that commodore dewey issued the famous order, “you may fire when you are ready, gridley. ” when the battle ended seven hours later, eight spanish warships had been destroyed. this decisive victory left the united states in possession of former spanish territory in the philippines and the mariana islands. more importantly, it established the united states as a major maritime power .
indeed, one hour after japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the american island of oahu, the japanese ambassador to the united states and his colleague delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a recent american message. and while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack .
the study’s scientists also looked at the impact of china’s export industries on its own air quality. they estimated that in 2006, china’s exporting of goods to the united states was responsible for 7. 4 percent of production - based chinese emissions for sulfur dioxide, 5. 7 percent for nitrogen oxides, 3. 6 percent for black carbon and 4. 6 percent for carbon monoxide .
air new zealand operate flights to australia, the pacific, asia, north america, south america and the uk. you can also connect to a huge range of destinations worldwide through our network of partner airlines .
afhsd is primarily the historical research and book writing element of the air force history program. historians at afhsd also provide historical information, analysis and perspective to air force leaders and their staffs to support planning, policy development and decision making .
on december 7, 1941, japanese airplanes strike the u. s. naval base at pearl harbor, bringing the united states into world war ii. from “the second world war: triumph of the axis” (1963), a documentary by encyclopædia britannica educational corporation .
records of commander blockading and escort force, pacific fleet, 1950 - 55; commander escort carrier force pacific, 1944 - 45; and commander 1st carrier task force, 1944 - 45 .
the pacific fleet continues to be a credibly led, combat - ready and surge - ready fleet prepared in peace, crisis or war. the u. s. pacific fleet is a purposeful presence, building trust and cooperation with our partners to advance asia - pacific regional security and prosperity .
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the interdisciplinary research project was begun two and a half years ago by scholars in britain, china and the united states. the group included economists as well as earth and environmental scientists. the methodology applied various analyses and modeling to the chinese economy and to the earth’s atmosphere and weather patterns .
the amphibious transport dock ship uss cleveland (lpd 7), served as the operation platform for the pacific partnership 2011 mission, which included visits to tonga, vanuatu, papua new guinea, timor - leste and the federated states of micronesia. over the years, pacific partnership missions have included personnel and units and civilian volunteers from many other nations .
maps and charts (3, 310 items): strategic, tactical, and operations maps and charts, including flak maps, air and gunnery target maps, briefing charts, approach charts, and photomaps, of world war ii contested areas in the pacific, compiled or collected by the commander in chief pacific fleet / commander in chief pacific ocean areas (cincpac / cincpoa), 1942 - 45 (1, 125 items). cincpac / cincpoa plans and related reports pertaining to naval operations in the pacific and the occupation of japan, 1944 - 47 (100 items). war patrol track charts of u. s. navy submarines in the pacific whose names began with letters g through w, 1943 - 45 (1, 400 items). tracks of ships overlays relating to the pacific and the malay archipelago, 1944 - 46 (450 items). action plots relating to naval operations in the western pacific, 1944 - 45 (225 items). air search plans in the pacific, 1944 - 45 (10 items). see also 313. 10 .
, were relieved of duty, and official investigations were begun at once. some historians and others went so far as to accuse president roosevelt of having invited the attack (or at least done nothing to stop it) in order to bring the united states into the war against the axis. (
textual records: records of the joint intelligence center pacific ocean areas (jicpoa), 1942 - 46. records of the trust territory of the pacific islands, 1923 - 51; and commander marshalls / gilberts area, 1942 - 46. subject files of fleet logistical support, pacific, 1949 - 50 (in san francisco) .
the importance of u. s. pacific naval forces as an instrument of foreign policy blossomed in july 1853, when commodore matthew c. perry delivered a letter from president millard fillmore seeking diplomatic and trade relations between the united states and japan. less than nine months later, in march 1854, commodore perry negotiated and signed a treaty between the two countries, opening japan to trade with other nations for the first time in 300 years .
five years of peace following world war ii came to an end on june 26, 1950, when north korean troops attacked south korea. the pacific fleet responded by providing air strikes from offshore aircraft carriers and conducting the amphibious assault at inchon. control of the seas once again gave u. s. and other united nations forces the decisive advantage. a cease - fire signed on july 27, 1953, halted the fighting .
explosions rock the u. s. naval base at pearl harbor, hawaii, during the japanese surprise air attack on dec. 7, 1941 .
photographs of the arizona’s burning bridge, listing mast and superstructure in the aftermath of the japanese attack, and news of her sinking were published worldwide. the photographs symbolized the destruction of the united states pacific fleet at pearl harbor and the start of a war that was to take many thousands of american lives. indelibly impressed into the national memory, the image could be recalled by most americans when they heard the battle cry ,
remember pearl harbor .
following a decade of peaceful operations, the pacific fleet was again called to war, this time in southeast asia. by the mid - 1960s the pacific fleet was actively engaged in the vietnam conflict, with more than 200 ships committed to operations in the south china sea at the height of the conflict. in addition to providing air support from aircraft carriers operating off the coast, pacific fleet sailors patrolled the mekong river in gunboats. the vietnam cease - fire was signed on jan. 27, 1973 .
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screen was told to ignore them, since a flight of b - 17s from the united states was expected at that time. the anchored ships in the harbour made perfect targets for the japanese bombers, and since it was sunday morning (a time chosen by the japanese for maximum surprise) they were not fully manned. similarly, the u. s .
more recently, the pacific fleet has taken a larger role in providing humanitarian relief throughout the region. uss abraham lincoln helped victims of the dec. 26, 2004, tsunami that devastated coastal areas from indonesia to africa. that operation led the u. s. pacific fleet to establish pacific partnership, an annual humanitarian assistance initiative that provides medical, dental, veterinary, engineering and agricultural civic action programs throughout southeast asia and the south pacific to promote interoperability between host nations and partner nations. pacific partnership promotes sustainable improvements in the quality of life for the citizens of host nations while improving the partner nations' collective ability to respond to a natural disaster .
records of commander amphibious force, pacific fleet, consisting of general correspondence, serial file, engine parts lists, and miscellaneous records, 1939 - 45; and additional records, 1943 - 57. records of commander amphibious training command, pacific fleet, 1942 - 58 .
records of commander motor torpedo boat squadrons, pacific fleet, 1943 - 45; and commander motor torpedo boat squadron 1, 1940 - 45 .
soon after the attack on pearl harbor on december 7, 1941, the fairfield - suisun army air base, later to become travis, was born on the windswept plain ...
pacific ocean (july 3, 2018) - landing craft air cushion (lcac) 58, assigned to assault craft unit (acu) 5, approaches the well deck of the amphibious assault ship uss bonhomme richard (lhd 6). bonhomme richard is currently underway in the u. s. 3rd fleet area of operations. flickr
military leaders of the axis countries, germany, italy and japan, were hell - bent on world domination by military force. japan needed natural resources, especially oil, for its planned expansion. the japanese had successfully invaded manchuria in 1931 and china in 1937. japan 's antipathy toward america had been seething for a long time. the united states 'occupation of the philippines during the spanish - american war and america 's refusal to acknowledge japan 's authority in occupied china fueled japanese resentment. imperial japan 's sphere of interest in the far western pacific was being threatened by america 's incursions into the pacific at the very point in history when japan itself was vying for dominance in the region .
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pearl harbor is located on the south coast of oahu island. at the time, the naval base was about 22, 000 acres in size. the american fleet was under the command of admiral husband e. kimmel and the ground troops were commanded by lt. general walter c. short. pearl harbor was the hub of american naval power since king kalakua gave the right to the u. s. to develop a coal station there in 1887. the harbor had recently been designated as the american pacific fleet 's new home base because of concern over japan 's increasing aggressiveness. most of america 's military commands of the pacific region had headquarters on the base, yet the united states continued its isolationism .
textual records: records of the naval attache for air, london, 1943 - 44. records of commander task force 24, 1941 - 46; commander all forces, aruba, curacao, 1942 - 45; carrier division 19, 1944 - 46; commander battleship squadron 1, 1944 - 45; commander mine squadron 2, 1942 - 45; commander transport squadron 12, 1943 - 45; commander submarine squadron 3, 1939 - 45; commander southeast pacific / commander cruiser division 3, 1942 - 48; marine air group 33 (1st marine air wing), 1945 - 54; commander fleet training group western pacific, 1949 - 50; and commander blimp headquarters squadron 2, 1943 - 44. logbooks of airship squadron 1, june 1 - october 31, 1961 (in philadelphia). records of airship squadron 3, 1959 - 60 (in philadelphia) .
in the post - vietnam period, the pacific fleet increased operations with allied navies, thereby ensuring freedom of the seas for all nations. pacific fleet responsibilities expanded to include the indian ocean, where aircraft carrier battle groups operate in support of vital u. s. national interests in that volatile part of the world .
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in recent years, scholars have been studying the impact of china’s total emissions on global air pollution and warming. residents of nations in the path of winds carrying pollutants from china have grown alarmed at what they believe to be deteriorating air quality in their countries because of that pollution. in japan, for instance, an environmental engineer has attributed a mysterious pestilence that is killing trees on yakushima island to pollutants from china .
we offer only non - stop service to hawaii from destinations in north america, asia and the south pacific, as well as service to every major hawaiian island .
records of commander submarine force, pacific fleet, 1931 - 59; commander submarine flotilla 1, 1949 - 55; and commander submarine squadron 7, 1951 - 53 .
in december 1998, ships of the uss carl vinson (cvn 70) carrier battle group and carrier air wing 11 participated in operation desert fox, striking key military targets in iraq with a combination of attack aircraft and cruise missiles, launched from uss antietam (cg 54), uss princeton (cg 59), uss paul hamilton (ddg 60) and other pacific fleet ships .
the turning point in the pacific war came with the american naval victory in the battle of midway in june 1942. the japanese fleet sustained heavy losses and was turned back. in august 1942, american forces attacked the japanese in the solomon islands, forcing a costly withdrawal of japanese forces from the island of guadalcanal in february 1943. allied forces slowly gained naval and air supremacy in the pacific, and moved methodically from island to island, conquering them and often sustaining significant casualties. the japanese, however, successfully defended their positions on the chinese mainland until 1945 .
jintai lin, the lead author of the paper, said in an interview that he and the other scientists wanted to examine the transborder effects of emissions from export industries to look at how consumption contributes to global air pollution .
late in 1944, american forces liberated the philippines and began massive air attacks on japan. british forces recaptured burma. in early 1945, american forces suffered heavy losses during the invasions of iwo jima (february) and okinawa (april), an island of strategic importance off the coast of the japanese home islands. despite these casualties and suicidal japanese air attacks, known as kamikaze attacks, american forces conquered okinawa in mid - june 1945 .
assigned to naval air facility misawa (nafm), chief naval air crewmen kyle wilkinson of baldwinsville, n. y. assists in removing debris during a cleanup effort at the misawa fishing port in the days immediately following a 9. 0 - magnitude earthquake that triggered a devastating tsunami on japan' s eastern coastline. the wider relief effort was dubbed operation tomodachi. (u. s. navy photo by mass communication specialist 2nd class devon dow )
the u. s. pacific fleet' s contributions to our navy' s proud heritage date back to 1821, with the establishment of the pacific squadron. this small force confined its activities initially to protecting u. s. commercial shipping in the waters off north and south america and around hawaii, then expanded its scope to include the western pacific in 1835, when the east india squadron joined the force. the pacific squadron mounted expeditions to sumatra in the 1830s to protect american merchant shipping and was instrumental in capturing what is now california during the mexican - american war of 1846 - 48. the extent of its responsibility was further enlarged in the 1850s when california and oregon were admitted to the union .
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charts (5 items, in washington area): atlantic coast, north pacific, howland island, panama canal, and hi, 1933 - 42. see also 313. 10 .
powerful global winds called westerlies can carry pollutants from china across the pacific within days, leading to “dangerous spikes in contaminants, ” especially during the spring, according to a news release from the university of california, irvine, where one of the study’s co - authors, steven j. davis, is an earth system scientist. “dust, ozone and carbon can accumulate in valleys and basins in california and other western states, ” the statement said .
and what encouragement did japanese aggressors receive from america? it came in two different ways. it came, first, from men who loudly proclaimed that whatever japan did in asia was no affair of ours; that we should concern ourselves with nothing outside our own borders. it came, in the second place, from men who asserted that the united states need never fear any attack from any power whatever; that war with japan was (as oswald garrison villard wrote )
impossible
; that japan could never hurt us and we could never hurt japan .
in 2006, usns mercy (t - ah 19) visited the philippines, bangladesh, indonesia and timor - leste (east timor), providing much - needed medical service to thousands of people in those nations. in 2007, uss peleliu (lha 5) deployed on a similar pacific partnership mission, providing medical and dental services as well as engineering work in the philippines, vietnam, the solomon islands, the marshall islands and papua new guinea. in 2008, as part of the maritime strategy, usns mercy returned to pacific partnership for a humanitarian / civic assistance mission to the philippines, vietnam, the federated states of micronesia, timor - leste and papua new guinea .
admiral kimmel, c - in - c of the pacific fleet, and general short, c - in - c of us army forces on hawaii (including air defence forces) were dismissed a few days after the attack. some months later, the first us government enquiry found there had been dereliction of duty on the part of these two officers, and that they had made errors of judgment. consequently, they were retired from their respective services .
in january 2003, the pacific fleet deployed a seven - ship amphibious task force west, led by uss boxer (lhd 4) and uss bonhomme richard (lhd 6), to the u. s. central command. in february, the pacific fleet also deployed the uss kitty hawk battle group there, to serve alongside the uss abraham lincoln and uss constellation battle groups in operation iraqi freedom .
records of commander mine force, pacific fleet, 1941 - 56; commander mine squadron 3, 1949 - 52; commander mine division 3, 1943 - 45; and commander mine division 11, 1946 - 54 .
us troops land on guadalcanal, in the solomon islands group. guadalcanal was the focus of crucial battles in 1942–1943. american victory in the solomons halted the japanese advance in the south pacific. guadalcanal, august 1942 .
marine corps base, hawaii (july 5, 2018) - u. s. marines with company c, 1st battalion, 3rd marine regiment, and malaysian soldiers conduct buddy rushes during assault amphibious vehicle familiarization training as part of rim of the pacific (rimpac) exercise on marine corps base hawaii. rimpac provides high - value training for task - organized, highly - capable marine air - ground task force and enhances the critical crisis response capability of u. s. marines in the pacific. twenty - five nations, 46 ships, five submarines, about 200 aircraft and 25, 000 personnel are participating in rimpac from june 27 to aug. 2 in and around the hawaiian islands and southern california. flickr
some 26 japanese ‘cruiser’ submarines were concentrated around the hawaiian islands, their mission to pick off any american ships that survived the main air attack. in the event they achieved nothing during the main attack, although an american carrier was damaged near hawaii in january. five small two - man submarines, launched from larger submarines, attempted to enter the harbour early on 7 december but failed. an american destroyer sank one of the boats off the entrance to pearl harbor about an hour and 15 minutes before the air attack began, and nearly cost japan the element of surprise .
textual records: records of commander in chief pacific fleet, 1940 - 61, including miscellaneous operations and maintenance files, 1943 - 44; and a microfilm copy of incoming and outgoing mail logs, 1940 - 44 (16 rolls). records of commander service force, pacific fleet, including general correspondence, 1938 - 45; records relating to ships, 1938 - 45; compass record of u. s. s. amber, 1941; captain' s night order book, 1943 - 44; and additional records, 1938 - 60. records of commander service squadron 1, 1959 - 61. records of commander training command, pacific fleet, 1943 - 58 .
were lined up on the airfields of the naval air station on ford island and adjoining wheeler and hickam fields to guard against sabotage, and many were destroyed on the ground by japanese strafing. most of the damage to the battleships was inflicted in the first 30 minutes of the assault. the
marine corps base hawaii (july 2, 2018) - u. s. marines with 3rd reconnaissance battalion and australian soldiers with 2nd battalion, royal australian regiment, load a combat rubber raiding craft onto a ch - 53e super stallion helicopter during amphibious operations as part of rim of the pacific (rimpac) exercise on marine corps base hawaii. rimpac provides high - value training for task organized, highly - capable marine air - ground task force and enhances the critical crisis response capability of u. s. marines in the pacific. twenty - five nations, more than 45 ships and submarines, about 200 aircraft, and 25, 000 personnel are participating in rimpac from june 27 to aug. 2 in and around the hawaiian islands and southern california. flickr
the u. s. pacific fleet has maintained and secured america' s presence in this vast and vital ocean area for nearly two centuries, providing a stabilizing influence or military force as conditions and the nation' s goal demand .
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, the commander in chief of japan’s combined fleet, had planned the attack against the u. s. pacific fleet with great care. once the u. s. fleet was out of action, the way for the unhindered japanese conquest of all of
the pacific fleet established its new headquarters at pearl harbor on feb. 1, 1941. ten months later, on dec. 7, japanese warplanes attacked ships and installations at pearl harbor and elsewhere on oahu without warning, thrusting america into world war ii .
marine corps base, hawaii (july 5, 2018) - malaysian soldiers practice loading and offloading assault amphibious vehicles during rim of the pacific (rimpac) exercise on marine corps base hawaii. rimpac provides high - value training for task - organized, highly - capable magtf and enhances the critical crisis response capability of u. s. marines in the pacific. twenty - five nations, 46 ships, five submarines, about 200 aircraft and 25, 000 personnel are participating in rimpac from june 27 to aug. 2 in and around the hawaiian islands and southern california. flickr
records of commander naval forces northwest african waters, 1943; commander naval forces eastern atlantic and mediterranean, 1942 - 58; commander fleet air eastern atlantic and mediterranean, 1952 - 55; commander naval forces mediterranean, 1943 - 48; commander mideast force, 1951 - 56; commander task group 80. 1, 1945; and commander battleship division 2, 1956 - 57 .
textual records (in san francisco, except as noted): records of msts pacific area, including subject files, 1950 - 56, 1959; records relating to arctic operations, 1955 - 57; and (in washington area) general correspondence, command locators, and originator locators, 1958. subject files of msts mid - pacific area, 1949 - 50. records of msts san francisco, including subject files, 1949 - 55; and organization charts, 1951 - 54. subject files of msts pearl harbor, 1950 - 54. correspondence of msts service office, guam, 1956 .
under the tripartite pact, signed with japan and italy in september 1940, germany was obliged to go to war only if the usa attacked japan, not if japan attacked the usa. but just before the outbreak of war the germans secretly agreed to support the japanese if they went to war with the usa for any reason, including a japanese attack on american territory. president roosevelt knew about this agreement from intercepted japanese diplomatic correspondence. as a result, when he asked congress for a declaration of war on 8 december roosevelt requested action only against japan. in view of isolationist sentiment in the united states, the white house deemed it advisable to let the germans make the first declaration of war, which hitler announced in the reichstag on 11 december. after this the president turned again to congress and received a unanimous declaration of war against germany and italy .
following the terrorist attacks on new york and washington, d. c. , on sept. 11, 2001, pacific fleet units again answered the call. on oct. 7, less than a month after the attack, aircraft from uss carl vinson (cvn 70) and surface ships conducted the first strikes on terrorist strongholds in afghanistan, launching operation enduring freedom. the following year, dozens of pacific fleet ships served in the arabian sea, including uss kitty hawk (cv 63), uss constellation (cv 64), uss john c. stennis (cvn 74) and uss abraham lincoln (cvn 72) .
the war in the pacific raised to glory some of history' s finest naval commanders, legendary names including nimitz, halsey and spruance. likewise, america' s most decisive blows toward total victory in world war ii were struck here, from the early triumphs at midway and the solomon islands to the climactic clashes of the philippine sea and okinawa. this turbulent chapter in world history finally ended with the formal surrender of the japanese aboard uss missouri (bb 63) on sept. 2, 1945. at the time, the u. s. navy had 6, 768 ships in service, most of them in the pacific .
on aug. 4, 1990, pacific fleet navy and marine corps forces began deploying to the persian gulf and north arabian sea in support of operation desert shield. more than 50 pacific fleet ships, including the uss independence (cv 62), uss midway (cv 41), uss ranger (cv 61) and uss missouri (bb 63) battle groups and approximately 20 amphibious ships were ultimately deployed. the ships and personnel were initially used to support economic sanctions set up against iraq after it invaded kuwait. operation desert storm began jan. 16, 1991, the day after iraq failed to meet the deadline to leave kuwait .
textual records: records of commander in chief u. s. naval forces europe, 1939 - 61; and commander naval forces europe, 1939 - 44. records of commander naval forces germany, 1944 - 57; and commander u. s. ports and bases germany, 1944 - 45. records of commander amphibious bases united kingdom (commander task force 127), 1943 - 45; and naval advanced amphibious base portland, weymouth, dorset, 1944 - 45 .
in 2009, usns richard e. byrd (t - ake 4) traveled for the first time to samoa, tonga and kiribati and returned for a second visit to the solomon islands and the republic of the marshall islands, staying in each country for 10 to 14 days to deliver a variety of medical, dental, veterinary, preventive health, engineering and community relations programs. in 2010, pacific partnership again involved usns mercy, which visited vietnam, cambodia, indonesia and timor - leste. visits by uss blue ridge (lcc 19) at palau and hmas tobruk at rabaul, papua new guinea, were also part of pacific partnership 2010 .
in may 2011, u. s. pacific fleet' s uss carl vinson (cvn 70), completing a deployment in support of u. s. central command, buried osama bin laden at sea after the mastermind of the sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks on america was killed in a navy seal raid .
it is a myth to maintain that strategists of both nations considered pearl harbor too shallow, with an average depth of 45 feet, for an attack by torpedoes dropped from airplanes, which usually required about 75 feet of depth. while it seemed improbable, a hawaiian chief of naval operations memo states that no harbor is to be considered safe from attack. sabotage by japanese agents was considered to be the greater threat. the japanese had developed the technology, attack strategy and skill to successfully accomplish the impossible. the idea to attack pearl harbor had been conceived six months before. the american fleet was perceived as an obstacle to access the oil fields in java, so the plan was conceived to affect a surprise attack on pearl harbor to destroy america 's pacific fleet. additional targets included warehouses, docks, airfields and aircraft .
pacific ocean (july 3, 2018) - an mv - 22b osprey, assigned to the
red lions
of marine medium tiltrotor squadron (vmm) 363, lands on flight deck of the amphibious assault ship uss bonhomme richard (lhd 6) during the squadron embarkation. bonhomme richard is currently underway in the u. s. 3rd fleet area of operations. flickr
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the deadly surprise attack on the us pacific fleet at pearl harbor, launched without a declaration of war, made 7 december 1941 “a date which will live in infamy, ” declared president franklin d roosevelt. early that sunday morning, hundreds of japanese planes sank or damaged 21 warships and destroyed more than 150 planes on nearby airfields; more than 2, 000 americans lost their lives
there were a large number of us long - range aircraft in the pacific, but they were not used to safeguard hawaii. a force of b - 17 flying fortress heavy bombers had been sent by the us army to the philippines. the 80 pby catalina flying boats available to the navy were assigned to the philippines or earmarked for offensive actions against the japanese - held marshall islands .
south china sea (july 5, 2018) - gunner' s mate 3rd class shelby wilkes fires a. 50 - cailber machine gun during a weapon' s qualification course aboard the guided - missile destroyer uss mustin (ddg 89). mustin is forward - deployed to the u. s. 7th fleet area of operations in support of security and stability in the indo - pacific region. flickr
indonesians from the village of tjalang, sumatra, indonesia, rush towards a sh - 60 seahawk helicopter, assigned to helicopter anti - submarine squadron 2, as the helicopter touches down to drop off food supplies, jan. 8, 2005. helicopters assigned to carrier air wing 2 and sailors from the aircraft carrier uss abraham lincoln are supporting operation unified assistance, the humanitarian effort in the wake of the tsunami that struck southeast asia. (u. s. navy photo by petty officer 2nd class philip a mcdaniel )
alex l. wang, a law professor at the university of california, los angeles, who studies chinese environmental policy, said after reading the new paper: “this is a reminder to us that a significant percentage of china’s emissions of traditional pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions are connected to the products we buy and use every day in the u. s. we should be concerned, not only because this pollution is harming the citizens of china, but because it’s damaging the air quality in parts of the u. s. ”
philippine sea (july 4, 2018) - aviation boatswain' s mate (handling) airman jennifer ceballos directs an ea - 18g growler assigned to electronic attack squadron (vaq) 141 on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier uss ronald reagan (cvn 76). ronald reagan is the flagship of carrier strike group 5, providing a combat - ready force that protects and defends the collective maritime interests of its allies and partners in the indo - pacific region. flickr
the japanese plan involved two waves of attacking planes, separated by half an hour. nagumo, commander of the task force, was criticised for not rearming his returning aircraft and sending them back to finish off damaged american ships and oil storage tanks. but nagumo was obeying his instructions to make a swift getaway. the attack had always been a high - risk enterprise: the elite and well - trained japanese naval air force was limited in size, and higher losses could be expected if the americans located the task force. nagumo did not know where the three us navy carriers were, nor did he know how many american planes had survived the first attacks .
the operation was inspired by admiral yamamoto, commander - in - chief (c - in - c) of the combined fleet. the most important critic was an officer senior to yamamoto; this was admiral nagano, the chief of the naval general staff. nagano had less confidence in air power and he was wary of risking so much of the fleet in a distant operation. he was especially reluctant to risk the entire carrier force so far from japan at a time when japan planned attacks thousands of miles away against malaya and the philippines. yamamoto demanded the use of all six big carriers, and had to threaten resignation to get a decision in his favour .
three more vessels (the pennsylvania, maryland and tennessee) suffered only minor damage. they were in dry - dock or moored inboard on battleship row. in any event, none of the six survivors was fast enough to operate with carrier task forces in later wartime operations. the pacific fleet’s three aircraft carriers were away at sea on 7 december, and none of the heavy cruisers were damaged. three modern carriers were available to the us navy in the atlantic, as well as two modern battleships and six older ones .
five hills training area, mongolia (june 27, 2018) - traditional mongolian archers shoot at a target during the nadaam festival as part of khaan quest 2018 (qa18) at five hills training area. kq18 is a regularly scheduled, multinational exercise co - sponsored by u. s. pacific command and hosted annually by the mongolian armed forces. this exercise is the latest in a continuing series of exercises designed to promote regional peace and security. this year' s exercise marks the 16th anniversary of this training event. flickr
textual records: general report of fleet operations, 1909. formerly security - classified intelligence reports of voyages of armed guard vessels received by the cruiser and transport force, 1917 - 18. letters and endorsements sent by the second division, 1st squadron, 1906 - 7. letters sent by rear adm. c. h. hockson, special service squadron, 1907. letters and endorsements sent by the 3d squadron, 1905 - 6. records of naval forces operating in european waters, including cablegrams and telegrams, 1917 - 19; issuances, 1917 - 18; historical files, 1917 - 18; admiralty orders, 1917 - 18; records of courts of inquiry, 1918 - 19; records relating to aircraft, 1917; muster rolls, 1917 - 19; press notices, 1917 - 18; publications, 1913 - 25; records of naval air stations, 1918 - 19; records of destroyer division twenty - six, 1925; general correspondence of naval air station ireland, 1918; reports of seaplane and motor inspection, 1918; beach log sheets, 1918; general correspondence of u. s. naval aviation forces, foreign service, 1918; records of commander cruiser and transport force, 1914 - 19, including war diaries, 1917 - 19; records of the naval overseas transportation service, 1918 - 19; and general correspondence of commander torpedo flotilla, 1912.
air pacific was a commuter airline based in the united states that operated regional flights wholly within the state of california . founded as eureka aero in 1970 , it was renamed air pacific in 1979 . its de havilland canada dhc-6 twin otter and dhc-7 dash 7 turboprop aircraft were capable of stol ( short takeoff and landing ) operations . air pacific merged with gem state airlines in 1981 to form golden gate airlines , which merged again in 1981 , with swift aire lines , but service was discontinued shortly thereafter . 
air pacific was a commuter airline based in the united states that operated regional flights wholly within the state of california. founded as eureka aero in 1970, it was renamed air pacific in 1979. its de havilland canada dhc-6 twin otter and dhc-7 dash 7 turboprop aircraft were capable of stol (short takeoff and landing) operations. air pacific merged with gem state airlines in 1981 to form golden gate airlines, which merged again in 1981, with swift aire lines, but service was discontinued shortly thereafter.
air pacific was a commuter airline based in the united states that operated regional flights wholly within the state of california. founded as eureka aero in 1970, it was renamed air pacific in 1979. its de havilland canada dhc-6 twin otter and dhc-7 dash 7 turboprop aircraft were capable of stol (short takeoff and landing) operations. air pacific merged with gem state airlines in 1981 to form golden gate airlines, which merged again in 1981, with swift aire lines, but service was discontinued shortly thereafter.