home and colonial stores
shopping at the home and colonial stores. ‘brand image’ is nothing new. | castle drogo blog
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reblogged this on castle drogo blog and commented: thank you for this blog about the home and colonial stores .
welcome to delving deep. in this edition we are going to take a look at the home and colonial stores .
at castle drogo today the importance of the home and colonial stores is remembered as a key part of the history of drogo itself .
86 high street, sheerness. probably home & colonial. photographed june 2016 .
1885 the shops mainly sold tea and by 1885 they were trading as the home and colonial tea association .
1924 home and colonial bought the share capital of maypole dairies of wolverhampton from the watson family .
home and colonial stores was one of the uk' s largest retail chains, a forerunner of the small number of food multiples that now dominate uk food retailing .
my grandfather used to be a grocer at the home & colonial stores in new malden and east molesey in surrey. it' s great to see that old sign
whatever happened to v. g. sttores and wavy line stores? ? and liptons too ?
1912 home and colonial paid a similar dividend as in the previous year. the number of stores continued to increase. the stores were typically located close to those of its larger rival, lipton' s stores. one of the factors in their success was said to be the payment of the managers partly by the results achieved [ 1 ]
1929 home & colonial formed a subsidiary, allied suppliers, to act as a buyer on behalf of the whole group. [ 2 ] it acquired the tea blending and packing interests of home and colonial stores, lipton, maypole dairy co, meadow dairy co and pearks dairies and would carry on business as warehousemen and provision merchants [ 3 ]
in 1888 the home and colonial trading association was transformed into the home and colonial stores limited, with an issued capital of £197, 000 instead of £2, 700 previously. with william slaughter appointed as chairman of the new company, drew and musker retired. when they sold their shares in 1919, they pocketed a colossal £1 million !
as employers, home and colonial stores were second to none. they paid meticulous attention to staff training both at managerial and floor level. witness to this is the existence of a large training college in wood green, london .
in the early 1900' s in the uk there was a store called home and colonial. what happened to them? were they taken over by another company, if so who? also, what happened to international stores ?
it is a story of major victorian and edwardian entrepreneurship and success. in 1883 julius drewe set up the company in partnership with john musker – the business consisted of a single grocery shop on the edgware road in london – the shop mainly specialised in tea and traded initially as the home and colonial tea association. shops were opened in islington, leeds and birmingham. the company then rapidly began to expand – by 1900 there were over 100 stores and by 1903 there were over 500 – it was now known as home and colonial stores ltd .
there seems to be some difference on the web as to whether the wood green college was run by h & c stores or the home & colonial society. do you have any info as to which is correct ?
work on a shopfront in lewisham way has revealed this sign for the home and colonial stores. it must predate 1961, when the company changed its name to allied suppliers, although we could have guessed that from the style of the sign .
shopping is so convenient. they have everything i need right here on main street in concord. thank you colonial stores for making holiday shopping a breeze .
between the two world wars, home & colonial stores expanded by purchasing three of its main competitors – the struggling maypole dairy co. in 1924, the more prosperous meadow dairy co. in 1929 and the thriving lipton’s in 1931. it was already associated with lipton’s through allied suppliers, a buying group formed in 1929. in 1960 the holding company, home and colonial stores co. ltd. , changed its name to allied suppliers ltd, but the subsidiary retail chains (including lipton’s and maypole as well as home & colonial) retained their original names. allied suppliers was bought out by sir james goldsmith’s cavenham foods in 1972. within three years the home & colonial shops – which had been depleted in the course of the 1960s – had been sold or rebranded .
between 1924 and 1931, several store chains, including liptons, merged with home & colonial to form a company with over 3, 000 branches .
a home & colonial shopfront has been uncovered on lewisham way - i' ve blogged about it with a link to this post .
articles, interactive activities, booktalks, and more to help students understand colonial life and times .
your right william, they wouldn' t recognise the word' home' .
1979 the business purchased the south east - based supermarket chain cater brothers from debenhams and converted the stores into their prestos brand .
melia' s grocers and tea dealers, another popular grocery chain at the time, was forced to amalgamate with the home and colonial company due to competition from larger national supermarkets .
even though the company was still one of britain’s largest in the 1950s and 1960s, it slowly began to decline because of growing competition from supermarkets. in 1961 the company dropped the name home and colonial stores, rebranding itself as allied suppliers. in 1972 it was taken over by cavenham foods .
on top of this the margarine bubble was deflating by the 1920s when it became cheaper to import foreign margarine than to make it. investments by maypole in groundnut oil from africa had turned sour and profits were falling. by 1924 maypole gave in and ownership of the share capital moved from the watson family to home and colonial stores .
the general format of home & colonial shopfronts was established in 1888. it was probably devised by robert willey (1835 - 1918) who – as zachary osborne recently discovered whilst researching home & colonial for an academic thesis – was retained as the company’s architect. willey had a private practice and was also surveyor to the hand - in - hand insurance co. (later commercial union), whose address he shared. the shopfront designed by willey for home & colonial had great longevity, enduring into the mid - 20 th century. as well as the bottle - glass transom lights and gilded lettering mentioned above, these shopfronts featured brass sills (stall plates) engraved with the legend ‘home and colonial tea stores’. beneath this, the stall risers were clad in ox - blood tiles. windows generally held fixed glazing rather than sashes, befitting home & colonial’s emphasis on groceries rather than provisions. to the sides, the pilasters were extremely narrow .
this store is my little secret. i almost don' t want anyone else to know about this jewel in the heart of concord. buying something at colonial stores brightens my day .
when drewe and musker opened their first shop on the edgeware road they established a layout and design - or ‘brand image’ - that would identify home and colonial shops wherever they appeared. here the marketing instincts of musker no doubt played a significant part since he knew the importance of making the shops ‘stand out’ in a high street full of shops with similar frontages. as a result home and colonial stores appeared in prominent positions in the high street and were usually large, glass fronted places with the company name prominently displayed above in large gold letters on a black background .
hello, we’ve actually been doing some more research into this and have dscovered that wood green was purchased by the home and colonial school society. in the early part of the nineteenth century there stood on the site a large house called lordship lodge, this was pulled down in 1856, and the site was bought on behalf of the royal masonic institution for boys. the school thrived here, but by 1898 it had it outgrown its home and moved to bushey, and the building was taken over by the home and colonial school society as a training college for ladies .
life in colonial america centered around the family. most people worked, played, learned, and worshiped at home. a large family was necessary in colonial days to get all the work done. the father was considered the head of the household. he made all of the decisions concerning their families and earned money through farming and jobs outside the home. women worked in the home, raising the children, preparing the meals, sewing clothes, preserving food for the winter, scrubbing laundry, fetching water, and stoking fires .
and ham. the first store was in edgware road, london but they expanded throughout the country, with 500 stores at the turn of the century. a merger with liptons and others in 1924 brought together over 3, 000 shops although they kept their different names. chain stores competing on price long pre - dated the supermarkets !
architects began to yield to colonial revival influences in the 1870s, designing colonial - style homes for pocketbooks large and small. the plain rectangular shape and uncomplicated gable or hipped roof were easy to build; wood was cheap and plentiful .
this branch and the original one in queen street seem to b the only two branches maypole ever had in their home town, wolverhampton .
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there was one [ smaller shop ]' home and colonial' where we' d get nice rashers of bacon. they served you from behind the counter wearing white overalls and a hat because of the food. they didn' t wear gloves but wou
in 1883 julius drewe and his partner john musker opened their first home and colonial store, and within 12 years there were 107 stores all over the country. so successful was julius that he was able to retire aged only 33. when he sold his remaining shares in 1919, they realised £1 million! john musker also became a country gentleman, becoming a breeder of fine english racehorses with a superb mansion at shadwell park in norfolk .
in order to finance the development of a national chain of ‘stores’ and ‘tea shops’, home & colonial stores was incorporated in march 1888. the company was steered by william capel slaughter (of the city solicitors slaughter & may, married into the drew family), who served as chairman until his death in 1917. expansion was astonishingly rapid. by the end of 1889 there were 53 branches. in the following year new headquarters were taken on paul street, finsbury, london. there were 237 branches (all leasehold) in 1895, 320 in 1897 and 500 in 1903 .
when one looks thoughtfully at the colonial style of architecture as shown in the washington, his thoughts go back to the days when love of home and family were the most sacred emotions in the hearts of men. there are yet many with a steadfastness of purpose who inwardly long for the colonial days, and to such the washington will be an inspiration .
a battle for the uk margarine industry had taken place between maypole and two dutch firms, jurgens and van den berghs. home and colonial, supplied by jurgens, and lipton, supplied by van den bergh, who introduced blue band, became the main rivals to maypole in the margarine trade. a price war developed between them .
1883 the business was founded by julius drewe who went into partnership with john musker selling groceries at a small shop in edgware road in london. he subsequently opened stores in islington, birmingham and leeds .
given the passage of over 40 years it is perhaps surprising that so many home & colonial shopfronts have survived – albeit in a fragmentary condition. sadly, no shop interiors exist... unless you know otherwise ?
the home & colonial trading association was founded in 1885 by the tea buyer julius c. drew (1856 - 1931) – who later commissioned sir edwin lutyens to design castle drogo in devon – and his business partner, the grocer john musker (1846 - 1926), who made his home at shadwell park, norfolk, in 1898. the headquarters and main shop were at 268 edgware road, london. within three years the company comprised four large ‘stores’ – edgware road, islington, birmingham and leeds – selling a wide range of groceries and provisions, and nine smaller ‘tea shops’ which concentrated on groceries, especially tea. the ‘tea shops’ set the template for the future .
the tea merchant julius drewe (1866 - 1931) founded the home and colonial store chain in london in 1883 and retired in 1899. by the 20th century there were over 100 branches nationwide and drewe was a millionaire. what' s unfortunate is that there' s very little documentation about julius drewe, and what seems to have survived as his legacy is castle drogo. this article may help you understand h & c' s demise: urltoken as will this one: urltoken it is possible that the stores merged with another company .
colonial williamsburg preserves the tucker house on nicholson street for donor hospitality. - j. hunter barbour
1960 reflecting the end of the british empire, the group renamed itself as allied suppliers with the shop retaining the home and colonial stores name. there were 15 retail companies in the group including 4 in scotland which were trading particularly well - andrew cochrane, a. massey and sons, r. and j. templeton, galbraith' s. acquired vye and son of ramsgate. the sausage business, richmond sausage co, was the 2nd largest in the uk. self service operation had been introduced into 422 of the british shops [ 6 ] .
colonial revival was not authentic. it was not intended to be. americans caught up in the colonial revival movement were not trying to “get it right. ” wealthy archibald and molly mccrea were not attempting to restore carter’s grove, ancestral home of one of the first families of virginia, to its original appearance. their architect, the colonial revival specialist duncan lee, said carter’s grove was not meant to be a museum. it was meant to be comfortable. now a colonial williamsburg exhibition building, the riverside mansion is shown as if the mccreas were still resident .
not everyone could boast bloodlines back to the colonists, but most americans could, and did, participate in the colonial revival. people read histories of the founding fathers by authors like henry adams, and historical novels by ellen glasgow, maurice thompson, paul leicester ford, and mary johnston that espoused the superior values of the colonial era. women dressed in colonial garb and attended martha washington tea parties. contemporary clothing fashions borrowed from the colonial: quilted petticoats, mock pannier skirts pulled up on the sides, empire - style high waists, and mobcaps for the women; and waistcoats for the men. people searched their attics and barns for antiques, or pursued them through the countryside like foxhunters after their quarry. furniture manufacturers adapted colonial - style furniture to modern ceiling heights and room sizes and mass - produced it .
the colonial revival movement soared in the 1920s, fueled by the usual turmoil—a world war, the bolshevik revolution, the red scare, and another spike in immigration, all of which increased the nostalgia for the good old colonial days. enthusiasm plunged during the great depression, when only the wealthiest could afford to indulge in antiques, art, and architectural restoration. when the great depression ended with a second world war, interest in things colonial took a backseat to war patriotism and economic recovery. but by the 1950s, the colonial revival taste was climbing again. there were other styles in housing and furnishing, fads like danish modern that came and went, but colonial revival persisted .
after chicago’s columbian exposition of 1893, which celebrated, a year late, the 400th anniversary of columbus’s discovery of america, colonial was the undisputed national style. at the fair, the eastern states’ pavilions vied with one another for colonial ambience. pennsylvania re - created independence hall, massachusetts the john hancock house, connecticut and new jersey reproduced rooms where washington slept, and new york displayed such washington relics as a scrap of martha’s wedding gown. virginia trumped them with a re - creation of washington’s home, a mount vernon complete with portraits and furniture resembling the originals. twenty million americans took the message home .
judge tucker' s forthrightness shows through the disrepair of this early nineteenth - century portrait. - colonial williamsburg
a child' s life in colonial america would differ greatly, depending on the time and place in which the child lived. learn about the range of experiences in colonial america from the diaries of patience whipple (plymouth, 1620) and catherine carey logan (pennsylvania, 1963) .
we had a' home and colonial' in our town (spalding) till about 1965, i just remember it. the kid next door couldn' t pronounce it and always called it the' homical colonical'. our first' supermarket' was' fine fare' which opened around the time that h & c closed. mark
during the period of 1924 – 1931 several other businesses merged with the home and colonial, including liptons, who retained their own name, to create a company of over 3, 000. at this point the business now formed allied suppliers to act as a buyer on behalf of the whole group .
the chain continued to trade under the same name however and started to diversify its products. after many more years of trading, in 1964 pearks, maypole, home and colonial and liptons, who were all trading as branches of allied suppliers, came together to share the same headquarters in london, and most functions of the group were centralised, bringing to an end the separate management structures of each of the companies .
historic preservation formed the core of the colonial revival, a social and stylistic mindset that peaked during the 1920s. at its start, the colonial revival was a social movement that looked to a romanticized past for inspiration and answers to modern problems. when architects hijacked the movement in the 1880s, the focal point became the home. the style has dominated the american landscape since, sometimes sharing the scene with other fashions but never shrinking far into the distance .
, where he had bought teas for his uncle; the new shop business was so successful that he retired aged 33. although tea was a key product for the stores, they also sold dairy products, sugar ,
the movement’s strongest and earliest proponents were, not surprisingly, men and women whose pedigrees stretched to colonial days. these were people whose ancestors led the country and who were leaders themselves, but whose dominance of the political, economic, and social scenes was waning. genealogical societies sprang up like crocuses in february as scions of colonial families flaunted their superiority over recent arrivals. heritage groups were founded: the sons of the revolution in 1883, the sons of the american revolution in 1889, and the daughters of the american revolution in 1890, when the sons rejected female members. following quickly were the national society of colonial dames, the colonial dames of america, the general society of colonial wars, the children of the american revolution, the society of mayflower descendants, and three dozen others, most now defunct .
wealthy archibald and molly mccrea, pictured in 1936, had the means to indulge themselves in all things colonial, including the restoration of the sprawling carter’s grove mansion .
in time, the colonists learned how to live in the wilderness — through trial and error and the help of some of the more friendly native american tribes. by the 1700s, small cities and towns were well established. the colonists slowly developed their own customs and lifestyles. eventually they began to feel that this new land was now their true home .
every year sees the colonial reaching more perfect expression, not only in furniture but in hangings, draperies, and all the accessories of decoration... . so we say that there will be no successor to the colonial style. it is as near perfection in household furniture as can be created, and as such it needs no successor .
of course, she was wrong. art deco and italian provincial attest to that. but in one sense, she may have been correct. the colonial revival is so firmly established throughout the united states that it has become the default style of architecture and home furnishings. it is not stagnant—each generation tweaks it a little, borrowing what it needs from the past to inspire the present—but it is constant, having “held its place in spite of the battering of other styles and other times, ” as a magazine editor said in 1937. synonymous with good taste, tradition, and american values, the colonial revival endures .
as well as tea, coffee and sugar, home & colonial shops became popular for their imported butter and margarine. around 1906 some branches in the north of england were opened as provision (or dairy) shops, with tea being the only ‘grocery’ article on sale, but the general trend was towards diversification of merchandise, including confectionery and tinned goods. window display was standardised, with branch managers following instructions issued from the head office in london .
i am of a generation that was born after the end of the british empire and therefore never experienced this company but many of an older generation do remember it. by 1961 reflecting the end of the empire the stores were rebranded as allied suppliers. in 1972 the business was sold and eventually it became part of the safeways chain in 1981 .
there were others too, maypole, farm stores (now asda), lipton (which in my home town was the first
self - service
store in the 50s), and others which don' t immediately spring to mind. sugar weighed into blue bags. i recall my mother taking me into a grocers in manchester because i wanted an eccles cake. it was wrapped into a tiny parcel and tied with string with a bow - just for one eccles cake! biscuits in large tins with a glass top, cornflakes and puffed wheat being weighed and sold in a paper bag. i feel deja vu coming on !
molly mccrea’s means, as well as her devotion to fine old furnishings, are reflected in this scene in her colonial carter’s grove boudoir .
this elegant copy of a mid 18th - century sauceboat was crafted at colonial williamsburg' s golden ball using 18th - century silversmithing techniques .
goswami argues that nineteenth - century british and anglo - indian children’s texts reflect two distinct moods in britain’s colonial enterprise in india. sherwood and hofland (writing before 1857) use the tropes of conversion and captivity as a means of awakening children to the dangers of india, whereas duncan and kipling shift the emphasis to martial prowess, adaptability, and empirical knowledge as defining qualities in british and anglo - indian children. furthermore, goswami’s analysis of early nineteenth - century children’s texts written by women authors redresses the preoccupation with male authors and boys’ adventure stories that have largely informed discussions of juvenility in the context of colonial india .
most children in early colonial times never saw the inside of a schoolhouse. instead, colonial children usually learned about the adult world by doing things the way their parents did. but, just because they didn' t go to school, their lives were not easy. children were expected to help with a share of the family' s work. boys helped their fathers and girls did chores at home. by a time a girl was four she could knit stockings! even with all the work they did, colonial children still found time to have fun. they cared for their pets, played with dolls, shot marbles, pitched pennies, and went fishing. they also played tag, stickball, and blindman' s buff. by the time they had reached age 14, most children were already considered adults. boys would soon take up their father' s trade or leave home to become an apprentice. girls learned to manage a house and were expected to marry young, probably by the time they were 16 and surely before they were 20 .
there was the notion that architecture and home furnishings could shape character, an idea called “associationism. ” parents who wanted to raise children with noble colonial virtues—honesty, sincerity, strength, and courage—had better bring them up in a colonial - style house surrounded by chippendale furniture and spinning wheels. “luxurious surroundings... suggest and induce idleness, ” one architect said, while “chasteness and restraint in form, simple but artistic materials are equally expressive of the character of the people who use them. ” a furniture manufacturer played to this belief in its 1900 advertisement for an empire - style sofa. “there is nothing else that can more adequately portray the pure ideas of puritan life... . can you conceive of the influence of such a piece in the home? ” how, exactly, a piece of furniture made in the style of the early 1800s related to new england settlers two centuries earlier is not clear. nor was the discrepancy important .
colonial architectural styles seemed fresh and new to americans raised among the fuss of victorian ornamentation. elaborate styles like renaissance revival, italianate, and gothic revival competed with, and then acceded to, the simpler forms of an earlier era. one advertisement for a house plan named “the washington” says that :
a record of painted adverts and doorstep mosaics from britain, france, germany and other parts of the world, and the story behind some of them .
reviving all things colonial seemed the obvious antidote to the nation’s ills. by preserving, exhibiting, collecting, and reproducing the colonial, americans would be inspired to higher degrees of patriotism. thomas jefferson agreed. during the last year of his life he wrote, “small things may perhaps, like the relics of saints, help to nourish our devotion to this holy bond of our union. ” by the 1890s the colonial revival dominated the northeastern seaboard and was spreading south and west. the flood of immigrants had become a tidal wave. americans everywhere gloried in their heritage even as they worried about its endurance .
colonial architectural styles had been out of favor for years before they were revived in the late nineteenth century. not everyone appreciated colonial structures. no less an architect than jefferson said the colonial georgian buildings at williamsburg’s college of william and mary were “rude misshapen piles, which, but that they have roofs, would be taken for brick kilns. ” in the late 1890s a critic said plain eighteenth - century buildings were “outrageous deformities to the eye and taste. ” “happily, ” she wrote, “they were all of such perishable materials, that they will not much longer remain to annoy travellers, in search of the picturesque. ” but these were minority opinions. americans had embarked upon a colonial roller - coaster ride in the 1870s and would not get off .
further information about home & colonial shops of this period is available thanks to legal proceedings initiated in 1898 against the world’s tea company, which was accused of deliberately imitating home & colonial’s shopfitting and displays: ‘the fascia in each case was much the same in appearance, although, of course, each company put in its own name. below this in each case a portion of the window was in cathedral glass or lead - lights’. inside the counters were in similar positions: ‘in each case a [ gas ] pipe ran over the counter and carried lamps with glasses of a similar shape. in each case, also, there were labels on the walls with the statement “this is the – (cheese, or as the case might be) department”. ’ the defendant agreed to make specific alterations to its shops, including, apparently, an undertaking not to lay black and white chequered tile floors .
i served a two year apprenticehip with liptons ltd, and still have my papers. brighton had three lipton' s stores, two maypole' s but i can only remember one h & c. odd as it may seem, even after all these years, i can still remember many of the prices we charged for food back in 1960 .
colonial was not only the most fashionable style; it was the most affordable. this unbeatable combination spread from new england to the southern and western states. in virginia, leading architects like duncan lee and william lawrence bottomley designed many a house patterned on the great tidewater plantations .
the education act of 1891 which made elementary education free as well as compulsory led to a further expansion in the training of teachers, and many of the training colleges found it necessary to enlarge their premises. wood green shared in this expansion, as in 1901 the home and colonial school society bought it. the orginal intention of the society was to train teachers for children under the age of seven years, but its scope was later extended to prepare teachers to teach children up to the age of ten .
in the public’s mind, america’s golden age stretched from the day the pilgrims set foot on plymouth rock—never mind the earlier settlement at jamestown; this was a northern vision—to the death of the last two founding fathers in 1826. people referred to the period as “colonial” though it stretched fifty years past the nation’s birth. so too with furniture: federal, heppelwhite, and sheraton pieces made in the early 1800s were considered as colonial as william and mary or chippendale .
today the work of the silversmith proceeds at colonial williamsburg' s golden ball silversmith shop in much the same way as when colonist james craig practiced silversmithing there and when james geddy jr. practiced the trade at the james geddy house .
descended from virginias best blood judge tucker was by birth, and training, a gentleman of the old school he filled with credit and distinction positions of trust and dignity. was judge of the u. s. court in the territory of missouri, and after his return to his native state was the professor of law in the college of william and mary till his death his influence in developing the minds and characters of his pupils was a prominent trait in his character he was a ready, accurate, and elegant writer he was hospitable, benevolent, and charitable and his honor and integrity were without a stain this eminent scholar and author; upright judge learned jurist, constant friend, affectionate husband and father died as he lived, a sage, a patriot and a christian .
preparing for a soirée in the ostentatiously colonial revival carter’s grove dining room, mistress molly mccrea, interpreted by sandy holsten, directs maid edmonia washington, portrayed by jean mitchell .
bob doaress story the man who would not be governor appeared in the winter 2000 / 2001 issue of the journal. doares is an instructor in colonial williamsburgs department of staff development .
to complete the in - shop image the staff were always immaculately dressed. the shop manager in a dark suit with mandatory collar and tie, and the assistants wore white jackets with collar and tie plus full length, and were checked every morning .
grace' s guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in britain. this web publication contains 129, 256 pages of information and 204, 258 images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them .
during the 1920s various acquisitions and mergers occurred and by 1931 there were over 3000 branches. this expansion and growth is as impressive as anything we have seen since in the food retail sector !
i visited castle drogo in devon, the home of julius drewe, founder of h & c a couple of months ago, and from memory i think h & c became part of lyons / abc. if you have time and are able to visit the castle, i highly recommend it. there' s a chart in the wall explaining what happened to the company after he sold it .
tucker lost two wives and two children in missouri. traveling vast court circuits, he suffered exhaustion, debilitating illness, and depression. throughout his tribulations he seems to have been sustained by vibrant religious conviction and wrote of his belief in a loving god who, for their benefit, exposes men to evil and suffering. he became an evangelical presbyterian and wrote religious tracts and sermons for publication .
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individuals who couldn’t pull family heirlooms out of the attic had to content themselves with buying antiques or reproductions. “everybody can’t have a grandfather, nor things that came over on the mayflower, and those of us who have not drawn these prizes in life’s lottery must do the best we can under the circumstances, ” wrote the author of an influential book, the house beautiful, in 1878. magazines like godey’s lady’s book and house beautiful and books like the quest of the colonial in 1906 were filled with advice for “people desiring to lay claim to a respectable ancestry, ” telling them how to find antiques or reproductions, and how to decorate in the colonial fashion .
some victorian customs were too ingrained to be abandoned. furniture was artfully arranged in conversation groups rather than against the walls, and oriental rugs covered the floors. upholstered furniture was generously stuffed. “grandfather clocks”—the term was not invented until the 1840s—windsor chairs, highboys, butter churns, and candlesticks galore were essential elements of the colonial revival decorating scheme .
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currently the castle is in the process of undergoing a substantial and costly renovation. the main issues are with the windows and roof and the renovation will enable this lovely building to be maintained for future generations to enjoy .
by the 1880s and 1890s, boatloads of immigrants docked in northern ports, immigrants from eastern and southern europe whose religions and traditions were vastly different from most native - born americans’. industrialization and urban growth threatened agrarian patterns. the european cauldron of revolutions, riots, and anarchist uprisings was spilling onto united states shores. “the influx of foreign ideas utterly at variance with those held by the men who gave us the republic, threaten, and unless checked, may shake the foundations” of the country, wrote r. t. h. halsey, a leader of the colonial revival movement. to americans descended of earlier stock, the real america was under siege .
dunkley says it is impossible to notice trends while they are happening, but she wonders whether the early decades of the new millennium will bring another surge of interest in the colonial style. the pattern is in place: immigration problems, war, and economic dislocation. new neighborhoods are being filled with mcmansions built in the colonial genre, tourism is booming at historic sites, genealogy has become the nation’s fastest growing hobby, and a body of children’s literature, led by the american girls series, celebrates the american past. one hundred years ago, an editor of house beautiful magazine wrote :
back in williamsburg, tucker bought out his siblings interest in their childhood home, the st. george tucker house on nicholson street, and installed his own family. in 1834, william and mary elected him, at age 50, to fill its vacant law professorship, a position that had been his fathers after wythes resignation in 1789. the law school had since grown all but defunct, but the younger tuckers reputation as a jurist and his personal charm brought bulging enrollment and new prestige to the college. for the last seventeen years of his life, professor tucker inculcated a generation of students with the sanctity of states rights and the reasonableness of disunion as a remedy against federal encroachments .
alfred opened the shops in the midlands, and charles did likewise in the north. the medova chain run by jackson concentrated in the south and east .
the brothers, plus alfred watson, combined forces with george jackson and medova in 1898. their shops specialised in butter and margarine, not milk. there was an agreement between maypole and medova not to compete in the same towns .
however, only a few traces of the stores, such as this one, remain. a more lasting monument to julius drewe (he added the' e' later in life) is castle drogo. a genealogist told drewe that he was descended from the norman drogo family of drewsteignton, devon. he reacted as any fabulously wealthy eccentric might: by building a granite castle, britain' s last, near the village. it was designed by
st. george tucker married in 1778 the young widow frances bland randolph. the newlyweds and the three small sons she brought to the marriage lived at the brides plantation, matoax, in chesterfield county - though during the war the family moved for its safety first to winterpock, also in chesterfield, and then to bizarre on the appomattox river in cumberland. these peregrinations and his absences notwithstanding, the couple produced six more children, five of whom survived infancy. the youngest, nathaniel beverley, was born september 6, 1784, back home at matoax. he was named after a poet, his paternal uncle nathaniel tucker, and his fathers wartime comrade beverley randolph .
at the peak of the colonial revival, antiques that had arrived on the mayflower seemed so common that the ship must have been awash in furniture, as suggested by this f. opper cartoon in bill nye’s 1894 history of the united states .
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for years, tucker had recommended secession as the peaceful and legal way to redress the constitutional imbalances southern states believed weighed against them in the federal arrangement. he said that if the south withdrew from the union temporarily, washington would be forced to negotiate more favorable terms for its reentry. tucker had always supposed virginia would lead the rest of the south out of the union, but now he pinned his hopes on south carolina. he was certain jacksons proclamations would precipitate immediate secession, and he rushed home to virginia to be a part of it .
in 1884, daughter cynthia, by then the remarried widow cynthia beverley tucker washington coleman, organized a group of girls to preserve and restore the ancient gravestones at old bruton. it was called the catherine memorial society in memory of her twelve - year - old daughter - judge tuckers granddaughter - who had died the year before and was buried in the churchyard. the society was the first recorded organization in the williamsburg restoration movement, in some sense the seed of colonial williamsburg. and many days cynthia and her girls worked in the shadow of the great marble obelisk that marked the final resting place of judge nathaniel beverley tucker .
in the early days of the colonial period, the settlers did not know how to live in the wilderness, and they faced many hardships. in massachusetts, for example, the plymouth settlers, spent most of their first winter (1620–21) on board the mayflower. the following winter, the pilgrims lived on land but in wigwams and sailcloth tents. many were sick and all were hungry. nearly one - quarter of them died before a ship from england brought fresh supplies. you can learn more about life at plymouth by visiting the first thanksgiving .
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and completed just a year before drewe' s death in 1931. local people nicknamed it'
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many families less affluent than the mccreas bought up plain, old farmhouses and “improved” them into handsome homes. books gave advice on how to turn the “smallest eyesore of a structure into a colonial jewel. ” elaborate flower gardens helped paint a beautiful, if fanciful, picture of the past. symbolism mattered more than reality. colonial revival houses had plain white interior walls, which evoked purity, rather than the wallpaper or colored paint the colonists favored. white exteriors with black or dark green shutters were preferred to spanish brown. symbols of industrious craftsmanship such as spinning wheels and candle molds decorated the living room. furniture with simple lines signified virtue. “the design is as simple as a child, as pure as a lily, ” reads an advertisement from 1900 .
historians, architects, and curators are interested in the colonial revival phenomenon. most date its start to the philadelphia centennial exposition in 1876. thus an exhibition celebrating the miracles of modern industry launched a movement glorifying the past. its most popular attraction was machinery hall, with the latest technological wonders—the typewriter, the telephone, and the refrigerated railroad car. but the show marked the nation’s one - hundredth birthday, and it was in the city deemed sacred for its association with the declaration of independence. the thoughts of the ten million people who visited the fair turned to the past .
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by tea - buyer julius drew and liverpool shopkeeper john musker. drew had been only 22 when he
the first issue of the magazine on which tucker and edgar allan poe would collaborate. - tom green
hammering the bowl shape against the stakes the silversmith
raised
the body shape by compressing the metal with hammer blows from the outside pushing it inward and upward. when the silver became brittle from working, he heated it red hot and plunged it into an acid bath to keep it malleable. when the smith achieved the body base and lid shapes he wanted, he used small smooth - faced hammers and other stakes to
plannish ,
or hammer them very, very smooth. the handle sockets, spout, and finial were cast in halves in sand and the two matching pieces were joined with solder. the finished product was polished to a high shine with pumice, rottenstone, and jewelers' rouge. the wooden handle was pinned into the sockets of the gleaming piece, and the coffeepot was complete .
beverley tuckers views of politics and society began to form during these years. town and college were ecstatic when thomas jefferson won the presidency in 1801. williamsburg welcomed the victory of jeffersons republican party as an antidote to the increasing power of the federal government. virginians talked warmly of individual liberty and states rights. beverly tucker was among them .
the company’s aims were to sell food to people from britain and from her empire – introducing shoppers to food and drink (particularly tea) from around the world. by 1955 it was the 27th largest company in the country .
colonial settlers came to america for many reasons. some came for religious freedom. some came to make money. they settled into 13 colonies, areas that are now the states known as new york, new jersey, pennsylvania, virginia, north carolina, south carolina, massachusetts, new hampshire, maryland, georgia, connecticut, rhode island, and delaware. there were other scattered colonies like st. augustine in what is now known as florida .
the next spring he was admitted to the bar of the colonys more rewarding and prestigious general court in williamsburg. but days later virginias rebellious general assembly closed that tribunal to buttress the association against trade with england. it became, thus, impossible for english merchants to enforce claims against virginia customers and clients, and for st. george tucker to pursue a practice in the capital. he turned instead to the lucrative wartime shipping of commodities from his bermuda birthplace to the mainland, and he prospered. later a virginia militia officer, he was wounded at guilford courthouse, north carolina, and as an aide to governor thomas nelson jr. , witnessed the defeat and surrender of cornwallis at yorktown in 1781 .
though he had predicted hardship and devastation, judge tucker never thought that the south would emerge from the conflict less than victorious and sovereign. nathaniel beverley tucker rests in bruton churchyard, tranquilly untroubled by the reality of so much wasted blood .
painted signs and mosaics is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3. 0 unported license. all pictures © sébastien ardouin unless otherwise mentioned. pictures shall not be copied and used anywhere else without the author' s consent .
beverley, as the boy was called, was not yet four when his mother died and the grief - stricken family moved to williamsburg, where he spent a difficult childhood. in 1791 st. george tucker found the boy a loving stepmother in lelia skipwith carter, but five of his nine brothers and sisters died before he was twelve. the lad was intelligent and imaginative, but rebelled at being put to the books. nevertheless, as a teenager he turned himself around, largely under the influence of his studious older brother henry, and by 1799, fifteen - year - old beverley had enrolled at william and mary.
home & colonial stores was once one of the united kingdom 's largest retail chains . its formation of a vast chain of retail stores in the late 1920s is seen as the first step in the development of a uk food retail market dominated by a small number of food multiples . 
home & colonial stores was once one of the united kingdom's largest retail chains. its formation of a vast chain of retail stores in the late 1920s is seen as the first step in the development of a uk food retail market dominated by a small number of food multiples.
home & colonial stores was once one of the united kingdom's largest retail chains. its formation of a vast chain of retail stores in the late 1920s is seen as the first step in the development of a uk food retail market dominated by a small number of food multiples.