trimming ( computer programming )
in computer programming, trimming (trim) or stripping (strip) is a string manipulation in which leading and trailing whitespace is removed from a string .
in computer programming, trimming (trim) or stripping (strip) is a string manipulation in which leading and trailing whitespace is removed from a string .
. this was used in the early years of computer programming when writing on coding forms. keypunch operators immediately recognized the symbol as an
explicit space
.
following are examples of trimming a string using several programming languages. all of the implementations shown return a new string and do not alter the original variable .
one sixth of an em wide. in computer typography, sometimes equated to u + 2009 .
xslt 2. 0 includes regular expressions, providing another mechanism to perform string trimming .
implementing string trimming (ltrim and rtrim)... - software development | daniweb
a slight trimming of the cable' s plug side and edge may be required .
i found her trimming up the diadem on her dead mistress. - - shak .
is. locale () (tau) tests if encoding is the same as the default encoding on your computer .
another xslt technique for trimming is to utilize the xpath 2. 0 substring () function .
here' s my c mini library for trimming left, right, both, all, in place and separate, and trimming a set of specified characters (or white space by default) .
he arrived at princeton as a graduate student in 1964 before there was a computer science department. he pursued his ph. d. in electrical engineering and discovered he loved programming during the summer of 1966, when he worked on a project at mit and had his first experience with non - punch - card programming, learning the mad language. “this was in the very earliest days of being able to talk to a computer directly with your fingers at a terminal, ” he recalls .
many programming cables supplied with the radios are not manufactured by baofeng, even if they have baofeng stamped on the usb connector. if you are still having issues after trimming the cable, you may want to refer to the
. notably, the boost library allows either in - place trimming or a trimmed copy to be returned .
the act of reprimanding or chastisting; as, to give a boy a trimming. [ colloq. ]
the whigs are, essentially, an inefficient, trimming, halfway sort of a party. - - jeffrey .
indeed, soli was doing well, trimming out the hut and fitting the key block as expertly as any alaloi .
he worked belowdecks, trimming out the cabin until the heat sent him topside desperate for fluids and one stingy breeze .
there are no specific methods for trimming only leading or trailing whitespace. but it is quite easy to implement them :
in programming language syntax, spaces are frequently used to explicitly separate tokens. runs of whitespace characters (beyond the first) occurring within source code written in computer programming languages (outside of strings and other quoted regions) are ignored by most languages; such languages are called free - form. in a few languages, including haskell, occam, abc, and python, white space and indentation are used for syntactical purposes. in the satirical language called whitespace, whitespace characters are the only valid characters for programming, while any other characters are ignored .
fulkerson, d. r. : packing rooted directed cuts in a weighted directed graph. math. programming 6, 1–13 (1974 )
those students — and hundreds of princeton students over the last 15 - plus years — were lucky to learn from a teacher who also happened to be a pivotal figure in computer programming. in 1978, while at bell labs, kernighan co - authored a seminal book called the c programming language with his colleague dennis ritchie, who created the language. it was a short book for a programming manual — fewer than 300 pages — and, in fact, it was not so much a manual as it was a friendly and shockingly readable introduction to building basic programs with c .
down in the control room quinton had completed his final checks, readjusting the trimming tanks against the findings on his slide - rule .
learn how to off line program a robot for complex processes such as machining, trimming and polishing, plus any number of other applications .
trimming joist (arch .), a joist into which timber trimmers are framed; a header. see header. - - knight .
this question is not really to do with trimming, but with the linking error. probably you get the same error regardless of the definition of trim
fujito t. (2006) how to trim an mst: a 2 - approximation algorithm for minimum cost tree cover. in: bugliesi m. , preneel b. , sassone v. , wegener i. (eds) automata, languages and programming. icalp 2006. lecture notes in computer science, vol 4051. springer, berlin, heidelberg
punch cards would, however, continue to play an important role in his graduate research, and kernighan, who is passionate about computer fonts and typesetting as well as programming languages, even used punch cards to produce what he suspects is the first machine - readable, computer - printed thesis at princeton. rather than typing his dissertation on a typewriter, he used punch cards, essentially large index cards with holes punched in them to represent inputs, to write a program that would format and print his thesis using the sole computer on campus, an ibm 7094 kept in an air - conditioned room in the equad. the final version of his thesis, on graph partitioning, required 6, 000 punch cards: 1, 000 with the typesetting program instructions and another 5, 000 with the thesis text .
kernighan, who is canadian, came to computing relatively late. an engineering physics major at the university of toronto in the early 1960s, he didn’t even see his first computer — an ibm 650 — until his second year of college, and didn’t start programming until his junior year, when he learned some fortran. “i was, to put it mildly, pretty bad, ” he says of his undergraduate programming efforts. “but it was enough fun that, since i didn’t know what i wanted to do after college, i went to graduate school because it staved off decision - making. ”
a recurring theme of kernighan’s work is the idea that good computer programming is not just about whether your code works, or how fast it runs, but also its clarity and style. that was a prescient realization in the 1970s, when many people did not yet appreciate that software would have the longevity and significance it does today — that many people would have to work on the same programs, year after year .
indiana is a thing complicated and multiform, and, like picking up the rose - leaves and trimming the bushes in paradise, asking other hands than those of the original mother .
sometimes the vast resources of the popular, mainstream programming languages aren’t enough to solve your particular problem. sometimes you have to look beyond the obvious to find the right language, where the right structure makes the difference while offering that extra feature to help your code run significantly faster without endless tweaking and optimizing. this language produces vastly more stable and accurate code because it prevents you from programming sloppy or wrong code .
after he received his ph. d. in 1969, kernighan left princeton for bell labs, where he had interned during graduate school. he stayed there for 30 years. during the 1970s and 1980s, perhaps no place in the world was home to as many prominent computer scientists and computer - related inventions and discoveries as bell labs. among kernighan’s notable colleagues was richard hamming, a mathematician who did pioneering work on how computers can identify and correct errors in communications .
kernighan had a profound impact even on some of his earliest students, including those in that 1996 class at harvard. david malan, a sophomore majoring in government at the time, took the class only because kernighan let him take it pass / fail; he ended up loving it and ultimately switched his major to computer science. now a professor of computer science at harvard, malan has been teaching the cs50 course ­­— the largest class at harvard — for a decade .
under codepoint 224 (0xe0) the computer also provided a special three - character - cells - wide space symbol
spc
( analogous to unicode' s single - cell - wide u + 2420). [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
he talked her through the incision, the insertion of the forceps and removal of the little fragment of meniscus, and the trimming of the tear and removal of the piece she had cut off .
lee, david. “fat markup: trimming the myth one calorie at a time. ” presented at balisage: the markup conference 2013, montréal, canada, august 6 - 9, 2013. in
dutch might at last refuse to assist in trimming this balance, unless britain should submit to make the grand pensionary of holland a pensionary of england, and take a number of their forces into english pay .
i know there are several ways to do this in java and c that are nice, but in c + + i can' t seem to find a way to easily implement a string trimming function .
this message is generated by chirp. the usb com port entered is not correct. plug the programming cable into the desired usb port and run: find com port (windows). enter the com port shown into the chirp software .
for them, there is ocaml, a serious effort by the programming language community to popularize many of the aforementioned ideas. there’s object support, automatic memory management, and device portability. there are even ocaml apps available from apple’s app store .
is there a clean, preferably standard method of trimming leading and trailing whitespace from a string in c? i' d roll my own, but i would think this is a common problem with an equally common solution .
i am trying to find a simple and standard way of trimming leading and trailing whitespace from a string without it taking up 100 lines of code, and i tried using regex, but could not get that to work as well .
each usb slot is connected to a separate com port to avoid conflict. changing your usb slot will change the com port number. after making this change, you must unplug and replug your usb programming cable for the new com port number to be effective .
not everyone wants to write code. during the semester he spent teaching at harvard, kernighan discovered how much he enjoyed teaching, but also found it challenging to design an introductory course that worked for aspiring computer scientists as well as students in other fields who just wanted some basic understanding of computing .
kernighan’s ideas about the value of style for programming languages were, in large part, articulated before maintaining and developing code became such a vital activity and stemmed from a more basic insight: that clear use of language leads to clear thinking, and vice - versa .
the
shape
or particular structure of a document matters for some purposes. for example, readability and ease of authoring by humans or machines may be important. the
shape
also affects the design of parsers, data models and programming api' s .
a particular shape may be better for some uses then others - an exact mapping to a particular programming language object structure may be useful in that language but cumbersome in another. even in a single language some models may be better suited for direct access and others for searching .
elizabeth had already divested herself of hat, coat, and jacket, and marina found herself eyeing the fashionable emerald trumpet skirt with its trimming of black soutache braid and the cream silk shirtwaist with its softening fall of venice lace with a pang of envy .
we can write the content of an r object into a text file using cat () or writelines (). by default cat () concatenates vectors when writing to the text file. you can change it by adding options sep =
\ n
or fill = true. the default encoding depends on your computer .
the c book introduced the now - ubiquitous “hello, world! ” exercise to fledgling programmers: walk into any introductory programming class today, and odds are the first assignment will be to use the new language to print those words. it’s also likely that one (or more) of kernighan’s books will still be assigned as the required text. kernighan has profoundly shaped how entire generations of programmers have been — and will be — taught. since leaving bell labs to join princeton’s computer science department in 1999, he has become increasingly focused on changing how non - programmers are taught about computers and technical topics as well .
n. 1 the act of someone who trims. 2 material that is removed by someone trimming something, as a piece of steak. 3 an accompaniment to a meal. 4 (context colloquial dated english) a reprimand or chastise. vb. (present participle of trim english )
there is no standard trim function in c or c + +. most of the available string libraries [ 4 ] for c contain code which implements trimming, or functions that significantly ease an efficient implementation. the function has also often been called eatwhitespace in some non - standard c libraries .
the characters which are considered whitespace varies between programming languages and implementations. for example, c traditionally only counts space, tab, line feed, and carriage return characters, while languages which support unicode typically include all unicode space characters. some implementations also include ascii control codes (non - printing characters) along with whitespace characters .
do you want to trim your awkward laugh out of the beginning or end of an otherwise great video or pull out short highlights from a filmed sporting event? the windows 10 built - in photos app has a video clip trimming tool that is easy to use and is perfect for this basic editing .
in the fall of 1996, brian kernighan * 69 brought scissors, a beard trimmer, and a pair of hedge clippers into the auditorium where he was teaching harvard’s introductory computer science course, cs50, to more than 450 students. it was kernighan’s first time teaching a college course — he was employed at the time as a researcher at at & t bell labs — and he decided to use that first lecture to focus on the importance of giving computers specific instructions. he asked the students in the room to direct him in trimming his beard and, when they failed to be sufficiently precise in their directions, ended up cutting his beard with hedge clippers right there at the front of the classroom .
everyone may use javascript but no one seems to like programming in it. or so it would seem because everyone today has their favorite pre - processor or super - processor that extends and improves the language. typescript is the current favorite because it adds types to all of the variables, something that makes the java programmers feel a bit more secure .
trim \ trim \, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. trimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. trimming. ] [ oe. trimen, trumen, as. trymian, trymman, to prepare, dispose, make strong, fr. trum firm, strong; of uncertain origin. ]
robots provide a unique platform for machining large volumes as well as for a vast range of other applications, including trimming, gluing, polishing, and the laying down of a huge variety of different materials. this workshop will introduce you to the basic concepts involved in creating the path as well as controlling the robot axis to drive your manufacturing processes .
in this paper we present a fast, purely combinatorial 2 - approximation algorithm for the minimum cost tree cover problem. it constructs a good approximate solution by trimming some leaves within a minimum spanning tree (mst), and to determine which leaves to trim, it uses both of the primal - dual schema and the local ratio technique in an interlaced fashion .
life, is used to inexplicable underlining that turns out to be dog hairs, and apparent shifts from print to braille where someone overdue for a forepaw nail trimming has checked my copy, but the printouts of my articles about bobbie and margaret, retrieved from the floor after the break - in, looked as if they had been used for paper - training .
“i think it’s the most influential book in the history of computers, ” says google engineer alan donovan, who co - authored a book on the go programming language with kernighan. “that’s not to say it’s the most technical, but it’s the one that most people have read and has shaped the way they feel about computers and learned from and tried to copy in other materials since then. ”
features: 1. trim the beginning quickly, as in a number of other answers. 2. after going to the end, trimming the right with only 1 test per loop. like @ jfm3, but works for an all white - space string) 3. to avoid undefined behavior when char is a signed char, cast * s to unsigned char .
lefevre was a country dame, a widow, one of these half peasants, with ribbons and bonnets with trimming on them, one of those persons who clipped her words and put on great airs in public, concealing the soul of a pretentious animal beneath a comical and bedizened exterior, just as the country - folks hide their coarse red hands in ecru silk gloves .
“dick was a classic curmudgeon, ” kernighan says of hamming. “one of the things he used to complain about was that people were bad programmers. he would say, ‘we give people a dictionary and a set of grammar rules and we say, kid, you’re a great programmer, and that’s ridiculous. we ought to have style guides for programming the same way we have style guides for english. ’ ”
contrary to myth, performance varies very little with different markup formats in current devices and software. however the shape and ease of use of markup formats can matter for developers (both client and server). as can be seen with the use of libraries such as jquery, performance is often trivially tossed away in exchange for ease of programming - even with json. sometimes that is a reasonable tradeoff. [ 5 ]
i get maybe two dozen requests for help with some sort of programming or design problem every day. most have more sense than to send me hundreds of lines of code. if they do, i ask them to find the smallest example that exhibits the problem and send me that. mostly, they then find the error themselves .
finding the smallest program that demonstrates the error
is a powerful debugging tool .
the gt3 and similar radios with optional case designs may require a slightly different approach to trimming the cable. the cable cannot seat properly, not because it is misaligned, but rather the ridge on the case may be protruding out too far. the cable may still need to be trimmed, but from the cable tension area. the graphic below shows the problem and potential solution .
“there was a population that was not well served by [ cs50 ], ” kernighan recalls. “when i came to princeton, i decided i wanted to create a course that would serve those students. ” the course he developed, cos 109, is aimed at students who are intimidated by math or computer science and want a gentler introduction to computing topics. it covers topics that range from how to estimate and understand large numbers to legal and privacy issues surrounding computers, as well as some basic coding in javascript .
[ 5 ] it is interesting to the author that the use of libraries like jquery entirely eliminate the native advantage in javascript of using json as the data format (
dot notation
), add significant processing overhead and yet is strongly promoted while xml usage is discouraged under the guise of it not mapping well to native javascript data structures and its slow performance. compare the jquery code for json and xml and you can see the programming difference is nearly indistinguishable .
years later, kernighan’s students recall how he regularly asked after their siblings, attended their plays, and knew the names of everyone in his class. taped above his desk in the computer science building are large photographs of his current students. “the things i’ve learned about teaching are fundamentally to get to know the students, because if they’re a name and a person then you do a better job, ” kernighan says. “other than that, jeez, i don’t know, try to be organized, and let them out early. ”
the front - end programmers aren’t the only ones having fun. rust is like a refurbished version of c with plenty of polymorphic typing mixed in under the hood. it has won “ most loved programming language ” from stack overflow voters for the last two years in a row, an honor that is also reflected in stack overflow’s index of language popularity. just a few years ago, rust was hovering around 50 on the list, and this year it jumped to 18 .
the connection of the laterals with the mains, the laying of the larger sizes of tiles so as to form a close joint, the wedging of these larger tiles firmly into their places, and the trimming which is necessary in going around sharp curves, and in putting in the shorter pieces which are needed to fill out the exact length of the drain, demand more skill and judgment than are often found in the common ditcher .
then supper was prepared sumptuously, and the new companion said unto the other, you ought to accompt me not onely your captaine in robbery and fight, but also in pleasures and jolity, whereupon by and by with pleasant cheere he prepared meat, and trimming up the house he set all things in order, and brought the pottage and dainty dishes to the table: but above all he plyed them wel with great pots and jugs of wine .
so far we have dealt with markup agnostic metrics. it doesn’t take any more or less time to transfer the same number of json bytes as xml bytes. parsing is a different matter. this experiment tests two variants of parsing for each json and xml. the first variant is to use standard low level javascript methods for parsing. the other variant is to use a common library (jquery). the code for parsing was hand written javascript and corresponds to what seems
best practice
in web programming today .
“programming style is first for the person who wrote the code, because i might write this program today and then put it aside and come back to it a few years later, ” kernighan says. “the better it’s written, the more i’ve adhered to these rules of style, and tried to be clear and simple, the more likely it is that i will be able to understand it — and the more likely it is that it will work properly. and the more likely it is that other people will be able to understand it. ”
if you are concerned with performance, do not use strspn () and strcspn () in a tight loop. this is very inefficient and the overhead will dwarf the unproven advantage of the single forward pass. strlen () is usually expanded inline with very efficient code, not a real concern. trimming the beginning and end of the string will be much faster than testing every character in the string for whiteness even in the special case of strings with very few or no non - white characters .
the following listings show the javascript code for a recursive decent query of all nodes in the document. it is very interesting to the author that despite popular opinion the code for json and xml are extremely similar. xml has attributes which adds a few lines of code but otherwise it' s effectively the same amount of programming to recurse and examine a json object and an xml object in javascript and jquery. xml adds about 4 lines of javascript to handle attributes in both the javascript and jquery case, but other than that the code is nearly identical .
good idea to use scanf; but his will only work with a single word which may not be what the op wanted (i. e. trimming
a b c
should probably result in
a b c
, while your single scanf just results in
a
). so we need a loop, and a counter for the skipped chars with the% n conversion specifier, and in the end it' s just simpler to do it by hand, i' m afraid .
in computer character encodings, there is a normal general - purpose space (unicode character u + 0020) whose width will vary according to the design of the typeface. typical values range from 1 / 5 em to 1 / 3 em (in digital typography an em is equal to the nominal size of the font, so for a 10 - point font the space will probably be between 2 and 3. 3 points). sophisticated fonts may have differently sized spaces for bold, italic, and small - caps faces, and often compositors will manually adjust the width of the space depending on the size and prominence of the text .
over the course of five decades, kernighan has developed a keen sense of how to derive general, long - lasting principles in a field that has exploded with hundreds, if not thousands, of new programming languages. the new languages often build on older ones, and the foundational rules of style and syntax often still apply. “c is at the base of an enormous amount of what we do in exactly the same way that latin is, ” he says. “there are many languages today that come from latin, and there are many languages today that come from c. ”
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trim strips blank characters (spaces and control characters) at the beginning and end of s and returns the resulting string. all characters with ordinal values less than or equal to 32 (a space) are stripped .
please help rewrite this article from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction .
the most popular variants of the trim function strip only the beginning or end of the string. typically named
many trim functions have an optional parameter to specify a list of characters to trim, instead of the default whitespace characters. for example, php and python allow this optional parameter, while pascal and java do not. with common lisp' s
an uncommon variant of trim returns a special result if no characters remain after the trim operation. for example ,
space normalization is a related string manipulation where in addition to removing surrounding whitespace, any sequence of whitespace characters within the string is replaced with a single space. space normalization is performed by the function named
java' s trim method considers ascii spaces and control codes as whitespace, contrasting with the java iswhitespace () method, [ 2 ] which recognizes all unicode space characters .
delphi' s trim function considers characters u + 0000 (null) through u + 0020 (space) to be whitespace .
in languages without a built - in trim function, it is usually simple to create a custom function which accomplishes the same task .
note that with boost' s function named simply trim the input sequence is modified in - place, and does not return a result .
the linux kernel also includes a strip function, strstrip (), since 2. 6. 18 - rc1, which trims the string
in place
. since 2. 6. 33 - rc1, the kernel uses strim () instead of strstrip () to avoid false warnings. [ 7 ]
may be interpreted as follows: f drops the preceding whitespace, and reverses the string. f is then again applied to its own output. note that the type signature (the second line) is optional .
that is: filter (# ~) for non - space characters ('' & ~ :) between leading (+. / \) and (* .) trailing (+. / \ .) spaces .
there is a built - in trim function in javascript 1. 8. 1 (firefox 3. 5 and later), and the ecmascript 5 standard. in earlier versions it can be added to the string object' s prototype as follows :
perl 5 has no built - in trim function. however, the functionality is commonly achieved using regular expressions .
chomp removes the trailing newline character (s) from a string if present. (what constitutes a newline is $ input _ record _ separator dependent) .
in perl 6, the upcoming major revision of the language, strings have a trim method .
the tcl string command has three relevant subcommands: trim, trimright and trimleft. for each of those commands, an additional argument may be specified: a string that represents a set of characters to remove—the default is whitespace (space, tab, newline, carriage return) .
xslt includes the function normalize - space (string) which strips leading and trailing whitespace, in addition to replacing any whitespace sequence (including line breaks) with a single space .
this page was last modified on 8 december 2015, at 07: 57 .
this article' s content derived from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (see original source) .
© copyright 2018 autodesk, inc. all rights reserved. legal notices & trademarks – privacy
madeleine planeix - crocker ’15, a french and italian major, proofread the second edition of d is for digital after taking cos 109 during her sophomore year. since graduating, she has made use of her cos 109 javascript training in her current job doing back - end website management for an art foundation in paris. but beyond helping prepare her for that role, she says, kernighan’s course was valuable to her in providing some history of technology and how it has changed over time. “i now understand the stakes which accompany the evolution of technology in society, ” says planeix - crocker .
“there was a friendliness to that class, ” malan said of taking cs50 with kernighan. “he would have one of the teaching fellows walking around giving candy to the people who asked questions, and i still remember the day i got up the nerve to ask a question in front of my hundreds of classmates. that was the beginning of my taste of community in a class. a lot of the things we do now in cs50 are sort of in the spirit of that, like giving out stress balls and little rubber ducks to students. ”
josephine wolff ’10 is an assistant professor of public policy and computing security at rochester institute of technology .
parents and non - alumni can receive all 14 issues of paw for $ 22 a year ($ 26 for international addresses) .
here is a simple implementation of implementing a simple left trim (ltrim) and right trim (rtim) of unwanted characters from a c style string. (null terminated strings). doesn' t suffer the overheads of the memmove implementation in which the worst case scenario (a string containing all junk characters) is approx. n ^ 2 / 2 .
> how to you handle tabs? if you will notice, this is not a generic function, the way we have in python, ruby and other languages. you need to pass the character to be stripped. if you want to strip off tabs, pass the junk character to be' \ t' .
while you' re correct, the bug report is unhelpful because you haven' t specified when this would happen or suggested a fix. the problem stems from an unchecked decrement of original, which can drop below string if it' s empty of contains nothing but junk characters .
if whatever memory prior to string also contains junk characters, the loop will continue and modify memory outside the bounds of the array. if memory prior to string doesn' t contain junk characters, at least one element beyond the array will be accessed, which is still undefined behavior .
is' \ 0': the string was empty, so nothing needs to be done .
original [ 0 ] neither' \ 0' nor junk: the string must end after original [ 0 ], as in the original algorithm .
ntnkmr: your version does too much work - - it' s not necessary to use a temporary buffer. once you find the first non - space character move all remaining characters to the beginning of the line .
narue, your code always retunrs the same results... the returned parameter string does not change anywhere in the function
the function is for right - trim, so the value of string will not change. all the function does is start at the end of string and work backwards until it finds the first non - junk character, then truncates string at that point .
yes now i understand... but then it does not need to return anything because string is a pointer always to the same point ...
questions asked by members who have earned a lot of community kudos are featured in order to give back and encourage quality replies .
how can i output 123454321, if i input 5. ? - c, c #. java, php
as a manager, he told fifa tv he communicates his messages in a measured way. “i’m not one of the lads, ” southgate ...
over the last few days i have been converting old video files from avi to mp4. i' ve been doing this using the command line version of divx. this is the ...
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- volume control level of radio may need to be increased to full during upload or download .
error occurs if prolific driver version is higher than v3. 2. 0. 0 downgrade to v3. 2. 0. 0 and the error should go away .
these messages are generated if you are running a much older version of chirp. you must upgrade to chirp' s latest daily build .
5. this can also occur if other software is running on your pc that may be loading down the cpu. close all unrelated software and try again .
could not open port com xx (2,' createfile,' the system cannot find the file specified.' )
occurs when trying to save a data file using the factory software. this error occurs when you don' t have a valid filename for the file being saved. the filename entered must include the. dat suffix. filename. dat
this indicates that the rx and tx serial lines have not been connected together with a loopback device (a plug that connects the rx and tx lines of a serial port connector for testing) so the characters being sent on the tx line are not being echoed back on the rx line .
some more recent uv - b5 / b6 radios ship with only 27 menu options as compared to the 29. menu 24 (tx - ab) and menu 29 (companding) were eliminated. when using chirp, the above message can be ignored. all data has transferred properly .
this message is generated by windows xp. the following needs to be loaded to your pc .
the minimum cost tree cover problem is to compute a minimum cost tree t in a given connected graph g with costs on the edges, such that the vertices of t form a vertex cover for g. the problem is supposed to arise in applications of vertex cover and edge dominating set when connectivity is additionally required in solutions. whereas a linear - time 2 - approximation algorithm for the unweighted case has been known for quite a while, the best approximation ratio known for the weighted case is 3. moreover, the known 3 - approximation algorithm for such case is far from practical in its efficiency .
arkin, e. m. , halldórsson, m. m. , hassin, r. : approximating the tree and tour covers of a graph. inform. process. lett. 47, 275–282 (1993 )
bar - yehuda, r. : one for the price of two: a unified approach for approximating covering problems. algorithmica 27 (2), 131–144 (2000 )
bar - yehuda, r. , even, s. : a local - ratio theorem for approximating the weighted vertex cover problem. annals of discrete mathematics 25, 27–46 (1985 )
bar - yehuda, r. , rawitz, d. : on the equivalence between the primal - dual schema and the local ratio technique. siam j. discrete math. 19 (3), 762–797 (2005 )
chudak, f. a. , goemans, m. x. , hochbaum, d. s. , williamson, d. p. : a primal - dual interpretation of recent 2 - approximation algorithms for the feedback vertex set problem in undirected graphs. oper. res. lett. 22, 111–118 (1998 )
dinur, i. , safra, s. : the importance of being biased. in: proc. 34th acm symp. theory of computing, pp. 33–42 (2002 )
fujito, t. : on approximability of the independent / connected edge dominating set problems. inform. process. lett. 79 (6), 261–266 (2001 )
fujito, t. , nagamochi, h. : a 2 - approximation algorithm for the minimum weight edge dominating set problem. discrete appl. math. 118, 199–207 (2002 )
garey, m. r. , johnson, d. s. : the rectilinear steiner - tree problem is np - complete. siam j. appl. math. 32 (4), 826–834 (1977 )
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note that trim is the only video editing tool available in the photos app, which is mostly geared towards photo management and editing. you will have to import your clips to another program if you want to do more editing with your video clips .
open the video you want to edit with photos. navigate to the video you want to edit in
. alternatively, open the photos app from the start menu, and scroll through your collection or albums to find your video. i usually prefer the first method because photos does not organize your pictures into folders, which means you have to scroll through your collection or find it in the albums that photos generates. additionally, you can filter and view movie file types in file explorer but not in photos .
to get the menu bar to appear across the top of the window as shown below. click the
there are three circles on the timeline that run across the bottom portion of the screen. the two small white circles are the start and end markers of the clip. drag them around to section off your trimmed clip. whenever you move one of these end markers, text showing the
of the clip will appear above the marker. the bigger marker shows your current spot in the video clip. you can drag it around to make sure that all the important parts of your clip are included .
in the top menu. this will save your clip as a copy, leaving the original video untrimmed .
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) is required. the c + + boost library defines space characters according to locale, as well as offering variants with a predicate parameter (a functor) to select which characters are trimmed .
an uncommon variant of trim returns a special result if no characters remain after the trim operation. for example, apache jakarta' s
sokoban variants... several puzzles can be considered variants of the original sokoban game, in the sense that they all make use of a controllable character who pushes boxes around a maze... several variants apply the rules of sokoban to mazes laid out on other tilings... alternative pushers in the variants multiban and interlock the player can control multiple characters ...
list of military aircraft of the soviet union and the cis - electronic combat... and an - 12bk - is / - pp / - pps > 150 1964 - date cub - a / b / c / d over 150 ew variants produced... an - 26m -? ? -? ? curl elint 1398 an - 26 built in all variants... an - 26rm / rtr / rr 42 +? ? - date curl - b sigint / comint variants ...
vickers machine gun - history - variants... the gun, machine, vickers. 5 - inch, mk... ii was used in tanks, the earlier mark i having been the development model ...
mikoyan - gurevich mig - 21 - development - design... issue of the short endurance and low fuel capacity of the mig - 21f, pf, pfm, s / sm and m / mf variants —though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its... its g - limits were increased from + 7gs in initial variants to + 8. 5gs in the latest variants ...
mikoyan - gurevich mig - 17 - design... day - fighter variants (mig - 17, mig - 17f) were armed with two 23 mm nr - 23 cannons (80 rpg) and one 37 mm n - 37 cannon (40 rounds), which were mounted on a... on radar - equipped variants (mig - 17p, mig - 17pf), the 37 mm n - 37 was replaced with a third 23 mm nr - 23 (carrying 100 rpg) to compensate for the weight aft of the radar... all variants could carry 100 kg (220 lb) bombs on two underwing pylons and some could carry 250 kg (551 lb) bombs however, these pylons were usually used for 400 ...
the latest reviewed version was approved on 7 march 2018. there are template / file changes awaiting review .
this page includes all the material you need to deal with strings in r. the section on regular expressions may be useful to understand the rest of the page, even if it is not necessary if you only need to perform some simple tasks .
in this page, we learn how to read a text file and how to use r functions for characters. there are two kind of function for characters, simple functions and regular expressions. many functions are part of the standard r base package .
however, their name and their syntax is not intuitive to all users. hadley wickham has developed the stringr package which defines functions with similar behaviour but their names are easier to retain and their syntax much more systematic [ 1 ] .
r can read any text file using readlines () or scan (). it is possible to specify the encoding of the imported text file with readlines (). the entire contents of the text file can be read into an r object (e. g. , a character vector). scan () is more flexible. the kind of data expected can be specified in the second argument (e. g. , character (0) for a string) .
before reading a text file, you can look at its properties. nlines () (parser package) and countlines () (r. utils package) count the number of lines in the file. count. chars () (parser package) counts the number of bytes and characters in each line of a file. you can also display a text file using file. show () .
r provides functions to deal with various set of encoding schemes. this is useful if you deal with text file which have been created with another operating system and especially if the language is not english and has many accents and specific characters. for instance, the standard encoding scheme in linux is
utf - 8
whereas the standard encoding scheme in windows is
latin1
. the encoding () functions returns the encoding of a string. iconv () is similar to the unix command iconv and converts the encoding .
readlines (), scan () and file. show () have also an encoding option .
is. utf8 () (tau) tests if the encoding is
utf8
.
the following example was run under windows. thus, the default encoding is
latin1
.
a regular expression is a specific pattern in a set of strings. for instance, one could have the following pattern: 2 digits, 2 letters and 4 digits. r provides powerful functions to deal with regular expressions. two types of regular expressions are used in r [ 3 ]
there is a also an option called ‘fixed = true’ which can be considered as a literal regular expression. fixed () (stringr) is equivalent to fixed = true in the standard regex functions. these functions are by default case sensitive. this can be changed by specifying the option urltoken = true .
if you are not a specialist in regular expression you may find the glob2rx () useful. this function suggests some regular expression for a specific (
glob
or
wildcard
) pattern :
sub (), gsub (), str _ replace () (stringr) make some substitutions in a string .
grepl (), str _ detect () (stringr) detect the presence of a pattern.
in computer programming , trimming ( trim ) or stripping ( strip ) is a string manipulation in which leading and trailing whitespace is removed from a string . for example , the string ( enclosed by apostrophes ) ' this is a test ' would be changed , after trimming , to ' this is a test '
in computer programming, trimming (trim) or stripping (strip) is a string manipulation in which leading and trailing whitespace is removed from a string. for example, the string (enclosed by apostrophes)' this is a test' would be changed, after trimming, to' this is a test'
in computer programming, trimming (trim) or stripping (strip) is a string manipulation in which leading and trailing whitespace is removed from a string. for example, the string (enclosed by apostrophes)' this is a test' would be changed, after trimming, to' this is a test'