rand water
merger of ingersoll - sergeant drill company and rand drill company to form ingersoll - rand company .
on 8 may 1903 the rand water board was officially established by the rand water board incorporation ordinance no. 32 of may 1903 to supply water to the entire area .
johannesburg - the water supply system in gauteng continues to run low and rand water has cautioned residents to use water sparingly .
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rand water implemented an e - tendering solution suite. the suite will result in
initially rand water used groundwater from the zuurbekom wells on the west rand. this water was of such good quality that it didn’t require any cleaning (purification) .
persistent high temperatures in rand water’s area of supply continue to strain its bulk water supply system .
in fact rand water’s major challenge to date has been to augment its water sources to meet the growing demand .
the judge erroneously said that this value was in accordance with rand water’s own expert evidence .
residents of emfuleni local municipality are facing water shortages after the municipality failed to settle a r400 million water bill owed to rand water. the ...
persistent high temperatures in rand water’s area of supply continue to strain its bulk water supply system in gauteng. photo: urltoken / jill
against that background the key issue is whether rand water acted lawfully in laying the two pipelines in the first place. as counsel for rand water expressed the matter, once the pipelines were lawfully upon the property
rand has a long history of conducting research on policy and planning challenges related to water and global climate change. rand' s growing body of work focuses on the following topics :
by 1906 the annual daily consumption of water supplied by rand water was about 11 ml / d and it has been growing ever since .
shira efron is a policy researcher at the rand corporation, a special advisor on israel with rand' s center for middle east public policy, and a professor at the pardee rand graduate school. she is leading rand' s new israel program and researches issues related to israel, the middle east, …
take a journey into ingersoll rand history by selecting a year in our timeline .
to provide information to agencies and efforts focused on food, water, and energy resources, the rand corporation developed the pardee rand food - energy - water security index. this report serves as the technical documentation for the index .
the rand water foundation recognises the significance of playing a role in fostering an enabling environment for the creation and growth of small enterprises. promotion of entrepreneurship and small business remains a priority to rand water foundation. with a guiding principle of sustainability, the foundation’s goal is to ensure that emerging entrepreneurs benefit from rand water’s numerous socio economic development initiatives .
in 1904 rand water was required to take over the undertakings of the companies at that time supplying or potentially capable of supplying water to the witwatersrand .
the emfuleni local municipality and rand water have reached a payment agreement that will ensure the continued supply of bulk water to residents. the ...
pardee rand benefits from its applied policy research setting and focus on innovative analytic methods .
the rand water foundation is calling for non - governmental organizations (ngos) to make applications for funding. the foundation was establish to undertake rand water' s corporate social investment programme. the closing date for the applications is: friday ,
the drinking water provider to gauteng, rand water, has to purify the water it sources from the vaal dam. everyone else – from farmers to people downstream who don’t have purification facilities – has to use polluted water .
the rand water conducted an investigation on pipeline starts at the molopo eye the intake structure and augments concerning the supply of drinking water to the water treatment plant (wtp) at mmabatho under gravity .
rand water spokesperson justice mohale said high temperatures would affect the city of johannesburg, city of tshwane and the ekurhuleni metropolitan municipality .
of the act. there was no dispute that this section empowered rand water to lay both pipelines. there could hardly be any dispute over that in the face of its wording, which specifically said that rand water was entitled to ‘lay or carry through, over, on or across any land’ pipes for the supply of water. big cedar’s attack on the lawfulness of rand water’s conduct in laying the pipes necessarily lay elsewhere .
rand water supported the dbsa in implementing the pan african capacity building program for the officials attending a masters in public infrastructure management programme .
a more emphatic disavowal of any intention to challenge the lawfulness of rand water’s conduct in laying the pipelines would be hard to find .
rand water is an organ of state, reporting to the department of water & environmental affairs (formerly department of water and forestry). throughout its long history, rand water has remained financially self - sustaining. its financials are affirmed by standard & poor’s rating of its long - term local currency, corporate credit rating as a + and its
johannesburg – gauteng’s water supply is secure but water management authorities are worried about the current water challenges facing the country .
a. g value of 600 per second with a camp number (gt value) of 18 000 is ideal in rand water’s system .
water for urban and industrial use in the area south of the magaliesberg should continue to be supplied predominantly from the vaal river system via rand water. water for irrigation and rural users should be supplied from local sources .
( i) that, before entering upon property for the purpose of laying a pipeline, rand water was obliged to give the owner of the property at least seven clear days’ notice of its intentions. it submitted that the evidence showed that no such notice had been given and therefore that the actions of rand water had from the outset been unlawful. accordingly, so the argument ran, rand water could not rely on s 24
there are curious features of that judgment. in para 38 the judge correctly held that the powers granted to rand water in terms of s 24
researchers interested in the sources we consulted and how we created the pardee - rand food - energy - water index can download our technical documentation .
water that has had all its minerals removed by the processes of reverse osmosis and distillation, is called demineralised water. this water, also called distilled water, is the only absolutely pure form of water .
rand water, which monitors water quality on behalf of water affairs, also avoided answering questions this week. the results of its research are given to local water forums. in most cases the levels in the dam exceed safe levels as prescribed by the world health organisation .
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rand water was originally constituted under the rand water board incorporation ordinance, 32 of 1903 (transvaal). that statute was from time to time amended by subsequent ordinances and, from 1914, statutes of the national parliament. these were consolidated in the rand water board statutes (private) act 17 of 1950 (the act). the powers of the board were set out in s 24 of the act and where relevant read as follows :
the rand water board was to include members of the johannesburg town council, the chamber of mines, and other existing local authorities in the witwatersrand .
the trial court awarded attorney and client costs against rand water. that order will obviously be overturned in the light of the outcome of the appeal. but it is appropriate to say that the strictures expressed by the trial judge in regard to rand water’s conduct, and his finding that its reliance on s 24
rand water uses hydrated lime for coagulation and flocculation, and activated sodium silicate and ferric chloride as an aid to flocculation. the average doses rates for :
the emfuleni municipality’s failure to honour its payment arrangement with rand water has left residents high and dry amid a heatwave in gauteng. sowetan live ...
water was said to be so expensive then that people opted to cook their food in soda water as it was cheaper than water .
as the original policy ph. d. program, pardee rand graduate school is unique in american higher education .
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rand water is a water services provider that purifies 3600 megalitres of water per day and distributes clean drinking water, free of harmful microorganisms and chemical contaminants, to 58 reservoirs, via 3000 km of pipelines, to 19 water services authorities. it services 11 million people in gauteng and parts of mpumalanga, north west and free state provinces .
rand has implemented and evaluated community resilience - building activities worldwide. wcrc focuses on areas where water risks — such as flooding or drought — pose particular problems .
scarcity of food, energy, and water endangers the lives of millions. so rand created a tool with the potential to help make aid initiatives more effective .
the quality of drinking water supplied by rand water to water services authorities in gauteng and parts of adjoining provinces is monitored during the purification process and distribution system on a regular basis. the water complies with the requirements of the south african national standard for drinking water (sans 241) and the world health organisation (who) guidelines. it is safe to drink water straight from the tap. let’s explore the story behind tap water .
rand evaluated potential effects of uncertain projections of demand and climate change on the ability of the jinan municipal water resources bureau to meet its long - term water resources goals for shandong province' s capital city .
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this is water that has been taken from a river or dam, cleaned at a purification station, such as rand water’s, and then supplied via pipelines to taps. during the purification process water is cleaned of all impurities and disinfected before being delivered to the tap. generally, the mineral content of tap water is between spring water and groundwater .
although the pipelines were in existence at the time big cedar acquired the property the evidence is that it was unaware of them. on 4 march 2004 attorneys acting for rand water wrote to big cedar informing them of the existence of the pipelines and suggesting that a servitude be passed over the property in accordance with rand water’s standard terms and conditions. all endeavours thereafter to register a servitude foundered on the inability of the parties to agree on the amount of any compensation payable by rand water to big cedar .
the amount of water available for use remains the same, and despite plans to increase storage capacity through the building of new dams or water transfer schemes, predictions are that the demand for water will outstrip supply by 2025. the only answer to this dilemma lies in changing people' s attitude and thus their behaviour to use water more wisely, and in this regard rand water’s “water wise” campaign is visionary .
rand water abstracts its raw water from the vaal dam via a canal and a gravity pipeline, and by pumping from the vaal river barrage reservoir at lethabo, zuikerbosch and vereeniging. a small quantity of water is also abstracted from underground sources at zuurbekom. it must now undergo the purification process required to ensure that the water meets the stringent standards set for drinkable water .
water wise
is rand water' s environmental brand. it is a campaign aimed at increasing awareness of the need to value water and to use it wisely. south africa is a water stressed country, and the water resources are under tremendous pressure from a growing population, ongoing development, pollution, wetland destruction, alien invasive plants and the effects of global warming .
all countries are affected by the possibility of water scarcity. leaders must prioritise water to ensure more people have access to safe water wateraid southern africa says .
the department of water' s waging a' war on water leaks', by training 15, 000 youths as plumbers, electricians and water monitors .
coagulation in rand water’s system is the process which destabilises the particles when the coagulants (slaked lime and sodium silica) are mixed with the raw water in about 20 to 30 seconds. this is the first process in removing suspended particles .
wetlands are nature’s way of cleaning water as well as damming water (they hold back water in summer and release it in winter). destruction of wetlands :
the water & sanitation africa newsletter offers key industry news on the preservation, treatment and provision of water .
rand water uses horizontal flow tanks with retention times of 4 hours and produces water with a turbidity of 5 ntu at the outlet weirs which is considered acceptable for filtration. depending on the turbidity of the incoming raw water, between 95% and 97% of the suspended particles are removed during sedimentation .
when capacity at the vaal dam falls to 25 percent, rand water will have to use supplies from other reserve dams such as sterkfontein, said trevor balzer, a deputy director - general of strategic projects at the department of water and sanitation. further water restrictions may still be introduced, he said .
johannesburg water has tweeted a picture showing water pouring from a burst pipe but the pipe has apparently been repaired .
on 28 october 2009 big cedar launched an action against rand water advancing two claims. counsel described the first claim as a vindicatory claim. big cedar’s contention was that the pipelines were constructed, installed and were being used by rand water without the consent or permission of big cedar and without any servitude or other limited right being registered and / or endorsed in the deed of transfer of the property. the pleadings go on to allege that rand water refused to remove the pipelines and thereby prevented big cedar from having the unhindered enjoyment of its property. on that basis an order was sought that rand water remove the pipelines, alternatively that it register a servitude in respect of that portion of the plaintiff’s property, or take transfer of that land against payment of the amount of r6. 6 million .
recognition of the distinction between the outcome of the exercise of the statutory power and the registration of a servitude explains why the allegation that rand water was acting without a registered servitude or a real right to construct the pipeline was misconceived. accepting, as counsel for rand water was prepared to do, that rand water was entitled to exercise a power of expropriation in order to secure servitutal rights in relation to the pipeline, there was nothing in the act that required it to do so before constructing the pipeline. its statutory right was different from any right that it would acquire from a registered servitude .
when the water from the zuurbekom wells could no longer supply enough water for the growing population of the witwatersrand, the vaal river to the south of johannesburg was chosen as a new water source. in 1923 rand water dammed the vaal river to form the vaal river barrage reservoir. in 1938 the vaal dam was built upstream of the vaal river barrage reservoir, which is now the main source of water for rand water. rivers such as the vaal, klip and wilge rivers naturally flow into the vaal dam. these rivers flow through agricultural land and rural settlements with very little industry. this means that the water in the vaal dam is of a good quality by international standards. the vaal river system
the water and climate resilience center (wcrc) newsletter highlights rand research on how we can better plan, build, and organize our societal systems to become more resilient to the unavoidable impacts of climate change .
is the largest public policy ph. d. program in the nation and the only program based at an independent public policy research organization—the rand corporation .
an infrastructure bill is on the agenda for congress, but what problems would it fix? in this rand congressional briefing, debra knopman discusses policies that promote and deter investment and maintenance of water and transportation infrastructure .
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shortly after h29 had been laid on the property, the water services act 108 of 1977 repealed the act with effect from 31 december 1977. it contained provisions directed at the transition of various water boards, including rand water, from the former statutory regime to the new regime under the water services act. they were to continue to exist and were deemed to be water boards constituted under the water services act. the key provisions were contained in s 84 (4) and (6) of the latter act reading as follows :
rand water went on to plead that it was therefore entitled to keep, repair and maintain the pipelines and to enter upon big cedar’s property for such purposes. in response to the allegation that it lacked a servitude in order to do this, rand water pleaded that no such servitude was required to enable it to exercise its rights and obligations in terms of its primary objective. it dealt with the repeal of the act by relying upon ss 84 (2) and (4) of the water services act .
we emphasise firstly that this is not the issue whether the rand water board acted lawfully in 1971 and 1972, and again in 1997. this case is concerned with the question whether today, despite the advent of a new constitutional dispensation, and despite developments in the governing legislation, rand water currently enjoys an ongoing statutory authorisation which justifies it to have these two underground pipelines through the land of another person without a servitude in respect of them. ’
the 2010 minutes of the blesbokspruit water forum, in the vaal dam’s catchment area, come with quarterly water quality status bulletins for the whole area. recorded by rand water, almost every reading along the dam and in its two subsidiary rivers indicates dangerously elevated levels of ammonia, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, e. coli and other pollutants .
in 1971 or 1972 the appellant, the rand water board (rand water) laid the h16 underground pipeline over various properties including the remaining extent of portion 1 of the farm klipfontein no 268jr. in 1997 it laid a further underground pipeline, the h29 pipeline, across the same property. the position of the two pipelines on that property appears from a survey diagram sg10602 / 1998 approved by the surveyor general. at the time the two pipelines were laid
water as a scarce resource in the witwatersrand, as well as a need to supply a growing population, prompted the water board to impose some water restrictions as well as look for other sources of water. major schemes were developed to respond to the demand .
it follows that rand water acted lawfully in installing the two pipelines. further consideration of the appeal must therefore proceed on that basis. i can however be brief as counsel for big cedar conceded that his case had to stand or fall by the lawfulness of rand water’s conduct in laying the pipelines in the first place. he accepted that if that was lawful it was a necessary implication of the entitlement to lay the pipelines that there was also a right for them to remain in place or, as mr du plessis sc for rand water put it, an obligation on the original owner and all subsequent owners to tolerate their presence. that conclusion is supported by the judgment of bisset cj in
a geologist by the name of dr draper, was commissioned by the commission to assist. after some search on the farm zuurbekom, dr draper found what everybody was looking for. he tied his handkerchief to the branch of a thorn bush and arriving back in johannesburg, told the water works commission “go to zuurbekom, you will find my handkerchief tied to a tree, sink a borehole there and you will find water, plenty of it. ” in 1896 and 1897 the water works commission secured a stable supply of water from the zuurbekom water supply companies wells. in 1903 the water works commission established rand water in order to ensure that the witwatersrand received enough clean, safe drinking water .
in rand water’s systems is the process which destabilizes the particles during flash mixing periods in about 20 – 30 seconds. this is the first process in removing the suspended matter and involves adding sodium silicate and slaked lime to the water. the rapid mixing is very important as it achieves instantaneous and complete homogenization of the coagulant with the specific volume of raw water being dosed .
old mines south of the dam have been allowed to continue polluting the wilge river, which brings water from lesotho to the vaal. these are linked to several large bird and fish die - offs. new gold and coal mines have been given prospecting licences by the mineral resources department along the dam’s eastern shore. the mines south of heidelberg are going ahead despite opposition from rand water and water affairs about being in a critical water catchment .
of the act from time to time to repair and maintain the pipelines and their appurtenances. it is unnecessary to resolve this because rand water has, in any event, the right to do that in terms of s 80 (1 )
south africa has to pay r150 million annually to lesotho, whether the water is used or not, to augment the vaal dam water .
“you have clean water coming from lesotho [ through the highlands water scheme ] into the vaal dam, and then you pollute it so much that it has to be heavily treated to become drinking water again. ”
water resource agencies around the world are grappling with how to make smart investments to ensure long - term water reliability at a time of unprecedented water stress, growing demands, uncertain climate change, and limited budgets .
what water the wastewater plant does release through the old pipeline – when it does not overflow – goes into the vaal dam 400m away from the inlet pipe for rand water. this supplies drinking water to 10 - million people in gauteng. its last annual report noted that “a number of water quality issues have been identified with regard to the current quality of the vaal river system”. these include an increase in salinity, sulphates, microbiological pollutants and dissolved solids .
exercised its pipe - laying powers in terms of section 24 (j) of the rand water board statutes (private) act 17 of 1950 … after the required notice had been given to the owners of the property at the relevant times. ’
johannesburg water has confirmed that an earthy compound called geosmin has been detected in the drinking water supplied to residents of the city of ...
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‘lunacy’ “it’s lunacy, ” says johannesburg water rights activist paul fairall, who has been agitating around water for many decades. “we’re poisoning our drinking and farming water because nobody cares enough to stop our municipalities and companies .
the water resources that naturally occur in the crocodile catchment have been fully developed and utilised. supplies to northern johannesburg, midrand, tshwane and environs, are transferred in from the vaal river via the rand water distribution network. this represents over 45% of the total water use in the crocodile catchment, and results in large volumes of return flow (primarily effluent discharges) from what was originally vaal river water, being discharged into the crocodile river and its tributaries. this, in turn, constitutes an important source of water for users downstream .
rand water will pump about 3 900 kilolitres a day to municipalities, which in turn distribute to consumers, instead of the usual 4 500 kilolitres, chairwoman matshidiso hashatse told reporters in johannesburg on tuesday. customers must reduce usage or face cuts, she said .
water is a combination of oxygen and hydrogen (h 2 o), but as you get different types of dogs and different types of cooldrinks, you also get different types of water. the difference between the types of water depends on the substances that are dissolved or suspended in the water .
tshwane was forced to implement temporary water restrictions after parts of the city started experiencing water shortages due to the high demand caused by the heat wave .
a water resources study entitled “development of a reconciliation strategy for the crocodile west water supply system” was completed in 2009. the broad strategy for the management of water resources with respect to the crocodile river system is summarised below :
flocculation is the clumping together of the suspended matter destabilized by coagulation to form heavier visible particles called flock. the flock remains in suspension as the water flows at high velocity through either spiral flocculates or baffled channel conditioning bays. in rand water’s systems, orthogenetic flocculation predominates resulting from the fluid motion at higher velocity gradients and larger particle size .
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the growing water requirements in the lephalale area in the mokolo river catchment to the north and north - east of the crocodile river catchment exceed the available water from the mokolo river system. studies are currently being undertaken by the department of water and sanitation to investigate possible transfer of surplus water in the crocodile river system to the lephalale area (mokolo - crocodile water augmentation project) .
as early as 1954, the natural resources development council proposed the idea that water might be obtained from lesotho to augment the water of the vaal river .
california has implemented numerous policy changes to cope with a record - breaking, four - year drought. in this events @ rand podcast, a panel of experts discuss what government agencies can do to better manage water resources, what methods are most effective at encouraging citizens to use water wisely, and how leaders can better plan for future climate crises .
later it was realised that more water was needed for the processing of ore .
the water affairs department’s policy on this is dubbed “fixing pollution with dilution”. when the water becomes too polluted, more water is allowed to flow through the vaal. this is despite south africa being the 30th driest country in the world .
the greater mafikeng / mmabatho area is supplied by the following water sources; setumo dam and the mafikeng water treatment works (grootfontein eye & molopo eye. )
flocculation is the clumping together of the suspended particles, which were destabilised by coagulation, to form heavier visible particles called floc. the floc remains in suspension as the water flows at high velocity through either spiral flocculators or baffled channel conditioning bays. in rand water’s system, orthokinetic flocculation predominates resulting from the fluid motion at higher velocity gradients and larger particle sizes .
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the vaal dam was built in the early thirties and was completed in 1938. the dam was built as a joint project between rand water and the then department of irrigation. at present gauteng gets its water from the vaal dam. the vaal dam has a catchment area covering 38 505 square kilometres and a capacity to hold 2575 million cubic metres of water which, under normal circumstances and without a substantial inflow, will last for 2 years .
all raw water contains suspended particles which need to be removed. the water from the vaal dam contains highly dispersed particles which, because they are colloidal, tend to remain suspended for a long period. this colloidal property, with minute diameters varying from 0 to 100 nanometers, is more significant in this first stage of rand water’s purification than the quantity of suspended matter as, under normal circumstances, it can remain suspended for two or more years .
rand' s wcrc conducts policy research and develops innovative tools to support decisionmakers at all levels of government, as well as diverse stakeholders from the private and philanthropic sectors, as they confront challenges presented by climate change. rand is uniquely suited to bring together cross - disciplinary research teams to identify emerging water and climate resilience challenges, apply state - of - the - art methods to tackle problems from multiple perspectives and address uncertainty that is often ignored, and recommend solutions that are effective and enduring .
of the act ‘was far from the truth’, because it knew that there was no formal servitude over the property, was entirely unjustified. so was his attack on rand water’s bona fides. such findings are never to be made lightly and they should not have been made in this case .
the conclusion that rand water acted lawfully put paid to the claim for removal of the pipelines and also disposed of the cross - appeal. i need only note therefore that i am by no means satisfied that counsel was correct in describing the basis for the claim for removal of the pipes as a
the effect of s 84 (6) is that, if laying the two pipelines, h16 and h29 was lawful when that was done, then it remained lawful after the water services act came into operation, provided that this was something that could be done in terms of the later act. there can be no doubt that rand water still had the power to lay pipelines pursuant to its obligation to supply water services to water services institutions in terms of s 29 of the water services act. while the procedures for exercising that power may now be different, and may require it to expropriate servitutal rights over the affected property in terms of s 81 of the water services act, that does not alter the fact that rand water is entitled to do under the water services act what it was entitled to do in 1971 and 1997 under the act. section 84 (6) serves to preserve the validity of anything done under the repealed legislation that ‘is capable of being done’ under the present legislation. in this case what was done under the act was that two pipelines were laid and that is something that can unquestionably be done under the current statute. the fact that the manner in which it must now be done has changed does not affect the position. provided rand water’s original actions were lawful their validity is preserved by s 84 (6). that is reinforced by s 79 (1) of the water services act, which protects its ownership of the two pipelines .
in 1886 when gold was discovered in the witwatersrand scarcity of water was a problem .
enhanced eutrophication may result due to the water spending a longer time in the dam .
biological and chemical challenges rand water says in its quarterly report released in april this year that the most significant “water quality challenges” are biological (from faecal matter) and chemical (from gold mining and industrial pollutants). it says that the majority of municipalities around the dam are in contravention of the national water act because they are releasing unsafe levels of ammonia and e. coli. the co - operative governance department and municipality did not respond to questions about these contraventions .
south africa has, in general, a limited supply of water and the quality of this water is being threatened by pollution and the destruction of river catchments. water is a vital resource and it is up to all south africans to act responsibly in their daily lives and look after the available water resources to ensure that this limited supply is usable by all life on earth. it is very important that everyone becomes “water wise” .
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when away from the house for an extended period of time during winter, turn off the main water valve to prevent too much water leakage in case the pipes burst. every citizen is a water ambassador
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at the purification station water passes through metal screens to trap large living organisms, sticks, leaves and litter, but allows the rest of the water to pass through it .
the future of south africa lies in our hands. we can make a difference. we just need to understand the water environment and how we humans fit into it. we all need to become “water wise”! but what does it mean to be “water wise” ?
in the high court tsoka j upheld the first claim, on the alternative basis, but dismissed the second claim. he ordered rand water to register a servitude over the property at its own expense on its usual terms and conditions and to pay big cedar r32 804 000 as fair, just and equitable compensation for the servitude. he also ordered that rand water pay the costs of the action on the scale as between attorney and client. the appeal is with his leave. there is a cross - appeal by big cedar against his refusal to order the removal of the pipelines and his rejection of the claim for constitutional damages .
if this is the water situation at present, what of the future? south africa can build more dams and water transfer schemes; desalinate sea water; source water from neighbouring countries, such as the zambezi river in zimbabwe; reusing effluent water; or treating mine wastewater. but all of these solutions are expensive and not affordable for the country. in terms of water quality, south africans can clean up rivers and impose fines on those people / companies that pollute rivers. but these solutions address the symptoms of the problem. we should be addressing the cause of the problem, i. e. our attitude towards water .
as a solid we see water as ice in glaciers, hail, snow and frost .
without an aggressive long - term strategy for replacing service lines, and collaboration among the water authority, public officials, and residents, lead in pittsburgh' s water will persist .
a smart market approach could reduce the transaction costs of trading water in california, allow the price of water to better match its value, and bring that value to the state .
the light blue shaded portion of the graph accompanying this text presents the water balance for the whole crocodile west river catchment for a scenario with high population growth and medium water demand management. this is the balance after supplying water to all users within the crocodile river catchment .
the presence of the pipelines on the property was without the consent or permission of big cedar and interfered with its use and enjoyment of the property. the answer was simply that there was no need for a registered servitude or similar real right because the pipelines had been laid in terms of rand water’s powers under s 24
that fact is important because counsel was unable to give any answer to the question of what would happen to big cedar’s claim if the previous owners had received compensation from rand water when the two pipelines were constructed. it seems inconceivable that so long as no servitude was registered each successive owner would have a claim for compensation. the question illustrates that if there had been any deprivation of property it occurred prior to big cedar becoming owner of the property. it also illustrated the fact that if big cedar had any claim arising from its ignorance of the presence of the pipelines that claim would have lain against the previous owners rather than rand water .
instead, users meet at water forums. the minutes from several of these around the vaal dam point to municipal wastewater treatment plants as the biggest headache when it comes to dirty water .
this report assesses water management, partnerships, rights, and market trends and opportunities, and how army installations can potentially use them to improve programs and investments in water and wastewater systems .
built in the 1930s as a job creation programme during the great depression, the dam’s billion cubic metres of water supply most of gauteng’s drinking water. it is also a catchment for rivers in gauteng, the free state, north west and mpumalanga – to which it supplies irrigation water .
the newsletter contains content dealing with the supply, treatment and measuring of water in southern africa .
the magazine publishes content dealing with the supply, treatment and measuring of water in southern africa .
five provinces across the country have been declared disaster zones. these include limpopo, north west, kwazulu - natal, free state and the northern cape. while gauteng hasn’t been declared a disaster area, the high demand for water is something the provincial authorizes are trying to reduce. the vaal dam system is sitting at a healthy balance at 58. 9% said chairperson of rand water advocate matshidiso hashatse on monday afternoon. she was speaking a briefing after a meeting of the gauteng water and sanitation forum on monday morning in newtown .
the sludge is pumped to rand water’s sludge disposal site at panfontein. here it is dosed with an organic flocculent in gravity thickening plants to aid the separation of the solids from the liquid. the thickened sludge is pumped onto drying beds where it is dried by evaporation and the clear supernatant fluid is drawn off and returned to the purification system .
more recently, water transfer schemes have been built to move water from other catchments to the vaal dam catchment in order to meet the demands of the growing witwatersrand. these schemes include the following :
sometimes people settle in areas where there is not a good source of water nearby. this is the case with the witwatersrand area. at the end of the 19th century, many people came to the witwatersrand in search of gold. as the mining town of johannesburg grew, there wasn’t enough water in the area to meet everybodies needs. attempts by the johannesburg water works company to meet the demand were hampered by the great drought of 1895. frequent complaints concerning water led to the appointment of the water works commission in 1895 to examine ways in which johannesburg could be provided with good quality drinking water .
file: the key outcome of the water and sanitation forum meeting on monday morning was to launch a campaign, which would deal with the complexities affecting gauteng’s water supply. photo: flickr -. next
the construction of vaal dam started during the depression of the early thirties and the dam was completed in 1938 with a wall height of 54. 2m above lowest foundation and a full supply capacity of 994 million m 3. the dam is a concrete gravity structure with an earthfill section on the right flank. it was built as a joint venture by rand water and the department of irrigation (now known as the department of water affairs and forestry) .
the second claim was advanced on the basis that the presence of the pipelines constituted an infringement of big cedar’s fundamental right to property. rand water was entitled either to expropriate the relevant portion of the property or expropriate a servitude in respect thereof, against the payment of compensation, but had failed to do so. big cedar accordingly alleged that its rights had been infringed, and continued to be infringed, as a result of which rand water was unjustifiably enriched and benefited at its expense. on that basis it sought an order for payment of a reasonable rental, alternatively compensation, in an amount of r38 500 per month. in the further alternative it sought payment of that amount by way of constitutional damages .
sewerage plants, the worst polluters, fall under the co - operative governance department. municipalities, such as deneysville, are given funding to build and maintain their works. the water department gives them a licence to do this, on condition that they release clean water back into local water sources. these sources are owned by the department, which acts as the custodian of all the water in the country .
controlling water management in mining: the current global demand for water is at the level of 4 500 billion m³ a year and is expected to rise to 6 900 billion m³ by 2030. [ le ]
i am prepared to accept that the evidence at the trial did not establish rand water’s compliance with this requirement prior to its laying each of the pipelines. however, for the reasons that follow, one procedural and one substantive, i do not think that its assumed failure to comply with this requirement rendered its actions in laying the pipelines unlawful and unauthorised by s 24
the water leaving the purification plant is disinfected with chlorine to kill micro - organisms, bacteria and viruses that may be present in the water. the free available chlorine concentration must be between 0, 8 and 2, 5 mg / l depending on the raw water quality to ensure that all pathogens are killed .
• report leakages immediately • prepare gauteng for rainwater harvesting technology • investigate water purification options • guarantee uninterrupted water supply mamabolo said this campaign was the province’s way of taking proactive steps to avoid the worst - case scenario of running out of water completely. the campaign will be launched on thursday and is called # savewater .
it is true that, shortly after this, counsel went on to say that the first factual issue was whether the board acted lawfully in 1971 and 1997 when it laid these underground pipelines and he said that it had not given the required notice prior to its doing so. he concluded by saying that on its own documents rand water had never really acted in terms of s 24
the slaked lime is then added to the water as the main coagulant to destabilize the electrostatic charges of suspended particles in the water. a small quantity of activated sodium silicate is also added to the raw water to enable the suspended particles to clump together to form larger clusters or flocks which can then be settled out by gravitation .
sedimentation is the oldest known method of water purification and has been employed extensively for thousands of years. the water flows slowly into large sedimentation tanks. the floc then settles to the bottom of the tank to form sludge .
as a fluid we see water as rain, in streams, lakes, dams, wetlands and the sea .
the interactive pardee rand food - energy - water index enables the measurement of the current state of food, water, and energy security and allows for analysis of these topics under future scenarios. it allows those interested in improving development to understand the dominant sources of insecurity in a nation and identify cases where many sources of insecurity are interrelated. for those interested in studying how to improve development trajectories, these data can explain why some nations currently enjoy higher levels of human development and others have lower ones .
to track these plants, water affairs used to release the annual green drop report. the last one said six plants around the vaal dam were releasing “noncompliant” water, in other words, illegal water. but an official in pretoria says: “our hands are tied. this gem [ the vaal dam ] in our water system is being destroyed by municipalities, but what can we do? government departments are not allowed to take each other on. ”
apart from the claim for removal of the pipelines big cedar sought, in the alternative, an order that a servitude be registered over the property in respect of the two pipelines and that rand water pay it r6. 6 million as compensation therefor. as mentioned the court below made an order for the registration of a servitude and in addition ordered that compensation of r32 804 000 be paid therefor .
the use of lime as a coagulant raises the ph of the water to about 10, 5 which is very unstable and conducive to scale forming. after sedimentation, the water flows into carbonation bays where it is stabilised by adding pure carbon dioxide gas to the water. this lowers the ph to between 8, 0 and 8. 4.
rand water previously known as the rand water board is a south african water utility that supplies potable water to the gauteng province and other areas of the country and is the largest water utility in africa . the water is drawn from numerous sources and is purified and supplied to industry , mining and local municipalities and is also involved in sanitation of waste water . 
rand water previously known as the rand water board is a south african water utility that supplies potable water to the gauteng province and other areas of the country and is the largest water utility in africa. the water is drawn from numerous sources and is purified and supplied to industry, mining and local municipalities and is also involved in sanitation of waste water.
rand water previously known as the rand water board is a south african water utility that supplies potable water to the gauteng province and other areas of the country and is the largest water utility in africa. the water is drawn from numerous sources and is purified and supplied to industry, mining and local municipalities and is also involved in sanitation of waste water.