mesopotamia air
flying for nordic leisure, operated by map and painted in mesopotamia colours. what a mix !
when troubled flared again, villages held by rebellious tribes were attacked from the air .
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it may be possible to effect economies during the course of the present year by holding mesopotamia through the agency of the air force rather than by a military force. it has been pointed out that by your air force you have not to hold long lines of communications because the distance would only be one or one - and - a - half hours' flight by aeroplane. it is essential in dealing with mesopotamia to get the military expenditure down as soon as the present critical state of affairs passes away .
( manchester: manchester university press, 1990). omissi often refers to
mesopotamia ,
the older name for the territory that would soon be called iraq .
the policing role of most political moment carried out by the royal air force during the 1920s was to maintain the power of the arab kingdoms in transjordan and iraq; but aeroplanes also helped to dominate other populations under british sway. schemes of air control similar to that practiced in mesopotamia were set up in the palestine mandate in 1922 and in the aden protectorate six yeats later. bombers were active at various times against rioters in egypt, tribesmen on the frontier, pastoralists in the southern sudan and nomads in the somali hinterland. the air force intervened against organized workers in the british class struggle and against the rebels fighting for irish independence. as the treasury imposed strict limits upon military spending, each of the three services fought hard against the others for a larger share of a smaller whole, so the air ministry tried to extend the geographical limits of air policing to gain prestige, influence and funds .
but churchill persisted in his attempts to find cheaper method of holding mesopotamia. by early 1920 the garrison still included 14, 000 british troops, besides indians, and expenditure was then running at about â£18 million a year. driven by this financial imperative, churchill now began to think along more radical military lines. in mid - february he asked [ chief of the air staff hugh ] trenchard whether he would be
prepared to take mesopotamia on
: the bat an increase of five or six million pounds in the air force estimates and appointment of an air officer as commander - in - chief. churchill believed that the country could be cheaply policed by aircraft armed with gas bombs, supported by as few as 4, 000 british and 10, 000 indian troops; and he invited trenchard to submit a scheme along those lines. trenchard obliged, as he wanted to find an independent peacetime role to secure the future of his obliged, as he wanted to find an independent peacetime role to secure the future of his fledging service. the air staff drew up a plan by which mesopotamia would be garrisoned by ten air force squadrons, mainly concentrated at baghdad. regular troops would be used only to guard air bases and perhaps for some limited co - operation with the bombers. as trenchard pointed out, aircraft could strike swiftly into areas barely accessible to ground forces, could distribute propaganda and could obtain early intelligence of hostile masses. churchill outlined his scheme to the house of commons on 22 march .
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the air minister, lord thomson, detailed how one district of
recalcitrant chiefs
was subdued in the liwa region on the euphrates in november 1923 .
one of britain' s mandates was iraq - mesopotamia as it was then. but welding together a new country and subjugating disparate ethnic and religious groups who felt that they had simply swapped one imperial turkish master for another british one proved costly .
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lord thomson went on to spell out why air power was essential in iraq. the language may have changed over the last 90 years, but some of the argument sounds familiar .
if applied robustly and persistently, modern airpower can inflict a debilitating sense of helplessness on adversaries like isis, who lack effective air defences ,
says former major general of the us air force charlie dunlap jr, now a law professor at duke university .
they can become more concerned about hiding from airstrikes in order to simply survive than about wreaking havoc .
mesopotamia is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization by the west. mesopotamia literally means the land between rivers corresponding to the tigris - euphrates river system. today this area consists of most of iraq, kuwait, and parts of syria, and turkey. although not newsworthy at the time, the discovery of oil reserves in south persia (now iran) in 1908 by a british born entrepreneur became a motivating factor for both britain and germany. of course at the time, the british military, specifically their navy, had limited interest as the royal navy' s ships ran on coal. germany had interest, again not specifically for the oil, but as an outlet for their commerce. germany had managed to find an ally in the ottoman empire and the turkish army was led by german advisors. of course by the time wwi initiated, oil had reached a new level of importance leading both the british and the germans to add military resources to mesopotamia. that being said, the conflict in mesopotamia was largely a proxy war between the british empire' s indian forces and germany' s consultants leading the turkish forces .
with british planes once again in the skies over iraq, it sounds like a story from the last few days. but britain first tried to exercise control over iraq from the air in the 1920s .
this book is the expansion of a combination of four articles published by mark lax in the australian society of ww1 aero historians' 14 -' 18 journal between 2005 and 2013. additional text and the majority of photographs were from the ray vann / mike o' connor mesopotamia collection. mike o' connor, ray vann, and colin waugh spent over forty years researching the rfc / rnas activities in mesopotamia. they were able to track down surviving officers and their families to obtain thousands of photographs, copies of logbooks, and copies of diaries. the appendices offer another 36 pages on the aircraft and officers involved .
against this backdrop, mark lax provides a thoroughly interesting history of the air war in mesopotamia, chronologically from beginning to end. air support started with two outdated, but serviceable aircraft and four of australia' s seven qualified pilots. the australian half - flight was born. why half - flight? it was named so because there was only enough personnel for half of a flight (where a flight consisted of four aircraft - a term winston churchill claimed to have invented). the authors provide a very readable style to tell the story, supplemented with first person accounts and many photographs. eventually more aircraft and personnel joined, but the aircraft were usually heavily worn and not suitable for use on the front lines in france. although this story is primarily from the british perspective, mark lax does include the german perspective and includes first person accounts from their side as well. the transition continues from the australian half - flight to the arrival of the rfc and the eventual merger with the rnas to form the raf in april 1918. modern (well more modern than what they had been using) british aircraft were beginning to make their way to mesopotamia which elicited a corresponding response from the germans .
british planes are involved in a third air campaign over iraq in 23 years. but the raf has bombed iraq before - more than 90 years ago - and that controversial strategy has had a huge impact on modern warfare and the middle east .
for harris, what was true of iraq was true of germany. as ajp taylor said of him :
he genuinely believed that the german people could be cowed from the air as he had once cowed the tribesmen of irak (sic) .
but there are some that make the case that any calculation about the use of air power alone must take into account modern technology. collateral damage can be minimised more effectively than ever before, says elizabeth quintana, director of military sciences at the royal united services institute .
the society' s first book ,
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the alternatives to the employment of the air arm in backward countries of poor communications and with a wide scattered population are, first, an occupation by ground forces so complete as to put out of the mind of disaffected elements any hope or temptation to resist government authority. occupation on this scale would involve large numbers of troops and heavy expenditure .
for the raf though, the lessons of iraq were doctrinal, not budgetary. they came to believe that bombing was enough to win a war. as the historian ajp taylor put it :
here was an independent strategy of the air. from this moment, it was accepted that bombs could not only quell tribal revolts, but could win a great war .
it is fair to say that isis has not yet felt the full potential of coalition airpower ,
he continues .
if a fully - resourced and truly determined air campaign takes place, the kind of isis that we will see in the future will likely be one that kurdish, iraqi, and syrian opposition ground forces will have the capacity to effectively confront and dispatch .
the cost of the large mesopotamian garrison was thought excessive by almost all british politicians, but it was much less clear how to limit the occupying forces without loosening the imperial hold over at least part of the country. in august 1919 [ minister of war and air winston ] churchill had warned that the garrison of 25, 000 british and 80, 000 indian troops would have to be drastically cut, and in november 1919 he suggested that british power could be more cheaply maintained if mechanized forces replaced some units of foot. he advised that the infantry garrison be reduced to a small force in a fortified camp near baghdad, with blockhouses at other important points, while mechanized units - on land, on river and in the air - patrolled the rest of the country. this was the first of several similar schemes proposed by churchill over the next two years. [ â€¦ ]
the book is144 pages long, excluding covers. there are no blank pages and no advertising. i counted 451 black and white photographs along with 25 tables. the inside front cover features a 1920 color map of mesopotamia with a detailed inset of baghdad. another 12 black and white maps are included throughout the text. the front cover features a painting by ken farmer ,
aid for kut
featuring short type 827 seaplane, 8044. the upper rear cover features a ken farmer painting ,
tigris morning
, featuring a caudron g. iii and hms firefly. the lower rear cover shows short type 827, 8047, surrounded by shipping in the shatt - al - arab waterway at basra .
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both churchill and trenchard tried to vast the most flattering light upon actions of the royal air force. during the first week of july there were fierce fighting around samawa and rumaitha on the euphrates but, churchill told the cabinet on 7 july ,
our attack was successful... the enemy were bombed and machine - gunned with effect by aeroplanes which cooperated with the troops.'
during the blockade of rumaitha, aircraft attacked rebel positions and dropped ammunition and food to the beleaguered imperial garrison .
before the rebellion the squadrons of the royal air force had already been active in the policing of iraq. lieutenant - general aylmer haldane praised the
admirable work of the raf under extremely arduous conditions
after bombers had been used to suppress unrest in kurdistan in the winter of 1919 - 20 and again the following spring. aircraft also patrolled the british line of communications between baghdad and mosul and took punitive action against the sufran tribe in the diwaniyah area. but the 1920 rebellion convinced several observers that aircraft could not replace ground troops as the main imperial police force in iraq. haldane acknowledged that aeroplanes had proved proved of great value during the revolt for reconnaissance, close support, pursuit, rapid communication and demonstration; but he denied that aircraft alone could force the submission of tribes who were committed to rebellion. [ civil commissiner ] arnold wilson believed that the main cause of the revolt was the perceived military weakness of the imperial forces after the reduction of the garrison :
to kick a man when he is down is the most popular pastime in the east, sanctioned by centuries of precept and practice
. he also suggested however, that the
use of aeroplanes against recalcitrants
had created deep currents of resentment which had surfaced in rebellion. in august 1920 the times ran a leading article which claimed that the revolt had tested the methods of air control and found them wanting; and this before they had even been tried .
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cross & cockade international is a non - profit uk based group known as the first world war aviation historical society that publishes their journal four times a year. they also provide a free newsletter (sign up on their website) and occasionally publish wwi themed books like the lawrence of arabia book i reviewed earlier for ipms usa. this journal is the sister of the us journal, over the front .
there are many good stories included in this book, but one was quite interesting. on may 9, 2lt thomas alfred pitt and lt douglas fairlie lapraik were on patrol in their spad c. viis when they encountered a halberstadt (probably flown by offst edwin klaus). pitt spotted the halberstadt climbing toward them. he swung into a dive and opened fire, but his gun jammed after only 10 - 12 rounds. as he tried to clear the jam, he lost the halberstadt and his wingman lapraik. lapraik quickly realized pitt' s problem and swung into action. lapraik managed to get on the tail of the halberstadt and fired a few shots before the halberstadt went into an immelmann to evade the spad. lapraik was able to dive back onto the halberstadt and fire another burst. the halberstadt dived but lapraik followed with another burst at close range. the halberstadt went into a vertical dive and lost its starboard wing before crashing into the ground .
it' s another great book from cross & cockade and i' m quite impressed with the quality. the writing is top notch, there is no shortage of photographs, and the appendixes can answer your most obtuse questions. i especially appreciated the inclusion of the first person accounts included from diaries or combat reports. if you are into wwi era aviation; this book is an incredible source of information that will have you on the edge of your seat. my thanks to cross & cockade international and ipms / usa for the chance to review this great book .
cross and cockade international: the first world war aviation historical society. registered uk charity number 1117741 .
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an armed rebellion in iraq. debate at westminster on how to counter the insurgency. the deployment of raf bombers to defeat the uprising .
the end of world war one left britain and france in command of the middle east - as the defeated ottoman empire fell apart. the allies then carved up the region with a series of
mandates
.
it gave them control of new countries, with the notion of independence postponed until the peoples of the region were considered ready to rule themselves .
an uprising in iraq in may 1920 united sunni and shia briefly against the british. it was put down, but required the deployment of more than 100, 000 british and indian troops. thousands of arabs were killed. hundreds of british and indian soldiers died. the military campaign cost britain tens of millions of pounds - money it could not afford after the great war .
a new way of controlling iraq was needed, and the man who needed it most was winston churchill. as war secretary in lloyd george' s coalition government, churchill had to square huge military budget cuts with british determination to maintain a grip on its mandate in iraq .
the result became known as
aerial policing
. it was a policy churchill had first mused on in the house of commons in march 1920, before the iraqi uprising had even begun .
the defeat of the iraqi uprising was credited in part to the deployment of raf bombers. the embryonic raf - attempting to carve out a permanent role for itself and avoid being consumed by the other armed services - took on command of all future military operations in iraq .
he wrote :
as they refused to come in, bombing was then authorised and took place over a period of two days. the surrender of many of the headmen of the offending tribes followed .
as far as the british government was concerned, the strategy was a pragmatic success. iraq was subdued by a handful of raf squadrons and a small force of troops. the raf maintained its military control over iraq until world war two, even after iraqi independence in 1932 .
the
great war
the raf became convinced it could win by strategic bombing duly arrived in 1939. the lessons of iraq were to be applied to germany .
one of the raf squadron leaders in iraq was arthur harris - who in 1942 assumed the leadership of raf bomber command. several of his senior officers in bomber command had served in the same squadron .
the destruction of hamburg, dresden and scores of other german cities and towns followed. around 600, 000 germans, mostly civilians, perished. but although the crews of bomber command fought with great gallantry - more than 55, 000 crewmen were killed and 19 victoria crosses won - the raf' s strategic bombing campaign alone could not force germany' s surrender. the allied armies were required to destroy hitler' s war machine .
for some modern historians the answer is an unequivocal yes. they see the us strategy in the middle east, afghanistan and pakistan as the direct descendant of that original british campaign .
prof priya satia, associate professor of modern british history at stanford university in california, has written extensively about the history of aerial campaigns in the region .
aerial strategy was developed by the british in the middle east between world war one and world war two. a bit of what the americans do now is borrowed from that experience ,
she says .
this reflexive recourse to an aerial strategy still in the middle east is not a coincidence. it comes out of this long history that this part of the world can take it .
satia argues that it was cultural and geographical stereotyping as much as the issue of cost that persuaded britain that using bombers in iraq in the 1920s was justified .
they were used in iraq because there were certain ideas about iraq. it was perceived as all tribal, all desert, all bedouin, and that such people and such terrain could take violence that others could not. the assumptions about the people who lived there made it permissible to use planes there .
she sees the strongest link in the deployment of drones - used by the us in yemen, pakistan and afghanistan but also now in recent us strikes in syria and iraq against islamic state .
the bombing of iraq in the 1920s is very similar to what the us drones have done in yemen and afpak. it' s aerial policing .
the uk operates dual - mode brimstone [ missiles ] which are by far the lowest collateral weapon system in the world and used in the battle for misrata in libya ,
she says. british forces were able to target pro - gaddafi forces on one street and leave civilians unhurt on a parallel one, she adds .
when you are operating in an area with enemy forces embedded within the local population ,
says quintana ,
then having a system that can be very precise is obviously advantageous .
satia is dismissive of the argument that today' s aerial attacks are different because they are precise .
there' s always collateral damage, no matter how precise it is. reports show that the designation' militant' has been used much too freely. secrecy surrounding strikes fuels suspicions of high casualties. the strategy creates anger and new recruits .
yet there have been many who have backed drone strikes for the damage done to al - qaeda' s leadership. and strikes against is seem a sensible option to many .
britain' s aerial policing may have long faded from memories in the uk - partly, argues satia, because of censorship at the time and
myth - making
about it .
what happened in the 1920s does still come up a lot. shia mullahs will say' this is just like 1920 again' .
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the foreign secretary quits, telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
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advantages of renting a car with us are manifold. as a foreigner in india you will have an amicable and informative local driver who will be able to navigate through the terrain with ease. even if you are an indian you can sit back and enjoy a scintillating conversation instead of having to focus on the traffic .
we provide car rental services that are cost - effective and time saving. we will take into account your needs and the number of people you may be travelling with and if you so desire, provide you with a car accordingly .
little wonder that there are some special cars for couples and honeymooners. we have selected cars of different colours and sizes for you to match your needs. there are cars that will truly make you feel romantic. there are pink and rose red cars that you are sure to appreciate .
our speedy car rental services are sure to please you, just place the order and we will have a car ready and raring to go in no time. discounts and freebies always add that extra bit of spice to your holiday and it’s something we have kept in mind, travelling with us is going to be full of pleasant surprises.
mesopotamia air or mesopotamia airlines was a short-lived airline based in sulaimaniyah , iraq , operating scheduled flights from sulaimaniyah international airport to amsterdam , frankfurt and london via vienna . the official general sales agent ( gsa ) in germany was the company al-iraqia air travel gmbh ( horus air travel & cargo gmbh ) located in frankfurt/main . 
mesopotamia air or mesopotamia airlines was a short-lived airline based in sulaimaniyah, iraq, operating scheduled flights from sulaimaniyah international airport to amsterdam, frankfurt and london via vienna. the official general sales agent (gsa) in germany was the company al-iraqia air travel gmbh (horus air travel & cargo gmbh) located in frankfurt/main.
mesopotamia air or mesopotamia airlines was a short-lived airline based in sulaimaniyah, iraq, operating scheduled flights from sulaimaniyah international airport to amsterdam, frankfurt and london via vienna. the official general sales agent (gsa) in germany was the company al-iraqia air travel gmbh (horus air travel & cargo gmbh) located in frankfurt/main.