intercropping
( read more about other intercropping methods in my blog “ intercropping: why some farmers try something different ” here. [ 2 ] )
if you’d like to read more about intercropping, the university of manitoba has some research on the success of the pea - canola intercropping combination here .
mean number of insect pests per plant ± sd in castor based intercropping systems .
impact of intercropping on gross margin from castor. high quality figures are available online .
rating by farmers of different castor–based intercropping systems. high quality figures are available online .
1. mixed intercropping: growing two or more crops simultaneously with no district row arrangement .
vandermeer j (1989) the ecology of intercropping. cambridge university press, cambridge, uk
i started reading discussions on intercropping through the combine forum, and began researching a farmer from midale saskatchewan named colin rosengren who has been intercropping in saskatchewan successfully since 2004 [ 3 ] .
—. 1979b. intercropping—its importance and research needs. part ii. agronomy and research approaches .
srinivasa rao m, dharma reddy k, singh tvk. impact of intercropping on the incidence of
mean occurrence of microplitis on achaea janata across various intercropping systems. high quality figures are available online .
row intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field with a row arrangement .
the use of intercropping systems provides an option for insect control for organic farmers that are limited in their chemical use. additionally, intercropping systems can be attractive to conventional growers as a cost - effective insect control solution .
2. row intercropping: growing two or more crops simultaneously where one or more crops are planted in rows .
intercropping is the practice of planting crops in between row crops to maximize land use, and also to offer competition to weeds that might otherwise usurp excess water and nutrients. intercropping using a cover crop mixture of legumes and grasses can increase soil organic matter, fumigate the soil, or break weed cycles and suppress weed growth. in addition, intercropping disrupts pest presence on the farm. intercropping is a valuable practice for small - scale organic producers .
intercropping is growing two or more crops together at the same time in the same space in a beneficial manner. row intercropping is working this arrangement with at least one of the components being planted in rows. strip intercropping is a more industrialized version with rows of individual crops big enough to be harvested with machinery. mixed intercropping is more like what we imagine as a guild, in which plants are bunched together more naturally but in purposeful ways. relay intercropping is when the plants being intercropped are timed so that they are planted as the others are between flowering and harvesting .
willey, r. w. 1979a. intercropping—its importance and research needs. part i. competition and yield advantages .
impact of intercropping on castor equivalent yields and land equivalent ration (ler). high quality figures are available online .
1. rhs level 2 certificate week 19 – outdoor food production. vegetables – crop rotation, intercropping and successional cropping
intercropping is the planting of more than one crop in close proximity as part of the same farming system. the design of intercropping systems can vary dramatically depending on the purpose of the intercrop for the farming operation. intercropping produces the benefits of on - farm diversity, increased productivity, resource distribution balance, farm risk reduction, and weed and insect pest control .
awesome information on intercropping. i did’t know the push - pull cropping was created in africa. thanks for this post !
4. relay intercropping: seeding planting two or more succeeding crops after flowering and before the harvest of the standing crop .
effects of intercropping grasses on soil organic carbon and microbial community functional diversity under chinese hickory (carya cathayensis sarg .) stands
effect of intercropping pattern on stem borer infestation in pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum l .) grown in the nigerian sudan savannah
) compared to a castor monocrop. the intercropping systems were observed with respect to land utilization; land equivalent ratios are presented in
some farmers like sheldon okerstrom like a challenge, and with intercropping a challenge is what he gets. i had the chance to sit down with sheldon for an interview, and for the past 6 years he has been experimenting with intercropping on his and his wife joanne’s family farm in moose jaw, saskatchewan. intercropping is growing two or more crop types on one field. and while there are a few different intercropping methods farmers can use, the okerstroms practice a mixed intercropping method with peas and canola. mixed intercropping is where two or more crop types are seeded together and harvested together. the okerstroms joked, “sometimes people drive by our farm and think we either made a mistake or we just have a really rough looking crop this year, most people don’t realize we meant to do this” [ 1 ] .
intercropping is the practice of growing different crops in the same field. there are many spatial combinations possible for intercropping, including mixed intercropping, in which different crops are planted in the same row or without regard to row, and row intercropping, which involves planting different crops in alternating rows. crop rotation involves planting different crops on the same plot during different times of the year, and can include some of the benefits of intercropping, such as reducing insect pest populations, increasing beneficial insects, and weed suppression. in addition, non - crop plants such as weeds, cover crops, and habitat plantings can be combined in space and time to influence numbers of pest and beneficial arthropods on the main crop .
songa jm, jiang n, schulthess f, omwega c. the role of intercropping different cereal species in controlling lepidopteran stemborers on maize in kenya .
risch, s. j. (1983) intercropping as cultural pest control. prospects and limitations. environmental management, 7, 9 - 14. urltoken
were also fluctuated significantly and varied across different intercropping systems during the crop period. significant reduction of incidence of these pests was not observed over monocrop of castor (
* uses and limitations of multivariate analyses in analysis of intercropping experiments * (federer, w. t. ; murty, b. r .) 20 pages
thevathesan nv, gordon am (2004) ecology of tree intercropping systems in the north temperate region: experiences from southern ontario, canada. agrofor syst 61: 257–268
subba reddy g, maruthi v, vanaja m, sree rekha m. influence of soil depth on productivity of rainfed castor and clusterbean in sole and intercropping systems .
intercropping systems for insect pest control includes the planting of a crop that has a repellent effect, an attractant effect, or a combination of the two, on a targeted insect in close proximity to a crop that has the potential to be attacked by the insect. here’s an overview of the three mechanisms of intercropping for insect pest control :
was uni— modal, with peak infestation noticed only once when it coincided with the formation of primaries and the incidence varied across the intercropping systems. the intercropping systems castor + cluster bean, castor + cowpea, castor + groundnut, and castor + pigeon pea recorded significantly lower population levels (0. 58 to 0. 89 per plant) (
this is much the same as building a guild, though row, strip, and relay intercropping are often also used for large quantity grain, vegetables and legume crops, which don’t necessarily conveniently fit into a food forest. for those interested in introducing or reimagining intercropping within their own gardens, here are some things to consider as you get started .
risch, s. j. 1980. the population dynamics of several herbivorous beetles in a tropical agroecosystem: the effect of intercropping corn, beans and squash in costa rica .
note: intercropping and crop rotation are not the same thing, as intercropping requires that different types of plants are grown in the same space at the same time while crop rotation is the concept of growing different types of plants in the same space at different times. in crop rotation, the plants don’t necessarily need to be good companions in the same way .
risch, s. j. (1983) intercropping as cultural pest control. prospects and limitations. environmental management, 7, 9 - 14. - references - scientific research publishing
intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. it also means the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development. the rationale behind intercropping is that the different crops planted are unlikely to share the same insect pests and diseased - causing pathogens and to conserve the soil .
3. strip intercropping: growing soil conserving and soil depleting crops in alternate strips running perpendicular to the slope of the land or to the direction of prevailing winds for the purpose of reducing errosion .
cocoons at the posterior end of larvae and adult emergence were recorded and noted as indicators of parasitism. the percent parasitism varied across intercropping systems between 5–11% . a higher level of parasitoid attacks on
intercropping is defined simply as growing two or more crop types on one field. the practice of intercropping has actually been around since farming began. modernization of farming equipment has changed our farming practices into what they are today, which is largely mono - cropping. mono - cropping is planting only one crop on a field that was adapted with the intention of maximizing the amount of seeds you could plant on one field and in a shorter period of time. looking back on it today, it seems our ancestors were on to something, as there still a lot of value held in the practice of intercropping .
gemelle brion is a masters student in the uvm food systems graduate program. she is studying intercropping systems with a focus on insect pest control in uvm’s insect agroecology lab under the guidance of professor yolanda chen .
population was observed in castor + green gram, castor + black gram, and castor monocrop (1. 12 to 1. 29 per plant). the significant effect of these intercropping systems on the population of
while you won’t reach a 40 bushel crop of canola with intercropping due to competition, it’s like getting a free crop because we utilize more of the seed bed. you have to give something up to get something .
in order to have an appropriate discussion, however, we’ll need to define and separate a few ideas so that all readers are on the same page. for those of us who’ve studied permaculture, the point of intercropping will be fairly obvious, if not completely familiar and / or recognized under a different name. nevertheless, we will ultimately examine why we might want to try it, as well as some of the more commonplace considerations for intercropping .
ha smith, and r mcsorley, intercropping and pest management: a review of major concepts: american entomologist [ am. entomol. ]. vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 154 - 161. 2000 .
). the activity of coccinellids was recorded within a month after sowing and continued through the entire crop growth, and during the later lower levels of coccinellid populations. the peak activity of coccinellids was recorded during the formation of primaries in all intercropping systems. the coccinellid population varied significantly across intercropping systems throughout the crop growth period. systems like castor + cluster bean, castor + cowpea, castor + black gram, castor + green gram, and castor + groundnut had significantly higher populations of coccinellids than the other intercropping systems, that was reflected in mean number (0. 38 to 0. 48 per plant) compared to the castor monocrop (0. 13 per plant) (
< 0. 01). the fluctuation of the spider population was significant among intercropping systems, and the spider activity was significantly higher in castor + cluster bean (0. 41 per plant). the presence of parasitoids such as
host range and host - finding are two aspects of insect behavior that determine how an insect will react to a given crop mixture. the “resource concentration” hypothesis of intercropping and pest management states that it is easier for an herbivore to become abundant when the resources it needs to live and reproduce are concentrated in a monoculture than when these resources are diluted with non - host plants. this explanation for how intercropping can reduce pest densities implicates pests with a narrower rather than a broader host range .
beyond not using the same family, there are some other considerations. with mixed intercropping, it’s imperative to consider root structures, such that plants don’t crowd each other out beneath the surface, as well as above groundsizes, which could interfere with the specific sun requirements of other plants. or, considering strip intercropping, it would be very important to practice sound crop rotation within the rows in order to avoid dormant pests and diseases in the next crop, as well as—again—specific nutrient depletion in soil .
patt, j. m. , g. c. hamilton, and j. h. lashomb. 1997. impact of strip - insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the colorado potato beetle. advances in horticultural science 11: 175–181 .
... in france, sweden, and canada, the weeds in oilseed rape are tackled by intercropping frost - sensitive legume as living mulch (bergkvist, 2003; thériault et al. , 2009; cadoux et al. , 2015; lorin et al. , 2015). the advantage of intercropping annual legumes with cabbage and cauliflower in turkey (guvenc, 2005, 2006) and broccoli in the usa (coolman and hoyt, 1993) over sole crops, were demonstrated in vegetable production. in india, intercropping mustard and annual legumes for oil and food, increases yield stability, nutrient availability, and water use efficiency and provides monetary advantage over sole crops (banik et al. , 2000; singh et al. , 2010; devi et al. , 2014)... .
these are the basic four methods commonly employed. sometimes they involve annual grains and vegetables, such as the mixed intercropping classic of corn, beans and squash. sometimes there are perennial species with annual crops grown amongst them, say perennial garlic and basil with annual tomatoes. perennials also work well with other perennials. in parts of the tropics, bananas, papayas, coffee, vanilla and cacao make a crackerjack intercropping team. sometimes these work in organized rows, other times in other patterns, but the main thought is to make thoughtful combinations .
however, what it isn’t—at least not if done well—is a careless congregation of different plants. some things just don’t belong together. for example, tomatoes, eggplants and potatoes are all from the nightshade family, so they don’t work well for intercropping. for one, they use similar nutrients. as well, they attract similar pests and are susceptible to similar diseases. intercropping with things from the same family is asking for nutrient depletion while promoting troublesome insects and illnesses through a lesser version of, though not far off from, mono - cropping .
advantages: 1. intercropping gives higher income per unit area than sole cropping. 2. it acts as an insurance against failure of crop in abnormal year. 3. intercrops maintain soil fertility as the nutrient uptake is made from both layers. 4. reduce soil runoff. limitations: intercropping system is uneconomical and undesirable during rabi. crops to be considered for intercropping. a) kharif crops: 1. medium black soils: a) pearl millet + red gram 2: 1 b) pearl millet + horse gram / kidney bean / cow pea inter row of pearl millet. 3. soils up to 20 cm depth a) pearl millet + red gram (30 - 60 - 30 cm) b) rabi crops: safflower + gram (2: 1) d) fodder for milch animals: sorghum bajara + cowpea or horse gram or kidney bean .
... these similarities may result from the use of polyculture systems or intercropping in the sampled agricultural land plots. intercropping to some extent resembles forested systems where species, through complementary traits, have a complementary resource use, leading to an overall higher productivity (coolman and hoyt 1993, denevan et al. 1995). for example, polyculture systems may combine perennial species with less acquisitive traits (pineapple or cassava) and seasonal and fast - growing species with more acquisitive traits (rice, maize, and peanuts; e. g. , ewel 1999)... .
... these similarities may result from the use of polyculture systems or intercropping in the sampled agricultural land plots. intercropping to some extent resembles forested systems where species, through complementary traits, have a complementary resource use, leading to an overall higher productivity (coolman and hoyt 1993, denevan et al. 1995). for example, polyculture systems may combine perennial species with less acquisitive traits (pineapple or cassava) and seasonal and fast - growing species with more acquisitive traits (rice, maize, and peanuts; e. g. , ewel 1999)... .
smith, h. a. , r. mcsorley, and j. a. sierra izaguirre. 2001. the effect of intercropping common bean with poor hosts and nonhosts on numbers of immature whiteflies (homoptera: aleyrodidae) in the salamá valley, guatemala. environmental entomology 30: 89–100 .
... the need for healthy vegetables and fruits and the increasing demand helped flourish this type of agrarian system. recent studies showed that intercropping celery with different vegetables plants and nonvegetables, besides decreasing pest attacks, increases the nutrient uptake of the vegetables in this system by forcing them to maximize their biological fixing capabilities (coolman and hoyt, 1993). consumed worldwide celery is found in many family vegetable gardens due to its taste and flavor, for the important role that this specie has in the relationship between compoments of intercropping systems (bavec et al, 2010)... .
ler: it is observed that under the rainfall situation deviating from 2090 to 50 percent, the intercropping system of bajara + red gram is more stable as cowpea to the pure crops tried. on an average, the land equivalent ratio (ler) comes to 77 percent compared to pure crop .
... these similaries may result from the use of mulple cropping systems or intercropping (growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field) in the sampled agricultural land plots. intercropping to some extent resembles nat - ural systems where resource use is comple - mentary rather than compeve (coolman and hoyt 1993, denevan et al. 1995). for example, solar radiaon can be more fully used by differenaon in maximum photo - synthesis rate, different pathways of carbon fixaon or by manipulang leaf area and leaf density through combining maximum adult stature, shade tolerance of leaf angle (ewel 1986)... .
... finally, the cc and cp can be cultivated by relay intercropping. this method involves the sowing of the cp under a well - established cc canopy before maturity (coolman and hoyt, 1993). the cp emerges within the cc, and grows slowly due to its limited access to light... .
depending of the crops intercropped, competition for water, light and nutrients may result in lower yields. one limitation with intercropping is that it is not often compatible in farming systems where there is a high degree of mechanization or when the component crops have different requirements for inputs. intercropping often calls for careful timing of field operations, and it may necessitate special interventions to keep competition between the intercropped species in balance. a crop mix that works well in one year may fail the next if weather favors one crop over another. a mixture of crops with different growth forms or timing of development may make cultivation and use of inputs more difficult and less effective .
1. intercropping gives additional yield income / unit area than sole cropping. 2. it acts as an insurance against failure of crops in abnormal year. 3. inter - crops maintain the soil fertility as the nutrient uptake is made from both layers of soil. 4. reduction in soil runoff and controls weeds. 5. intercrops provide shade and support to the other crop. 6. inter cropping system utilizes resources efficiently and their productivity is increased (reddy and redid, 1992). 7. intercropping with cash crops is higher profitable. 8. it helps to avoid inter - crop competition and thus a higher number of crop plants are grown per unit area .
7. intercropping and other intensive cropping approaches < ul > < li > intercropping – growing rows or plants of a quickly maturing vegetable between those of a slow growing one. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > catch cropping – growing a quickly maturing crop on soil left vacant by a harvested crop or set aside to be planted later. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > mixed cropping – growing several vegetables together that benefit each other and are harvested at the same time (e. g. ’the three sisters’: sweet corn, beans and squash). < / li > < / ul >
i’m interested in farming practices that use the ecology of the farm to correct resource and pest imbalances. intercropping is a prime example of such a practice. practices that rely on on - farm ecology can reduce pesticide use, allow farmers to better understand the interplay of organisms on their farm, and are often more cost effective to the farmer .
< 0. 05) altered capsule damage, and were less with cluster bean (9. 89 %), black gram, green gram, cowpea, and groundnut (10. 35 to 13. 38 %), and were significantly superior over the rest of the intercropping systems and castor monocrop (20. 84 %). the population of
get into permaculture and within no time an entire field of jargon is sprouting up around you, and while it can be exciting to have all these new ideas to ponder and play with, it can also be a bit intimidating…bewildering…intense. well, at some point or another we’ve all felt that way, but even so, it’s time to talk about one of those mysterious terms: intercropping .
focus group discussions were held with farmers before commencement of the on—farm experiments. the discussions revealed a number of important pieces of information: farmers were routinely practicing castor monocropping; few farmers were aware of the advantages of intercropping in terms of lowering of pest infestation; adoption of chemical insecticides was the common solution for controlling insect pests; and although some farmers were aware of the various components of ipm, implementation was not significant .
9. crop rotation – benefits and limitations inflexible – intercropping, catch cropping or mixed cropping do not fit well planning the rotation also enables planning succession personal taste is vital on a small scale – the grower might like brassicas but not carrots. one crop can benefit the next in the rotation – nitrogen fixing legumes; potatoes suppress weeds most pests and diseases are mobile or have long persistence minimises plant problems – pests, diseases and deficiencies limitations benefits
associational resistance refers to the reduced herbivore attack that a plant experiences when they are associated with taxonomically different plants (kaitaniemi et al. 2007), and it may be true for the intercropping systems. associational resistance is due to either resource concentration, the natural enemy hypothesis, or both. favorable intercrops like cowpea and cluster bean recorded higher populations of predators and facilitated in—situ culturing of them. the castor + sorghum intercropping system had lower pest populations. although it is not a legume, sorghum as an intercrop reduced the pest incidence in castor. because of its faster growth and canopy formation, the sorghum crop suppressed growth of the castor plants and made them small and lean. plants suppressed in this way may become less attractive to a pest or provide a less suitable food source; alternatively, the smaller suppressed plants may constitute a less efficient crop for passively dispersing pests (trenbath 1993) .
crop combining can be a stand - alone approach to pest management, or it can be combined with other pest management strategies, including chemical and biological control and the use of resistant plant varieties. the successful use of intercropping to manage pests depends on a thorough understanding of how distinct crop characteristics and combinations will influence the behavior of pest and beneficial arthropods. in addition, the challenges of combining crops in a manner that minimizes competition and assures acceptable yields must be addressed .
repellant intercrops: an intercrop that has a repellent effect can also be used for insect pest control. this often requires more rows of the intercrop to be planted than in a trap crop system. in this system, the repellent intercrop masks the production crop from the insect pest, deterring the insect from its host crop. whether the repellency is due to chemicals emitted by the plant or due to the physical structure of the intercrop is unknown. an example of repellant intercrops can be seen in a recent study that showed that intercropping leeks with beans (host plant) had a repellent effect on the bean fly .
... these results are also in agreement with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (bongers et al. 2009), which states that at an intermediate level of disturbance species richness and hence, functional diversity, is higher, because of the coexistence of early - successional acquisitive species with late - successional conservative ones (see also lasky et al. 2014). the large trait variation in agricultural land can be attributed to intercropping systems (coolman and hoyt 1993). slash - and - burn management techniques can maintain a number of species and functional diversity (altieri 2004, chazdon et al. 2009)... .
... these results are also in agreement with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (bongers et al. 2009), which states that at an intermediate level of disturbance species richness and hence, funconal diversity, is higher, because of the coexistence of early successional acquisive species with late - successional conservave ones. the large trait variaon in agricultural land can be abributed to the intercropping systems, in which more than one species of crop are culvated with different strategies of resource acquision (coolman and hoyt 1993). slash - and - burn techniques thus main - tain species and funconal diversity (aleri 2004)... .
push - pull cropping: a combination of repellent and attractant crops can be used in an intercropping system for insect pest control. this type of system was developed in africa and is called a push - pull system. the attractant crop draws the insect in (acts as the “pull”) and the repellent crop deters the insect (acts as the “push”). the push - pull system that was developed in africa protects corn from stem boring moth larvae by planting a grass that is more attractive to the moths, napier grass, as a border and planting a repellent crop, desmodium (a legume), in between the rows of corn .
similar focus group discussions were held again at the end of the project with the same set of farmers as before. farmers were asked to rate each intercropping system on a scale of 1 to 10 with respect to three parameters, pest incidence, yield, and cost of cultivation. farmers expressed that the diverse crop systems in fact experienced lower pest infestation than the monocultures. the obtained average indicated that the castor + cluster bean system fared better with a score of 2. 1 ± 0. 72 for pest incidence, 7. 3 ± 0. 86 for yield, and 6. 05 ± 1. 69 for cost and was considered superior to all other systems (
11. learning outcomes < ul > < li > 1. cultivation techniques (2) < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1. 1 describe the methods used to advance and extend the productive season of outdoor food crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1. 2 identify a range of propagation methods used in the production of a range of outdoor food crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. crop rotation etc < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 1 state the benefits and limitations of using crop rotation. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 2 describe how crop rotation can be used in the vegetable garden. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 3 describe two methods by which successional cropping can be achieved in the production of a range of vegetable crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 4 define the term: ‘intercropping’. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 5 explain how intercropping can be used to maximise production. < / li > < / ul >
2. learning outcomes < ul > < li > a. identify three active revision techniques < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1. cultivation techniques (2) < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1. 1 describe the methods used to advance and extend the productive season of outdoor food crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 1. 2 identify a range of propagation methods used in the production of a range of outdoor food crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. crop rotation etc < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 1 state the benefits and limitations of using crop rotation. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 2 describe how crop rotation can be used in the vegetable garden. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 3 describe two methods by which successional cropping can be achieved in the production of a range of vegetable crops. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 4 define the term: ‘intercropping’. < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2. 5 explain how intercropping can be used to maximise production. < / li > < / ul >
the rationale for the selection of intercrops to quantify the impact of intercrops on pest incidence is as follows. black gram and green gram are short—duration legumes grown by farmers. cowpea is a short—duration pulse crop also considered as an eco—feast crop, which attracts aphids, thus increasing occurrence of coccinellids (surulivelu 2004) and encouraging multiplication of coccinellids and other predators. pigeon pea is a long— duration crop grown by farmers along with castor. cluster bean is considered a relatively insect pest—free crop and was found to record higher ler (land equivalent ratio) values when intercropped with castor (subba reddy et al. 2004). groundnut and sunflower are grown as intercrops in pigeon pea and castor by some farmers. sorghum is the major food cereal crop grown in dryland conditions. intercropping systems that have been found to be effective along with some other systems, both popular and / or suggested by the farmers were included .
living mulches are minor crops that are planted within a major crop and can be considered as a type of intercropping. living mulches may be planted on adjacent rows of the main crop, within the same row as the main crop and within close proximity of the main crop. non crop plants are typically used as living mulches in vegetable systems including buckwheat and white clover, trifolium repens l. some benefits of using living mulches include reduced pest populations, increased densities of beneficial insects, and improvement in soil texture and structure because of the organic matter added to the soil (frank and liburd 2005, nyoike and liburd 2010). nyoike and liburd (2010) reported higher populations of beneficial insects when buckwheat was intercropped with squash as opposed to using uv - reflective mulch in squash plantings. similarly, frank and liburd (2005) found lower pest pressure and higher beneficial insect populations in treatments containing buckwheat and squash compared with other conventional systems of growing squash in the absence of a living mulch (fig. 6) .
trap cropping: a system that uses an attractant crop planted close to the production crop is called trap cropping. the plant that is used as an intercrop (trap crop) is more attractive than the production crop to the insect, so the insect is drawn to the trap crop. in conventional systems, insecticides can be applied to the trap crop alone, reducing the need for pesticide use on all acres. in organic systems, an organic materials review institute (omri) approved insecticide could be used on the trap crop, or a mechanical means of insect control can be used, such as using a tractor - mounted vacuum over the trap crop. a good example of a successful trap cropping system that uses field vacuums is found in the control of lygus bugs on strawberries in california .
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natural forests are multilayer structures built over many years, with tall - and medium - size trees, shrubs, climbing vines and leafy undergrowth. in a natural forest, plants share water and sunlight and provide shade and soil protection .
the multilayer structure of the natural forest can be imitated in the home garden. such a home garden requires careful planning and time, but once established, it provides many benefits .
a multilayer cropping system mixes fast - growing plants with slow - growing plants, and early - maturing plants with late - maturing plants, using the basic multiple cropping principle described in home garden technology leaflet 12 ,
multiple cropping
. figures 1 and 2 provide some ideas for designing parts of a home garden using a system of mixed planting .
table 1 provides examples of trees and other crops that can make up the different layers in a home garden. if the suggested crops are not suitable for a given area, the local agricultural extension worker can advise home garden managers on the crops best suited to that area .
a multilayer plant community is a perfect and cheap support system. yam or runner bean or certain varieties of cowpea can be grown together with maize or sorghum. in this scenario, the cereal stalks provide support to the climbing plants. trees can be planted in the home garden to provide natural trellises .
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mixed or multiple cropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field without a row arrangement .
relay cropping is the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development .
strip cropping is the cultivation of different crops in alternate strips of uniform width and on the same field. it has two types; contour strip cropping and field strip cropping. contour strip cropping follows a layout of a definite rotational sequence and the tillage is held closely to the exact contour of the field. field strip cropping has strips with uniform width that follows across the general slope of the land .
reduces the insect / mite pest populations because of the diversity of the crops grown. when other crops are present in the field, the insect / mite pests are confused and they need more time to look for their favorite plants .
reduces the plant diseases. the distance between plants of the same species is increased because other crops (belonging to a different family group) are planted in between .
minimizes labor cost on the control of weeds. a mixture of various crops gives often a better coverage of the soil leaving less space for the development of weeds .
results in potential increase for total production and farm profitability than when the same crops are grown separately .
provides 2 or more different food crops for the farm family in one cropping season .
mettot, b. the inter planting of vegetables. back home woods magazine. urltoken
boller, e. ; hani, f. ; poehling. editors. (2004): ecological infrastructures. : ideabook on functional biodiversity at the farm level. iobc, oilb, mattenbach ag. winterthur, switzerland .
daxl, r. ; von kayserlingk, n. ; klien - koch, c. ; link, r. ; waibel, h. (1994): integrated pest management: guidelines. deutsche gesellschaft fur technische zusammenarbeit. eschborn ,
icipe. (2003): 2000 - 2003 icipe scientific report. international center for insect physiology and entomology, nairobi, kenya .
in essence, these are all forms of companion planting, in which one plant provides some useful component for another. the technique can be small in scale, something seen in a home garden, but strip cropping is also becoming more common for progressive industrial models .
there are many reasons for why we would want to intercrop. it can help suppress weeds, especially if we time - sequence our planting such that a cultivated choice is always occupying the space. it can help us combat pests and diseases, especially those which are soil - borne and can transfer from one year to the next. it improves the soil structure, alternating root types and adding different forms of organic matter to the surface, all of which helps to create rich, crumbly earth. it also keeps fertility levels balanced by using different plants with different needs, as well as some with valuable soil inputs, such as with the ever - popular nitrogen - fixing legumes .
we intercrop because to do differently—seemingly so—is completely counterintuitive to what serious and sustainable food cultivators would want to do. the modern - day monoculture standard is one completely reliant on petroleum, agrochemicals, endless water supplies, and land expansion. it leaves a wasteland in its wake .
consider how the group of plants might affect each other’s sunlight. shade isn’t always a bad thing, but it might be for the wrong plant .
time - sequencing can be very useful, and combining plants with different growth rates means they won’t be interfering with the other at the most crucial points of development .
legumes, accumulators, and green manures are great plants to include as they help to continually revitalize soils .
include species, such as culinary herbs, that help repel insects. some plants, like onions and carrots, have very specific companions for this .
a complementary sharing of plant resources, such as nitrogen from n fixing plants .
where two or more crop types are mixed together, seeded together, and harvested together .
sometimes termed “fast crop / slow crop”, relay cropping is planting a second crop type into an existing standing crop once it’s reached the reproductive stage .
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first, we had to make sure we have enough tanks for two different seeds and our fertilizer inputs. we would prefer to have four tanks but we make it work with three. next, you have to make sure you have an opener that can triple shoot and place the dual crop and fertilizer. when it comes time to harvest, we harvest the peas and canola together and then separate it in a rotary screen. then, ideally we store the canola and peas separately due to the difference in moisture content between the two (peas are 15 - 16% moisture while canola is about 10 %) to prevent any spoilage. the crop can then be stored in bags or in bins .
fertilizer rates – how much fertilizer do we apply to feed both crops, especially predicting how much to offset the n application due to the peas supplying the canola with n. i usually start with 30lbs of n and then let the peas nodulate and supply the remaining n the canola needs .
finding chemicals compatible with multiple crops can be difficult. there are plenty of chemicals for just peas or canola on their own, but far less when you need to apply an application to both. this can make a weed resistance issue a lot more complicated and can cause you to be forced to use a chemical that may be registered for one of your intercrops, but not the other .
peas feed the canola with nitrogen, while canola gives the peas legs to stand rather than lying flat on the ground. saves money on inputs and no lifters needed to pick the crop up .
when conditions are right and all the factors properly align, these can be some our best paying crops on the farm .
growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land (field). there is a crop intensification in both time and space dimensions. there is intercrop competition during all or part of crop growth .
in rained areas of maharashtra: 1. sorghum / pearl millet / cotton + red gram / black gram or kidney bean or cowpea or groundnut. 2. groundnut + sunflower. cotton + soybean, cotton + black gram safflower + gram
selection of intercrop is one the basis of duration of crop and growth rethyms. the short duration crop gets harvested and long duration crop gets the benefits of september showers and produces more yields. e. g. pearl millet + red grams .
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to grow more than one crop in the same field, especially in alternating rows or sections .
a method of growing quick - maturing vegetables between widely spaced, longer - term crops to make efficient use of the growing area .
and plant spacing were recorded in onion field plots as a management tool against t .
are efficient use of labour and food security as it provides insurance against crop failure or against unstable market prices for a given commodity, especially in areas subject to extreme weather conditions such as drought and flood .
system on soil biology and nutrient profile in plastic tunnel to overcome continuous monocropping obstacles .
cover crops under chinese hickory stands may significantly increase soc stock and labile organic c concentrations, and improve microbial community functional diversity .
may provide resources such as food, alternative prey and hosts, and shelter for the natural enemies .
to protect soil condition, by training farmers in water management techniques, and by helping farmers generate income from coffee - farming byproducts - - such as mushrooms cultivated from coffee pulp .
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we are grateful to the faculty of renewable natural resources, kwame nkrumah university of science and technology, ghana, for research support. we would like to acknowledge field and laboratory assistance by a. owusu, e. dawoe, e. adjei and y. teng and constructive comments by two anonymous journal reviewers. financial support for this study was provided by the natural science and engineering research council of canada.
intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity . the most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop . 
intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. the most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.
intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. the most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.