pcmos
mla style :
pcmos .
acronym finder. 2018. urltoken 9 jul. 2018 urltoken
chicago style: acronym finder. s. v .
pcmos .
retrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken
apa style: pcmos. (n. d .) acronym finder. (2018). retrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken
equally important is that the implementation of pcmos piggybacks on the current
complementary metal - oxide semiconductor
technology, or cmos, that chipmakers already use. this means that chipmakers can use existing equipment to support pcmos, resulting in lower entry costs for the new technology .
condition for pcmos design since its founding theory is based on probability. such randomness has to come from nature rather than being artificial. noise is nature' s carpet that hides imperfections. another natural source of randomness comes from process fluctuations in fabrication. these two are undesirables in conventional chip designs but are essential
resources
in pcmos. although existing compact models to certain extent also include these features, they are not designed for use in pcmos. the proposed research is to develop such a model to capture noise / process - related randomness in a physical deterministic way (as required by the very nature of any compact model) and use it in a probabilistic way in pcmos circuit / logic designs. without these specially developed transistor - level models it is impossible to do pcmos designs .
that bridges transistor and logic levels of abstraction so that the probabilistic behaviors captured at the device level can be propagated to the logic level within the pcmos algorithms .
the team hopes pcmos technology will enter the consumer computing market in as little as four years and may present itself as a parallel to mainstream cmos technology in the near future .
the team' s goal is green computing. they are looking for applications where pcmos can deliver as well as or better than existing technology but with a fraction of the energy required .
the two innovative ideas in the project are the key to realization of pcmos designs of futuristic ics. moreover, its impact goes beyond application to pcmos alone, since nanoscale devices are already prone to suffer from intrinsic noise and inevitable process fluctuations that are to be avoided in
deterministic cmos
( dcmos). in either domain of pcmos or dcmos for employing or avoiding nature randomness, respectively, a physical compact model capable of capturing randomness and propagating to circuit / gate level in either probabilistic or deterministic way will be a must in the foreseeable future .
the microchip is a successful proof - of - concept of the pcmos technology which has demonstrated an improvement of 30 times in terms of energy consumption while running seven times faster than the contemporary cmos design .
condition for pcmos design, even though without such a simulator conventional spice may still do the job if the
probabilistic
compact model can be deployed. however, it will not be trivial without a circuit simulator that has
when palem began working on the idea around 2002, skepticism about the prin­ciples behind pcmos was “pretty universal, ” he says. that changed in 2006. he and his students simulated a pcmos circuit that would be part of a chip for processing video, such as streaming video in a cell phone, and compared it with the performance of existing chips. they presented the work at a technical conference, and in a show of hands, much of the audience couldn’t discern any difference in picture quality .
) - - that exploits randomness in futuristic devices by taking advantage of probabilistic behaviors into chip designs. by allowing uncertainties in certain parts of the functional blocks for trading off power savings, algorithms with probabilistic boolean theories have demonstrated feasibility and promising potential for pcmos in sustaining future technology scaling .
pcmos approach to futuristic chip designs requires a paradigm shift in algorithms and methodologies, so do the device models and circuit simulators supporting such a new design. conventional and existing models / simulators obviously cannot fulfill such demands. the innovative concepts in this project are two - folds: (1 )
the technology, dubbed pcmos (probabilistic complementary metal - oxide semiconductor) was invented by professor krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu' s institute for sustainable nanoelectronics (isne). the u. s. - singapore team making the announcement is led by professor palem and ntu' s associate professor yeo kiat seng, head of division of circuits and systems, school of electrical and electronic engineering (eee), college of engineering .
( circuit / logic) and can handle probabilistic boolean algorithms. although pcmos is based on randomness, it is not meant to be totally
arbitrary
- - it is still required to designate parts of the logic circuits where certain probability of randomness can be tolerated (or to be
designed
). in this sense, it is also
deterministic
which requires a simulator that can designate a given block to be simulated with the desired randomness .
according to professor yeo, pcmos is also ideally suited for encryption, a process that relies on generating random numbers. thus the microchip can be quickly incorporated in electronic devices such as in computer gaming, lotteries and cryptography (internet security) where random calculations are valuable .
this is in addition to applications where there is a need to produce statistical simulation, such as in financial and economic forecast so that more accurate predictions can be made ,
says professor yeo .
with this pcmos technology, noise / parameter variations are part of the overall design and are managed as a resource to achieve significant energy savings. our vision is to see a new generation of probabilistic - based nanoelectronics with diverse applications in media, biomedical, information technology (it) and consumer electronics. the success of this project would go a long way in promoting the advent of a new generation of' green' it at lower costs to consumers ,
says professor yeo .
palem has developed a way for chips to use significantly less power in exchange for a small loss of precision. his concept carrie­s the daunting moniker “probabilistic complementary metal - oxide semi­conductor technology”–pcmos for short. palem’s premise is that for many applications–in particular those like audio or video processing, where the final result isn’t a number–maximum precision is ­unnecessary. instead, chips could be designed to produce the correct answer sometimes, but only come close the rest of the time. because the errors would be small, so would their effects: in essence, palem believes that in computing, close enough is often good enough .
leaving your mobile phone charger at home when you go for a two week long vacation may just be the norm one day as scientists from nanyang technological university (ntu) and rice university, united states, have successfully created a microchip that uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than today' s best technology .
probabilistic design methodology, if used for consumer devices, would result in energy efficient devices ,
says professor palem who conceived probabilistic design .
for example, for consumers, it could mean the difference between charging a cell phone every few weeks instead of every few days. in addition to the encryption application that we have demonstrated, among other applications, it is equally well - suited for computer graphics .
professor palem explains that in streaming video application on a cell phone for example, it is unnecessary to conduct precise calculations. the small screen, combined with the human brain' s ability to process less - than - perfect pictures, results in a case where the picture looks just as good with a calculation that is only approximately correct .
dr natalie kong zhi hui, teaching fellow, in ntu' s eee and a member of team, says
our technology is a significant contributor towards environmental - friendliness - green computing, or probabilistic computing, with an extremely energy - aware attribute. this is due to the fact that, unlike conventional designs that view noise as a nuisance, our design concept embraces noise as a
gem
- this novel technology recycles noise .
this is in contrast with today' s silicon transistors become increasingly' noisy' as they get smaller, thus engineers have historically dealt with this by boosting the operating voltage to overpower the noise to ensure accurate calculations, leading to higher energy consumption levels .
professor yeo, dr kong, professor palem and his student, dr pinar korkmaz, successfully ran the first real - world tests of the revolutionary prototype microchip. this is a culmination of various chip designs and testing that started in 2005 .
the rice - ntu team plans to follow its proof - of - concept work on encryption with proof - of - concept tests on microchips for cell phones, graphics cards and medical implants. they look forward to taking this concept of probabilistic design, which is one key focus of ntu' s isne, to the next level .
in singapore, the next level is to create a larger activity with roots at ntu and which spans an increasingly vigorous international network based at rice. the vision for this will include next generation electronics, based on principles drawn from the mathematics of probability as it relates to areas such as risk analysis, perceptual neurobiology, nanoscale devices and computing with applications to exciting domains such as graphics and multimedia, education and global health ,
says professor palem .
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please, this quote from the article is nonsense .
for example, for consumers, it could mean the difference between charging a cell phone every few weeks instead of every few days .
this computing concept is interesting but really has nothing much to do with cell phone battery life. the battery life in a cell phone is determined mainly by the transmitting power when someone is talking, and the receiver circuitry when someone is listening, as well as the listening power when hung - up and in standby. if the cell phone has a backlit lcd (most), it is probably using half the total power. a video streaming application if practical and consumer friendly in a cell phone will still be dominated by the lcd backlight and camera power .
i think you' re missing the big picture here. this is like going from analog to digital back to analog but in a hybrid kinda way. i see robot brains in our future .
it is tiresome to read supposedly science - based articles and yet find them full of hype and exaggerated claims -
the team' s goal is green computing
, we' ll rarely need chargers, etc. in reality, science and technology are continuing and accelerating their amazing benefits for mankind. spare us the predictions and the links to leftist crazes and delusions. it' s just science, and that' s plenty good enough .
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as semiconductor technology continues to scale following moore' s law, increased power will eventually limit further increase in speed and density. to sustain technology scaling and prolong the promise the industry has benefited from scaling, one of the novel concepts has been proposed - -
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krishna palem thinks a little uncertainty in chips could extend battery life in mobile devices–and maybe the duration of moore’s law, too .
krishna palem is a heretic. in the world of microchips, precision and perfection have always been imperative. every step of the fabrication process involves testing and retesting and is aimed at ensuring that every chip calculates the exact answer every time. but palem, a professor of computing at rice ­university, believes that a little error can be a good thing .
every calculation done by a microchip depends on its transistors’ registering either a 1 or a 0 as electrons flow through them in response to an applied voltage. but electron­s move constantly, producing electrical “noise. ” in order to overcome noise and ensure that their transistors register the correct values, most chips run at a relatively high voltage. palem’s idea is to lower the operating voltage of parts of a chip–specifically, the logic circuits that calculate the least significant bits, such as the 3 in the number 21, 693. the resulting decrease in signal - to - noise ratio means those circuits would occasionally arrive at the wrong answer, but engineers can calculate the probability of getting the right answer for any specific voltage. “relaxing the probability of correctness even a little bit can produce significant savings in energy, ” palem says .
within a few years, chips using such designs could boost battery life in mobile devices such as music players and cell phones. but in a decade or so, palem’s ideas could have a much larger impact. by then, silicon transistors will be so small that engineers won’t be able to precisely control their behavior: the transistors will be inherently probabilistic. palem’s techniques could then become important to the continuation of moore’s law, the exponential increase in transistor density–and thus in computing power–that has persisted for four decades .
combining massive quantities of data, insights into human psychology, and machine learning can help manage surprising events, says eric horvitz .
alex zettl’s tiny radios, built from nanotubes, could improve everything from cell phones to medical diagnostics .
energy savings a simple chart showing what sort of energy savings could be achieved with what sort of loss of accuracy would have helped here and is crucial for understanding what the significance of his work is .
informative article, but i tend to agree with garyb that even a simple chart would have added to its impact. still, it is easy to see that implementation of these concepts where appropriate would be of tremendous advantage .
use of probabilistic error what strikes me in this is that visual as well as audio circuits could benefit. music is not all about complete precision, but rather the depth and richness has a lot to do with minute variations from the norm. this is why a really good radio (like my old tube - type 1934 airline) acutally sounds better than the vaunted bose radio next to it. in video, it could bring a more natural look to displays and virtual. nature is not strictly linear, but has a lot of seemingly random variations .
palem is too smart we applied this concept in a darpa project details forever secret. cpas use this principal to save tons of time in accounting without sacrificing overall accuracy at least for taxes. good going palem. it is about time the semiconductor world caught with accounting .
video and audio samples besides a chart available online, a video sample and audio sample that we could play on our computers and / or cell phones would be nice. this way we could see and hear for ourselves what the difference is. more details on how that relates to cryptography would be good too. using probability seems to come closer to the uncertainty principles that emerge at the quantum scale too. wonder if this will open the door to quantum computing from another angle. a third area of interest is whether probability based results might also result in designs that survive circuit imperfections better, resulting in higher net yield .
your concern was addressed in the article :
* palem' s idea is to lower the operating voltage of parts of a chip - - specifically, the logic circuits that calculate the least significant bits *
. even if it weren' t mentioned, it should be a trivial matter for any electronic engineer to
extrapolate
how palem' s concept could be successfully realised. also, a single - bit error in an 8 - bit value will produce an error of anywhere between 1 and 128. a change of 0 is not an error .
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probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ( pcmos ) is a semiconductor manufacturing technology invented by pr . krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu 's institute for sustainable nanoelectronics ( isne ) . the technology hopes to compete against current cmos technology . proponents claim it uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than the current fastest technology . pcmos-based system on a chip architectures were shown to be gains that are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient cmos based realization on applications based on probabilistic algorithms such as hyper-encryption , bayesian networks , random neural networks and probabilistic cellular automata . 
probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (pcmos) is a semiconductor manufacturing technology invented by pr. krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu's institute for sustainable nanoelectronics (isne). the technology hopes to compete against current cmos technology. proponents claim it uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than the current fastest technology. pcmos-based system on a chip architectures were shown to be gains that are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient cmos based realization on applications based on probabilistic algorithms such as hyper-encryption, bayesian networks, random neural networks and probabilistic cellular automata.
probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (pcmos) is a semiconductor manufacturing technology invented by pr. krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu's institute for sustainable nanoelectronics (isne). the technology hopes to compete against current cmos technology. proponents claim it uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than the current fastest technology. pcmos-based system on a chip architectures were shown to be gains that are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient cmos based realization on applications based on probabilistic algorithms such as hyper-encryption, bayesian networks, random neural networks and probabilistic cellular automata.