multitone records
after acquiring kamlee records & kismet records we believe the acquisition of the savera investments / multitone records catalogue is the one of our greatest achievements to date .
multitone records limited. free business summary taken from official companies house information. free alerts. registered as 01394943
multitone records uk limited. free business summary taken from official companies house information. free alerts. registered as 06950372
multitone records ltd. bedford house, 68 - 79 fulham high street london, sw6 3jw u. k. tel: (0171) 3847866 fax: (0171) 3847870
moviebox are proud to announce that on friday 5 th september 2008 we completed a ground breaking deal with nuff music limited to acquire the entire savera investments / multitone records catalogue .
fig. 32c is an illustration showing the unambiguous range of the multitone signal .
the catalogue was acquired by sony bmg for a short period and then was reacquired by the original proprietors of savera investments / multitone records; mr. pravin gohil & mr. hasmukh gohil as nuff music limited .
the style itself was commercialized and professionalized by multitone records, which is considered the pioneer of the label and grew to be the
largest asian record label in the world
during its lifetime under director jitesh gohil .
fig. 32b illustrates multiple frequency (multitone) waves with the spacing varying with time .
— was an early bhangra band that featured amarjit sidhu, [ 1 ] mangal dhillon, mangal singh as well as other people who later went on to form apna sangeet. they released a few albums under the multitone records label. they are perhaps most remembered… …
fig. 44c illustrates the frequency domain transmitted (tx) waveform for multitone experiment for the open circuit configuration .
fig. 43d illustrates the frequency domain receive waveform for multitone experiment: the received waveform shown is from the motorola t4500 radio .
fig. 44d illustrates the frequency domain receive waveform for multitone experiment: the received waveform shown is for the open circuit configuration .
— not to be confused with duotone, a generic term for multitone printing. duotones studio album by kenny g released september 1986 …
fig. 43b illustrates the time - domain receive waveform for multitone experiment: the received waveform shown is from the motorola t4500 radio .
fig. 44b illustrates the time - domain receive waveform for multitone experiment: the received waveform shown is from the open circuit configuration .
originally developed by savera investments / multitone records from 1978 to 1994 the catalogue includes block buster hits from the likes of dcs, alaap, apna sangeet, chirag pehchaan, premi, azaad, sahotas, balwinder safri, reshma, amarjit sidhu, kuljit bhamra, xlnc, amar, mangal singh, shava shava & mahendra kapoor to name but a few .
speech - level measures of frequency response were evaluated to determine the bandwidth over which the dsl targets were met to within ±5 db. the fit to within the ±5 db range was visually assessed from printed verification records generated by the audioscan rm500, and coded to the nearest audiometric frequency .
the four waveforms selected for the linear / nonlinear transmitter are the single - tone pulse, the multitone pulse, the linear frequency - modulated (fm) chirp, and a stepped - frequency pulse .
fig. 18 is an illustration of a multitone rf pulse output by an arbitrary waveform generator wherein n = 2 tones, fc = 890 mhz, ptone = −6 dbm per tone, tenv = 2 p s, dc = 20% .
the active tones are again modulated by the on / off pulse waveform s (t). an example of a multitone pulse is shown in fig. 18. a matlab function, which generates this waveform, is given in appendix b .
the separating of the analog and digital processing components of a dsl modem between central office and onu applies to all line codes and will operate well with discrete multitone (dmt) modulation, carrierless amplitude phase (cap) modulation, and other digital modulation methods .
fig. 32b illustrates multiple frequency (multitone) waves with the spacing varying with time. as an example, a formula can be used to determine the relationships between multitone frequencies. the relationships between the various parameters is determined by the relationship between the various frequencies. for example, if f1 is the lowest “multi - tone” frequency, and fn is the highest “multi - tone” frequency, then fc = (f1 + fn) / 2 is the “center” multi - tone frequency. if there are n tones separated by df = (fn−f1) / n, then f1 > 0 implies that n * df must be less than 2fc .
the mdsl line connection management process provides a simple, efficient, and flexible interface to manage the line connection between mdsl - c (mdsl in central office site) and mdsl - r (mdsl in resident site) in the telecommunication wide area networking environment. an internal state machine in an mdsl modem records and monitors the line status and notifies the state change to the other mdsl and also the host processor. the protocol used for exchanging line connection management messages is a simplified link control protocol (lcp) for mdsl .
the modem uses a digital signal processor (dsp), so that different existing adsl line codes, such as discrete multitone (dmt) and carrierless am / pm (cap), can be implemented on the same hardware platform. the modem negotiates in real - time, for a desired line transmission rate to accommodate line condition and service - cost requirement .
data from which detection and classification are possible is shown in figs. 8a - 8d. multitone responses were collected from three rf electronic targets. a comparison of the responses, as well as the received signal from the “no target” case (i. e. when there is no device on the block of foam) is possible (see fig. 8a) .
the present invention provides a programmable digital signal processor (dsp) implementation approach that allows different existing adsl line codes, discrete multitone (dmt) and carrierless am / pm (cap), to be implemented on the same hardware platform as a voice - band modem. with a dsp implementation, the desired transmission rate can also be negotiated in real time to accommodate line condition and service - cost requirements .
referring now to fig. 3, repeated from arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, a block diagram of the multitone harmonic radar, which comprises a transmitter 30 and a receiver 40, which, although shown side - by - side, may be separated. one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that portions transmitter 30 and receiver 40 could be integrated together .
nonlinear radar can also be implemented in different ways. one popular technique is to transmit a single frequency f 0 and receive the target response at the second harmonic of the transmitted tone, 2f 0, as described in u. s. patent application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519 to dr. gregory j. mazzaro, et al. entitled “multitone harmonic radar and method of use, ” herein incorporated by reference. a slight variation of this
fig. 32d illustrates the hrr target response for the multitone waveform of fig. 32a. more specifically, fig. 32a discloses a multi - tone waveform for frequency components of 900 mhz - 960 mhz in 3 mhz steps, as described in equation (c - 3). fig. 32d illustrates an hrr profile for a single target at 25 m, calculated using the third order intermod products (p = 3 in equation (c - 1) ) .
fig. 5a, repeated from arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, shows a sample harmonic - radar return for m = 2 and n = 7, simulated in matlab. t 1 and t 2 denote the two frequencies transmitted by the radar. r 1 through r 7 denote seven received frequencies that may be used to detect and classify the target. in general, the multitone electric field input to the target ein may be written in the time domain
discrete multitone (dmt) has been chosen as the standard for asymmetric digital subscriber loops (adsl) by the ansi standards committee t1e1. 4. previous contributions to the t1e1 standards activity have made claims that 19 - bit precision in the fast fourier transforms fft' s is necessary to achieve adequate dynamic range for adsl - 2 bitrates (6 - 7 mbps). the problem is how to implement the ffts in a fixed point 16 - bit processor and provide adequate dynamic range for the adsl - 2 bitrates .
a dsl system can also be implemented with multiple carriers using the discrete multitone (dmt) line code. a dmt system divides the channel into many subchannel carriers to better exploit the channel capacity and to reduce the channel distortion in addition to allowing for a relatively simple adaptive channel equalizer which only compresses the time spread of the channel impulse response rather than correcting it. a simple frequency domain equalizer completes the channel equalization. the signaling band rate of the dmt subchannels is much lower than the band rate of a single carrier system .
the multitone waveform is applied to the output of a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (gtem) cell, which is a large waveguide capable of applying transverse em waves with a nearly - vertical electric field to the samples inside of it. a target sits on a 1 - foot - high block of foam. the receiver antenna, the a. h. systems sas - 510 - 4 log - periodic array, faces the target, 13 feet away from it. the antenna 17 r sits on a 3 - foot - high tripod .
for the multitone pulse, the user may choose the number of tones (n), power per tone (p tone), the frequency at which the tones are centered (f c), the time interval during which the pulse is active (t env), and the pulse duty cycle (d c). the frequency separation between the tones (f space) is automatically set to 1 / t env, so that the shortest waveform necessary to achieve n, f c, and t env with negligible frequency aliasing is uploaded to the awg .
figs. 43 a and 43 b illustrate time - domain tx and rx waveforms for multitone experiment: the received waveform shown is from the motorola t4500 radio. figs. 43c and 43d illustrate the received waveform from the t4500, filtered and processed via inverse fft into the range profile waveform himd. figs. 43e and 43f are the same as figs. 42a and 42b, but for the t4500 radio as the target instead of the fv300. in fig. 43a the time - domain transmitted and received waveforms for the multitone experiment are illustrated; the received waveform shown is from the t4500 radio. fig. 43c illustrates the frequency - domain versions of these same waveforms. the transmit waveform contains a substantial amount of intermodulation (below 890 mhz and above 966 mhz), which can be traced to the output from the waveform generator awg 11. for this wireline experiment, the current level of transmitter - generated intermodulation is not prohibitive. for a wireless experiment, this intermodulation should be minimized using pre - distortion or feedforward cancellation (because the received intermodulation, which is expected to be much weaker in the wireless case, is likely to be masked by the transmitter - generated intermodulation .
the present invention utilizes phase information from harmonics and intermod products, making it possible to measure the range to the target. in particular, the present invention records phase information for intermod products from many regularly spaced frequencies (i. e. a multi - tone system), to then create an “instantaneous” stepped - frequency waveform in the receive band (i. e. the harmonic band) of the radar. by considering the intermod products of order p, it is possible to simultaneously measure all of the frequency samples required by a stepped frequency radar system (at the expense of introducing a larger system bandwidth). such intermod products occur around integer multiples of the transmitted frequencies - integer multiples determined by the order of the non - linearity, p. an embodiment of the present invention utilizes a formulated transmit waveform comprising the sum of n sine waves at regularly spaced frequencies and with appropriate initial phases .
a preferred embodiment disclosed in arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, entitled multitone harmonic radar and method of use, herein incorporated by reference, uses a low pass filter before the transmit antenna, but it substitutes a high - pass filter and a bank of band - pass filters for the harmonic filter. the signal - to - interference ratio of the system is improved by increasing the out - of - band rejection for the high - pass filter and for the band pass filters. the sensitivity of the system is improved by narrowing the bandwidth of each band - pass filter .
the present invention comprises mixing products at frequencies near a harmonic of the transmitted tones using data from commercially - available rf devices. experiments focus on the second harmonic of the transmitted tones because that harmonic is the strongest of those observed for the rf devices of interest to this study. an original method for discriminating between devices, using at least two transmitted tones, is proposed. design considerations for building a practical multitone harmonic radar are noted at the end of each section. lastly, detection range is estimated for a novel pulsed two - tone harmonic radar that transmits at ultrahigh frequencies (uhf) and receives at l - band .
in addition to orthogonal polarizations, the multitone radar disclosed in arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, and shown in figs. 1a - 1b implements a low pass filter before the transmit antenna and a high pass filter after the receive antenna. the signal - to - interference ratio of the system is improved by increasing the out - of - band rejection for these filters. to achieve high sensitivity, a bank of band pass filters can be inserted in the receive chain after the high pass filter, each tuned to one of the desired harmonic tones (e. g. 2f 0, or 2f 0 −2δf) .
the present invention provides a new high speed modem 100 for use on standard telephone twisted - pair lines at lengths up to approximately 21, 000 ft. this new modem 100 will be referred to as mdsl, mid - band digital subscriber line. the mdsl modem 100 makes use of frequency division multiplexing (fdm) to separate the downstream and upstream transmitted signals. although the modulation scheme for mdsl can be arbitrary, two specific modulation schemes that may be employed are qam / cap and discrete multitone (dmt). a startup procedure for achieving synchronization between the modem at the central office (co) and the modem at the remote user (ru) end is provided as part of the invention .
this application is a continuation - in - part application of and claims priority to u. s. patent application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, entitled “multitone harmonic radar and method of use, ” by dr. gregory j. mazzaro, et al. , filed apr. 25, 2013, and u. s. patent application ser. no. 14 / 032, 387 entitled “combined radar assembly with linear and nonlinear radar, ” by dr. gregory j. mazzaro, et al. , filed sep. 20, 2013, and published as us patent publication 2015 / 0084811 on mar. 26, 2015, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety .
the present invention provides a new high speed modem for use on standard telephone twisted - pair lines at lengths of up to approximately 21, 000 ft. this new modem will be referred to as mdsl, mid - band digital subscriber line. the mdsl modem of the present invention makes use of frequency division multiplexing (fdm) to separate the downstream and upstream transmitted signals. although the modulation scheme for mdsl can be arbitrary, two specific modulation schemes that may be employed are qam / cap and discrete multitone (dmt). a startup procedure for achieving synchronization between the mdsl modem of the present invention at the central office (co) and the mdsl modem at the remote user (ru) end is provided as part of the present invention .
fig. 40 illustrates the time - domain transmitted and received waveforms for the multitone experiment; the received waveform shown is from the motorola fv300 radio as the target. fig. 21 illustrates the frequency - domain versions of these same waveforms. the transmit waveform contains a significant amount of intermodulation (below 890 mhz and above 966 mhz), which can be traced to the output from the wave generator 11 (awg). for this wireline experiment, the current level of transmitter - generated intermodulation is not prohibitive. for a wireless experiment, this intermodulation should be minimized using pre - distortion or feedforward cancellation (because the received intermodulation, which is expected to be much weaker in the wireless case, is likely to be masked by the transmitter - generated intermodulation .
method for determining distance to target using a multitone nonlinear radar system comprising providing a transmitter that transmits a signal comprising at least two predetermined frequency components; receiving transmitted signal upon reflection from target; determining the phase relationships of the frequency components when signal strikes target; determining distance the signal has travelled to target based upon the phase relationship of the frequency signal components at the time of reflection from target; computing the distance to target. a system comprising a transmitter subsystem that transmits radar signal comprising at least two frequency components; a receiver subsystem configured to receive a return signal comprising intermodulation and harmonic products; at least one processor configured to extract frequency samples from the return signal within a frequency range, apply a window function to the extracted frequency samples and perform an inverse fast fourier transform on the resulting function to create a range profile .
the publication. mazzaro, a. martone, d. mcnamara, “detection of rf electronics by multitone harmonic radar, ” ieee transactions on aerospace and electronic systems, vol. 50, no. 1, january 2014, pp. 477 - 490, herein incorporated by reference, indicated that the magnitude of the multi - tone target response depends on the initial phase relationships between the various transmit tones. for the formation of high resolution range (hrr) profiles, the specification of the initial phase relationship becomes critical. the initial phase of all waveforms must be equal to ensure that the phase progression across intermod frequencies is proportional to the target range. for this reason a waveform generator is used to create a transmit waveform comprising the sum of multiple frequencies with an identical initial phase. fig. 32a shows the time domain, multi - tone waveform created such that
figure 4a shows in block format a simple adsl modem whose transmit hardware 30 includes the bit encoder 36, inverse fast fourier transform 38, p / s 40, digital - to - analog converter 42, filter and line driver 44 for transmission and transformer 46. the receive portion 32 includes a transformer and filter 48, analog - to - digital converter 50, an equalizer for line distortion compensation 52, s / p 54, fast fourier transform 56, and bit decoder 58. an echo cancellation circuit from the transmission portion to the reception portion may be included to suppress signal leakage. the adsl standard uses discrete multitone (dmt) with the dmt spectrum divided into 256 4 - khz carrier bands and a quadrature amplitude modulation (qam) type of constellation is used to load a variable number of bits onto each carrier band independently of the other carrier bands .
an alternative wired system proposes utilizing copper infrastructure and high speed modems to transmit digital two way data. these systems can operate with several modulation schemes including carrierless amplitude / phase (cap), discrete multitone (dmt), dwmt and subscriber loop carrier (slc). asymmetrical digital subscriber loop (adsl), very - high - data - rate digital subscriber line (vdsl) and high - data - rate digital subscriber line (hdsl) modems currently under development will offer different data rates to carry communication signals to and from the customer premises. for copper wire based systems limited bandwidth, signal attenuation resulting from the wire gauge and transmission distance all decrease such possible system data rates. integration into the copper twisted pair network can be active or passive. to maintain the high data rates capabilities of these systems amplifiers will be required to maintain the signal strength and condition between communication points .
an embodiment disclosed in arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, is directed to a type of nonlinear radar that transmits multiple frequencies and listens for a harmonic of these frequencies as well as other frequencies near that harmonic. the multitone harmonic radar is a unique form of nonlinear radar, which detects and classifies radio - frequency (rf) electronic devices at standoff ranges. the embodiment disclosed in arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, has several advantages over existing nonlinear radars. it enables a narrower - bandwidth antenna design while providing target information comparable to wider - bandwidth designs, it enables increased sensitivity and signal - to - interference ratio using multiple stages of filtering, and it allows a single - transmit - antenna design for generating and receiving mixing products that are usually stimulated from a target using multiple transmit antennas .
it is noted that multi - tone waveforms have a high peak - to - average ratio, and this property was, in turn, observed to be advantageous for generating nonlinear target responses. the preferred embodiment uses the phase of intermodulation products to determine the range to a target once it had been detected. the preferred embodiment system exploits multi - tone techniques to simultaneously enable both target ranging and classification. hence, existing multi - tone systems are enhanced through provision of a simultaneous detection and ranging capability. similarly, performance of existing stepped - frequency and chirp systems may be exceeded by the availability of the higher peak - to - average ratios advantageous for generating nonlinear target responses. finally, the multi - tone technique offers the instantaneous availability of a richer, multi - tone signature, without the need for a reference transmitted waveform. however, the present invention is not limited to multitone systems .
an embodiment disclosed in arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519, was constructed at the army research laboratory and it demonstrated the multitone radar concept as depicted in fig. 4 (repeated from arl 12 - 43, application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519) the tektronix awg7052 signal generator 11 outputs two combined simultaneous frequencies (m = 2). these tones are centered on fc = 770 mhz and are separated by f sep = 5 mhz, although the invention is not limited to the selection of these tones or this number of tones. in the example, the frequencies have equal amplitudes (−6 dbm per tone). the amplifier research ar50w1 000 amplifier 14 increases the multi tone signal power by approximately 50 db. the hp 360b low - pass filter 15 rejects frequencies above 1200 mhz. megaphase f 130 low - distortion cable 16 minimizes system - generated nonlinear spectral content .
a preferred embodiment of the present invention enables not only the detection, but also the localization of targets by exploiting both magnitude and phase information available with each intermodulation (intermod) product. the use of intermod products enables collection of frequency domain samples that are more finely spaced than those produced by a stepped - frequency system with the same transmitted frequency step size. note that the non - linear, stepped - frequency radar considers the harmonics of each transmitted frequency, so the received frequency spacing scales with the number of the received harmonic. in addition, all of the received frequencies in a preferred embodiment system are collected simultaneously, resulting in a reduction of time required for data collection. this “time savings” (i. e. , the number of received intermodulation products) is proportional to the number tones in the transmitted, multi - tone waveform. hence, the preferred embodiment system is capable of implementing both the ranging function of the stepped - frequency system and the classification function of the current intermod - based system. the appropriate phase relationships between transmitted multi - tone frequencies is determined by the waveform generator. hence the measurement of a reference phase at each frequency step is no longer necessary. finally, multitone waveforms have high peak - to - average ratio which are advantageous for generating non - linear responses .
technique tracks a doppler shift at 2f 0 for moving targets. see for example, a. singh and v. lubecke, “respiratory monitoring and clutter rejection using a cw doppler radar with passive rf tags, ” ieee sensors, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 558 - 565, march 2012, herein incorporated by reference. other variations chirp (see for example, c. stagner, a. conrad, c. osterwise, d. g. beetner, and s. grant, “a practical superheterodyne - receiver detector using stimulated emissions, ” ieee trans. instrum. meas. , vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1461 - 1468, april 2011) or digitally - modulate (see for example, v. polacek and r. pavlik, “the use of digital modulation signals in radar system for detection of nonlinear scatterers, ” in proc. int. radar symp. , irs, pp. 743 - 747, september 2011) the transmit waveform for greater noise rejection. another common technique is to transmit two tones f 1 and f 2 and receive the intermodulation tones 2f 1 −f 2 and 2f 2 −f 1 (see for example a. f. martone and e. j. delp, “characterization of rf devices using two - tone probe signals, ” in proc. 14 th workshop on stat. sig. process. , ieee / sp, pp. 161 - 165, august 2007). a technique recently developed at army research laboratory (arl) transmits at least two tones and receives not only a harmonic of the transmitted tones (e. g. 2f 1 and 2f 2) but also the mixing products of those tones near that harmonic (e. g. 3f 1 −f 2, f 1 + f 2, 3f 2 −f 1) as described in u. s. patent application ser. no. 13 / 870, 519 to dr. gregory j. mazzaro, et al. entitled “multitone harmonic radar and method of use, ” herein incorporated by reference. fig. 5b illustrates examples of transmit and receive spectra for a nonlinear radar that transmits one tone and receives harmonics of that tone. fig. 5c shows examples of spectra for a radar that transmits two tones and receives harmonics as well as mixing products near those harmonics .
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apna sangeet, sardara s. gill, amarjit sidhu • jam to the bhangra
listen to all your favourite artists on any device for free or try the premium trial .
this catalogue holds immeasurable sentimental value for mr. pravin gohil, mr. hasmukh & ms. lisa gohil and after a great deal of deliberation they felt that transferring the responsibility of this musical heritage to moviebox would fortify and develop its continued success .
their enthusiasm and commitment to the catalogue is reflected in the fact that this body of work is considered to be a major part of uk asian music history to date .
moviebox is growing from strength to strength despite difficult times in the music industry. our belief in the importance of artist and catalogue development, tied to a commitment to quality demonstrates our passion for the bhangra music industry .
this could only have been achieved with the blessings of our well wishers and the continued support from everybody in the music industry. moviebox are the worlds leading bhangra music label with artists such as sukshinder shinda, jazzy b, rishi rich, ravi bal, jassi sidhu, hunterz, dcs, shazia manzoor, miss pooja, abrar ul haq & not forgetting b21 along with the solo project deals with bhota jagpal & bally jagpal .
moviebox also has a native catalogue which is second to none and includes the likes of gurdas maan, panjabi mc, stereo nation, sahotas, babbu maan, tigerstyle, amrinder gill, a. s. kang & many more .
we would like to sincerely thank mr. pravin gohil, mr. hasmukh gohil & ms. lisa gohil for their hard work and efforts to bring this acquisition to fruition .
two faced? having an opinion is fine. we were sent a press release by a record label, just because i have my own opinions about a label or artist does not mean we will not promote their material / pr statements. also \' taking the piss \' and a constructive argument are two very different things .
one minute this guy sukh is takin the piss out of the label, next minute hes putting stuff about them, talk about being 2faced .
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59200 sound recording and music publishing activities - the company was dormant during y / e 31. 07. 16 .
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in 1992, the company started a joint partnership with bmg in order to spread its label throughout europe and internationally. the company began distribution in the
on june 27, 1994 through m. s. distributing co. paul bernard was appointed as the us representative in special regards to
marketing and promotion
. the us debut featured albums by musicians pammis and xlnc .
following the buyout of bmg by sony music in 2008, the label became one of the subsidiaries of sony music entertainment uk holdings ltd. where it is currently listed as being
dormant
.
— dance performance in 2010. bhaṅgṛā (punjabi: ਭੰਗੜਾ (gurmukhi), بھنگڑا (shahmukhi), ; pronounced …
— this article is about british popular music of the 1980s. for classical music, see classical music of the united kingdom. 1980s in music in the uk number one singles number one albums best selling singles best selling albums summaries and charts… …
— is dj, promoter, music producer, radio presenter, mentor and remixer. he has been working in the music business since he began djing in 1982. born in nairobi and brought up in the united kingdom. his early influences are bollywood, electro, soul, … …
— chartplatzierungen erklärung der daten alben alley cat us 13 27. 10. 1962 …
— chartplatzierungen erklärung der daten singles alley cat de: 49 – 17. 11. 1962 – 2 wo. us: 7 – 28. 07. 1962 – 18 wo. chicken feed us: 63 – 12. 01. 1963 – 8 wo. jukebox dk: 3 – 29. 08. 2003 – 6 wo. shake dk: 10 – 12. 12. 2003 – 7 wo. bent fabric (* 7. … …
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two - way operation using the same type of signal, i. e. duplex
two - way operation using the same type of signal, i. e. duplex for modulated signals
transmitting circuits; receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels; baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems using multilevel codes using balanced multilevel codes using quadrature encoding, e. g. carrierless amplitude - phase coding
a modem that operates selectively in the voice - band frequency band and at higher frequency bands is provided. this modem supports multiple line codes, like dmt and cap .
the line code and rate negotiation process may be implemented at the beginning of each communication session through the exchange of tones between the modems. a four - step mdsl modem initialization process is provided for line code and rate compatibility .
a new synchronization startup procedure for cap based mdsl modems is provided. the handshake protocol and receiver algorithm allow reliable modem synchronization over severely amplitude distorted channels such as standard telephone twisted - pair wire. the algorithm makes use of a short length sequence to train a synchronizing equalizer at the receiver. after training to this sequence, a matched filter or correlator is used to detect the inverted sync sequence. the detection of the inverted sequence signals the start of the normal reference training of the cap demodulation equalizers .
the present invention is related to a modem, and more particularly, to systems employing, methods for, and hardware for multimode digital modems .
a conventional voice - band modem can connect computer users end - to - end through the public switched telephone network (pstn). however, the transmission throughput of a voice - band modem is limited to below about 40 kbps due to the 3. 5 khz bandwidth enforced by bandpass filters and codes at the pstn interface points. on the other hand the twisted - pair telephone subscriber loop of a computer user has a much wider usable bandwidth. depending on the length of the subscriber loop, the bandwidth at a loss of 50 db can be as wide as 1 mhz. transmission systems based on the local subscriber loops are generally called digital subscriber lines (dsl) .
as consumer demand for interactive electronic access to entertainment (e. g. video - on - demand) and information (internet) in digital format has increased, this demand has effectively exceeded the capabilities of conventional voice - band modems. in response, various delivery approaches have been proposed, such as optical fiber links to every home, direct satellite transmission, and wideband coaxial cable. however, these approaches are often too costly, and cheaper alternatives have emerged, such as the cable modem which uses existing coaxial cable connections to homes and various high bit rate digital subscriber line (dsl) modems which use the existing twisted - pair of copper wires connecting a home to the telephone company central office (co) .
several digital subscriber lines (dsl) technologies have been developed for different applications. the original 2b1q digital subscriber line technology has been used as the isdn basic rate access channel u - interface. the high - bit - rate digital subscriber lines (hdsl) technology has been used as the repeaterless t1 service .
an example of prior art use of dsl techniques is the asymmetrical digital subscriber line (adsl) signaling for the telephone loop that has been defined by standards bodies as a communication system specification that provides a low - rate data stream from the residence to the co (upstream), and a high - rate data stream from the co to the residence (downstream). the adsl standard provides for operation without affecting conventional voice telephone communications, eg. plain old telephone service (pots). the adsl upstream channel only provides simple control functions or low - rate data transfers. the high - rate downstream channel provides a much higher throughput. this asymmetrical information flow is desirable for applications such as video - on - demand (vod) .
adsl modems are typically installed in pairs, with one of the modems installed in a home and the other in the telephone company' s central office servicing that home. the pair of adsl modems are connected to the opposite ends of the same twisted - pair and each modem can only communicate with the modem at the other end of the twisted - pair; the central office will have a direct connection from its adsl modem to the service provided (e. g. , movies, internet, etc .). figure 2a heuristically illustrates an adsl modem (figure 2a uses the term
dsl
rather than
adsl
for the modem) installed in the central office (referred to hereinafter as co) and one in the consumer' s home, either a personal computer or a tv set - top box. because an adsl modem operates at frequencies higher than the voice - band frequencies, an adsl modem may operate simultaneously with a voice - band modem or a telephone conversation .
a typical adsl - based system includes a server located at the co capable of providing movies or other data - intensive content, and a set - top - box at the residence that can receive and reassemble the data as well as send control information back to the co. meaningful display or use of the downstream content typically requires a sustained data rate through the modem. due to the sustained data rate requirements, adsl systems are primarily designed to function under certain operating conditions and only at certain rates. if a subscriber line meets the quality requirements, the adsl modem can function, otherwise new line equipment must be installed, or line quality must be improved .
in particular, the ansi standard adsl calls for transmission of up to 6 million bits - per - second (mbps) to a home (downstream) over existing twisted - pair and also for receipt of up to 640 thousand bits per second (kbps) from the home (upstream) .
an adsl modem differs in several respects from the voice - band modems currently being used for digital communication over the telephone system. a voice - band modem in a home essentially converts digital bits to modulated tones in the voice - band (30 hz to 3. 3 khz), and thus the signals can be transmitted as though they were just ordinary speech signals generated in a telephone set. the voice - band modem in the receiving home then recovers the digital bits from the received signal. the current itu v - series voice - band modem standards (e. g. v. 32 and v. 34 call for transmission at bit rates of up to 33. 6 kbps; even these rates are far too slow for real - time video and too slow for internet graphics. in contrast, an adsl modem operates in a frequency range that is higher than the voice - band; this permits higher data rates. however, the twisted - pair subscriber line has distortion and losses which increase with frequency and line length; thus the adsl standard data rate is determined by a maximum achievable rate for a length of subscriber lines, e. g. 9, 000 feet (9 kft) for 26 gauge lines, or 12 kft for 24 gauge lines .
voice - band modem data speeds are limited by at least the following factors: 1) the sampling rate of the line cards in the central office is only 8 khz; 2) the low bit resolution of the a / d and d / a converters used on the line cards reduces dynamic range; and 3) the length of the subscriber line (twisted - pair) and any associated electrical impairments. although an adsl modem avoids the first two factors, it also suffers from subscriber line length limitations and electrical impairments. figure 4c illustrates how the capacity of a subscriber line decreases with increasing line length for the two existing wire sizes. a similar capacity decrease with length applies to any type of twisted - pair subscriber line modem .
the number of bits per carrier is determined during a training period when a test signal is transmitted through the subscriber line to the receiving modem. based on the measured signal - to - noise ratio of the received signal, the receiving modem determines the optimal bit allocation, placing more bits on the more robust carrier bands, and returns that information back to the transmitting modem .
the modulation of the coded bits is performed very efficiently by using a 512 - point inverse fast fourier transform to convert the frequency domain coded bits into a time domain signal which is put on the twisted - pair by a d / a converter using a sample rate of 2. 048 mhz (4x512). the receiving adsl modem samples the signal and recovers the coded bits with a fast fourier transform .
discrete multi - tone (dmt) has been chosen as the line code for the adsl standard. a typical dmt system utilizes a transmitter inverse fft and a receiver forward fft. ideally, the channel frequency distortion can be corrected by a frequency domain equalizer following the receiver fft. however, the delay spread of the channel in the beginning of the receiver fft block contains inter - symbol interference from the previous block. as this interference is independent of the current block of data, it cannot be canceled just by the frequency domain equalizer. the typical solution adds a block of prefix data in front of the fft data block on the transmitter side before the block of fft data is sent to the d / a. the prefix data is the repeat copy of the last section of fft data block .
on the receiver side, the received signal is windowed to eliminate the cyclic prefix data. if the length of the channel impulse response is shorter than the prefix length, inter - symbol interference from the previous fft data block is completely eliminated. frequency domain equalizer techniques are then applied to remove intra - symbol interface among dmt subchannels. however, since the channel impulse response varies on a case by case basis, there is no guarantee that the length of the impulse response is shorter than the prefix length. an adaptive time domain equalizer is typically required to shorten the length of the channel response within the prefix length .
time domain equalizer training procedures have been studied previously, equalizer training algorithms for multicarrier modulation systems, j. s. chow, j. m. cioffi, and j. a. c. bingham, 1993 international conference on communications, pages 761 - 765, geneva, (may 1993) and the corresponding training sequence has been specified in adsl standard and recommended training sequence for time - domain equalizers (tqe) with dmt, j. s. chow, j. m. cioffi, and j. a. c. bingham, ansi t1e1. 4 committee contribution number 93 - 086 .
the following patents are related to dmt modems: u. s. patent no. 5, 400, 322 relates to bit allocation in the multicarrier channels; u. s. patent no. 5, 479, 447 relates to bandwidth optimization; u. s. patent no. 5, 317, 596 relates to echo cancellation; and u. s. patent no. 5, 285, 474 relates to equalizers .
alternative dsl modem proposals use line codes other than dmt, such as qam, pam, and carrierless am / pm (cap). indeed, isdn uses a 2bit - lquaternary (2b1q) four level symbol amplitude modulation of a carrier of 160 khz or higher to provide more data channels .
cap line codes typically use in - phase and quadrature multilevel signals which are filtered by orthogonal passband filters and then converted to analog for transmission. figure 4b shows a block diagram for the transmitter 321 and receiver 325 of a dsl modem using the cap line code and including both an equalizer 750 and echo cancellation 327 .
the following patents are related to cap modems: u. s. patent no. 4, 944, 492 relates to multidimensional passband transmission; u. s. patent no. 4, 682, 358 relates to echo cancellation; and us patent no. 5, 052, 000 relates to equalizers .
modems using cap or dmt, or other line codes, essentially have three hardware sections: (i) an analog front end to convert the analog signals on the subscriber line into digital signals and convert digital signals for transmission on the subscriber line into analog signals, (ii) digital signal processing circuitry to convert the digital signals into an information bitstream and optionally provide error correction, echo cancellation, and line equalization, and (iii) a host interface between the information bitstream and its source / destination .
however, these dsl modems have problems including: 1) higher bit rates for video that cause them to be complicated and expensive; 2) their bit rates are optimized for a fixed distance, making them inefficient for short subscriber loops and unusable for long subscriber loops; and 3) either dmt or cap operates better for given different conditions (e. g. noise, etc .) that may or may not be present in a particular subscriber loop to which the dsl modem is connected .
two way digital communication systems with high speed data transmission are being developed to provide interactive communication ability. from a wired perspective hybrid fiber coax (hfc) is the primary architecture being tested. these systems can utilize a variety of digital modulation schemes, including quadrature amplitude modulation (qam), vestigial sideband (vsb) modulation and quadrature phase shift keying (qpsk) modulation to achieve efficient spectral communications. systems trials to - date indicate an excessive amount of time and money are required to deploy these systems. thus, two way systems being developed will require additional infrastructure to be built and additional customer residence (or premises) equipment to be added. as part of the return path, systems now have to deal with noise ingress problems upstream. noise ingress requires the addition of special filters placed at the customer premises. along with access to the customer premises, deployment of these systems cause disruptions in the residential and business community. this system infrastructure must be built out and bypass a customer premises prior to offering any connection for new high data rate one or two way services utilizing this new infrastructure .
digital wireless communication systems such as, multichannel microwave distribution service (mmds) operating at 2150 - 2162 mhz & 2500 - 2686 mhz, c - band satellite operating at 3700 - 4200 mhz, ku - band direct broadcast satellite (dbs) operating at 12200 - 12700 mhz, very small aperture terminals (vsat) operating at 11700 - 12200 mhz and local multipoint distribution service (lmds) operating in the 27500 - 29500 mhz band, are deployed or are under development. wireless broadcast systems distribute signals from point to multipoint. currently, these wireless systems rely on antennas mounted on the customer premises to establish the final communication link. smaller antennas have made these systems more acceptable to customers. however, several issues arise with this method of distribution. access to the customer premises, installation costs and antennas mounted at the premises are all undesirable factors from the customer point of view. from a system perspective the repetitive use of antennas, downconverters, tuners and decoders increase system deployment costs which are passed on to the consumer. another factor limiting deployment of these systems in many residential neighborhoods is line of sight limitations .
however, these and other shortcomings of the prior art are overcome by the present invention.
multitone records , originally savera investments , was a british record label founded by pran gohil in 1978 that specialized in bhangra style music . the style itself was commercialized and by multitone records , which is considered the pioneer of the label and grew to be the " largest asian record label in the world " during its lifetime under director jitesh gohil . in 1992 , the company started a joint partnership with bmg in order to spread its label throughout europe and internationally . the company began distribution in the united states on june 27 , 1994 , through m.s. distributing co . paul bernard was appointed as the us representative in special regards to " marketing and promotion " . the us debut featured albums by musicians pammi and xlnc . following the buyout of bmg by sony music in 2008 , the label became one of the subsidiaries of sony music entertainment uk holdings ltd. where it is currently listed as being " dormant " . 
multitone records, originally savera investments, was a british record label founded by pran gohil in 1978 that specialized in bhangra style music. the style itself was commercialized and by multitone records, which is considered the pioneer of the label and grew to be the " largest asian record label in the world " during its lifetime under director jitesh gohil. in 1992, the company started a joint partnership with bmg in order to spread its label throughout europe and internationally. the company began distribution in the united states on june 27, 1994, through m.s. distributing co. paul bernard was appointed as the us representative in special regards to " marketing and promotion ". the us debut featured albums by musicians pammi and xlnc. following the buyout of bmg by sony music in 2008, the label became one of the subsidiaries of sony music entertainment uk holdings ltd. where it is currently listed as being " dormant ".
multitone records, originally savera investments, was a british record label founded by pran gohil in 1978 that specialized in bhangra style music. the style itself was commercialized and by multitone records, which is considered the pioneer of the label and grew to be the " largest asian record label in the world " during its lifetime under director jitesh gohil. in 1992, the company started a joint partnership with bmg in order to spread its label throughout europe and internationally. the company began distribution in the united states on june 27, 1994, through m.s. distributing co. paul bernard was appointed as the us representative in special regards to " marketing and promotion ". the us debut featured albums by musicians pammi and xlnc. following the buyout of bmg by sony music in 2008, the label became one of the subsidiaries of sony music entertainment uk holdings ltd. where it is currently listed as being " dormant ".