corner rise seamounts
pristine coral areas have been documented in five of the corner rise seamounts using remote operated vehicles .
the major peaks of the new england seamounts rise as much as 4, 000 m above the sohm abyssal plain. about 300 km east of nashville seamount, the corner rise seamounts form a cluster of peaks midway between the eastern end of the new england seamounts and the mid atlantic ridge. the new england seamounts and corner rise seamounts resulted from a mantle - plume hotspot, which moved from southern quebec towards the mid - atlantic ridge .
note: the information regarding corner rise seamounts in undersea features on this page is published from the data supplied by the national geospatial - intelligence agency, a member of the intelligence community of the united states of america, and a department of defense (dod) combat support agency. no claims are made regarding the accuracy of corner rise seamounts information contained here. all suggestions for corrections of any errors about corner rise seamounts should be addressed to the national geospatial - intelligence agency .
) a slow growing and long - lived species. kukenthal peak and, more generally, the western portion of the corner rise have been shown to be areas of high fish species diversity and abundance compared to other parts of the corner rise seamounts. in addition to alfonsino, other fish species include black scabbardfish (
article: shank, timothy m. ,
new england and corner rise seamounts
, oceanography 23, 1 (2010): 104 - 105, doi: 10. 5670 / oceanog. 2010. 76, urltoken
the corner rise seamounts are the shallowest seamounts in the new england – corner rise seamount system, rising from the sea floor to approximately 1000 m depth or higher and cover approximately 1270 km2 in area from peaks above 2000 m depth. this hotspot, referred to as the “new england hotspot”, is more than 3000 - km - long. a pause in volcanism 83 million years ago is responsible for the present day spatial gap between these two seamount chains. named seamounts within the corner rise seamount chain include: bean seamount, caloosahatchee seamount with milne - edwards peak, verrill peak, castle rock seamount, corner seamount with goode peak and kukenthal peak, justus seamount, macgregor seamount, rockaway seamount, yakutat seamount. some of these peaks fall outside of the nafo convention area .
this page presents the geographical name data for corner rise seamounts in undersea features, as supplied by the us military intelligence in electronic format, including the geographic coordinates and place name in various forms, latin, roman and native characters, and its location in its respective country' s administrative division .
one of the longest seamount tracks in the atlantic ocean was formed by the great meteor or new england hotspot. this more than 3000 - km - long hotspot track formed both the new england and corner rise seamounts, with a pause in volcanism 83 million years ago as evidenced by the morphological gap between chains .
waller, r. , watling, l. , auster, p. , and shank, t. (2007). anthropogenic impacts on the corner rise seamounts, nw atlantic ocean. j. mar. biol. assoc. u. k. 87, 1075–1076. doi: 10. 1017 / s0025315407057785
there are about 25 large volcanoes that make up the new england seamounts over a distance of about 1200 km, and they get younger towards the east. bear seamount, at the west end of the chain is the oldest of the new england seamounts. it was volcanically active just over 100 million years ago. the youngest is nashville seamount, which formed about 80 million years ago. the corner rise seamounts are offset ~ 400 km to the east of the new england seamount chain and are misaligned with respect to the trend of the new england seamounts. the volcanoes of the corner rise form longer ridges with more prominent topographic' saddles' than are seen in the new england seamounts. they formed on younger oceanic crust, which may explain some of their differences relative to the new england seamounts. the great meteor seamount group formed on the eastern side of the mid - atlantic ridge spreading center, on the african tectonic plate, and they are the largest and youngest volcanoes of all of the seamounts that were formed by the hotspot .
the bottom graph shows in red the height of the land and depth of the seafloor along the hotspot track. blue lines show the seafloor depths surrounding the seamounts to emphasize how high the volcanoes rise above their surroundings .
) is the most abundant deep - sea fish species found in these seamounts. this species appears to aggregate near certain seamounts. other fishes found include, for example, cardinal fish (
map showing the locations of bear, kelvin and manning seamounts. click image for larger view .
the monteregian hills, which share a name with the city of montreal in quebec, canada, are the eroded remnants of volcanoes that are the oldest volcanoes of the hotspot track: they were active about 125 million years ago. slightly younger parts of the hotspot track are found in the white mountains of new hampshire and neighboring u. s. states. the next youngest section of the hotspot track forms the new england seamounts in the atlantic ocean. they were active between 100 and 80 million years ago. the corner rise seamounts, farther to the east, formed around 75 million years ago. the most recent volcanic activity of this hotspot created the great meteor group of seamounts that are on the african tectonic plate; these seamounts formed 10 - 20 million years ago .
if you drained the water from the ocean basins, some of the most dramatic features that you' d see are the tens of thousands of underwater volcanoes called' seamounts.' these seamounts are sometimes isolated from each other, but more often are found in clusters and or in chains that stretch across the ocean basin for hundreds of miles. perhaps the best known of these is the hawaiian islands - - emperor seamount chain that stretches over 6000 km in the pacific from hawaii to near the aleutian islands west of alaska. but there are also seamount chains in the atlantic ocean - - including the corner rise and new england seamounts. how do these chains of volcanoes form ?
the new england seamounts make up the longest seamount chain in the north atlantic. they encompass more than 30 major volcanic peaks extending from georges bank southeast for about 1, 100 km to the eastern end of the bermuda rise, ending abruptly with nashville seamount to the east northeast of bermuda .
watling l and auster pj (2017) seamounts on the high seas should be managed as vulnerable marine ecosystems .
seamounts are also important because they harbor more marine life than the surrounding seafloor. more organisms live around seamounts because the seamounts disrupt ocean currents and cause deep waters rich in nutrients to move upwards towards the surface. the currents also sweep the seafloor free of sediments in places, so organisms that need to attach themselves to a hard surface, such as deep - sea corals, can grow on the sides of seamounts. scientists make the analogy of the deep - seafloor being like a desert for many types of marine life, one that is interrupted by biological oases at seamounts .
jon moore, one of our expedition team members, has examined archived photos taken during the geological investigation of the new england seamounts. he has shown that more than 50 species of invertebrates and at least eight species of fishes were photographed on these seamounts .
figure 1. coral communities are widespread on the summits and upper slopes of seamounts, with an example here of a coral community from the corner rise seamounts in the central atlantic. (a) soft coral community on the summit of corner seamount (1220 m) composed of paramuricea sp. , calyptrophora sp. , and chrysogorgia sp. , along with patches of coral rubble that form complex interstices that function as habitat for diverse taxa; (b) other species in this same area, such as this black coral leiopathes sp. , have patchy distributions and illustrate the functional role of corals as physical habitat for other taxa, here with galatheid crabs amongst the coral branches; (c) dense scars from what appear to be multiple passes of mobile fishing gear remain visible on the rock substratum along sloped peak edge at kükenthal seamount (725 m); (d) note the absence of attached fauna, coral rubble, and sediment in both this and previous image, presumably due to repeated disturbance by mobile gear (see waller et al. , 2007 for more detail on this area) .
the volcanoes rise from 500 m to several kilometers above the surrounding seafloor, and they are conical in shape, often with flat tops. submarine landslides down the sides of many of these volcanoes have changed their shapes. there are also many smaller volcanoes both on the slopes of the major volcanoes and surrounding them .
the geology of the new england seamounts and the effects of the seamounts on the flow regime of the gulf stream have been studied extensively, but the biota has been almost completely ignored. in fact, a review of literature about the biogeography of seamount faunas around the world notes only one species from the entire new england seamount chain (the stony coral enallopsammia rostrata from gregg seamount) .
map of the entire track of the hotspot that formed the new england seamounts and other associated volcanoes, from the monteregian hills (red dots) in the west to great meteor seamount in the east .
four new england seamounts exist within 200 nautical miles of the u. s. exclusive economic zone (eez). their minimum depths are: bear (1, 102 m), physalia (1, 848 m), mytilus (2, 269 m), and retriever (1, 819 m). several other new england seamounts outside the us eez are significant biologically because they rise to relatively shallow depths. they include balanus (1, 469 m), kelvin (1, 599 m), atlantis ii (1, 645 m), gosnold (1, 409 m), gregg (893 m), san pablo (1, 093 m), manning (1, 312 m) and rehoboth (1, 217 m). nashville seamount is much deeper (1, 975 m), but it is significant biogeographically because it is the easternmost seamount .
deepwater reef - like habitats are extremely unique and sensitive environments. the deep - sea coral habitats we are likely to encounter are poorly understood, but they are sensitive to bottom fishing activities and are potentially significant indicators of climate change. we anticipate that the new england seamounts will prove to be as biologically rich as seamounts in other regions of the worlds oceans. ultimately, we hope the results of this expedition will help establish protection of seamount fauna in the north atlantic .
rogers, a. d. , baco, a. , griffiths, h. j. , and hall - spencer, j. m. (2007). “corals on seamounts in seamounts: ecology, fisheries and conservation, ” in fisheries and aquatic resource series, eds a. pitcher, t. morato, p. j. b. hart, m. r. clark, n. haggan, and r. s. santos (oxford: blackwell scientific), 141–169 .
to learn more about new england seamounts fauna, noaa' s national marine fisheries service conducted an initial research survey of bear seamount in december 2000. during a single cruise on and over bear seamount, at least 115 species of fish and 185 species of invertebrates were caught and identified. a second cruise in july 2002 added to that species list. the total number of species identified is now 214 invertebrates and 203 fishes. this indicates that the fauna of bear seamount is highly diverse and suggests that the other new england seamounts also harbor a high diversity of macro - organisms .
this expedition is truly exploratory in nature. in fact, one of the seamounts (kelvin) has never been visited. manning was visited once in 1974 and just recently by our collaborator, jess adkins, and only two dives in 1968 were ever conducted on bear. we are almost certain to find a number of species on the seamounts that are new to science, especially from the middle and eastern portions of the chain. in addition, the species distribution information will significantly add to our understanding of community and biogeographic patterns in benthic deepwater organisms. this information will directly support the census of marine life initiative .
the new england seamounts are the middle portion of a long - distance and long - lived hotspot chain that extends from canada to undersea volcanoes on the african tectonic plate. the volcanic activity that formed this long chain provides a history how the north american and african plates have been moving for over 100 million years .
clark, m. r. , schlacher, t. a. , rowden, a. a. , stocks, k. i. , and consalvey, m. (2012). science priorities for seamounts: research links to conservation and management. plos one 7: e29232. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0029232
in some places on earth, isolated plumes of hot material rise from within the mantle below the tectonic plates that form the rigid, outer layer of the earth. as the plume approaches and penetrates the plates that move across the surface of the earth, it forms magmas that may erupt at the surface in volcanoes known as' hotspots.' the volcanic activity derived from a plume usually fluctuates in time, but the overlying tectonic plate keeps moving. with successive volcanic activity, new volcanoes form on the seafloor. if this happens many times over millions of years, a line of seafloor volcanoes is formed. this line of volcanoes records the direction that the tectonic plate was moving over geologic time. sometimes plates change direction, as can be seen by the bend in the hawaiian islands - - emperor seamount chain .
samadi, s. , schlacher, t. , and richer de forges, b. (2007). “seamount benthos. in seamounts: ecology, fisheries and conservation, ” in fisheries and aquatic resource series, eds a. pitcher, t. morato, p. j. b. hart, m. r. clark, n. haggan, and r. s. santos (oxford: blackwell scientific), 7119–140 .
we suggest that two obvious conclusions emerge from this discussion. first, all seamounts that have so far been surveyed by cameras, either towed or mounted on maneuverable submersible vehicles, have been found to have abundant vme indicator species (including xenophyophores on sandy areas) distributed on their sides and summits (figure 1). second, and most important, the distribution of vme indicator species is far more extensive than fishery bycatch data would suggest. the lack of vme species in virtually all trawl catches on seamounts is due entirely to their fragility and brittleness. while some large pieces of vme species encountered might be retained in the coarse meshes of a commercial trawl net or snagged on fixed gears such as longlines, the biomass would rarely be high enough to trigger an official “encounter” as most are surely broken into small pieces and fall to the seafloor before reaching the deck of the ship (auster et al. , 2011). this must have been the case in the louisville seamount fishery as the towed camera data would infer .
seamounts serve as habitat for a large number of vme indicator species. they are true mountains under the sea, defined as being at least 1000 m high, but often are 3 or 4 km in height. because they usually originated as volcanos, they are principally composed of basaltic lava with exposed surfaces that provide a stable substratum on which corals, sponges, and other species settle and grow (rogers et al. , 2007; samadi et al. , 2007; clark et al. , 2012) .
by rising from the surrounding seafloor to such large heights, seamounts alter the flow of ocean currents, increasing flow rate, and enhancing the delivery of food particles to the suspension - feeding animals. flow enhancement is most pronounced along the sides near the seamount summit, but also anywhere on the seamount where there is a feature, such as a ridge or pillar, that protrudes slightly above the local seafloor. on those features high densities of corals and sponges can be found (genin et al. , 1986). in fact, seamount benthic communities are characterized globally by octocorals, hard corals, sponges, and crinoids, among other suspension feeding invertebrate groups (mcclain et al. , 2010; schlacher et al. , 2014). a casual perusal of seamount images from web sites such as noaa' s ocean explorer (urltoken) will illustrate this broad generality. none of the seamounts explored, particularly at fishable depths (< 2000 m), have failed to produce spectacular images of octocorals and sponges, many of which are new to science (e. g. , watling et al. , 2011) .
the first encounter rules established in the ne atlantic were based on the predominant deep sea reef - building species lophelia pertusa and the large and heavy globular sponge, geodia sp. most seamounts, however, do not harbor massive reef building corals or very many dense, heavy sponges, although there are a few species in both categories in selected areas. indeed most octocorals, sponges, bryozoans, and associated fauna in regional lists of indicator species (e. g. , northeast atlantic fisheries commission, 2014) are small and, even those that are large, are exceedingly fragile (e. g. , figure 1). most likely then, as the trawl goes over the bottom, the octocorals and sponges will be crushed and broken with the pieces left on the seafloor or falling through the mesh of the net (waller et al. , 2007; williams et al. , 2010; clark et al. , 2016), with the result being that the encounter limits will rarely be exceeded. under some rules repeated encounters could eliminate the fauna of entire summit regions of seamounts without anyone knowing (auster et al. , 2011; international council for exploration of the seas, 2011, 2012) .
for a recent example, in the sprfmo area, only 4 of 255 trawl tows made on the louisville seamounts showed “evidence of a vme” (new zealand ministry of fisheries, 2008, p. 31). some of these tows were in areas open to fishing, but others were outside the trawl footprint. a later series of camera tows on six of the louisville seamounts (clark et al. , 2015) recorded the presence of a number of vme indicator species, especially gorgonian octocorals and sponges, although in that report only scleractinians (hard corals) were assessed as vme indicator species, contrary to the criteria established in the international guidelines (fao, 2009). under sprfmo rules, an “encounter” with a vme indicator species (based on vme taxa scores from median weights obtained over several years of previous fisheries tows) would require the vessel to move 5 km away from the site of encounter. since one or more typical vme indicator species were observed during virtually every camera tow, there would be nowhere on the seamount where trawling on the seafloor could occur. if a fishing vessel was required to survey with a camera an area where it wanted to trawl, rather than wait to see what comes up in the net, it would be difficult to find a place on the seamount that could be fished with bottom contact gear .
the ecological sustainability of fishing in the deep sea, in areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj), rose to the attention of the member states of the united nations and elicited action in 2004 and then more strongly in 2006 (gianni et al. , 2011). mounting evidence of the effects of fishing in the deep sea, such as the destruction of deep sea coral communities at sites around the globe, and the slow growth, time to maturity and tremendous age reached by some species of deep sea fish, caused many to consider the sustainability of common fishing practices. united nations general assembly (unga) resolution 61 / 105 in 2006 called “upon states to take action immediately, individually, and through regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, and consistent with the precautionary approach and ecosystem approaches, to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems [ vmes ], including seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold water corals, from destructive fishing practices, recognizing the immense importance, and value of deep - sea ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain. ”
instead, the approach often taken in such areas is to allow bottom fishing on large areas of seamounts and ridge systems and to “manage” the fisheries to prevent significant adverse impact by the use of a so - called “move - on” rule. this rule essentially requires that when vme indicator species are encountered the vessel must stop fishing and move some distance away from where the encounter occurred (auster et al. , 2011). the problem, of course, is how to define an “encounter” (generally based on a threshold weight or volume of an indicator species in the catch), and then stipulate how far the vessel should move (e. g. , international council for exploration of the seas, 2011). such rules are established by rfmos, bodies that are created by international treaties and governed by representatives of member nations, that are focused on managing fisheries activities on the high seas, across broad areas of the global ocean. for example, the south pacific regional fisheries management organization (sprfmo) extends from the vicinity of the equator in the north to 60°s, encompassing the whole of the south pacific outside of the exclusive economic zones (eezs) of surrounding countries .
as part of the commitment to manage high seas bottom fisheries, the un resolutions have also called on states to conduct prior environmental impact assessments before permitting bottom fisheries to take place [ paragraph 119 (a) of unga resolution 64 / 72 ]. these are designed to determine whether vmes are in an area where bottom fishing would be permitted and, if so, whether the fishing could be managed to prevent significant adverse impacts on vmes in these areas. the guidelines stipulate that the impact assessment should include the “identification, description, and mapping of vmes known or likely to occur in the fishing area. ” these criteria, as well as the criteria in the guidelines relating to identifying vmes and determining whether significant adverse impacts are likely or not likely to occur from bottom fishing, have been largely incorporated into legally binding regulations for the management of bottom fisheries adopted by regional fishery management organizations (rfmos). in spite of this however, in many of the high seas areas a number of countries have permitted bottom trawling on seamounts and ridge systems without having first mapped the areas and otherwise complied with the guidelines to determine whether vmes occur in these areas (gianni et al. , 2016) .
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urltoken
sc 2007: consists of 19 peaks with some summits being only 800 - 900 m deep .
the designations employed and the presentation of material in the map (s) are for illustration only and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of fao concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries .
until 31 december 2020, no vessel shall engage in bottom fishing activities in any of the areas illustrated in figure 3 and defined by connecting the following coordinates specified in table 5 in numerical order and back to coordinate 1 (article 17. 1) .
nafo conservation and enforcement measures 2017 (fc doc. 17 - 01, serial no. n6638, 188 pp. )
the northwest atlantic fisheries organization' s (nafo) overall objective is to contribute through consultation and cooperation to the optimum utilization, rational management and conservation of the fishery resources of its area of competence, and to ensure the long term conservation and sustainable use of the fishery resources and, in so doing, to safeguard the marine ecosystems in which these resources are found .
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author posting. © oceanography society, 2010. this article is posted here by permission of oceanography society for personal use, not for redistribution. the definitive version was published in oceanography 23, 1 (2010): 104 - 105 .
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map of the new england seamount chain (houghton et al, 1977). click image for larger view .
representative octocorals from dives conducted in 1974: a. dive 539, gills seamount' (photo courtesy of j. adkins). click image for larger view .
representative octocorals from dives conducted in 1974: b. dive 541, manning seamount; (photo courtesy of j. adkins). click image for larger view .
representative octocorals from dives conducted in 1974: c. dive 538, and nashville seamount; (photo courtesy of j. adkins). click image for larger view .
in 1997, exploratory commercial fishing on bear seamount (the closest new england seamount within the us eez) captured seven more fish species, including three exotic speciestwo previously seen only in the eastern atlantic and one found only in the temperate southern hemisphere) .
a multibeam swath bathymetric image of bear seamount produced on the oe sponsored deep east mission in 2001. click image for larger view .
6. assess the physical impact of bottom trawling on octocoral communities and seamount biodiversity .
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the hawaiian islands - - emperor seamount chain stretching more than 6000 km in the pacific ocean .
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hourly measurements made by selected ship sensors on the noaa ship ronald h. brown during the
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international guidelines for the implementation of the un resolution, including criteria for identifying vmes, were negotiated under the auspices of the un food and agriculture organization and subsequently endorsed by the un through general assembly resolution 64 / 72 (fao, 2009). this resolution committed states to manage bottom contact fisheries to “prevent significant adverse impacts on such ecosystems consistent with the guidelines or close such areas to bottom fishing. ” the key concept is vulnerability and this is related to “the likelihood that a population, community, or habitat will experience substantial alteration from short - term or chronic disturbance, and the likelihood that it would recover and in what time frame. these are, in turn, related to the characteristics of the ecosystems themselves, especially biological and structural aspects. vme features may be physically or functionally fragile. ” further, the “vulnerability of populations, communities, and habitats must be assessed relative to specific threats. some features, particularly those that are physically fragile or inherently rare, may be vulnerable to most forms of disturbance, but the vulnerability of some populations, communities and habitats may vary greatly depending on the type of fishing gear used or the kind of disturbance experienced. ” finally, risks to vmes are considered based upon vulnerability as well as the probability of the threat causing adverse impacts .
while the vulnerability of seamount faunas and threats from fishing activities have been well - documented (see clark et al. , 2016 for a recent review), how we determine what areas or features are vmes remains an open question. indeed, this is not an easy question to answer, but certain groups of animals are especially vulnerable to fishing gear, and so have been designated as vme “indicator” species. these are groups such as deep - sea corals and sponges, bryozoans, crinoids, xenophyophores, hydrothermal vent faunas, and other taxa that are either very long - lived and / or easily removed, damaged, or killed by fishing gear or other forms of direct disturbance, have low reproductive output, and low ecological resilience (fao, 2009; northeast atlantic fisheries commission, 2014) .
the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
the reviewer tm and handling editor declared their shared affiliation, and the handling editor states that the process nevertheless met the standards of a fair and objective review .
auster, p. j. , gjerde, k. , heupel, e. , watling, l. , grehan, a. , and rogers, a. d. (2011). definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move - on” rule. ices j. mar. sci. 68, 254–264. doi: 10. 1093 / icesjms / fsq074
clark, m. r. , althaus, f. , schlacher, t. a. , williams, a. , bowden, d. a. , and rowden, a. a. (2016). the impacts of deep - sea fisheries on benthic communities: a review. ices j. mar. sci. 73, 151–169. doi: 10. 1093 / icesjms / fsv123
clark, m. r. , anderson, o. f. , bowden, d. a. , chin, c. , george, s. g. , glasgow, d. a. et al. (2015). vulnerable marine ecosystems of the louisville seamount chain: voyage report of a survey to evaluate the efficacy of preliminary habitat suitability models. n. z. aquat. environ. biodivers. rep. 149, 1–88 .
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genin, a. , dayton, p. k. , lonsdale, p. f. , and spiess, f. n. (1986). corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over deep - sea topography. nature 322, 59–61. doi: 10. 1038 / 322059a0
george, k. h. , and schminke, h. k. (2002). harpacticoida (crustacea, copepoda) of the great meteor seamount, with first conclusions as the origin of the plateau fauna. mar. biol. 144, 887–895. doi: 10. 1007 / s00227 - 002 - 0878 - 6
gianni, m. , currie, d. e. j. , fuller, s. , speer, l. , ardron, j. , roberts, g. , et al. (2011). unfinished business: a review of the implementation of the provisions of unga resolutions 61 / 105 and 64 / 72 related to the management of bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction. amsterdam: deep sea conservation coalition .
gianni, m. , fuller, s. d. , currie, d. e. j. , schleit, k. , goldsworthy, l. , pike, b. , et al. (2016). how much longer will it take? a ten - year review of the implementation of united nations general assembly resolutions 61 / 105, 64 / 72 and 66 / 68 on the management of bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction. amsterdam: deep sea conservation coalition. available online at: urltoken
international council for exploration of the seas (ices) (2011). report of the ices / nafo joint working group on deep - water ecology (wgdec), 28 february - 4 march 2011. ices cm 2011 / acom: 27, copenhagen. 95 .
international council for exploration of the seas (ices) (2012). report of the ices / nafo joint working group on deep - water ecology (wgdec), 26–30 march 2012. ices cm 2012 / acom: 29, copenhagen .
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mcclain, c. , lundsten, l. , barry, j. , and devogelaere, a. (2010). assemblage structure, but not diversity or density, change with depth on a northeast pacific seamount. mar. ecol. 31 (suppl. 1), 14–25. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1439 - 0485. 2010. 00367. x
northeast atlantic fisheries commission (neafc) (2014). recommendation 19 2014: protection of vmes in neafc regulatory areas as amended by recommendation 09: 2015. available online at: urltoken
new zealand ministry of fisheries (2008). bottom fishery impact assessment. bottom fishing activities by new zealand vessels fishing in the high seas in the sprfmo area during 2008 and 2009, 102 .
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the corner rise seamounts are a chain of extinct submarine volcanoes in the northern atlantic ocean east of the new england seamounts . both it and the new england seamounts were formed by the great meteor hotspot . it is the shallowest seamount in new england , with some of its nineteen highest peaks only 800 – 900 m deep . like most seamounts , they attract fish . over 175 species have been found there , including splendid alfonsino , black cardinal fish , black scabbardfish , and wreckfish . trawl fishing during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in approximately 20,000 tons of fish being harvested . as a result , the seamounts were closed to demersal fishing ( collecting fish near the bottom of the ocean , as opposed to pelagic fishing , collecting fish near the surface ) beginning 1 january 1997 . the original ban was supposed to be lifted 31 december 2010 , but was extended until 31 december 2020 . almost a decade into the ban , a 2005 woods hole oceanographic institution survey found that two of the peaks , kükenthal and yakutat , had been stripped bare of both corals and bottom-dwelling animals . however the survey , which covered both the corner rise and new england seamounts , found 270 species of invertebrates and crustaceans , including 70 species unique to the corner rise seamounts . 
the corner rise seamounts are a chain of extinct submarine volcanoes in the northern atlantic ocean east of the new england seamounts. both it and the new england seamounts were formed by the great meteor hotspot. it is the shallowest seamount in new england, with some of its nineteen highest peaks only 800 – 900 m deep. like most seamounts, they attract fish. over 175 species have been found there, including splendid alfonsino, black cardinal fish, black scabbardfish, and wreckfish. trawl fishing during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in approximately 20,000 tons of fish being harvested. as a result, the seamounts were closed to demersal fishing (collecting fish near the bottom of the ocean, as opposed to pelagic fishing, collecting fish near the surface) beginning 1 january 1997. the original ban was supposed to be lifted 31 december 2010, but was extended until 31 december 2020. almost a decade into the ban, a 2005 woods hole oceanographic institution survey found that two of the peaks, kükenthal and yakutat, had been stripped bare of both corals and bottom-dwelling animals. however the survey, which covered both the corner rise and new england seamounts, found 270 species of invertebrates and crustaceans, including 70 species unique to the corner rise seamounts.
the corner rise seamounts are a chain of extinct submarine volcanoes in the northern atlantic ocean east of the new england seamounts. both it and the new england seamounts were formed by the great meteor hotspot. it is the shallowest seamount in new england, with some of its nineteen highest peaks only 800 – 900 m deep. like most seamounts, they attract fish. over 175 species have been found there, including splendid alfonsino, black cardinal fish, black scabbardfish, and wreckfish. trawl fishing during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in approximately 20,000 tons of fish being harvested. as a result, the seamounts were closed to demersal fishing (collecting fish near the bottom of the ocean, as opposed to pelagic fishing, collecting fish near the surface) beginning 1 january 1997. the original ban was supposed to be lifted 31 december 2010, but was extended until 31 december 2020. almost a decade into the ban, a 2005 woods hole oceanographic institution survey found that two of the peaks, kükenthal and yakutat, had been stripped bare of both corals and bottom-dwelling animals. however the survey, which covered both the corner rise and new england seamounts, found 270 species of invertebrates and crustaceans, including 70 species unique to the corner rise seamounts.