underground u . s . a .
urltoken is an official site of the u. s. government, u. s. department of justice
. lawrence county, sd: u. s. geological survey bulletin; 1857 - j .
by the next year, the group had claimed credit for 25 bombings—including the u. s. capitol, the pentagon, the california attorney general’s office, and a new york city police station .
it' s also available to have as a physical copy in the form of a dvd .
a domestic terrorist group called the weather underground claimed responsibility for both bombs. originally called the weatherman or the weathermen, a name taken from a line in a bob dylan song, the weather underground was a small, violent offshoot of students for a democratic society, or sds, a group created in the turbulent ‘60s to promote social change .
bill plympton speaks, oct. 15 & 16, underground usa: the confluence
underground usa is a one day public history / arts education event focusing on one chapter of oregon print cartooning history .
the wall street putsch, as it' s known today, was a plot by a group of right - wing financiers .
through talks, presentations, onstage conversations and a culminating panel discussion, underground usa participants will explore these and other questions .
in' underground airlines,' america is a modern slave state author ben h. winters imagines a disturbing alternative reality. check out this story on urltoken urltoken
his journey is supposed to be epic, but many of its big turns are anticlimactic, and winters never truly develops the idea of an underground movement that he initially promises. (there is no airline .) it’s a strangely underpopulated novel, too, and doesn’t quite succeed in integrating jim’s personal history with the mystery he’s solving .
on oct 15, 2016, two time oscar nominee bill plympton will appear as a guest speaker at oregon cartoon institute ‘s one day symposium underground usa. the following evening he will introduce a program of his short films at the mission theater .
underground: usa was an eleven week road trip that i went on during the summer of 2009 .
though it' s hard for us to imagine today, she says fascism, communism, even naziism seemed like possible solutions to the country' s ills .
on january 29, 1975, an explosion rocked the headquarters of the u. s. state department in washington, d. c. no one was hurt, but the damage was extensive, impacting 20 offices on three separate floors. hours later, another bomb was found at a military induction center in oakland, california, and safely detonated .
critics on the right worried that roosevelt was a communist, a socialist or the tool of a jewish conspiracy. critics on the left complained his policies didn' t go far enough. some of roosevelt' s opponents didn' t stop at talk. though it' s barely remembered today, there was a genuine conspiracy to overthrow the president .
through talks, presentations, onstage conversations and one gigantic culminating panel discussion, underground usa participants will explore these and other questions .
i' ve got an app on the itunes store called station master - the definitive guide to travelling around the london underground .
six writers and artists, bill plympton, david chelsea, norman solomon, richard gehr, maurice isserman, patrick rosenkranz, are coming to the white stag auditorium to taik about their eariy experiences in portland’s underground press .
want to share imdb' s rating on your own site? use the html below .
blair c. c. , d' hondt s. , spivack a. j. , kingsley r. h. (2007) .
i stopped after i went on a road trip to all mainland 48 states around the country visiting underground usa places in america that shared he same name as stops on the tube map .
it’s always possible to quibble with this kind of premise, but the fact is that as a feat of world - building, underground airlines is astonishing, immediately taking its place in the genre’s very first rank. its success lies in the accumulation of subtle details, whose unintrusive presence gradually give the book its own, powerful reality, at once completely familiar and completely alien .
i make videos for a living. i can shoot, produce, direct and edit a video for you. have a look at my showreel here .
hbo' s new series sharp objects premieres july 8 and follows amy adams as camille ...
illustrates the correspondence between energy density and resident microbial populations. for instance, organisms capable of oxidizing s
when i got home, it took me a while but i edited up all the footage and cut it down into a feature length documentary, it' s 65 minutes long and you can watch it on youtube here .
this allows underground airlines to transcend its rather prosaic plotline. the book’s protagonist is a former slave who goes by jim and works catching runaways, one of those tragic supernumeraries that every society of administrated prejudice inevitably produces. searching for an escaped slave, he stumbles upon a secret large enough to shake up his enigmatic handler, and just perhaps to shake the larger stakeholders behind him, too .
and i’m back in charleston. so it’s taken me three weeks to recover, catch up on my sleep and get some sort of resemblance of a ‘normal’ daily life back. which means it’s now time for a post - trip ‘debrief’ interview … in the meantime, you’ll find me down the library most days, writing it all [ … ]
and “? ” physiotypes. sulfate reduction with hydrogen was shown to be a poor source of energy in this system (see chemolithotrophy), which seemingly contradicts the abundance of srbs in a number of sites. notably, the s
this puts underground airlines in the genre of the counterfactual novel, which alters a single inflection point in history and follows the resulting divergence. (most of them have to do with nazis .) in this timeline, the dispute between the north and south ends with a fractious truce .
patrick rosenkranz, author of rebel visions: the underground comix revolution 1963 - 1975, will give the keynote address. he will speak about two powerfully influential pop culture practitioners from oregon, carl barks (1901 - 2000) and basil wolverton (1909 - 1978), and the impact they had on the cartoonists of the underground press .
when the bankers plotted to overthrow fdr franklin delano roosevelt was subject to the kind of vitriol we often see directed at barack obama today. but some of fdr' s opponents didn' t stop at talk: a new book details a starting plot to overthrow fdr and replace him with a fascist military government .
astor sorrowfully decides that she' d rather not live any longer. lensed in 16 millimeter by producer / director / star eric mitchell, underground usa is occasionally effective, though for much of the proceedings it suffers from trying too hard to be the big apple counterpart to godard' s breathless .
when sds collapsed in 1969, the weather underground stepped forward, inspired by communist ideologies and embracing violence and crime as a way to protest the vietnam war, racism, and other left - wing aims. “our intention is to disrupt the empire... to incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks, ” claimed the group’s 1974 manifesto, prairie fire .
a rich young woman tries to escape boredom and her controlling boyfriend with a series of dalliances with working - class men. she falls for a communist factory worker who rejects her because of their class differences .
it was a dangerous time in america: the economy was staggering, unemployment was rampant and a banking crisis threatened the entire monetary system .
somewhere on a mainly deserted two - lane highway, sometime between california and oklahoma, someone was driving a dark red jeep east across the country. just another week and another two thousand miles on the clock to add to on top of a ten week epic journey – all alone. google latitude has been turned off, there’s [ … ]
three weather underground members were killed when a bomb they had built exploded in the basement of a townhouse in greenwich village on march 6, 1970. in the days following the explosion, police found 57 sticks of dynamite, four completed bombs, detonators, timing devices, and other bomb - making equipment. bettmann / corbis photo .
calculations by the limiting reactant for a more realistic view of potential metabolisms. in previous studies, energy density appears to show a stronger relationship to
underground usa is open to the general public. it is presented by oregon cartoon institute in partnership with uo comics & cartooning studies and psu comic studies, and with support from oregon historical society .
so using my world - record breaking exploits on the london underground as my motivation, i found the names of 48 places (one for each state) in america which shared the same name as a place on the london tube map, and travelled round to them all .
she says that during the tense months between fdr' s election in november and his inauguration in march 1933, democracy hung in the balance .
rene ricard as kenneth, patti astor as vicky and eric mitchell as victor in underground usa 1980, 16mm, written and directed by eric mitchell. cinematography by tom di cillo. film sequence courtesy: eric mitchell video clip produced in honor of rene ricard' s memorial, which takes place may 22, and posted on the fb memorial page .
underground airlines (mulholland books, 322 pp. , * * * out of four stars), a swift, smart, angry new novel by ben h. winters, illuminates all the ways that slavery has endured into the present day — by depicting an alternate world in which it has endured, quite literally. america, 2016: a slave state .
a group of actors in the east village of new york city have been rehearsing for a play when the lead actress in the play turns up dead .
“i was a monster but way down underneath i was good, ” jim says. “wasn’t i? wasn’t i good? ” slavery is long gone in reality, underground airlines knows; america is good, the real america is good. except what are we really, way down underneath ?
know what this is about? be the first one to add a plot .
denton is the author of a new book, the plots against the president: fdr, a nation in crisis, and the rise of the american right .
ignavibacterium album gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring and proposal of ignavibacteria classis nov. , for a novel lineage at the periphery of green sulfur bacteria
the fbi doggedly pursued these terrorists as their attacks mounted. many members were identified, but their small numbers and guerrilla tactics helped them hide under assumed identities. in 1978, the bureau arrested five members who were plotting to bomb a politician’s office. others were captured after two policemen and a brinks’ driver were murdered in a botched armored car robbery in nanuet, new york, in 1981 .
it seems to me that going through history here, there are times that we need to have a demon, somebody that' s not of us, in order to solidify our fears and our anxieties ,
denton says .
kallmeyer j. , pockalny r. , adhikari r. r. , smith d. c. , d' hondt s. (2012) .
the conspirators had several million dollars, a stockpile of weapons and had even reached out to a retired marine general, smedley darlington butler, to lead their forces .
but its vibrant imagination never slackens, and its savage attunement to the evil of slavery feels important, in a moment when our cultural focus is on the black community, which traces so many of its difficulties to our nation’s original sin .
can be used to infer metabolisms for the unknown physiotypes. for instance, in the case of sulfate reduction, it can be seen that this physiotype (s
some people even called for a dictator to pull america out of the great depression .
this article was submitted to extreme microbiology, a section of the journal frontiers in microbiology .
underground usa is one day public history / arts education event which focuses on one chapter of oregon print cartooning history. it was created in partnership with uo comics & cartooning studies and psu comic studies, and with support from oregon historical society .
c) and ph (6. 55–8. 46), but sharp differences in redox chemistry, documented with orp measurements (79 to - 292 mv) and σ s
the underground of the title refers not to crime but to the half - hidden world of two - bit hustlers, artistic poseurs, aberrant lifestyles and shattered dreams. small - time manhattan opportunist eric mitchell latches onto patti astor, a once - popular movie star fallen into penury. he briefly lifts her spirits, but in the final analysis betrays her .
holland g. , lollar b. s. , li l. , lacrampe - couloume g. , slater g. f. , ballentine c. j. (2013) .
had he been a different kind of person, it might have gone a lot further ,
denton says .
but he saw it as treason and he reported it to congress .
into histograms that more specifically illustrate the energy available from various electron acceptors (a, c) and electron donors (b, d). panels a and b (gibbs energy per mole e
those words could be ripped from today' s headlines. in fact, author sally denton tells weekends on all things considered host guy raz, they come from a letter written in 1933 by republican sen. henry d. hatfield of west virginia, bemoaning the policies of franklin delano roosevelt .
, gibbs energies are recast as energy densities using equation (3). here the colored horizontal bars indicate the electron donor of each reaction. in this view, energy yield is high using s
i perform improv comedy and enjoy going to parkrun a lot to keep fit for tube challenges ...
there was a lot at play. it could have gone very different directions ,
denton says .
concentrations. hydrocarbon gasses co - occur, although methane is more abundant than ethane by a factor 8–202 .
when roosevelt finally took office, he embarked on the now - legendary first hundred days, an ambitious legislative program aimed at reopening and stabilizing the country' s banks and getting the economy moving again .
two underground papers, the willamette bridge (1968 - 1971) and the portland scribe (1972 - 1978), provided first jobs for a generation of artists and writers who went on to have nationai careers. oregon cartoon institute invited five of them – artists bill plympton and david chelsea, and writers norman solomon, richard gehr and maurice isserman – to return to portland to taik about these eariy experiences .
allison kugel joins comedian / actor / author d. l. hughley for a frank discussion about ...
by the mid -' 80s, the weather underground was essentially history. still, several of these fugitives were able to successfully hide themselves for decades, emerging only in recent years to answer for their crimes. once again, it shows that grit and partnerships can and will defeat shadowy, resilient terrorist groups .
caporaso j. g. , lauber c. l. , walters w. a. , berg - lyons d. , lozupone c. a. , turnbaugh p. j. , et al. . (2011) .
european secret agent max menace arrives in new york city, waiting for his contact to tell him his assignment. he becomes entangled with an assortment of odd characters and situations, but never learns why he' s there .
key to disrupting the group for good was the newly created fbi - new york city police anti terrorist task force. it brought together the strengths of both organizations and focused them on these domestic terrorists. the task force and others like it paved the way for today’s joint terrorism task forces—created by the bureau in each of its field offices to fuse federal, state, and local law enforcement and intelligence resources to combat today' s terrorist threats .
unfortunately for the aerobic microbes, the calculations summarized in panel a and b fail to account for limiting reactants in the systems. oxygen is a high - energy electron acceptor where available, but where it is limiting this potential cannot be realized. figures
i created a subway - style map of all the places that i visited, and how they might be linked together is the usa had a subway / train system that did indeed connect across the country. i' ve put in some major towns and attractions too just to give it a little more sense. (click on the image for the full sized version! )
). hydrogen oxidation with oxygen is a highly exergonic reaction when viewed per mole of electrons (rxn. # 1; figure
in this ordination, sites are broadly distributed across the diagram with clustering between 800′ level samples, manifold sites, and sulfidic sites from 4850′ level. physiotypes are similarly distributed with clusters of ch 4, ox, s ox, and h 2, ox in the upper left, n ox and fe ox on the right, and s red and het anaerobic in the lower left. an example of a physiotype that depends on multiple chemical species is fe ox, which appears directly in between the do and fe + + vectors, illustrating its dependence on both variables. the same is true for ch4 ox and n ox. this also suggests that o 2 is the terminal electron acceptor for these metabolisms, rather than no − 3, so 2− 4 —or other oxidants. aerobic heterotrophy is very closely associated with do, suggesting that oxygen, not organic matter is limiting in these systems. in contrast, there is a close correspondence between the chemical species hs − and h 2 and their oxidizing phylotypes s ox, and h 2, ox, respectively, suggesting that reductant supply is the determining factor for these metabolisms. mixed heterotrophy appears antithetical to anaerobic and aerobic heterotrophy, suggesting that it is a combination of the two rather than a poorly characterized phylum .
as an electron donor. many of the srbs identified in surf are capable (and often require) heterotrophic modes of growth, lending support to this idea. the big unknown in these, and in most ecosystems, is the metabolic potential of the unclassified organisms. while this analysis is not detailed enough to suggest a specific metabolism, the location of the “? ” physiotype near s
presents gibbs energy in terms of energy density, weighting the theoretical energy yield (shown in 2a) by the availability of limiting reactants. here, the difference in energy availability for many of the reactions spans several orders of magnitude between sites and some electron donors (s
denton says that as she was writing the book, she was struck by the parallels between the treatment of roosevelt and that of barack obama. for example, a cottage industry much like the birther movement grew up around proving that the dutch - descended roosevelt was actually a secret jew .
a psychotic saxophone player (played both by amos poe and john lurie) lures victims to deserted spots with his music and then guns them down .
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the authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .
it was a cockamamie concept ,
she adds ,
and the fact that it even got as far as it did is pretty shocking .
were observed in this study. while a slight primer bias against archaea is contributing to the observed abundance patterns, this bias should not more specifically exclude the
physiotypes and their relationship to geochemistry. comparison of microbial metabolisms and geochemistry at all surf sites. (a) a bar chart illustrating binned microbial physiotypes at the family level of identified sequences. (b) principle component analysis of physiotype abundance (black vectors) and metabolically important geochemical parameters (gray vectors) by site .
for instance some cars come from south africa, which makes sad sense given the history of apartheid. there are upmarket corporate slaveholders, with the pr polish of our own companies. the government has adapted: a missing person' s skin is classified, with chilling bureaucratic efficiency, as “late - summer honey, warm tone, # 76. ” counterfactual novels thrive on this kind of frisson, sameness and difference at once; winters is masterful at that particular eeriness .
i felt like my hair was getting long and that it was time to get it chopped. and when you’re in arizona on the route 66 trail, there’s only one place that you can go … unfortunately angel delgadillo was out when we went by the route 66 gift shop in seligman, arizona … but [ … ]
we’re still heading west, into the last week. a crapped out internet connection in the place that i stayed in the last two nights meant not much uploading. i’ve just made up for it with a whole slew of photos (links below) to the general group, route 66 gallery and abandoned america as well. if [ … ]
), is highly exergonic at all sites (# 102). a similar consortium of methanogens and sulfide oxidizing bacteria could potentially take advantage of this large energy yield in this system. in addition, iron oxidation is a visibly important process within the surf environment, resulting in iron - rich biofilms at boreholes 2 and 5 as well as pool 9 (see figure
my eyes open. it’s thursday morning. i’ve driven over 18, 000 miles in the last ten weeks, and i’ve got about 150 more to go to get to my final destination. my last evening of the road trip was not one to remember. in the nothing town of ridgecrest, ca (formerly known as crumville – no, [ … ]
as electron acceptors, similar to the canonical view of electron acceptor potency. also, there is a relatively tight clustering between different sites, suggesting a broad similarity between energy available at each site, despite large geochemical differences. outliers are reactions involving dissolved gasses whose activities vary dramatically. from this figure we can see which reactions are most exergonic if sufficient reactants are available. in contrast, figure
welcome, rachel. no, not my - best - mates - back - at - home birds name, or even any ‘friends’ connotations with jennifer anniston, but a town with population of just under 100 about eighty miles north of las vegas, that likes to tout itself as the place to be to see a ufo or two. we escaped – literally, more on that tomorrow [ … ]
where a i designates the activity of the i th species and v i, r indicates the stoichiometric coefficient of the i th species in the r th reaction. activities were determined using geochemical data from each field site and the program spec8 (geochemist' s workbench 8, aqueous solutions llc). δ g r is presented in units of kilojoules per mole of electron transferred, kj (mol e −) −1. in order to scale energy availability to the limiting reactant, the gibbs energy calculations are also presented in terms of energy densities, e r, which are calculated by
i always knew i' d want to write up my adventures into a book afterwards, and when people usually take a travel trip they make notes which they can refer back to afterwards. i didn' t have to - because the twitter feed is in effect my note taking of the whole trip, and by reading them back i' m able to recall exactly where i was and what i was doing .
in most cases, particular families dominate the physiotypes at a given site. the most extreme example of this is the fe ox physiotypes that are almost exclusively composed of the betaproteobacterial family gallionellaceae, which constitutes 54. 4% of sequences in borehole 2 fluid. the energy yield of this reaction at site 2 is correspondingly high, up to 0. 3–0. 4 j per kg h 2 o (rxn. # 2, 3). generally, the abundance of the fe ox physiotype was correlated with increasing energy density from iron oxidizing reactions (r = 0. 44, see figure s5). only a single known iron reducing bacterium was identified, geobacteriaceae which was found exclusively in pool 6. this is one of the few sites where this reaction is energy yielding (rxn. # 119). the ch 4, ox physiotype is dominated by the methylococcaceae and most common in borehole 8. the energy density for aerobic methanotrophy here is correspondingly high (rxn. 14, 10 −1. 5 j / kg h 2 o). other dominant families from potentially chemolithoautophic physiotypes include: h 2, ox — hydrogenophilaceae, n ox — nitrospiraceae, thaumarchaeota, s ox — thiotrichaceae, ectothiorhodospiraceae, s red — desulfobacteraceaea, desulfobulbaceae, peptococcaceae / desulforudis .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by). the use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author (s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. no use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .
they thought that they could convince roosevelt, because he was of their, the patrician class, they thought that they could convince roosevelt to relinquish power to basically a fascist, military - type government ,
denton says .
) where biofilms contain more heterotrophic constituents. this observation is consistent with trophic structuring and heterotrophic turnover that would be expected in a microbial biofilm or mat. heterotrophy in samples that are open to the atmosphere is mostly performed by aerobic heterotrophs whereas borehole sites contain more mixed and anaerobic heterotrophic representatives. a similar switch can be observed in the sulfur system where sulfide oxidation yields to sulfate reduction as the prevailing oxidation state progresses from more oxidizing to more reducing sites .
the energetic calculations carried out in this study suggest that there is a considerable amount of energy to be had from catalyzing chemolithotrophic reactions. however, gibbs energy can be normalized in multiple ways (e. g. , moles of e
having lived in america (in south carolina) for three years, i knew it was time to come home, but didn' t want to just get on a plane and fly back. i wanted to go out in style !
clearly, there are many possible exergonic catabolic strategies in the surf system; however, a number of commonly discussed subsurface metabolisms are absent from this list. perhaps the most commonly cited subsurface energy source is hydrogen (nealson et al. ,
i published a photobook via blurb on the 3rd june 2010. i sat down and went thought the 3000 + photos that i' d taken and took the best ones, adjusted the levels and contrast of all the photos nicely and published it online .
) are considerably more diverse. at this depth, boreholes that produce significant flow must be capped with manifolds or plugged with cement to prevent flooding. a subset of these capped sites were opened and sampled (samples b, d, and 3a, figure
in this light, the reversal of fortunes that occurs when δ g r is instead presented as energy density is most revealing. energy yields switch from being very dependent on the electron acceptors o 2, no − 3, and mno 2 to instead depending on the electron donors s 0, hs −, nh + 4, fe + +, and mn + +. notably, this switch is present almost wherever both formulations of δ g r are presented. for instance, boettger et al. (2013) saw energy yield switch from being primarily dependent on o 2 and no − 3 to depending on ch 4 and h 2 with a range of electron acceptors. similar trends are observed in larowe and amend (2014) with the energy density emphasis on sulfur species. similar to this study, they found that energy density calculations correspond more closely to resident populations than kj (mole e −) −1 calculations. viewing energetic potential in terms of energy density may both more accurately represent environmental systems and introduce a number of potentially profitable, surface independent, metabolisms to fuel the dsb .
illustrates the distribution of physiotypes within the sampling locations of surf. at the largest scale it is clear that there is enormous variability in the potential metabolisms present, which is not surprising given the variety and concentrations of electron donors and acceptors at surf, and therefore the amount of energy available from a diverse set of catabolic strategies. there are distinct differences between the metabolic potential in filtered fluids vs. biofilm samples, as well as between samples from the 800′ and 4850′ levels. in general, the fluids contain a greater proportion of unclassified metabolisms (and phyla, figure
the newly elected president pursued an ambitious legislative program aimed at easing some of the troubles. but he faced vitriolic opposition from both sides of the political spectrum .
this is despotism, this is tyranny, this is the annihilation of liberty ,
one senator wrote to a colleague .
the ordinary american is thus reduced to the status of a robot. the president has not merely signed the death warrant of capitalism, but has ordained the mutilation of the constitution, unless the friends of liberty, regardless of party, band themselves together to regain their lost freedom .
the observed distribution of aqueous species suggests varying levels of water rock interaction, equilibration with the atmosphere, and active cycling of redox sensitive elements between samples. in order to more critically evaluate the relationship between different sites and chemical species, we performed a principle component analysis of all measured geochemical parameters (figure
for the next eleven weeks i then drove from coast - to - coast going via all 48 mainland states. i blogged most days as i went (in fact, my blogging prior to the trip had dropped to about once a week, and then whilst on the trip it went up to five or six times a week). i took photos - over 3, 000 of them in end end, and sent 1, 200 tweets as well on my twitter feed. i also made sixteen videos (twenty - two in total, four pre - trip and two post - trip) about the road trip as well .
so here we go – for the last time – to have a round up of all the important numbers at the end, and the final progress maps too. so if you still don’t include the four days that it took for me to drive up to maine from charleston, or the (estimated) six days [ … ]
dna was obtained from filters and biofilms using a modified phenol - chloroform extraction within 30 days of each sample collection. this included three rounds of physical (freeze, thaw, vortex) and chemical (lysozyme) disruption of the cell wall prior to phenol - chloroform extraction. controls during dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) confirmed that there were no contaminating nucleic acids during the extraction process (data not shown). whole genomic dna was sent to molecular research dna (shallowater, tx, usa). primers 515 forward and 806 reverse (caporaso et al. , 2011) were used to amplify the hypervariable 4 region of the 16s rdna gene according to previously described methods (dowd et al. , 2008). following amplification, all pcr products from different samples were mixed in equal concentrations and purified using agencourt ampure beads (agencourt bioscience corporation, ma, usa). samples were sequenced on roche 454 flx titanium instruments using recommended reagents and following manufacturer' s guidelines .
do you remember the good old days of the internet, when the most impressive thing you could see was some flashing text, or maybe an animated gif? it was over ten years ago back in 1997, when i had a compuserve account, and my isp – frontier technologies– recommended that you download netscape 4. 5 to [ … ]
among the many consequences are a later war to keep texas in the union, with “swift boats on the rio grande, ” international disgust depressing the economy until the united states looks something like east germany, and, most significantly of course, more than 3 million slaves living in the “hard four, ” the final states where slavery persists .
four days in las vegas, and i was really starting to hate the place. nothing to do with tube - named stops, i’d always planned to stay in vegas at least one – possibly two nights – just so that i could say i’d been there, seen it, and indulged a little. in the end, it will [ … ]
it became quickly apparent on the trip that the most important thing for me was the tweets that i sent on the way round as you got a real' feel' for the trip, rather than wait for blog posts, photos or videos to appear - that just reading the twitter feed gave you an instant feel as to what was going on .
i plotted the route that i took on a google map as i went. in the end, there was so much data plotted (including towns visited, gas stops made, and other points of interest) that i hit the limit of how much meta data you can have in a google map, and i had to split it into two. the google maps are still' live' and online to this day. the first one is here (mainly the east side of the usa), and here is the second one (the rest of the trip) is here, but this shot here gives you an overview of the whole route taken - starting in maine in the top right heading from east to west and finishing in california .
now that there is compelling evidence for metabolisms that could yield significant amounts of energy in this environment, it is incumbent to ask if microbes capable of mediating these metabolisms are in fact present. microbes closely related to known chemolithotrophs (based on 16s rrna gene sequences) are found in abundance; however, the scope of this analysis is incomplete, because many sequences are from uncharacterized strains. to identify likely physiologies, sequencing data were analyzed at the family level for each site, and the families were classified as physiotypes based on the predominant metabolism of cultured representatives as identified in bergey' s manual of systematic bacteriology and in recent publications of newly defined or cultured groups by iino et al. (2010), yamada (2006), bollmann et al. (2014), chivian et al. (2008). where metabolisms were unknown (such as for the unclassified groups, candidate phyla, or otus with only coarse phylogenetic affiliation), the family was placed into the physiotype marked “? ”. at some sites this bin constitutes > 50% of the otus sampled (borehole 2), whereas in others it is < 10% (pool 6 biofilm). when the family level proved too metabolically diverse to categorize, the family was put into the physiotype labeled “mixed. ” the group labeled “p / s? ” consists of organisms related closely to oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesizers that are unlikely to be mediating these metabolisms in the dark mine environment .
i visited places in america that shared the same names as places on the london tube map. e. g. white city in kansas, which served as my route around the country. i got to california on thursday august 27th, where i rested for a few days before driving back to charleston, getting home on sunday 11th september - having spent almost three months on the road .
the hydrological and geological variability present in the continental subsurface can be much greater than in marine environments. for instance, the continental crust is composed of a combination of felsic and mafic, intrusive and extrusive, igneous rocks and sedimentary deposits of numerous compositions and metamorphic grades. consequently, a multifaceted approach is necessary to characterize the environmental complexities of deep terrestrial ecosystems, including understanding the feeding aquifer and the host lithologies encountered by the corresponding subsurface fluids. such information is often available in mines because it is critical to the structural safety and economics of mining. the chemistry of subsurface fluids reflects interaction with different rock lithologies, and thus differs depending on sample location and depth. the variable salinities, phs, temperatures, and oxidation states will, in turn, support different microbial communities that can be probed with biomolecular techniques, including pyrosequencing. although these techniques have limited utility in connecting sequence identity to function, they can be used to rapidly assess the microbial diversity of an environment and to infer putative catabolic strategies. thermodynamic modeling can then be used in concert with geochemical and genomic data to ascertain likely ongoing chemolithotrophic strategies. here, we combined these techniques and present a characterization of the geochemical habitat, microbiome, and energetic framework for chemolithotrophic processes of the subsurface biosphere at surf .
). here, vectors for each physiotype are plotted in black and geochemical species in gray, in a principle coordinate system derived from both systems at each site. species and physiotypes that co - vary in abundance should point in similar directions, whereas physiotypes that are dependent on two chemical species will appear between the two chemical vectors. surf sample sites are plotted in symbols and their positions reflect proximity to their constituent physiotypes and chemical species .
the samples for this study were acquired over the course of three expeditions to surf in lead, south dakota (usa) in sept. 2013, oct. 2013, and feb. 2014 (yates shaft, latitude 44. 352157 °, longitude - 103. 750503 °). detailed geochemical data were acquired only on the last two trips. oxidation - reduction potential (orp), conductivity, ph, temperature, and total dissolved solids (tds) were measured in situ with an ultrameter ii 6pfc e (myron l company). redox sensitive species (do, ∑s 2−, fe + +, mn 2 +, no − 3, no − 2, nh + 4, sio 2, ∑po −3 4) were measured using hach dr / 2400 portable field spectrophotometers and associated reaction kits (hack company, loveland, co) .
sequences were analyzed using the programs qiime (caporaso, 2010) and mothur (schloss et al. , 2009), and compared against the silva 111 database (quast et al. , 2012). sequences were quality filtered by removing from the dataset any sequence that did not have an exact match to the proximal primer, contained fewer than 200 or greater than 350 bases, had more than one ambiguous nucleic acid base (ns), or had a quality score less than 25. sequences were clustered using the usearch algorithm (edgar, 2010) at a 97% identity cutoff, and taxonomy was assigned to the lowest possible level using the silva 111 database (urltoken). it is important to note that these data are not strictly quantitative, and thus all percentages reported below should be taken as relative abundance only. all statistical analyses (pca etc .) were performed using the matlab® statistics toolbox .
reduction (rxns. # 8, 74, 133; figure s3). exergonicity is controlled by the concentration of ammonium with high ammonium sites (e. g. , borehole 8 and pool 6) yielding energy densities consistently one to two orders of magnitude higher than those with low ammonium concentrations (e. g. , pool 9 and manifold d). in this case, a negative correlation between energy yield and temperature is seen with higher energy density present at lower temperatures. finally, manganese oxidation is exergonic at all sites (rxn. # 7, figure s4), with gibbs energy yields on par with that of ammonium oxidation and little relationship with temperature .
a large number of people have contributed to the success of this project. we are particularly indebted to the science and support staff at surf, including jaret heiss, tom reagan, and kathy hart for making mine access and sample collection possible. pratixaben savalia, mark torres, josh west, will berelson, and nick rollins aided greatly in geochemical analyses at usc. we would additionally like to acknowledge other members of the nai team including duane moser, rohit bhartia, victoria orphan, moh el - naggar, ken nealson, brandi reese, greg wanger, and yamini jangir for both physical and intellectual contributions to sample collection, data analysis, and compilation of this work. this is c - debi contribution 235 and nai - lu contribution 006 .
or figure s4a); however, hydrogen concentrations are simply too low in this system to produce significant energy density (figure s4b). it is possible that hydrogen oxidizers are consuming hydrogen rapidly as it is generated, creating a cryptic cycle. while it is difficult to evaluate cryptic cycling for this or really any metabolisms using the methodologies described above, molecular data can shed some light on these potential cycles, (discussed below). in addition to hydrogen oxidation, methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and iron reduction were also considered as potential sources of energy in surf sites (rxn. # 92, 42, 117; figure s4), but were found to yield little to no energy and only at the lowest temperatures. these results contrast with observations of sulfate reducing phyla and probable biogenic methane, but it should be noted that these calculations were performed for only chemolithotrophic reactions .
this is not the first study to quantify environmental energy availability; previous studies have targeted diverse environments including terrestrial hot springs, submarine hydrothermal systems, igneous marine basement, and marine sediments (mccollom, 2000; amend et al. , 2003, 2011; shock et al. , 2005, 2010; spear et al. , 2005; larowe et al. , 2008; vick et al. , 2010; larowe and amend, 2014; teske et al. , 2014). while the sites are unrelated, there appears to be an upper limit on δ g r of approximately −120 kj (mole e −) −1. this value reoccurs in a diversity of environments, including terrestrial hydrothermal systems, marine sediments, marine basement, and shallow marine hydrothermal systems. in different environments, different reactions are the most exergonic: for example, aerobic iron oxidation to magnetite in yellowstone hot springs evaluated in shock et al. (2010), the knallgas reaction in juan de fuca ridge basement fluids described in boettger et al. (2013), and nitrite reduction with h 2 in an acidic thermal fluid on vulcano island (italy) noted in amend et al. (2003); several other reactions, however, yield similarly high energy. in the surf environments described here, the most exergonic reaction is aerobic carbon monoxide oxidation, with a δ g r of −118 kj / mole e −. these most exergonic reactions use o 2, no − 3, or no − 2 as the terminal electron acceptor, which is consistent with the canonical electron tower model of microbial metabolism. if this were the whole story, it would have significant and grave implications for subsurface life that is truly isolated from surface processes, not to mention life in the archean oceans .
the surf laboratory is a portal into the dsb that reveals an array of geochemically, taxonomically, and metabolically diverse microbial communities. this variability and the interrelatedness of geochemical and biological processes have been documented here. this study confirms and contributes to the growing body of knowledge that energetics should be viewed in reference to the limiting reactants in environmental systems. these data often correspond well to the metabolic capability of microbial populations and may be generally more representative of the in situ biogeochemical processes. this is substantiated in the current study by presenting both energetic calculations and molecular characterization of microbial populations together. by assigning presumed physiology to taxonomic groups, the predictive power of the energetic calculations can be refined, and in some cases, be used to see what energetic calculations alone cannot. statistical analysis of these data can be harnessed to generate hypotheses for the function of unknown microbial taxa and cryptic biogeochemical cycles. replication of this approach at other terrestrial deep subsurface sites will contribute to our understanding of the metabolic activity of these isolated ecosystems and their importance to global biogeochemical cycling .
plan - view map of sample sites and photographs of sample sites [ 2 (d), 5 (c), 8 (e), 6 (f), and b (g) ]. sample locations within surf. (a) maps of the 800 ft level and (b) 4850 ft level showing sampling locations in circles, boreholes in blue, and tunnels in black, red, and yellow. the numerical grid is an internal reference coordinate system in feet. (c) borehole 5 with cascade of iron oxide rich biofilm extending from the source to the tunnel floor below. (d) close up of borehole 2 biofilm showing in - line filtering apparatus and microterraced biofilms. (e) photo of borehole 8 showing water spraying forcefully from the source and thick hanging microbial mats. (f) the edge of pool 6 showing elemental sulfur deposition (white), dark biofilms and mineralization (black), and iron oxides (orange). (g) manifold d during in - line filtration and sampling. photos were taken by magdalena r. osburn .
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lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .
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underground u.s.a. ( 1980 ) is a feature-length underground film directed by eric mitchell and starring patti astor , rene ricard , jackie curtis , cookie mueller , tom wright , john lurie , and taylor mead . future director jim jarmusch was the sound recordist on this film . 
underground u.s.a. (1980) is a feature-length underground film directed by eric mitchell and starring patti astor, rene ricard, jackie curtis, cookie mueller, tom wright, john lurie, and taylor mead. future director jim jarmusch was the sound recordist on this film.
underground u.s.a. (1980) is a feature-length underground film directed by eric mitchell and starring patti astor, rene ricard, jackie curtis, cookie mueller, tom wright, john lurie, and taylor mead. future director jim jarmusch was the sound recordist on this film.