gender crime
describe, explain and differentiate the major criminological theories related to gender and crime .
gender review of police curriculum of the executive police to incorporate gender and include women protection laws in the curricula .
background: for effective counter measures, gcc has been working for gender mainstreaming in police. gender responsive policing project was launched in the year 2009. initiation of gender reforms process in police aimed at addressing the issues pertaining to gender inequalities and less gender - sensitized police and developing appropriate procedures / protocols for gender based crimes in various policing units .
this is a fantastic book that covers the essentials in gender and crime. this is crucial for students studying gender, masculinities, sexualities, violence, and crime. the book is also easily accessible and clearly written, making it easy to follow .
excellant exploration of crime and criminal victimisation which focuses on the complex issues around gender and vulnerability to crime. structure of the book is very student friendly with key questions for each chapter and activities to underpin learning .
at sccjr our research about gender, crime and criminal justice includes research about women offenders, interventions for women, violence against women (particularly rape, sexual assault and domestic violence) and young women involved in violent crime .
understanding gender, crime, and justice is an ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses that focus on women and criminal justice. the book is also a valuable asset for gender courses in sociology and for women' s studies programs .
belknap, j. (2007). chapter 2: critiquing criminological theories. in the invisible woman: gender, crime and justice. belmont, ca: wadsworth .
outcomes: the project has created a gender niche within the police by engaging the police in gender auditing. review and analysis of police context and practices have established legitimacy for gender reforms and paved the way for working on the gender strategy. the consultations on positioning of women in police have created space for deployment of women police at mainstream police stations. women’s presence in policing units has encouraged women to seek police assistance for gender just services .
millie, a. , (2008),' crime as an issue during the 2005 uk general election'. crime, media, culture, 4 (1). pp. 101 - 111 .
we have a national predisposition to downplay gender as consequential. this november marks the fifth anniversary of the matthew shepard & james byrd jr. hate crimes prevention act, in which sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability were finally added to federal hate crimes law .
gender, crime and victimisation is a thoughtful and thought - provoking book, exploring gender patterns in both offending and victimisation. it offers a thorough examination of how these patterns in society are variously established and represented, researched, explained and responded to by policy makers and criminal justice agencies .
mcara, l. , and mcvie, s. (2010),' youth crime and justice: key messages from the edinburgh study of youth transitions and crime', criminology and criminal justice 10: 211 - 230 .
' pamela davies has produced in this volume a very thorough and thorough going gendered analysis of both crime, responses to crime and criminal victimisation. throughout this book davies puts to the fore the man question and the woman question for both victimology and criminology in an accessible, clearly written and student focused manner whilst never losing sight of the complexities associated with centring the salience of gender. students, practitioners and academics alike will gain much from this book and its thought provoking exploration of the question of gender and its relationship with crime and victimisation.'
this thought - provoking and innovative text provides an excellent base for understanding issues of gender in the study of crime and victimisation. although the study of gender issues in relation to criminal justice is now a well - established field (walklate, 2004), the manner in which the author has structured this book to bring together research issues, developments in theory and issues of policy related to the study of gender, crime and victimisation is unique. the text offers original insight and critical discussion of these topics as they relate to both theory and practice .
bringing together key theory, research and policy developments, the book combines perspectives on the study of criminology with those of victimology and gender studies - drawing particularly on the influence of feminism. it analyses processes of criminalisation and social control, and their structural biases. it explores fears, anxieties and worries about crime, as well as particular vulnerabilities to crime .
macqueen, s (2016)' domestic abuse, crime surveys and the fallacy of risk: exploring partner and domestic abuse using the scottish crime and justice survey' in criminology and criminal justice (advance online access) doi: 10. 1177 / 1748895816634410
the overall objective of the gender responsive policing project is to enable the national police bureau to support the executive police to adopt and implement a standardized policy for gender mainstreaming and gender just access to policing, taking into consideration the principles of the rule of law. implementing partners are the national police bureau and the police organizations of pakistan .
the purpose of the 2009 act was largely to ensure that people have the chance to pursue justice if they feel that their state courts have failed. only some states have hate crime statutes and, of those, a sub - segment include gender as a category for consideration. the battle to include gender at the federal level was long and hard fought. either way, social recognition of gender - based hate, as post elliot rodger’s public discussions showed, remains controversial .
21. carlen: class and gender deals• carlen studied 39 w / c women who had been convicted of a range of crimes; 20 were in prison or youth custody. he suggests most convicted serious female criminals are w / c• carlen uses hirschi’s control theory to explain female crime. hirschi argues that humans act rationally and are controlled by being offered a ‘deal’ (rewards in return for conforming to norms). people commit crime if they don’t believe they will get rewards or if the rewards of crime appear greater than the risks
integrates international examples to place u. s. experiences in a comparative perspective and to show gender inequities on a worldwide scale
book review: global lockdown: race, gender, and the prison - industrial complex, by j. sudbury (ed )
oona is a lecturer in criminology at sccjr, university of glasgow. she has worked as a researcher and practitioner in the field of gender based violence for over fifteen years. oona’s main research interests include gender, rape and sexual assault, domestic abuse, legal responses to sexual offences, the prevention of gender based violence, and alcohol. oona graduated from the university of ...
27. • c & d used as a resource that different men use for accomplishing masculinity• class and ethnic differences among youths lead to different forms of rule breaking to demonstrate masculinity (what are these differences ?) • m / c men too may use crime. the difference lies in the type of crime - m / c males commit white collar and corporate crime to accomplish hegemonic masculinity, poorer groups may use street robbery to achieve a subordinated masculinity
objectives: the basis of gender responsive policing (grp) is the socially constructed roles of women and men, their behaviors, social positions, access to power and resources which create gender - specific vulnerabilities that determine the status of men and women in a society and are also reflected in the organizational culture of police. therefore, grp focuses on police reforms ensuring that the principles of gender equality are systematically integrated throughout all police procedures, protocols, rules and regulations, reinforced through gender sensitive trainings and developing monitoring and evaluation tools for assessing these measures .
introduction: gender crime cell was established in 2006 at national police bureau to address the lack of data on gender crimes in pakistan, which limits accountability, constraints policy development and makes it difficult to monitor individual cases or advocate institutional change. gcc is supposed to function as a central repository of relevant data on cases of violence against women in order to assist policy makers in developing holistic and effective policy to prevent and punish violence against women .
burman, m. , johnstone, j. , de haan, j. and macleod, j. (2009), responding to gender - based violence in scotland: the scope of the gender equality duty to drive cultural and practical change. equality and human rights commision .
28. criticisms of messerschmidt• is masculinity an explanations of crime or just a description of male offenders? (e. g. tough, controlling etc). he is in danger of a circular argument, that masculinity explains male crime (e. g. violence) because they are crimes committed by males (who have violent characteristics) • messerschmidt doesnt explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity• he over - works the concept of masculinity to explain virtually all male crimes, from joy riding to embezzlement
an innovative support service for victim - survivors of rape and serious sexual crime in scotland has received overwhelmingly positive feedback from those accessing the service. researchers from the scottish centre for crime and justice research (sccjr) were tasked with evaluating rape crisis scotland’s national advocacy project (nap). the service funded by the scottish government and launched in ...
, who filled the office of the prosecutor in 2003, sought to reinvigorate attention to gender crimes. while the prosecutor’s efforts were laudable, the tribunal’s impending closure, together with its dismal record of prosecuting gender crimes, makes it likely that rwandan women will feel only a small sense of justice as a result of the tribunal’s work .
this wasn’t a privately executed sex crime, but a public one infused with gender bias. as the systematic theft, accumulation and mass sharing of these photos shows, we live in a culture in which violations of women’s privacy are normalized, where harms to women are routinely trivialized, where our sexual objectification is the norm and where society resists legitimate and reasonable consideration of the role gender and status play in what happened. (there have been at least four waves of photo released, the last of which included the first man. )
24. evaluation of liberation thesis• female crime rate began rising in 1950s – long before women’s liberation• most female criminals are working class – who have not been hit by women’s liberation• lind (1997) – women branching into ‘male’ crimes like drugs. . but mainly due to links to prostitution (very unliberated lifestyle) • very little evidence of illegitimate opportunity structure of professional crime has opened up to women
research into the experiences of rape and sexual assault victim - survivors will help ensure the interests of victims are at the heart of the criminal justice system. the scottish centre for crime and ...
jackson, j. , farrall, s. , hough, m. and bradford, b. (2008), public insecurities about crime: a review of the british research literature. ssrn .
7. taskin small group, look at the statistics on gender and offending sheet. answer the questions do they tell the complete truth? •dark figure (a low amount of offences recorded for crimes against women) •who appears to commit the most crime? any age differences? •chivalry factor (low amount of prison / not guilty convictions because of judges leniency towards females? )
a useful text which covers a wide range of areas within gender and victimology. the study questions and activities will make this a particularly useful textbook for students and their teachers .
michele burman and jenny johnstone in collaboration with janette de haan and jan macleod, of the women’s support project received a research grant from the equality and human rights commission (ehrc) for a project entitled responding to gender - based violence in scotland: the scope of the gender equality duty to drive cultural and practical change ‘ the project summarised current ...
kaufman, e. (2014). gender at the border: nationalism and the new logic of punishment. punishment & society, 16 (2), 135 - 151 .
the nonconsensual distribution of intimate photos is similar to offline voyeurism in many ways. we call these voyeurs peeping toms, a classic linguistic minimization of a sex crime that, like revenge porn, is gendered. peeping thomasinas aren’t really a thing. (the crime is treated differently state by state. in some states, but not all, voyeurs must register as sex offenders. revenge porn is a non - registry offense. )
daly, k. (1997). different ways of conceptualizing sex / gender in feminist theory and their implications for criminology. theoretical criminology, 1 (1), 25 - 51 .
22. • carlen argues that w / c women are generally led to conform through the promise of two ‘deals’: • class deal - women who work will get a decent standard of living• gender deal - women who conform to the conventional domestic gender role will gain the material and emotional rewards of family life• in terms of the class deal, women in carlen’s study had failed to find a legitimate way of earning a decent living. most had always been in poverty; many could not find a job and had experience problems claiming benefits• in terms of the gender deal, some had been abused by partners / fathers. over half had spent time in care (breaking family bonds) • they had gained nothing from either deal and so felt they had nothing to lose by using crime to escape from poverty
connell, r. w. & messerschmidt, j. w. (2005). hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept. gender & society, 19 (6), 829 - 859 .
margaret is a senior research fellow at the university of stirling. her research interests include: justice and diversity crime, critique and utopia criminalisation and justice in transition women, punishment and social justice human trafficking supporting victims ...
mackenzie, s. (2010)' fakes'. in: f. brookman, m. maguire, h. pierpoint, and t. bennett (eds) handbook on crime. cullompton: willan; 120 - 136 .
mackenzie, s. (2010)' fakes'. in: f. brookman, m. maguire, h. pierpoint, and t. bennett (eds) handbook on crime. cullompton: willan; 137 - 152 .
16. explaining female crime• women in general do have lower rates of offending than men, how can we then explain the behaviour of those who do commit crimes? • first explanations were biological rather than sociological. lombroso & ferrero suggest that criminality is innate but there are very few ‘born female criminals’. • however the view is social rather than biological factors are the cause of gender differences: sex role theory, control theory & liberation thesis
gilchrist, e. , bannister, j. , ditton, j. and farrall, s. (1998) women and the ‘fear of crime’: challenging the accepted stereotype, british journal of criminology, 38, pp. 283–299 .
3. lesson objectives• to understand why there are gender differences in offending rates. • to be able to explain sociological evidence for the reasons from different offending rates• to evaluate these reasons and ways to reduce male offending
10. lesson objectives• to understand why there are gender differences in offending rates. • to be able to explain sociological evidence for the reasons from different offending rates• to evaluate these reasons and ways to reduce male offending
young, s. ,
gender, policing and social control: examining police officers' perceptions of and responses to young women depicted as violent
, sccjr briefing paper, briefing no. 01 / 2012 .
police organizations have become sensitive to gender issues due to repeated dialogues with the senior management. this could be observed in recent announcements by all the provincial police chiefs regarding increased quota for women in the future recruitments .
jackson, j. , bradford, b. , hohl, k. and farrall, s. (2009), does the fear of crime erode public confidence in policing? , policing (2009) 3 (1): 100 - 111 .
creek, s. j. , & dunn, j. l. (2011). rethinking gender and violence: agency, heterogeneity, and intersectionality. sociology compass, 5 (5), 311 - 322 .
8. do women commit more crime? • some sociologists and criminologists argue that they underestimate the amount of female as against to male offending. there are two explanations: 1. female crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported e. g. property crime less likely to be noticed or reported than the violent or sexual crimes more often committed by men. prostitution - more females than males - unlikely to be reported2. women less likely to be prosecuted and more likely to be let of lightly .
in her first public statements about the theft and distribution of her private nude photographs, jennifer lawrence called the act “a sex crime. ” there are differences of opinion about using those words to characterize what happened. what is not debatable however is that, of the reportedly more than 100 celebrities targeted in this episode involving lawrence, the overwhelming majority have been women. so, why aren’t we seriously discussing this in terms of gender - based hate? that’s also a serious charge .
scottish community safety network sccjr works with the scottish community safety network to ensure that up to date thinking and evidence on crime and justice issues is shared with network members and that the work of our academics is informed by the concerns and experiences of network members .
lombard, n. (2015) ‘gendered violence: a cause and consequence of inequality’ in bettio, f. and sansonetti, s. (2015), visons for gender equality. luxembourg: publication office of the european union
gray, p. (2006). women’s experiences of incarceration in hong kong: doing time, doing choice, doing class - gender - culture. international journal of the sociology of law, 34, 89 - 104 .
thain - gray, r. , jones, r. and malloch, m. (2016), ‘gender and criminal justice: challenging prejudice’ in scottish justice matters, vol. 4 no. 1. p. 11 - 12
bosworth, m. & slade, g. (2014). in search of recognition: gender and staff - detainee relations in a british immigration removal centre. punishment & society, 16 (2), 169 - 186 .
mcara, l. and mcvie, s. (2010)' youth crime and justice in scotland'. in h. croall, g. mooney and m. munro (eds) criminal justice in contemporary scotland. cullompton: willan publishing; 67 - 89 .
jackson, j. and bradford, b. (2009)' crime, policing and social order: on the expressive nature of public confidence in policing'. british journal of sociology, 60 (3). pp. 493 - 521. issn 0007 - 1315
lee - koo, k. (2011). gender - based violence against civilian women in postinvasion iraq: (re) politicizing george w. bush’s silent legacy. violence against women, 17 (12), 1619 - 1634 .
11. chivalry thesis - women are less likely to be prosecuted• criminal justice agents - police, magistrates and judges are men. men are socialised to act in a ‘chivalrous’ way towards women• otto pollak (1950) - men have a protective attitude towards women - so they are unwilling to arrest them, charge, prosecute or convict them• female crime less likely to end up in official statistics - giving an invalid picture that exaggerates the extend of gender differences in offending rates• self - report studies show women are treated more leniently
federal hate crime legislation does not actually require that perpetrators of crimes express explicit hatred for the people they target. instead, the salient information is that hate crimes are those in which a person is targeted because of, in this case, his or her gender. in addition, a “prominent characteristic of a violent crime motivated by bias is that it devastates not just the actual victim and the family and friends of the victim, but frequently savages the community sharing the traits that caused the victim to be selected. ” while men are also the victims of revenge porn, as with the threat that a serial rapist of women poses to a community, how can anyone doubt that girls and women experienced the theft and sharing of these photos, which overwhelming involved women, in ways that men did not ?
kong, t. s. k. (2006). what it feels like for a whore: the body politics of women performing erotic labour in hong kong. gender, work & organization, 13 (5), 409 - 434 .
wpn, established in july 2012, is a collaboration of ten police organizations in pakistan who come together to enhance networking and learning opportunities to promote women’s leadership in police service and facilitate gender just policing practices particularly on issues of crimes and violence against women .
this course will examine gender through the experiences and treatment of women in the media, the law, and the criminal justice system. we will explore the construction and treatment of gendered bodies as well as gendered forms of work, institutions and social processes .
huey, l. & berndt, e. (2008). ‘you’ve gotta learn how to play the game’: homeless women’s use of gender performance as a tool for preventing victimization. the sociological review, 56 (2), 177 - 194 .
23. liberation thesis (adler, 1975) • as women become liberated from patriarchy their offending will become similar to men’s. liberation is leading to a new type of female criminal and a rise in the female crime rate• patriarchal controls and discrimination have lessened and ops have become more equal as a result women have begun to adopt traditional male roles in both legitimate (work) and illegitimate spheres (crime) • women no longer just commit trad female crimes (e. g. shoplifting, prostitution). • more women in senior positions giving them the opportunity to commit serious white collar crimes
there are differences between men and women in terms of their criminal behaviour and their experiences of the criminal justice system. by far the majority of crime in scotland is committed by men, and when women offend they tend to commit low - level, non - violent offences and pose little risk to society .
parsons (1955) focuses on gender socialisation and role models in the nuclear family to explain gender differences in crime women perform the expressive role in the family (inc responsibility for socialisation). this gives girls an adult role model but boys reject feminine models of behaviour that express tenderness, gentleness and emotion. boys distance themselves by engaging in ‘ compensatory compulsory masculinity ’ - risk taking, aggression and anti social behaviour (leading to delinquency) men have much less of a socialising role than women in conventional nuclear family, socialisation can be more difficult for boys than girls cohen - the absence of a male role model in the home means boys more likely to turn to all - male street gangs as a source of masculine identity. here they earn status by acts of delinquency new right theorists argue absence of male role model in matrifocal lone parent families leads to boys turning to criminal street gangs
sokoloff, n. j. & dupont, i. (2005). domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and gender: challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. violence against women, 11 (1), 38 - 64 .
understanding the characteristics and needs of women in the criminal justice system is a first step towards the development of effective interventions and services that can divert female offenders from imprisonment and support their desistance from crime. this study, funded by the lothian and borders community justice authority, described and analysed the characteristics and needs of women ...
burman, m. (2004)' turbulent talk: girls' making sense of violence'. in: c. alder and a. worrall (eds) girls' violence: myths and realities. series: suny series in women, crime, and criminology. albany: state university of new york press; 81 - 104 .
davies has produced a thorough and comprehensive exploration of crime and victimization. it is written and presented in an engaging style making it an easy to digest read... the signposting used throughout the book, the extensive glossary of terms and the succession of study questions and activities will make this a particularly useful textbook for undergraduate students and their teachers .
sccjr phd student annie crowley has beaten off competition from around the globe to be awarded the 2016 feminist criminology graduate research scholarship. this is an outstanding achievement, as an unprecedented number of entries were received this year. the scholarship is awarded annually by the division on women and crime (dwc) of the american society of criminology, to “an ...
18. ao2: walklate criticises parsons for assuming that because women are biologically capable ofwhat is the functionalist sex bearing children, they are best suited to the expressive role. role theory explanation? parsons explanation based on biological assumption about sex differences rather than gender differencesfeminists explain differences in terms of patriarchy: control and liberation thesis
dr susan batchelor is a senior lecturer in the school of social and political sciences at the university of glasgow, based in the scottish centre for crime and justice research. she is a very experienced youth researcher and research manager, with previous projects including: young people’s attitudes towards sexual violence (zero tolerance), girls’ views and experiences of violence (esrc), ...
sarah is a research fellow with the scottish centre for crime and justice research. sarah’s most recent research focuses on the experiences of, and responses to, violence, and policing. she is currently leading research into the prevalence and risk of domestic violence in scotland, and the ways in which victims interact with the police and other formal and informal help networks (funded ...
35. explanation key argument / points / critique thinkersgender socialisation parsons •boys are raised to be active / aggressive / risk taking •boys reject feminine gender roles in nuclear family •boys role model is breadwinner – outside home •compensatory compulsory masculinity – aggression and anti - social behaviour to prove they are men! cohen •lack of male role model - so boys turn to street gangs for masculine identity (toughness etc) new right (dennis / murray) •absence of father figure – boys turn to gangs for statussocial control • boys are less controlled than girls – more freedom • boys dominate public spaces • boys have more opportunity to commit crime ‘on the street’ • boys are pressurised to be risky and reputation is not an issue. . being ‘hard’ is
september 2014: dr judith ryder, associate professor, sociology & anthropology at st john’s university, new york, visited sccjr for one month in 2014. dr ryder’s research specialises in gender and family violence, corrections, and juvenile delinquency. whilst here, dr ryder presented an sccjr seminar titled: ‘conflicting relations: adolescent girls and violent behavior’ .
heather joined the health services research unit at the university of aberdeen in february 2012. she is a research fellow with a multidisciplinary social science background and she contributes to the delivery of care programme. heather specialises in research where technologies meet surveillance / monitoring (including sousveillance / self - monitoring), compliance / deviance and gender. she ...
nancy’s work looks at younger people and men’s violence against women, maintaining that young people’s own position in childhood directly impacts upon how they conceive of, construct and understand such violence. she is one of the founders and coordinators of the gender based violence research network (gbvrn), and also an associate director of the centre for research on families and ...
matthew is currently working at social and public health scientist unit at the glasgow university in the settings and organisations team. his current research focuses on masculinity and health in prisons, with a particular focus on the adaption of a health promotion intervention delivered in a number of secure institutions in scotland. keywords: masculinity, gender, the social world of prisons, ...
recent efforts by the prosecutor’s office have led to an increase in the number of indictments that include rape allegations. as a result of prosecutor jallow’s efforts, including motions to amend indictments to add rape charges, there have been 17 cases that include allegations of sexual violence. it remains to be seen how many of these indictments will prove successful, as they are currently in progress. however, a recent success came in the muhimana [ pdf ] case, where the defendant was convicted of rape as an act of genocide and as a crime against humanity. the accused was found guilty of raping tutsi women with the intent of degrading the entire tutsi population. most significantly, in charging muhimana with rape as a crime against humanity, the court expanded the definition of rape as “non - consensual sexual intercourse, ” paying particular attention to the element of consent .
however, what happens when there are millions of peeping toms? given the scope and number of people who participated, and the time and effort the hackers took to gather the photographs and carefully plan their release, it’s clear that technology isn’t just mirroring offline crimes but amplifying them in ways that qualitatively change their impact and should prompt serious debate about gender - based hatred and bias crimes .
1. 80% or four - fifths. 2. women are more likely than men to be cautioned rather than prosecuted; less likely to be sent to jail; less likely to be arrested. 3. girls are more likely to be put into care because of sexual activity; women can be punished more harshly if they do not fit the stereotypical gender role; women victims in rape trials are likely to be blamed. 4. it assumes that women are socialised into an expressive role and expected to be gentle and nurturing – qualities not usually associated with criminality – and that men are prepared for an instrumental role and expected to be tough and sometimes aggressive – qualities that may lead to trouble with the law. 5. they may lack a satisfactory relationship and family situation, and may lack a legitimate means of earning a decent living (e. g. through lack of educational opportunity). 6. the rise in the female crime rate precedes the women ’ s liberation movement; ‘ liberated ’ middle - class women are less likely to be criminal, not more; women still do not often have access to a criminal opportunity structure. 7. accommodating masculinity. 8. he over - uses it, attempting to make it explain many widely different types of crime .
working title of phd: negotiating gender identity in the context of cultural reform: a study of women in police scotland year commenced phd study: 2017 (full - time) institution: university of edinburgh funding source: economic and social research council phd supervisors: dr angus bancroft, dr anna souhami synopsis: my esrc funded research at the university of edinburgh explores how women in ...
the gender equality duty (ged) comes into force in april 2007. all public authorities must demonstrate that they are promoting equality for women and men, in terms of policy making, service delivery, regulation and employment, and that they are eliminating sex discrimination. the sccjr worked with the eoc to develop the eoc guidance and we have developed web based flowcharts to be read in ...
this is an evaluation of the pilot up - 2 - us time for change project, which is a gender - specific service targeted at young women aged between 14 and 18 years deemed to be at significantly high risk of admission to secure care or custody. the research takes a multi - dimensional perspective, by undertaking a set of qualitative interviews with young women attending the project, the professionals ...
bias and hate crime laws exists so that members of groups that were historically discriminated against know that the societies they live in support their equal right to live their lives, raise their children, travel in public, and pursue their work, free of fear and discrimination. they are a challenge to social norms that would perpetuate violence and subjugation, an old - fashioned word no one likes to use in the united states, on the basis of immutable characteristics. like being female .
evaluation of the up - 2 - us time for change project this is an evaluation of the pilot up - 2 - us time for change project, which is a gender - specific service targeted at young women aged between 14 and 18 years deemed to be at significantly high risk of admission to secure care or custody. the research takes a multi - dimensional perspective, by undertaking a set of qualitative interviews ...
it would be a tragedy if the ictr were to fail to conduct community outreach and education about sexual violence in the final stages of its existence. while prosecutor jallow’s measures to reinvigorate attention to gender crimes are laudable, the actual effect of such efforts will likely be limited due to the tribunal’s bleak track record in prosecuting sexual crimes. in addition, the ictr’s imminent closure may limit the effect of the tribunal’s renewed focus on crimes of sexual violence. while muhimana is important for recognizing gendered crimes as violating international law, it will be of little meaning to rwandan women unless community outreach is conducted. despite the ictr’s poor track record in prosecuting gender crimes, it still has time to refocus its efforts and make a difference for victims of sexual violence in rwanda. by educating rwandans about sexual violence and informing communities about the ictr’s successes, the tribunal will have reached its ultimate goal – providing justice and redress to the victims of the rwandan genocide .
white mc youths: subordinate themselves to teachers in order to achieve mc status leading to an accommodating masculinity in school. outside school, masculinity takes an oppositional form e. g. through drinking, pranks and vandalism white wc youths: less chance of educational success so masculinity is oppositional both in and out of school. it is constructed around sexist attitudes, being tough and opposing teachers authority e. g. paul willis lads (education module) black lower wc youths: have fewer expectations of a reasonable job and may use gang membership and violence to express their masculinity, or turn to serious property crime to achieve material success .
13. bias against women• feminists argue that that the cjs is not biased in favour of women, as the chivalry thesis claims but biased against them. • they argue that the cjs treats women more harshly, especially when they deviate from gender norms of monogamous heterosexuality and motherhood• heidensohn - double standards - courts punish girls but not boys for promiscuous sexual activity• carlen - women are assessed more in terms of being wives, mothers and daughters. less conventional girls are punished harsher. scottish judges more likely to jail women whose children were in care than women who they saw as good mothers
15. activity• compare the strength of feeling shown against maxine carr with the level to which she was actually involved in the crime. • on the internet, investigate accounts of the case of ‘baby p’ and tracey connelly in 2009. how were the descriptions of tracey connelly in the press different from the way in which the male offenders (the actual killers) were treated? for example, the item in the daily express tramp tracey used - tv to mask sons screams• what do these cases show about how women and men are seen, especially in cases involving children? does our society expect higher moral standards of women than men? if so, why? • how would sociologists explain this difference ?
jennifer lawrence attends the premiere for
serena
during the 58th bfi london film festival at vue west end on october 13, 2014 in london, england .
“there is no principled way to argue that this is any less serious than voyeurism, ” explains mary anne franks, associate professor of law at the university of miami school of law and vice - president of the cyber civil rights initiative. “there is no denying the blunt truth of [ lawrence’s ] words: she alone has the right to control access to her naked body, and anyone who violates that right has committed a profound and inexcusable wrong. that means that laws against hacking are insufficient to address this violation. ” danielle citron, author of hate crimes in cyber space, has also argued that these crimes clearly infringe on women’s civil rights .
it’s not just that photographs like lawrence’s violated women’s rights to privacy and constituted theft, or that they might be considered pornographic or offensive. it’s that the perpetrators sought to attack the women, humiliate them, assault their dignity, and interfere with their lives and well being because they are women. revenge porn is overwhelmingly perpetrated against women by men, and is rooted in displaying male dominance. there is nothing new in this type of female dehumanization. what’s new is its digitized and scalable industrialization. the attack on female celebrities sends a clear message that even the most admired and powerful women can be treated this way .
if there is one silver lining in this, it’s that the women who were targeted are not being stigmatized or punished and that the trajectory of traditional shame seems to be reversing in a way that accrues to the perpetrator, and not the victims, of these assaults .
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has been lax in adjudicating sex crimes, such as rape and sexual enslavement for the majority of its existence .
while the tribunal failed to address the pervasive use of rape as a weapon of the rwandan genocide during its first four years of existence, the indictment of a former bougmestre, or mayor, in prosecutor v. akayesu for inciting sexual violence drew praise from the international community. akayesu was a groundbreaking decision that defined rape under international law and declared sexual violence and rape to be crimes against humanity. additionally, akayesu was the first decision to include rape and sexual violence in the definition of genocide. despite being a major victory for women, the subsequent paucity of indictments for gendered crimes weakened akeyasu ‘s impact on the ictr’s prosecutions of sexual violence .
after akayesu, the ictr missed opportunities to obtain indictments for rape. in prosecutor v. kajelijeli the defendant was a bougmestre who allegedly conspired with subordinates to commit genocide, including the rape and assault of tutsi women. kajelijeli was convicted of genocide, but acquitted of the rape charges. despite the likelihood that the rape charges would have been reinstated, the prosecutor’s office missed the deadline for appeal .
the court recognized that coercion was implicit when rape was prosecuted under theories of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. it held that the mechanical definition of rape, in which coercion was an element, did not reflect the realities of rape during times of conflict. the muhimana court determined that the prosecution did not have to prove coercion, and that coercion would henceforth be presumed in cases of rape under international law. although muhimana is a victory for women’s rights and enhances the ictr’s legacy, the repeated failure to prosecute rape and sexual assault limits the positive effects that these cases may have otherwise had. further, the ictr’s impending closure limits opportunities to provide the actual victims with justice and redress .
to ensure that the recent changes in the ictr positively impact victims, it is necessary to conduct community outreach and educate citizens about the ictr’s activities. by providing victims and witnesses with information about the outcomes of ictr trials, citizens can share in the accomplishment of convicting perpetrators of genocide. emphasizing the victim’s role in achieving convictions would help to achieve redress for the wrongs committed .
additionally, culturally - sensitive community education about rape, sexual violence, and associated stigma should be conducted. such programs would inform communities that rape is not the victim’s fault and could help change societal attitudes towards sexual violence. while it is likely that the success of community education programs will be limited due to the tribunal’s impending closure, at a minimum, these programs would provide victims of sexual violence with a source of comfort and reinforce that they were not at fault for the atrocities that they experienced .
opinions expressed in jurist commentary are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of jurist' s editors, staff, donors or the university of pittsburgh .
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on july 9, 2002, the african union (au) was established in addis ababa, ethiopia. read the constitutive act of the african union .
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graham and bowling - 1, 721 14 - 25 year olds: males more likely to offend but it was a smaller difference than that recorded in os. males were 2. 33 x more likely to admit to having committed an offence in the previous 12 months - whereas os show males as 4 x more likely to offend
winlow - study of bouncers in sunderland an area of de - industrialisation and unemployment. working as bouncers in pubs and clubs provided young men with both paid work and the opportunity for illegal business ventures in drugs, duty free tobacco and alcohol and protection rackets. as well as opportunity to demonstrate masculinity through use of violence
4. starter• make a list of typical male and female crimes. are their any similarities or differences? are there more offences for males and females? • why do you think women are more likely to shoplift ?
6. • females more likely to be convicted of property offences than males (except burglary). males more likely to be convicted of violence or sexual offences• males more likely to be repeat offenders, to have longer criminal careers and commit more serious crimes (15 x more likely to be convicted of homicide )
12. evidence for: • graham & bowling - showed differences between os and self report studies• flood - page et al - found that women who had admitted to committing crimes were less likely to be charged compared to men• hood - 3, 000 defendants - women were about one third less likely to be jailed in similar casesevidence against: • farrington & morris – women are not sentenced more leniently for comparable offences. box (1981) - if women are treated leniently, may be because their sentences are less serious. . also more likely to show remorse• buckle & farrington - study of shoplifting witnessed twice as many males shoplifting - despite fact that os are equal. suggesting women shoplifters may be more likely to be prosecuted than males
14. • feminists argue that these double standards exist because the cjs is patriarchal... most evident in the way rape cases are dealt with. • walklate - in rape cases it is the victim who is on trial, since she has to prove her respectability in order to have her evidence acepted
19. heidensohn: patriarchal control• heidensohn argues that women commit fewer crimes than men because patriarchal society imposes greater control over women, reducing their opportunities to offend. patriarchal control operates at home, in public and at work. • control at home - womens domestic roles imposes restrictions on their time and movement confining them to the house for long periods of time reducing opportunities to offend. daughters subject to patriarchal control e. g. not ale to go out or stay out late, developing a bedroom culture (socialising at home) and required to do housework reducing opportunities to engaged in deviant behaviour on streets
20. • control in public - women fear sexual violence, media reporting of rapes helps to frighten women into staying at home. also a fear of being defined as not respectable (clothing, make up etc can create a bad reputation). • control at work - womens subordinate positions at work reduces criminal opportunities. the ‘glass ceiling’ prevents women rising to senior positions where there are more ops for white collar crimes .
26. • james messerschmidt (1993) - masculinity is a social construct or ‘accomplishment’ and men have to constantly work at constructing and presenting it to others. • some men have more resources than others to draw upon• messerschmidt argues that different masculinities co - exist within society. hegemonic masculinity is the dominant, prestigious form that most men wish to accomplish (what is it defined as ?) • some men have subordinated masculinities e. g. gay men who have no desire to accomplish hegemonic masculinity as well as lower class and some ethnic minority men who lack resources to do so
29. postmodernist ideas about masculinity• loss of traditional manual jobs in recent years. these helped working class men express masculinity• growth of night - time leisure economy that many men can gain legal employment form, criminal opportunities & express masculinity• winlow – study of bouncers in sunderland showed this• organised criminal subculture emerging in nightlife economy – violence is a way to earn a living
30. • reputation and employability depends on their bodily capital• body – symbol of worth – looking the part – signs of masculinity... . (the sign is all – geek gets muscle and tats !) • winlow study shows how expression of masculinity changes with the move from a modern industrial society to a postmodern, industrial once. • the change opens up new criminal opportunities for men who are able to use violence to express masculinity
31. taskusing material from this handout andelsewhere, write a newspaper / magazine style article about youngmen and reasons for their criminalbehaviour. include reference to ‘fictionalcharacters’ that you go out observingand interview – like the moss sidestory )
a gender crime is a hate crime committed against a specific gender . specific gender crimes may include some instances of rape , genital mutilation , forced prostitution , and forced pregnancy . often gender crimes are committed during armed conflict or during times of political upheaval or instability . some examples of these conflicts include the yugoslavian civil war and the rwandan genocide . gender crime is not universally recognized as a category of hate crime but is increasingly being included in the united states as a category in state and federal hate crime laws . internationally most gender crimes committed during times of war are recognized as war crimes as set forth by the fourth geneva convention . revenge porn and other online behavior are seen as a hate crime . 
a gender crime is a hate crime committed against a specific gender. specific gender crimes may include some instances of rape, genital mutilation, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy. often gender crimes are committed during armed conflict or during times of political upheaval or instability. some examples of these conflicts include the yugoslavian civil war and the rwandan genocide. gender crime is not universally recognized as a category of hate crime but is increasingly being included in the united states as a category in state and federal hate crime laws. internationally most gender crimes committed during times of war are recognized as war crimes as set forth by the fourth geneva convention. revenge porn and other online behavior are seen as a hate crime.
a gender crime is a hate crime committed against a specific gender. specific gender crimes may include some instances of rape, genital mutilation, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy. often gender crimes are committed during armed conflict or during times of political upheaval or instability. some examples of these conflicts include the yugoslavian civil war and the rwandan genocide. gender crime is not universally recognized as a category of hate crime but is increasingly being included in the united states as a category in state and federal hate crime laws. internationally most gender crimes committed during times of war are recognized as war crimes as set forth by the fourth geneva convention. revenge porn and other online behavior are seen as a hate crime.