cattle town
on this side you can find all answers for the crossword clue old cattle town .
‎cattle town (1952) directed by noel m. smith • reviews, film + cast • letterboxd
as the police took a long time to decide on filing a case against the cattle owner, the information about seizure of cattle spread in the town .
a cattle property near the southern queensland town of maryborough may have been mistakenly turned into a national park 12 years ago, the state environment minister says .
see also images and icons: dodge city, kansas / transportation: cattle trails .
members of various muslim organisations assembled before the police station condemning the seizure of cattle .
in 1871, newton experienced its only major cattle season. it was described that year as probably the roughest town in the west with 27 saloons, eight gambling halls, and a boot hill .
tension gripped the temple town of palani as an unruly mob threw stones on a section of people in front of the taluk police station near here on wednesday in a dispute over transportation of cattle .
within hours, this posse captured the four bank robbers in a canyon outside of town. the citizens of medicine lodge were ready for a lynching but the sheriff managed to secure his prisoners in the town' s jail .
although many people profited from the cattle business, not all kansans approved of it. the longhorns carried a tick that spread texas fever among local cattle. farmers lobbied the kansas legislature to enact quarantine laws to keep the texas cattle out of their area. by choosing abilene, mccoy had actually violated the 1867 quarantine law which only permitted texas cattle in the area south and west of present mcpherson. the town was so sparsely populated, however, and the potential profits so great that no one objected .
the mediator in a dispute between farmers and cattle men falls for the head rancher' s daughter .
junction city, located on the kansas pacific railroad line, was a secondary shipping point for the cattle trade .
dykstra, robert r. the cattle towns. new york: alfred a. knopf, inc. , 1968 .
a meatpacking town in kansas opened its doors to somali refugees. then a group of trump supporters plotted to kill them after election day .
in 1871, the last big year for abilene, more than 40, 000 head of cattle were shipped out by rail. increased settlement and community disapproval of the cowtown lifestyle forced the cattle market to move west to newton and ellsworth .
as the era of the cattle drives passed, ellsworth, like other cowtowns, became a solid business and farming community .
the rowdy behavior witnessed in other cattle towns was characteristic of life in caldwell during its cowtown period, 1880 - 1885 .
most drovers arrived in town in june and completed shipping by early fall. in the 1873 season, more than 150, 000 cattle were trailed to ellsworth. over 30, 000 were shipped out by rail while most of the others were sold to stock western ranges .
last year, with the help of crossbench mps, the state government passed laws to phase out cattle grazing in national parks .
the first was abilene, organized as a market for texas stock in 1867. it flourished until farmers overran its outlying ranges, ending its access to the trail. ellsworth and wichita then assumed roles as major cattle towns. from 1872 through 1875 these two–urged on by rival railroads–competed for the trade. ultimately, rural settlement closed them both. dodge city became a cattle town in 1876. a severe drought, temporarily retarding the advance of the agricultural frontier, extended its life as a texas cattle market until 1885. caldwell flourished from 1880 through 1885. kansas finally closed its borders to direct importation of texas cattle, ending the careers of both dodge and caldwell .
in 1872, the wichita and south western rail road line reached wichita. it provided the necessary link with the santa fe railroad trunk line, which would carry cattle to eastern markets. the following year 66, 000 head of cattle were shipped out of wichita, twice as many as from ellsworth .
ellsworth quickly attracted those businesses associated with the cattle trade such as drover' s stores and boot shops. john mueller did a brisk business with his
big boot
company. in the first months of the 1874 cattle season, he reported sales of more than 100 pairs of boots to the cattlemen .
when quarantine laws closed wichita to the cattle trade, dodge city emerged as the
queen of the cowtowns .
from 1875 - 1885, more than 75, 000 head of cattle were shipped annually. many thousands more were driven through dodge to stock northern ranges or to be shipped from other railheads .
somalis in garden city celebrate the election of a somali president who was once a refugee himself. despite the terrorist plot—and trump’s huge win in local counties—no somali families have left town .
sendalankara sampathkumara ramanuja jeeyar of shenbaganalllur, who was going to pollachi from mannargudi to take part in a kumbhabhishekam, intercepted a mini van transporting five calves and two bulls on pudhu dharapuram road in the temple town. the jeeyar brought the van to the palani taluk police station and lodged a complaint stating that the cattle was transported in a van without following guidelines and that they were dumped in the van without any feed and water. preliminary inquiries suggested that udayakumar of thevanur pudhur near pollachi was transporting the cattle .
the businessmen of ellsworth anticipated the shift in the cattle trade from abilene to their town. in 1872, the drovers cottage, once owned by joseph mccoy, was moved to ellsworth. it could accommodate 175 guests and the stable held 50 carriages and 100 horses. ellsworth would dominate the market from 1871 - 1875, while receiving stiff competition from wichita .
by the mid - 1880s, many events came together to end the cattle drive era in kansas. rail lines had reached directly into texas, there was a growing demand for better bred stock, quarantine laws were continually closing off more and more of the open range and what was left was being filled up by homesteaders. although the trail drives were over by 1885, the cattle business in kansas did not end. by 1890, the state ranked third in the nation in cattle production .
prostitution has traditionally appeared where there is a high percentage of men and a low percentage of women. this was the case in the cattle towns of kansas. brothels were established but many women worked for the dance halls where they earned money from dancing, as well as prostitution. dodge city boasted of three dance halls for a brief time but for most of its ten years as a cattle town, there were only two. the city also earned an income from these activities by levying taxes on liquor, gambling, and prostitution .
in 1867 joseph g. mccoy, a young cattle dealer from illinois, decided abilene would make a good rail head. when mccoy arrived in abilene in the spring of 1867, the town consisted of only a few log cabins. mccoy built the drovers cottage and great western stockyards and promoted the rail head to texas cattlemen and by september 1867 when the herds started to arrive, he was ready for business. abilene received about 35, 000 head of cattle that first year. the arrival of the union pacific, eastern division railroad, known as the kansas pacific in 1869, connected abilene to the east. under mccoy' s leadership, abilene reigned as the primary market for texas cattle for four years .
hays, like junction city and great bend, was never a major cattle market. it did receive some business, however, because of its location on the kansas pacific railroad line and the ready market at fort hays. the combination of railroad workers, freighters, buffalo hunters, and soldiers, plus occasional cowboys, made it a very rough town for a number of years .
after the civil war there was an acute shortage of beef in the northern states. texas ranchers were burdened with five million head of cattle and no railroads on which to ship them to market. realizing the immense profit to be made, texas cattlemen looked for the nearest rail heads. thus began the era of the long cattle drive and kansas cowtowns .
mike sughrue served as deputy sheriff of ford county under his twin brother pat. for his heroic efforts in capturing a murderer, the citizens of ashland, clark county, elected him their town marshal in 1885 .
pat sughrue worked as a blacksmith in dodge when not serving as a peace officer. elected sheriff of ford county in 1884, he was in office during the final days of the cattle era. an epidemic of splenic fever among the texas longhorns sent local cattle growers and eastern buyers into a panic. under orders from the governor, sughrue had the unsavory task of turning back trail - hardened drovers from the kansas border. this situation coupled with low beef prices and decreasing availability of empty rangeland, led to the passing of the cattle drive era after 1885 .
garden city was completely unprepared for the sudden influx. workers were forced to live out of cars, tents, and hotels. ibp lobbied the city to rezone, allowing the construction of mobile home parks. before long, a trailer park on the eastern edge of town swelled to more than 500 units, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the town’s entire population. crime and fires were rampant, and almost none of the new residents had access to essential services .
there are bleak westerns, and then there’s the culpepper cattle co. , a movie so goddamn bleak it makes mccabe and mrs. miller look like it’s a wonderful life. where to start with this film? at the beginning, where gary grimes’ wide - eyed fanboy ben seeks out his start in the profession by joining up with a cattle drive? the film’s quick progression into the decline of ben’s romanticized notions of what “cowboyin‘” actually means? or the climax, which leaves everyone but grimes and anthony james on the proverbial slab? the culpepper cattle co. is about as grim and unsparing as they come, and it makes no apologies for either. —a. c .
dodge city had the most impressive list of gunmen and lawmen of any town in the west. wyatt earp, the masterson brothers, bill tilghman, clay allison, luke short, dave mather, and
doc
holliday all resided in dodge at some time in their careers .
during the evening of april 30, 1884, a mob overpowered the sheriff. the prisoners attempted to escape when the doors to the jail were opened. shots were fired and brown lay dead. the three remaining prisoners were taken to an elm tree east of town and hanged .
wild bill
hickok was hired as abilene' s town marshal in 1871. he had a reputation for being a quick draw and for spending most of his time playing cards in the saloon. although dressed in buckskins for this photograph, he often wore the finer clothes of a dandy .
four years ago, she arrived in garden city, a remote industrial farming town where the abundance of low - skilled jobs has long drawn refugees and migrants. it was the first place the 28 - year - old felt confident calling home. until the threat of terrible violence occurred once again .
down the street from the dodge house stood john mueller' s new boot shop. when the cattle business failed in ellsworth, mueller promptly followed it to dodge city. he finally sold his business in 1880 to devote his full attention to raising livestock .
every cowtown had its rough part of town and wichita was no exception. the
delano
district was the hub of gambling and drinking activities in wichita. among its cast of characters was dance hall proprietor
rowdy joe
lowe who shot and killed his business rival ,
red beard .
in the days after the three men were arrested, there was an outpouring of support from many in the kansas community. vigils and prayer services occurred in town, drawing people from across the partisan political divide. immigrants and refugees from africa, latin america and south - east asia have long been drawn to the city, attracted by the abundance of jobs at a large beef slaughterhouse on the outskirts of town. the city is now only 43% white. local church groups run family outreach programs and free literacy courses for refugees. a new health clinic with translation services was opened last weekend, funded by donations .
at the africa shop, one of the major somali community hubs a short walk away from the mosque, cnn played in the background as a couple of men shot pool after clocking off from their shifts at the slaughterhouse, where about 5, 000 cattle are killed each day .
texas cattle drives actually began before the civil war but on a small scale and ceased during the war. the 1866 season brought large herds and the cowboy crowd to baxter springs in the southeastern corner of the state. profits were low that year and fewer herds were driven north the following year .
); a gender - bending narrative that sends sharon stone’s monotone gunfighter, “the lady, ” on a righteous quest into the town of redemption (natch) to avenge her father’s death via quick - draw contest. gene hackman relishes his turn as the tyrannical mayor, not so subtly named herod, responsible for said killing, as does a pre -
dindigul: 28 / 06 / 2017: members of various organisation laying a siege before the police station in palani, tamil nadu, on wednesday following dispute over transportation of cattle. photo: handout _ e _ mail. | photo credit: g _ karthikeyan; g _ karthikeyan - handout _ e _ mail
from 1866 to 1885 hundreds of thousands of texas longhorns were driven annually to shipping points in kansas. abilene, ellsworth, wichita, dodge city, and caldwell received the major portion of the booming cattle trade. baxter springs, newton, hunnewell, great bend, hays, and junction city achieved periods of brief success .
midwestern cities thrived on the strength of immigrant labor; the stockyards in kansas city grew into the second largest livestock exchange and meatpacking district in america. but the remote, southwestern corner of kansas remained largely unpopulated until the 1960s, when advances in irrigation technology suddenly made it possible for ranchers to grow enough corn to sustain industrial - scale cattle feedlots. within a decade, livestock trailers loaded with cattle from oklahoma, texas, and colorado were streaming into three vast beef - processing plants in garden city, dodge city, and liberal, forming what came to be known as the golden triangle of american beef packing. and as the meatpacking industry surged west, immigrant workers came with it .
these noted gunfighters convened in dodge city to assist their friend, luke short, in an episode that became known as the “dodge city war. ” co - owner of the long branch saloon, short had violated a new city policy banning prostitutes from saloons. short and his partner, prominent banker and cattleman, william harris, felt that the law had been unequally enforced since mayor and rival a. b. webster had not faced similar prosecution. short was arrested, then forced to leave town. he appealed justifiably to the governor that he had been denied due process. a compromise was attempted but short chose instead to convene his pals to ensure his permanent return. the state' s adjutant general was finally able to mediate a settlement before any violence erupted with short being permitted to stay in town .
caldwell challenged dodge city for the cattle market in the 1880s. although it was within the quarantined area, it was so near the border that it was able to conduct business without any problems. known as
the border queen ,
nearly 100, 000 head of texas longhorns were shipped out on the santa fe line in 1882 and 1883 .
“i was, frankly, shocked that it [ domestic terrorism ] would come home to roost in my town here in the midwest. we, our neighbors, our somalis, our vietnamese … here in garden city are determined to get along, ” said dr william clifford, president of the finney county republican party. “the people here, i feel, are vetted, and they’re working hard. they’re contributing, ” he added .
dodge city’s mostly male population found needed supplies such as: whiskey, guns and ammunition, clothing and billiards at local stores. founded in 1872 shortly before the santa fe railroad line reached ford county, dodge city served primarily as a civilian community to nearby fort dodge. business also centered on the sale of buffalo hides and bones before the cattle trade era began in 1875 .
dance halls and saloons were a fixture of all kansas cattle towns and dodge city had some of the finest. sometimes the saloon owner sponsored the gaming. individual gamblers also worked the taverns looking for an opportunity to ply their trade. favorite card games were poker, monte, and faro. dice games and keno, a game similar to bingo, were also popular gambling activities .
in the 1880s, hunnewell flourished briefly as a shipping point for texas cattle. located on the kansas - oklahoma border in sumner county, the leavenworth, lawrence and galveston railroad provided quick access to the kansas city stockyards. typical of cowtowns, the business district of hunnewell reportedly consisted of one hotel, two stores, one barbershop, a couple of dance halls, and eight or nine saloons .
brothers mike and john meagher served on the wichita police force in the 1870s. mike' s service as marshal involved everything from rounding up hogs (done more in the early years before the cattle boom) to disarming rowdies and arresting robbers, horse thieves, and murderers. although not working as a law officer at the time of his death, in 1881 mike was shot down while assisting the caldwell city marshal with an arrest .
the chisholm trail served as the major trail to many of the kansas cowtowns. after years of use, it was described as being 200 to 400 yards wide and as bare as a city street. as quarantine laws and homesteaders' fences closed off more and more towns to texas drovers, dodge city emerged as the principal kansas cowtown. from 1875 to 1885 texas cattle followed the cutoff on the chisholm trail or the western trail to the
cowboy capital .
following the civil war, the state of texas, needing money, sells land to a syndicate of northerners headed by judd hastings (ray teal). when hastings demands the land, and the squatters refuses to vacate, the governor sends mike mcgann (dennis morgan) to settle the issues. eventually, mcgann gets the ranchers to move on to other areas with their cattle, which hastings also covets. mcgann also falls in love with hastings' daughter, marian (amanda blake) .
following the civil war, the state of texas, needing money, sells land to a syndicate of northerners headed by judd hastings (ray teal). when hastings demands the land, and the squatters refuses to vacate, the governor sends mike mcgann (dennis morgan) to settle the issues. eventually, mcgann gets the ranchers to move on to other areas with their cattle, which hastings also covets. mcgann also falls in love with hastings' daughter, marian (amanda blake). written by les adams
at wright and allen’s modular home business on a dusty patch of gravel in the outskirts of liberal, kansas, a town 60 miles from garden city, the group – members of a statewide anti - government militia group named the kansas security force (ksf) – had convened a meeting of their own sub - militia called “the crusaders”. they were plotting targets, according to an affidavit, and pulled up an image of garden city on google maps, dropping pins on locations they labelled “cockroaches”. they had decided to target muslims in response to the orlando terror attack that occurred the month before, the affidavit said .
unlike monte hellman’s previous western, ride in the whirlwind, the influence of myth and surrealism carefully encroaches upon these proceedings. the shooting is much more enigmatic affair, although period detail and an unromantic streak pervade this one as well. a bounty hunter (warren oates) agrees to lead a mysterious woman (millie perkins) through a hellish desert to a desolate town. but following them is a dandyish gunslinger (jack nicholson) who’s fast on the trigger and seems to have a strange bond with perkins. what perkins’ and nicholson’s real motives are is confounding to oates, until the bizarre truth of their quest is fully revealed. the shooting is a hypnotic affair, fatalistically leading to one of the great head - trip finales of all time. —d. h .
on october 11, 2016, less than a month before election day, police in liberal, kansas, sat in their cruisers outside g & g home center, waiting for curtis allen to emerge. the mobile home dealership where allen worked was nothing more than a prefab trailer hauled onto a patch of scrub grass along a remote stretch of highway 83 on the outskirts of town. his gmc yukon was sitting in the parking lot, so the officers felt certain that he was one of two men they could see moving around inside. when the men left in separate vehicles, police believed that allen was in the yukon—but it was getting dark and they had to be sure. after the trucks turned onto the highway, the officers signaled for both drivers to pull over .
by the 1980s, when iowa beef packers announced it would open the world’s largest beef plant just outside garden city, the region was already feeding and slaughtering roughly a quarter of all the cattle processed in north america. ibp needed thousands of workers to get its new production lines running—far more than the area, which was already at near - zero unemployment, could provide. so ibp turned to a new immigrant population eager for work: refugees fleeing life - threatening oppression around the world. in 1980, jimmy carter had tripled the number of political refugees who could be admitted to the united states. over the next decade, the population of garden city soared, from 18, 000 to 24, 000. two - thirds of the newcomers were southeast asian or hispanic .
in some towns, however, such accommodations only served to further stoke the anger of american - born employees. at the tyson plant in emporia, kansas, wild rumors began to spread—that the somalis were carrying tuberculosis and contaminating the meat, that a group of somali men had raped a female co - worker in an equipment closet. outside the plant, there were stories that somali women who refused to use tampons had dripped menstrual blood through the local wal - mart, that a riot of somali men had broken out in a local parking lot, that a gang of somalis wielding machetes had been seen outside the dairy queen. the ayan café, a somali - run market and restaurant in emporia, was frequently vandalized; in january 2007, armed gunmen attacked the store. patty gilligan, a spokesperson for the town, viewed the resistance to the somalis as more than religious. “i can’t help but think their skin color had something to do with it, ” she told reporters .
in the hands of any director other than john ford, the man who shot liberty valance would probably read as western navel - gazing. this is a film that directly interrogates the themes and tropes that give the genre its identity while celebrating both at the same time. on paper that sounds self - indulgent to the point of abhorrence. in practice, at least under the mastered hand of ford, it plays. the man who shot liberty valance is one of the last great westerns to come out of hollywood in the genre’s classic mode, one with clearly drawn good guys and bad guys who resolve their frontier beef in the designated courtroom of their time and place: their town’s main drag. but ford isn’t interested in boilerplate cowboys and varmints having a good old - fashioned shootout as bystanders look on like a crowd watching a tennis match. he wants to do more than pit revolver against revolver. with the man who shot liberty valance, he instead presents a clash of ideologies at the center of a changing world, all while dissecting the mythmaking that is so central to what makes westerns so satisfying. it’s a contest between the rule of law vs. rule of arms, discourse against brute force .
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dennis morgan, better known for his light comedies with jack carson, plays a western. westerns had their heyday in the 1950' s both on the screen and ...
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following the civil war, the state of texas, needing money, sells land to a syndicate of northerners headed by judd hastings (ray teal). when hastings demands the land, and the squatters... see full summary »
lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .
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this is one of three films released in the us in 1952 featuring robert j. wilke and sheb wooley. the other two are high noon and hellgate .
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dykstra, robert r .
overdosing on dodge city .
western historical quarterly 27 (1996): 505– 14 .
dykstra, robert r .
to live and die in dodge city: body counts, law and order, and the case of kansas v. gill .
in lethal imagination: violence and brutality in american history, edited by michael a. bellesiles. new york: new york university press, 1999: 210–26 .
by 1870, abilene had grown to the point that a marshal was needed to keep order. thomas j. smith, an experienced lawman, was known for using his fists rather than his gun to end disputes. he lost his life to an assailant' s bullet and then was nearly decapitated .
every cowtown also acquired a police force. some lawmen served several different towns during their careers. wyatt earp served on the wichita police force in 1875 and 1876 before moving on to dodge city. an experienced
gun toter ,
earp ironically almost ended his own life in a freak shooting accident. on sunday, january 9, 1876, while sitting in the back room of the custom house saloon, his gun slipped from his holster. he had committed the serious error of leaving the hammer resting on a loaded chamber. when the gun struck his chair, it discharged sending a. 45 caliber slug through his coat. contemporary accounts noted that the gunshot
got up a lively stampede from the room .
firearms were prohibited in dodge city, however, in 1875, it is estimated that as many as 25 people died of gunshot wounds .
on april 30, 1884, the citizens of caldwell were shocked to learn that their marshal and his assistant were bank robbers and murderers. early that morning, brown, wheeler, and two cowboys rode to medicine lodge to rob the bank. while attempting to defend his property, the bank president was fatally wounded by brown. wheeler immediately killed the cashier. realizing their plans had failed, the four robbers fled .
violence of all kinds was not uncommon to hunnewell. as one railroad worker recollected years later ,
there was no bat masterson to control the casual use of firearms, and there was more shooting than i ever saw in dodge city .
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following the civil war, the state of texas, needing money, sells land to a syndicate of northerners headed by judd hastings (ray teal). when hastings demands the land, and the squatters... see more »
against the background of the 2016 election, a militia allegedly targeted garden city’s 500 - strong somali community. with anti - muslim hate groups reportedly surging, residents seek healing – and prefer not to talk about trump
ifra ahmed lived most of her life on the run before finding unlikely sanctuary among the towering grain silos and carpet - flat fields of south - west kansas .
when she was two years old, her parents carried her from the port city of kismayo in southern somalia across the kenyan border, as they fled the start of the brutal civil war. she languished in an arid refugee camp in dadaab for two years, and then moved across lake victoria to another sprawling camp in southern uganda, living among 60, 000 other displaced people. at school, in a class of 70 children, she excelled, learned english, and applied for permanent resettlement in the us. it took over a decade .
in october last year, federal prosecutors announced that three men affiliated with a loose national anti - government militia movement had been charged with plotting to blow up the small mosque frequented by garden city’s 500 - strong somali population .
“i thought of having to restart all over again, ” ahmed said, sipping masala chai at her ground floor apartment daubed in pink and purple silks. “i couldn’t even imagine it because i have done it so many times. ”
the incident received only fleeting national coverage, occurring less than a month before the presidential election. during a campaign which had already been dominated by islamophobic slurs and fearmongering over the threats of terrorism, donald trump said nothing of the foiled plot. he and his aides have since gone on to perpetuate the falsehood of non - existent attacks since assuming office in order to justify a controversial travel ban imposed against seven muslim - majority countries, including somalia .
according to recent fbi statistics, hate crimes against muslims soared by 67% in 2015, marking the sharpest increase in targeted crimes against minority groups – and reaching the highest total, 257 incidents – since the year of the 9 / 11 attacks. analysts also argue the plot was indicative of an alarming proliferation of anti - muslim hate groups riding the wave of trump’s rhetoric. one of the accused plotters told the guardian that the presidential election had “encouraged” his actions, despite protesting his innocence .
though the diverse community rallied around its refugees in the wake of the plot, this small county voted overwhelmingly in support of trump, to the dismay of many immigrants here .
“it is kind of the same fear when donald trump was elected and what happened in october, ” ahmed said. but for her, as for many refugees, talking politics in the wake of trump’s victory was difficult: “the more you talk about politics, the more problems you ask for, ” she said .
“the only good muslim is a dead muslim, ” said patrick stein during a conversation with his alleged co - conspirators, gavin wright and curtis allen, in july 2016. unbeknown to the group, they were joined by another member who had been secretly recording their activities for the fbi since february and would continue monitoring them until their arrest in october .
“when we go on operations, there’s no leaving anyone behind, even if it’s a one - year old, i’m serious, ” stein continued. “i guarantee if i go on a mission those little fuckers are going bye - bye. ”
at their next meeting, in august, the group decided on their final target, a converted apartment that serves as a community mosque, embedded in the heart of a complex populated entirely by refugees. they began collecting the components to construct a number of large explosives, stein was recorded testing automatic rifles he was supplied by undercover agents, and allen collected piles of ammunition that, by the time of his arrest, weighed “close to a metric ton”. they prepared a manifesto to be released at the time of the attack and carried out further reconnaissance trips to garden city (during one previous trip in february, stein had shouted “fucking raghead bitches” out of a car window towards a group of somali women) .
the fbi eventually swooped on 11 october, after allen’s girlfriend reported him to local police for domestic assault and told officers she had seen him preparing a “white powdery substance” she believed to be explosives .
“they had an intense hatred of muslims, ” said a former senior member of the ksf who knew all three men and spoke to the guardian on condition of anonymity. “it was just constant. ”
the ksf formed in 2012 and had a membership of about 90 people by the time “the crusaders” were arrested. most were from south and west kansas and many were former military personnel. they mostly communicated over social media and so - called “field training” was only occasional and drew small numbers of people .
the business where ‘the crusaders’ allegedly plotted their attack. photograph: oliver laughland for the guardian
stein, the source said, joined the militia around late 2013 and had previously been a member of a larger, more moderate group with which he became disenchanted. he was drawn to the ksf “because it was more based in the constitution”. he brought wright into the group as well .
allen, who posted on social media about his support for trump, was temporarily ejected from the militia at the end of 2014 after allegations of domestic abuse, but was allowed to rejoin about six months later, the source said .
in 2016, as the presidential race intensified, the three men’s ardent islamophobia became more intense and had spread to other members of the militia. “the group dynamic changed, ” said the source. “ [ they ] were saying islam is a plague, we need to deal with it, we need to watch it, we need to keep an eye on it. even i fell into it. ”
stein, the source said, had made open comments on the group’s facebook chat that endorsed violence. the former militiaman estimated about 15 ksf members shared the plotters’ racist views and “two or three” other ksf members attended meetings of this sub - militia, but none were aware of their plans to commit violence .
the ksf believed they had come to the attention of the fbi in march after threatening an armed protest outside a mosque in wichita, the largest city in the state, against a visiting preacher they deemed an affiliate of the palestinian fundamentalist group hamas. but the guardian was told by a separate source familiar with the investigation that agents had targeted the group well before this .
all three men have pleaded not guilty to domestic terror charges and are expected to face trial in autumn this year .
lawyers for allen and stein declined to comment. in a statement to the guardian through his lawyer, wright said he refuted some claims made in the affidavit and had not joined the group until 2016, denied he hated muslims and argued that he was entitled to engage in “survivalist activities and ‘prepping’” for when “shit hits the fan” .
he added: “many 2016 candidates for political office in the united states encouraged these same views. ”
in 2016, according to research published by the anti - extremist not - for - profit group the southern poverty law center (splc), the number of anti - muslim hate groups in the us almost tripled, increasing from 34 to 101. the research center partially attributed this extraordinary proliferation to trump’s “incendiary rhetoric” on the campaign trail .
the ksf itself was a chapter within a broader national network of militias, the 3% ers, known for its overt islamophobia. it was created in 2009 in response to barack obama’s election victory and boasts around 400 members, in about seven states, said chris hill, a georgia - based leader of the national movement. all ties to the ksf were cut off after the three men were arrested, and the kansas chapter itself was shut down shortly after, hill said .
“they went wrong when they decided to go offensive. we don’t advocate violence on unarmed, innocent people, ” said hill, a paralegal and trump supporter who also goes by the pseudonym “bloodagent”. “we have a political grievance, no doubt, that needs to be addressed, and we need to be vocal, but we are defensive in nature. ”
hill’s georgia chapter itself was also labelled a hate group by the splc after the group protested against the extension of a mosque in an atlanta suburb, which he labelled a “disneyland for terrorists”, and allegedly threatened local government officials in charge of planning permission in september last year .
days after the arrest, the republican governor of kansas, sam brownback, said: “this sort of hate and violence doesn’t have any place in this country, let alone our state. ”
but there is a reticence among those in these conservative circles to draw even indirect links between the tenor of the election or local politics and the bomb plot itself .
months earlier, brownback had withdrawn kansas from the federal government’s refugee resettlement program, citing widely discredited national security concerns during the height of the syrian refugee crisis. civil liberty groups labelled the move a fearmongering distraction technique .
clifford, a self - described moderate and the son of an irish undocumented immigrant, defended the move as exercising a state’s “right to control borders” .
he acknowledged some in the somali community could have felt “quite threatened” by trump’s campaign and the travel ban, but argued: “we’re a country of laws, so that’s what i support [ the ban ]. mr trump has promised to support the laws, to enforce the laws, which many of us didn’t feel was being done previously. ”
abdishakur mohamed noor shows a photo of children on his cellphone. he hopes they can join him in the us one day. photograph: laurence mathieu - leger for the guardian
abdishakur mohamed noor, a homeless 55 - year - old from mogadishu, said he had been sleeping at the mosque at the time the men were arrested. “i was very, very scared, ” he said, adding he believed he had seen some of the conspirators surveilling the community in the weeks before. like ifra ahmed, he did not want to talk about donald trump .
aden ibrahim knaan, a community leader and owner of the store, received his us citizenship five years ago and is one of the few somalis comfortable openly discussing politics .
“it [ islamophobia ] was something he was using in his campaign to get elected, ” he said. “it’s not right at all. ”
“there have been many incidences inside america where you hear students getting killed, teachers getting killed, but they never talk about that and they don’t label it as a terrorist act. ”
knaan smiled when the election result in finney county was mentioned, but shared some of the optimism felt by conservatives, too .
“donald trump and the people are two separate entities, ” he said through a translator. “trump is an individual. the people here are a wide spectrum of diverse individuals. we are very happy with those who support us and we welcome all who were there for us. ”
ifra ahmed also wants to become an american citizen. she is employed at the slaughterhouse, and has risen quickly through the ranks to become a supervisor. as she prepared for her shift, she spoke about her love of oprah winfrey and her desire to finish community college to qualify as a veterinarian.
cattle town is a 1952 american western film directed by noel m. smith and written by thomas w. blackburn . the film stars dennis morgan , philip carey , amanda blake , rita moreno , paul picerni and ray teal . the film was released by warner bros. on september 6 , 1952 . 
cattle town is a 1952 american western film directed by noel m. smith and written by thomas w. blackburn. the film stars dennis morgan, philip carey, amanda blake, rita moreno, paul picerni and ray teal. the film was released by warner bros. on september 6, 1952.
cattle town is a 1952 american western film directed by noel m. smith and written by thomas w. blackburn. the film stars dennis morgan, philip carey, amanda blake, rita moreno, paul picerni and ray teal. the film was released by warner bros. on september 6, 1952.