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0 | How does one write the nation's modernity as the event of the everyday and the advent of the epochal? The laniDiage of national belonging comes laden with atavistic apologues, which has led Benedict Anderson to ask: 'But why do nations celebrate their hoariness, not their astonishing youth?'8 The nation's claim to mode... | Bhabha 1994 (Homi K. Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University “The Location of Culture” pg. 141-142 , Routledge 1994) | why do nations celebrate their hoariness, not their astonishing youth? nation's claim to modernity, as an autonomous or sovereign form of political rationality, is particularly questionable we adopt the postcolonial perspective: Nationalism . . . seeks to represent itself in the image of the Englightenment and fails to... | A) The Affirmatives construction of a “Nation-Space” manifests in distinction to a colonized Other- locking the colonial Other in a violent cycle. | 1,978 | 147 | 993 | 317 | 22 | 159 | 0.069401 | 0.501577 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
1 | Modernization theory provided post-war society in the West, and especially the US, with a temporal and spatial identity, an identity that could only be effectively constructed in a relation of difference with another time and another space. In this sense the will to be modern designated two forms of separation. First, ... | Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, 62-3) | Modernization theory provided post-war society in the West, and especially the US, with a temporal and spatial identity, an identity that could only be effectively constructed in a relation of difference with another time and another space. These processes of separation were seen as being accompanied by transformations... | Use of the term modernization is a blanket to cover colonization | 4,400 | 65 | 459 | 689 | 11 | 67 | 0.015965 | 0.097242 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
2 | As we have seen in the previous chapter, the emergence of the United States as a global power went together with a projection of notions of civilization, progress, democracy and order that posited a subordinate place for the societies of the non-West. The powers of expansion and intervention, both internally in the ter... | Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 57-58) | , the emergence of the United States as a global power went together with a projection of notions of civilization, progress, democracy and order that posited a subordinate place for the societies of the non-West. The powers of expansion and intervention, both internally in the territorial constitution of the United Sta... | The projection of power portrayed of the US gave them an entitled sense of superiority. The American ideas of “modernization” are all really outgrowths of what we believed to be progress. | 5,047 | 187 | 2,273 | 784 | 31 | 348 | 0.039541 | 0.443878 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
3 | Frederick Jackson Turner (1962: 37-8), in his 1893 essay on the frontier in American history, argued that the process of settlement and colonization brought to life intellectual traits of profound importance-the emergence of a 'dominant individualism', a 'masterful grasp of material things', a 'practical, inventive tur... | Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 35-36) | the process of settlement and colonization brought to life intellectual traits of profound importance-the emergence of a 'dominant individualism', a 'masterful grasp of material things', a 'practical, inventive turn of mind', a 'restless, nervous energy', which all reflected the specificity of the American intellect fo... | The AFF manifest in a coloniality of American policy makers and society continuing the message of Manifest Destiny. | 4,285 | 116 | 2,860 | 675 | 18 | 445 | 0.026667 | 0.659259 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
4 | In the beginning colonialism was a product of a systematic repression, not only of the specific beliefs, ideas, images, symbols or knowledge that were not useful to global colonial domination, while at the same time the colonizers were expropriating from the colonized their knowledge, specially in mining, agriculture, ... | Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 169,JC) | colonialism was a product of a systematic repression, not only of the specific beliefs, ideas, images, symbols or knowledge that were not useful to global colonial domination the colonizers were expropriating from the colonized their knowledge The repression fell, above all, over the modes of knowing, of producing know... | The assumed cultural norms of economic engagement entrenches a universal market aesthetic reenacting a pattern of domination inherent in colonial thought. | 1,038 | 155 | 683 | 159 | 21 | 106 | 0.132075 | 0.666667 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
5 | The category of the coloniality of power is not, of course, without its defects. But it has fewer than others, as well as having some local and global additional advantages. So let the coloniality of power be taken in my essay for what it is: a hypothesis designed to grapple with hierarchy based on what Quijano terms t... | Saldívar 07 (Jose David, Professor of Ethnic Studies @ UC Berkeley, “Unsettling Race, Coloniality, and Caste,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 346-7, MCJC) | the coloniality of power is not without its defects. let the coloniality of power be a hypothesis designed to grapple with hierarchy based on what Quijano terms the 'social classification The racial axis of mestizaje suggest that race, peasantry, and caste have proven to be more durable in our so-called postcolonial wo... | Capitalist motives perpetuate coloniality and the exclusion that it produces. | 747 | 78 | 324 | 125 | 10 | 52 | 0.08 | 0.416 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
6 | These questions are provoked by Arendt's brilliant suggestiveness, for her writing symptomatically performs the perplexities she evokes. Having brought close together the unique meaning and the causal agent, she says that the 'invisible actor' is an 'invention arising from a mental perplexity' corresponding to no real ... | Bhabha 1994 (Homi K. Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University “The location of Culture” pg. 190-191) Routledge 1994 | the 'invisible actor' is an 'invention arising from a mental perplexity' corresponding to no real experience. this anxious fantasm indicates most clearly the political nature of history So it is the realm of representation and the process of signification that constitutes the space of the political The 'reification' of... | Economic Engagement “towards” other countries is an act violent social mimesis, re-speaking the colonial position. | 3,149 | 115 | 1,608 | 493 | 15 | 249 | 0.030426 | 0.505071 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
7 | Coloniality is different from colonialism. Colonialism denotes a political and economic relation in which the sovereignty of a nation or a people rests on the power of another nation, which makes such nation an empire. Coloniality, instead, refers to long-standing patterns of power that emerged as a result of coloniali... | Maldonado-Torres 07 (Nelson, “On the Coloniality of Being,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 243, MCJC) | Coloniality is different from colonialism Colonialism denotes a political and economic relation in which the sovereignty of a nation or a people rests on the power of another nation Coloniality, instead, refers to long-standing patterns of power that emerged as a result of colonialism, but that define culture, labor, i... | Coloniality frames the way that we function. | 1,520 | 45 | 1,187 | 233 | 7 | 180 | 0.030043 | 0.772532 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
8 | In a recent work, Arturo Escobar (2003) makes the argument for the need to take seriously the epistemic force of local histories and the need to think theory through the political praxis of subaltern groups. What such argument points to is not the incorporation or inclusion of the histories, praxis, and 'other' thought... | Walsh 07 (Catherine, “Shifting the Geopolitic of Critical Knowledge,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 234-5, MCJC) | Escobar akes the argument for the need to take seriously the epistemic force of local histories and the need to think theory through the political praxis of subaltern groups. such argument points suggests the building of new places and new communities of thought, interpretation, and intervention that seek to generate a... | Epistemological decolonization is key to liberating those imprisoned by coloniality. | 2,069 | 85 | 1,185 | 330 | 10 | 182 | 0.030303 | 0.551515 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
9 | It is not an accident that the conceptualization of the world-system, from decolonial perspectives of the South will question its traditional conceptualizations produced by thinkers from the North. Following Peruvian Sociologist, Anı´bal Quijano (1991, 1998, 2000), we could conceptualize the present world-system as a h... | Grosfoguel 07 (Ramon, “The Epistemic Decolonial Turn,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 217, MCJC) | the conceptualization of the world-system, from decolonial perspectives will question its traditional conceptualizations we could conceptualize the present world-system as a historical-structural heterogeneous totality with a specific power matrix that he calls a ‘colonial power matrix’ This matrix affects social exist... | The colonial power matrix installs an intersectional matrix of oppressions. | 2,872 | 76 | 1,564 | 412 | 10 | 222 | 0.024272 | 0.538835 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
10 | As Quijano suggested above, a key element of this modern classificatory model of power is the binary articulation of a new planetary geohistorical and biocultural identities based on the idea of “race.” This entailed the process through which corporeality or body/nature was violently separated from “non-body” (“subject... | Ikeotuonye 07 (Festus is a writer, activist and Fellow at the School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland, “Connexus Theory and the Agonistic Binary of Coloniality: Revisiting Fanon’s Legacy”, pg. #212, BW) | a key element of this modern classificatory model of power is the idea of “race. The colonization of the body/ nature by the secularized forms of the “spirit/soul” is the nerve centre of the colonial world The implication of this binary separation embodies a radical view on which to organize and classify the world in s... | Colonialism is the foothold for biopower and racism – European thought is predicated off the assumption of a white exceptionalism | 4,425 | 130 | 1,693 | 706 | 20 | 265 | 0.028329 | 0.375354 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
11 | Coloniality as both a concept and lived reality provides a foundational context for understanding this 'other' intellectual production in Latin America in general and in the Andes in particular. While colonialism ended with independence, coloniality is a model of power that continues. Central to the establishment of th... | Walsh 07 (Catherine, “Shifting the Geopolitic of Critical Knowledge,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 228-9, MCJC) | Coloniality as both a concept and lived reality provides a foundational context for understanding this 'other' intellectual production in Latin America While colonialism ended with independence, coloniality is a model of power that continues. Central to the establishment of this model was the codification of difference... | Colonialism created the hierarchy for exclusion. | 1,500 | 49 | 1,070 | 222 | 6 | 156 | 0.027027 | 0.702703 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
12 | IT is MY perception that the shape of the signifying process as it applies to indigenous peoples is formed by a certain semiotic field, a field that provides the boundaries within which the images of the indigene function. The existence of this semiotic field constitutes an important aspect of the ‘subjugated knowledge... | Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin 95 (Bill, Gareth, Helen, Professors at the University of NSW, University of Western Australia, Queen’s University, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, p. 232-234, AM) | the shape of the signifying process as it applies to indigenous peoples is formed by a certain semiotic field, a field that provides the boundaries within which the images of the indigene function. The indigene is a semiotic pawn on a chess board under the control of the white signmaker. the individual signmaker, can m... | Lack of understanding leads to objectification and rejection of the “Other” from a society that is familiar to the “Subject” | 6,060 | 124 | 2,456 | 963 | 20 | 390 | 0.020768 | 0.404984 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
13 | The idea that humanity is universally defined by the separation from nature first emerged in seventeenthcentury Europe and developed in tandem with the industrial revolution, as the appropriation of land increased, accompanied by the increasing demand for natural resources. It is again crucial to bear in mind that this... | Ikeotuonye 07(Festus is a writer, activist and Fellow at the School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland, “Connexus Theory and the Agonistic Binary of Coloniality: Revisiting Fanon’s Legacy”, pg. #213, BW) | The idea that humanity is universally defined by the separation from nature first emerged in Europe with the industrial revolution this “universally defined” split is by no means universal. The cleaving of mind from nature is again specific to the Western world. This was quite clear to a progeny of Africans enslaved by... | Western European globalization is the root cause for environmental exploitation – Western identity sees nature as a frontier to be tamed, whereas the natives were one with nature | 1,031 | 178 | 732 | 179 | 28 | 129 | 0.156425 | 0.72067 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
14 | Such invasion of the human spirit, such painful process of forced adherence and identification with the oppressor’s version of the world, causes two indelible marks in the spirits of the colonised according to Fanon (1967). On the one hand, the feeling of inferiority, for the reason that even once assimilated, the colo... | Nieto, Ph.D in Public Policy in the University of Massachusetts Boston, 2007 [David, Summer 2007, “The Emperor’s New Worlds Language and Colonization,” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of self-Knowledge, Volume:5 special double issue, page #2 , TZ] | invasion of the human spirit, such painful process of forced adherence and identification with the oppressor’s version of the world, causes two indelible marks in the spirits of the colonised the feeling of inferiority, for the reason that even once assimilated, the colonized are never considered equals, and they are c... | Our perception of language destroys the human spirit of all deemed another | 1,525 | 74 | 943 | 251 | 12 | 154 | 0.047809 | 0.613546 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
15 | Coloniality of power was conceived together with America and Western Europe, and with the social category of 'race' as the key element of the social classification of colonized and colonizers. Unlike in any other previous experience of colonialism, the old ideas of superiority of the dominant, and the inferiority of do... | Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 171, JC) | the old ideas of superiority of the dominant, and the inferiority of dominated under European colonialism were mutated in a relationship of biologically and structurally superior and inferior. The process of Eurocentrification gave way to the imposition of such a 'racial' criteria to the new social classification of th... | Colonization leads to racism. | 2,371 | 30 | 1,367 | 348 | 4 | 200 | 0.011494 | 0.574713 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
16 | Monstrosity? Literary meteorite? Delirium of a sick imagination? Come, now! How convenient it is! The truth is that Lautreamont had only to look the iron man forged by capitalist society squarely in the eye to perceive the monster, the everyday monster, his hero. No one denies the veracity of Balzac. But wait a moment:... | Césaire 1972 (Aimé, Francophone poet, author and politician from Martinique. "one of the founders of the négritude movement in Francophone literature, “Discourse on Colonialism” Translated by Joan Pinkham) Monthly Review Press: New York and London, 1972. | the iron man forged by capitalist society squarely in the eye to perceive the monster, the everyday monster the same world, the same man, hard, inflexible, unscrupulous, fond, if ever a man was, of "the flesh of other men. the evil power of gold and the hoarding up of money the enemy, the cannibalistic, brain-devouring... | As long as colonialism exists there can be nothing but violence, corruption and barbarism | 3,612 | 89 | 1,142 | 615 | 14 | 191 | 0.022764 | 0.310569 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
17 | However, that specific colonial structure of power produced the specific social discriminations which later were codified as ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’, ‘anthropological’ or ‘national’, according to the times, agents, and populations involved. These intersubjective constructions, product of Eurocentered colonial domination wer... | Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru , “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 168-169,JC) | specific colonial structure of power produced the social discriminations which later were codified as ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’, ‘anthropological’ or ‘national’ These intersubjective constructions, product of Eurocentered colonial domination were even assumed to be ‘objective’ categories of a historical significance if we obs... | Colonialism shaped the systems of discrimination that dominates the racial, political, and social hierarchal. | 1,740 | 110 | 967 | 273 | 14 | 144 | 0.051282 | 0.527473 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
18 | The White and the Black, the European and the Oriental, the colonizer and the colonized are all representations that function only in relation to each other and (despite appearances) have no real necessary basis in nature, biology or rationality. Colonialism in an abstract machine that produces alterity and identity. A... | Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Associate Professor of Literature @ Duke and independent researcher and currently an inmate at the Rebibbia prison in Rome, formerly a lecturer in Politics at Paris University and a Professor of political science at the University of Padua, “Empire” Harvard University Press, 2000, pg. 1... | The White and the Black, the European and the Oriental, the colonizer and the colonized are all representations that function only in relation to each other and have no real necessary basis in nature, biology or rationality. Colonialism in an abstract machine that produces alterity and identity. the dialectical interpr... | Colonization of the “Other” leads to an Increasingly Violent Struggle of Life and Death | 1,823 | 87 | 1,179 | 277 | 14 | 176 | 0.050542 | 0.635379 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
19 | In the logic of colonialist representations, the construction of a separate colonized other and the segregation of identity and alterity turns out paradoxically to be at once absolute and extremely intimate. The process consists, in fact, of two moments that are dialectically related. In the first moment difference has... | Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Associate Professor of Literature @ Duke and independent researcher and currently an inmate at the Rebibbia prison in Rome, formerly a lecturer in Politics at Paris University and a Professor of political science at the University of Padua, “Empire” Harvard University Press, 2000, pg. 1... | In the logic of colonialist representations, the construction of a separate colonized other and the segregation of identity and alterity turns out paradoxically to be at once absolute and extremely intimate it is grasped or produced as Other, as the absolute negation, as the most distant point on the horizon. The non-E... | Colonialization Leads to Absolute Otherization and Racial Terror | 2,813 | 64 | 1,221 | 443 | 8 | 200 | 0.018059 | 0.451467 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
20 | At the political and administrative levels, the governing structures colonial imperialists established in the colonies, many of which survive more or less intact, continue, in numerous cases, to have devastating consequences - even if largely unintended (though by no means always, given the venerable place of divide et... | Shaikh 07 (Nermeen. Broadcast news producer and weekly co-host at Democracy Now!. Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.JMR) | the governing structures colonial imperialists established in the colonies many of which have devastating consequences the banalization of political violence (between native and settler) in colonial Rwanda, together with the consolidation of ethnic identities in the wake of decolonization with the institution and maint... | Genocide and Civil War is an inevitable product of postcolonial thinking—it banalizes political violence against the colonized | 3,217 | 126 | 1,497 | 471 | 17 | 208 | 0.036093 | 0.441614 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
21 | The postcolonial perspective departs from the traditions of the sociology of underdevelopment or the "dependency" theory. As a mode of analysis it attempts to revise those nationalist or "nativist" pedagogies that set up the relation of Third and First Worlds in a binary structure of opposition. The postcolonial perspe... | Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57) | postcolonial perspective departs from the traditions of the sociology of underdevelopment or the "dependency" theory. it attempts to revise nationalist or "nativist" pedagogies that set up the relation of Third and First Worlds in a binary structure of opposition The perspective resists attempts to provide a holistic s... | Postcolonial thinking requires the recognition of cultural differences, key to prevent degrading of individuals to subalterns | 3,610 | 126 | 1,551 | 518 | 16 | 222 | 0.030888 | 0.428571 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
22 | Postcolonial criticism bears witness to the unequal and uneven forces of cultural representation involved in the contest for political and social authority within the modern world order. Postcolonial perspectives emerge from the colonial or anticolonialist testimonies of Third World countries and from the testimony of ... | Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57) | Postcolonial criticism bears witness to the unequal and uneven forces of cultural representation in the contest for political and social authority within the modern world . perspectives emerge from the colonial or anticolonialist testimonies of Third World countries These intervene in the ideological discourses of mode... | Only radical change of social norms strays away from ideology | 2,132 | 61 | 1,266 | 296 | 10 | 175 | 0.033784 | 0.591216 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
23 | Furthermore, and very much linked to issues of representation, a postcolonial perspective would question the geographies of reference for self and other, and their interrelation or intersubjectivity. What is missing in both Bauman and Foucault is a sense of the difference that colonialism or Empire makes to the ways in... | Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 19-21) | a postcolonial perspective would question the geographies of reference for self and other, and their interrelation or intersubjectivity. What is missing in both Bauman and Foucault is a sense of the difference that colonialism or Empire makes to the ways in which power, politics and knowledge combine and work out their... | Instead of accepting a Euro-American mindset of thinking of the “third world” as the “other” and subjecting the non-Western countries to subordination, accept the postcolonial mindset of rejecting the Western narrative. | 4,242 | 219 | 2,789 | 651 | 31 | 417 | 0.047619 | 0.640553 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
24 | Thus, it can be argued that whereas within the frame of global politics there is more interdependence, the pace of cultural communication, military delivery, disease transmission and so on have accelerated, and that while global issues of refugees, ecology, arms control, organized crime and terrorism have become more i... | Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 23-24) | within the frame of global politics the territorial state remains the most visible and organized site of political action in the world But are all nation-states geopolitically positioned in the same way? Clearly they are not; and what needs stressing in the context of a post-colonial perspective on North-South relation... | Even though nation states are the most organized political sites in the world, some nation states are clearly positioned differently, which is an outgrowth of the coloniality and imperiality formerly imposed on the post colonial countries. Reject the aff-it embodies the colonial mindset. | 2,415 | 288 | 1,646 | 368 | 43 | 254 | 0.116848 | 0.690217 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
25 | As I end let me return to the beginning of my article, to the fallen towers and falling idols. What has befallen the ideals and the ideas of global progress now that the New World is bereft of its towers, its towering ladder without rungs targeted as the symbol of our times? Such days that eerily hollow out the times a... | Bhabha ‘03(Homi K, Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the Humanities in the Department of English at Harvard, the Director of the Humanities Center and the Senior Advisor on the Humanities to the President and Provost at Harvard University, "Democracy De-realized." Diogenes 50.1 (2003): 34-5, http://dio.sagepub.com/conten... | The unbuilt is not a place, that you can reach with a ladder; what is needed is a perspicuous vision that reveals a space, a way in the world, that is often obscured by the onward and upward thrust of progress Progress is its form rather than making progress being one of its features. Typically it constructs. It is occ... | The alternative is the Unbuilt of Colonial social construction, where we refuse to engage in their narrative of growth that comes at the expense of the Other. | 1,939 | 159 | 1,113 | 336 | 27 | 192 | 0.080357 | 0.571429 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
26 | How does the deconstruction of the sign, the emphasis on indeterminism in cultural and political judgment, transform our sense of the subject of culture and the historical agent of change? If we contest the grand, continuist narratives, then what alternative temporalities do we create to articulate the contrapuntal (Sa... | Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57) | How does the deconstruction of the sign, the emphasis on indeterminism in cultural and political judgment, transform our sense of the subject of culture and the historical agent of change? what alternative temporalities do we create to articulate the contrapuntal (Said) or interruptive (Spivak) formations of race, gend... | Postcolonial translation of modern discourse shapes our understanding of the world | 4,851 | 83 | 1,981 | 715 | 11 | 293 | 0.015385 | 0.40979 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
27 | Fanon also states that the dreams of the colonized constantly turn towards the desire to take the place of the colonizer. This desire of ‘becoming-Other’ is mirrored in the colonizer, who wants to become the colonized, making the colonized into the threat to the ‘natural order’ (Krautwurst 2003). This mutual desire of ... | Krebs 07 (Andreas Krebs, Phd University of Ottawa,“The Transcendent and the Postcolonial Violence in Derrida and Fanon”,pg. 93, BW) | the dreams of the colonized constantly turn towards the desire to take the place of the colonizer. This desire of ‘becoming-Other’ is mirrored in the colonizer a mutual desire of destruction The colonizer would like nothing better than to annihilate the colonized However, this annihilation would result in suicide The l... | In the colonial situation a desire of the Colony to destroy the colonized perpetuates a system of violence-only resisting the desire to become colonizer can the violence be overthrown through a symbolic upheaval. | 8,426 | 213 | 4,526 | 1,269 | 33 | 679 | 0.026005 | 0.535067 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
28 | War is the opposite of the anarchical relation of absolute responsibility for the Other that gives birth to human subjectivity. The obliteration of the transontological takes the tendency of producing a world in which war becomes the norm, rather than the exception. That is the basic meaning of the coloniality of being... | Maldonado-Torres 07 (Nelson, PhD, Religious Studies with a Certificate for Outstanding Work in Africana Studies, Brown University, “On the Coloniality of Being,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 243, MCJC) | The obliteration of the transontological takes the tendency of producing a world in which war becomes the norm, rather than the exception the basic meaning of the coloniality of being: the radical betrayal of the trans-ontological by the formation of a world in which the non-ethics of war become naturalized through the... | Decolonization creates a free flow of subjectivity where race, sex, and gender dynamics can be dismantled from the war frame constituting the colonial situation. | 1,787 | 162 | 960 | 293 | 24 | 153 | 0.081911 | 0.522184 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
29 | Under the spell of neo-liberalism and the magic of the media promoting it, modernity and modernization, together with democracy, are being sold as a package trip to the promised land of happiness, a paradise where, for example, when you can no longer buy land because land itself is limited and not producible or monopol... | Mignolo 07 (Walter, professor@ Duke U on semiotics and literary theory, “DELINKING The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality,” Cultural Studies, volume:21, pg.450-2, MCJC) | Under the spell of neo-liberalism modernity and modernization, together with democracy, are being sold as a package trip to the promised land of happiness, Yet, when people have other ideas of how economy and society should be organized, they become subject to all kinds of direct and indirect violence The crooked rheto... | Decolonizing knowledge and being is essential in bringing down coloniality. | 5,621 | 76 | 1,896 | 853 | 10 | 281 | 0.011723 | 0.329426 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
30 | The last statement may sound somewhat messianic but it is, nonetheless, an orientation that in the first decade of the twenty-first century has shown its potential and its viability. Such ‘destruction’ shall not be imagined as a global revolution lead by one concept of Totality that would be different from the modern o... | Mignolo 07 (Walter, professor@ Duke U on semiotics and literary theory, “DELINKING The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality,” Cultural Studies, volume:21, pg.452-3, MCJC) | Such ‘destruction’ shall not be imagined as a global revolution lead by one concept of Totality that would be different from the modern one, but equally totalitarian Quijano proposes a de-colonial epistemic shift epistemic de-colonization runs parallel to delinking. A delinking that leads to de-colonial epistemic shift... | Epistemic de-colonization collapses and delinks the political with coloniality | 2,641 | 79 | 643 | 388 | 9 | 93 | 0.023196 | 0.239691 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
31 | From such a colonial encounter between the white presence and its black semblance, there emerges the question of the ambivalence of mimicry as a problematic of colonial subjection. For if Sade's scandalous theatricalization of language repeatedly reminds us that discourse can claim "no priority," then the work of E... | Bhaba 1984 (Homi K, Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard, 1984, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse” http://www.jstor.org/stable/778467)(pg. 131-133) | there emerges the question of the ambivalence of mimicry as a problematic of colonial subjection. Edward Said will not let us forget that the "ethnocentric and erratic will to power from which texts can spring"19 is itself a theater of war. Mimicry, as the metonymy of presence is, indeed, such an erratic, eccentric... | Mimcry breaks out of the traditional notion of colonization. | 4,900 | 61 | 2,763 | 741 | 9 | 415 | 0.012146 | 0.560054 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
32 | The discourse of post-Enlightenment English colonialism often speaks in a tongue that is forked, not false. If colonialism takes power in the name of history, it repeatedly exercises its authority through the figures of farce. For the epic intention of the civilizing mission, "human and not wholly human" in the famous ... | Bhaba 1984 (Homi K, Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard, 1984, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse” http://www.jstor.org/stable/778467)(pg. 127) | discourse of post-Enlightenment English colonialism often speaks in a tongue that is forked, not false. If colonialism takes power in the name of history, it repeatedly exercises its authority through the figures of farce. For the epic intention of the civilizing mission, "human and not wholly human" mimicry emerges as... | Mimicry may be used as a tool to oppress the postcolonial subject, or a method to explode the postcolonial power matrix. | 3,706 | 121 | 2,282 | 573 | 21 | 346 | 0.036649 | 0.603839 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
33 | The idea of totality in general is today questioned and denied in Europe, not only by the perennial empiricists, but also by an entire intellectual community that calls itself postmodernist. In fact, in Europe, the idea of totality is a product of colonial/modernity. And it is demonstrable, as we have seen above, that ... | Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 177, JC) | It is not necessary, however, to reject the whole idea of totality in order to divest oneself of the ideas and images with which it was elaborated within European colonial/modernity. What is to be done is something very different: to liberate the production of knowledge, reflection, and communication from the pitfalls ... | The alternative is to reject the aff – epistemological decolonization is necessary to clear the way for intercultural communication. Only then, can we liberate those who are imprisoned by coloniality. | 4,244 | 201 | 1,704 | 653 | 30 | 261 | 0.045942 | 0.399694 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
34 | Yet in cultural terms the nation is perhaps an even more ambiguous phenomenon than it has been in the past, and this is particularly so in post-colonial theory. The nation-state has been critiqued in post-colonial analysis largely because the post-independence, postcolonized nation, that wonderful utopian idea, proved ... | Ashcroft 2009 (Bill, teaches at the University of Hong Kong and the University of NSW, editor of The Post-Colonial Studies Reader and the author of The Empire Writes Back, “Beyond the Nation: Post-Colonial Hope”, The Journal of the European Association of Studies on Australia, Australian Studies Centre, Universitat de ... | , that wonderful utopian idea, proved to be a focus of exclusion and division rather than unity; perpetuating the class divisions of the colonial state rather than liberating national subjects. The transnation, on the other hand, represents the utopian idea that national borders may not in the end need to be the author... | Through the power of discourse we must break through the ontological constriction of national borders, only then will we be free | 9,316 | 128 | 2,048 | 1,452 | 21 | 329 | 0.014463 | 0.226584 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
35 | Globalization studies, political-economy paradigms and world-system analysis, with only a few exceptions, have not derived the epistemological and theoretical implications of the epistemic critique coming from subaltern locations in the colonial divide and expressed in academia through ethnic studies and woman studies.... | Grosfoguel 07 (Ramon, “The Epistemic Decolonial Turn,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 215, MCJC) | Globalization studies and world-system analysis have not derived the epistemological and theoretical implications of the epistemic critique coming from subaltern locations in the colonial divide They still continue to produce knowledge from the Western man ‘point zero’ god-eye view. This has led to important problems i... | The criticism of capitalism is rooted in westernized, Eurocentric view of the world that colonized in the first place. | 1,920 | 119 | 1,249 | 282 | 19 | 186 | 0.067376 | 0.659574 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
36 | The assumption of a totalizing perspective and the focus on resistance and historic agency are two aspects that distinguish this work among contemporary Marxist theory. The simultaneous privileging of both a totalizing perspective and subaltern voices, however, creates tensions in attempting to unify theory and practic... | Libretti 96 (Tim, Ph.D., Professor at the University of Michigan in American Modernism and Minority Literatures, January-February 1996, Beyond Liberal Multiculturalism, http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/2485) | The simultaneous privileging of both a totalizing perspective and subaltern voices creates tensions in attempting to unify theory and practice. the totality perspective privileges systematic knowledge over experience in theorizing a socialist project of emancipation, whereas politics organized around subaltern identiti... | The subaltern’s voice and the intellectual’s knowledge can coexist | 3,704 | 67 | 1,465 | 541 | 9 | 213 | 0.016636 | 0.393715 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
37 | Pedagogically, it is important for my argument to conceptualize “modernity/coloniality” as two sides of the same coin and not as two separate frames of mind: you cannot be modern without being colonial; and if you are on the colonial side of the spectrum you have to transact with modernity – you cannot ignore it. The v... | Mignolo, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature at Duke University, 2005 (Walter, The Idea of Latin America, page 6-8, RH) | it is important to conceptualize “modernity/coloniality” as two sides of the same coin and not as two separate frames of mind: you cannot be modern without being colonial; if you are on the colonial side of the spectrum you have to transact with modernity – you cannot ignore it. The very idea of America cannot be separ... | After the colonies, only power changed hands, but the same colonial domination remained. Coloniality refers to the continual European domination of the world. | 2,891 | 159 | 1,974 | 463 | 23 | 314 | 0.049676 | 0.678186 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
38 | Far from offering an adequate way of understanding the complex U.S. race and ethnic relations, such a multicultural model explains away racial inequality--even in the midst of its continuing violence to peoples of color. Thus by privileging the site of culture in the struggle for political power, San Juan challenges th... | Libretti 96 (Tim, Ph.D., Professor at the University of Michigan in American Modernism and Minority Literatures, January-February 1996, Beyond Liberal Multiculturalism, http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/2485) | a multicultural model explains away racial inequality--even in the midst of its continuing violence to peoples of color. . The most stringent critique is of the "ethnicity school," represented by Werner Sollor's Beyond Ethnicity, the prominent journal MELUS ( and representative works . the critical paradigm of the whit... | The ethnicity paradigmof the permutation obscurely homogenizes colonial history of exploitation and raciailized difference | 4,518 | 123 | 1,977 | 627 | 14 | 270 | 0.022329 | 0.430622 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
39 | A “material genealogy” of postcolonialism is, to reiterate the point upon which we began, complicated by the disparity between its generative principle – the sweeping history that the term invokes, if often unintentionally – and the narrow, intramural sphere in which postcolonialism is talked about and practiced. To fu... | Larsen 05 (Neil, Professor of Comparative Literature, 2005, “Imperialism, Colonialism, Postcolonialism”, A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, P.g 40) | A “material genealogy” of postcolonialism is, complicated by the disparity between its generative principle the sweeping history that the term invokes if often unintentionally – and the narrow, intramural sphere in which postcolonialism is talked about and practiced. at some point over the last two decades the small bu... | Postcolonial is a euphemism for the third world reinstalling the nation. | 2,104 | 73 | 887 | 326 | 11 | 138 | 0.033742 | 0.423313 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
40 | But this apparent emptying out of the nation as a historically emancipatory space has not, at least on the phenomenological level, enforced a reconciliation of critical consciousness with “really existing” globalization. For one might concede the actuality of the latter as a kind of total system and yet still – followi... | Larsen 05 (Neil, Professor of Comparative Literature, 2005, “Imperialism, Colonialism, Postcolonialism”, A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, P.g 45) | apparent emptying out of the nation as a historically emancipatory space has not enforced a reconciliation of critical consciousness with “really existing” globalization. Suppose the globally dominant system could be likened to “discourse” in the Foucaultian sense . The discourse has, constructed the Orient not as a “f... | Use of postcolonialism leads to a misrepresentation of the “other” | 2,857 | 66 | 900 | 438 | 10 | 137 | 0.022831 | 0.312785 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
41 | The unwillingness to engage in this sort of sorting exercise which might expose definite “sides” to a struggle, has evoked charges of “complicity” on the part of critics of postcolonial discourse.32 While, as I have noted above, Marxists are often charged with remaining within a “colonial” binary logic, Postcolonial th... | Bartolovich 05 (Crystal, Associate Professor of English, 2005, “Global Capital and Transitions”, A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, P.g 140) | Postcolonial theorists have been charged with engaging in a theoretical exercise which encourages an exploitative status quo when we fail to consider “political and economic inequalities” – and the causes for them – and engage in discourses of “postcoloniality falsely we are fully collaborating with the hegemonic ideol... | Postcolonial studies leads to capitalist contributing to the exploitation of Latin America. | 1,717 | 92 | 966 | 269 | 12 | 147 | 0.04461 | 0.546468 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
42 | Since, on one level, the "post" signifies "after," it potentially inhibits forceful articulations of what one might call "neocoloniality." Formal independence for colonized countries has rarely meant the end of First World hegemony. Egypt's formal independence in 1923 did not prevent European, especially British, domin... | Shohat 1992 [Ella, Prof. of Cultural Studies at NYU, 1992, “Notes on the "Post-Colonial" http://www.jstor.org/stable/466220?origin=JSTOR-pdf&, Accessed 7/8/13- JM] | Since "post" signifies "after," it potentially inhibits forceful articulations of what one might call "neocoloniality." independence for colonized countries has rarely meant the end of First World hegemony. In Latin America independence did not prevent Monroe Doctrine-style military interventions, or Anglo-American fre... | Postcolonial assumes a “post” state of oppression that ignores ongoing violence | 3,311 | 80 | 1,925 | 473 | 11 | 266 | 0.023256 | 0.562368 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
43 | Before such questions can be raised, however, it is necessary to pay some critical attention to the mobility that has accrued in the category of postcolonialism. Where the term once referred exclusively to the discursive practices produced by the historical fact of prior colonization in certain geographically specific ... | Suleri 1992 (Sara, professor of English at Yale University, special concerns include postcolonial literatures and theory, contemporary cultural criticism, literature and law, “Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition”, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 18, No. 4, Identities (Summer, 1992), pp. 758-9, The Universit... | it is necessary to pay some critical attention to the mobility that has accrued in the category of postcolonialism Where the term once referred exclusively to the discursive practices produced by the historical fact of prior colonization in certain geographically specific segments of the world, it is now more of an abs... | Postcolonialism has become an abstraction whose amorphous nature stuns any ability at real resistance. | 1,825 | 103 | 1,148 | 263 | 14 | 168 | 0.053232 | 0.638783 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
44 | As a result, postcolonial critics' refusal to define postcolonial theory in an unambiguous manner might not necessarily point to diversity or vitality, but rather to personal projects and games of identification. Any adequate analysis of the literature of postcolonial criticism cannot avoid highlighting the extent to w... | Figueira 00 [Dorothy, PhD Comparative Literature University of Chicago, “The Profits of Postcolonialism,” Comparative Literature, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 2000), pp. 246-254, pp. 248-9] | , postcolonial critics' refusal to define postcolonial theory in an unambiguous manner might not necessarily point to diversity or vitality, but rather to personal projects and games of identification. analysis of the literature of postcolonial criticism cannot avoid highlighting the extent to which the intellectual ri... | Postcolonialism is a self serving field | 4,107 | 40 | 2,879 | 607 | 6 | 418 | 0.009885 | 0.688633 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
45 | The concept of the margin versus the center in postcolonial criticism, constructed upon Derrida's critique of logocentrism, allows the postcolonial critic not only to theorize always from the impregnable position of "the margin," but also to invoke "ambiguity," "binarism," and "splitting," etc. as constitutive of that ... | Figueira 00 [Dorothy, PhD Comparative Literature University of Chicago, “The Profits of Postcolonialism,” Comparative Literature, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 2000), pp. 246-254, 250-1] | The concept of the margin versus the center in postcolonial criticism, constructed upon Derrida's critique of logocentrism, allows the postcolonial critic not only to theorize always from the impregnable position of "the margin," but also to invoke "ambiguity," "binarism," and "splitting," etc. as constitutive of that ... | Postcolonial Thought mimics colonial thought it criticizes and only uses the colonial Other as a justification for its existence. | 3,965 | 130 | 3,336 | 572 | 19 | 478 | 0.033217 | 0.835664 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
46 | The postcolonial critic's personal search in this way masks a lack of calling or significance. The stakes are considerable: personal validation amidst an incestuously boundaried field, among other critics deemed worthy of making the call. The Other is eclipsed by the critic's conception of it-a conception whose major f... | Figueira 00 [Dorothy, PhD Comparative Literature University of Chicago, “The Profits of Postcolonialism,” Comparative Literature, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Summer, 2000), pp. 246-254, pp. 251] | The Other is eclipsed by the critic's conception of it-a conception whose major function is to validate the theorist within a community of theorists. The authoritative critic who has carefully picked through information provided by individuals writing in these postcolonial places provides the dominant voice Although po... | Postcolonialism becomes a critic’s language game to avoid any confrontation with the Other. | 1,131 | 91 | 850 | 165 | 13 | 124 | 0.078788 | 0.751515 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
47 | The hegemonic structures and conceptual frameworks generated over the last five hundred years cannot be vanquished by waving the magical wand of the "postcolonial." The 1992 unification of Europe, for example, strengthens cooperation among ex-colonizing countries such as Britain, France, Germany and Italy against illeg... | Shohat 1992 [Ella, Prof. of Cultural Studies at NYU, 1992, “Notes on the "Post-Colonial" http://www.jstor.org/stable/466220?origin=JSTOR-pdf&, Accessed 7/8/13- JM] | The hegemonic structures and conceptual frameworks generated over the last five hundred years cannot be vanquished by waving the magical wand of the "postcolonial. The colonial master narrative , is being triumphantly re-staged. Despite different historical contexts, the conflict between the Native American claim to th... | Colonialism cannot be stopped- neocolonialism is being successfully channeled through nationalist patriarchal elites. | 2,646 | 117 | 900 | 385 | 13 | 133 | 0.033766 | 0.345455 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
48 | The embattled and embalmed narrative of civilizational clash is often deployed to justify the reckless destruction of civilians who are suspected, by virtue of their culture (considered to be their ‘second nature’), of being tainted with the ‘guilt’ of their traditions and temperament. Only those societies of the North... | Bhaba 2003 (Homi K, Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the Humanities in the Department of English at Harvard, the Director of the Humanities Center and the Senior Advisor on the Humanities to the President and Provost at Harvard University, "Democracy De-realized." Diogenes 50.1 (2003): 27., pp27, http://dio.sagepub.com/... | Only those societies of the North and the South, the East and West, which ensure the widest democratic participation and protection for their citizens – their majorities and minorities – are in a position to make the deadly difficult decisions that ‘just’ wars demand. To confront terror out of a sense of democratic sol... | Western states violence necessary evil for democracy | 898 | 52 | 611 | 142 | 7 | 99 | 0.049296 | 0.697183 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
49 | [L]ike language, the nation is an invariable which cuts across modes of production . . . . We should not become obsessed by the determinate historical form of the nation-state but try to see what that form is made out of. It is created from a natural organization proper to homo sapiens, one through which life itself is... | Bhabha 1990 (Homi, Professor and Director of Humanities Center at Harvard University, “Nation and Narration”, p 51, AX) | the nation is an invariable which cuts across modes of production the nation-state is created from a natural organization proper to homo sapiens, one through which life itself is rendered sacred. This sacred character constitutes the real national question The nation is not only a political form, but also responds to t... | The nation is key to order and safety in society-without it, destruction and death would happen. | 1,873 | 96 | 876 | 311 | 16 | 141 | 0.051447 | 0.453376 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
50 | To these notions, and in order to assert the principles on which the integrity of nation and empire are based, Johnson returns the same, invariable reply. It is a matter of fact that governments are established, not on regular plans, but by chance or accident. It is a matter of fact that from wherever, in a narrowly th... | Bhabha 1990 (Homi, Professor and Director of Humanities Center at Harvard University, “Nation and Narration”, p 163, AX) | governments are established, not on regular plans, but by chance or accident. It is a matter of fact that from wherever, in a narrowly theoretical light, governments should derive their authority, they derive it in practice from the respect which, by habit or custom, we pay them. political stability is the greatest goo... | Governments are established because the people want them-in return, the government bring political stability back to the people. | 1,930 | 128 | 363 | 329 | 18 | 61 | 0.054711 | 0.18541 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
51 | I consider postcolonialism as the cultural logic of this mixture and multilayering of forms taken as an essential ethos of late modernity, a logic distanced from its grounding in the unsynchronized interaction between colonial powers and colonized subalterns. The Indo-British critic Homi Bhabha, among others, has given... | Juan 1998 [Jr., E San, Professor of Comparative American Cultures at Washington State U, “The Limits of Postcolonial Criticism: The Discourse of Edward Said,” http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1781, Accessed: 7/12/13] | I consider postcolonialism as the cultural logic of this mixture and multilayering of forms taken as an essential ethos of late modernity, a logic distanced from its grounding in the unsynchronized interaction between colonial powers and colonized subalterns. critic Homi Bhabha, among others, has given ontological prio... | Bhabha’s fixation on fluidity inscribes an academic colonialism that destroys any hope of postcolonial liberation. | 2,549 | 115 | 1,976 | 339 | 15 | 259 | 0.044248 | 0.764012 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
52 | Viewed from the perspective of late-capitalist political economy, the figures of difference, fragmentation, liminality and diaspora, which Lawrence Grossberg (1996) considers the principles of identity for postmodern cultural studies (of which postcolonialism is a subspecies), are modes of regulating the social relatio... | Juan 1998 [Jr., E San, Professor of Comparative American Cultures at Washington State U, “The Limits of Postcolonial Criticism: The Discourse of Edward Said,” http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/1781, Accessed: 7/12/13] | postcolonial critics not only remove these principles of identity from their circumstantial ground, from their historical contexts; they also treat them as autonomous phenomena separate from the structures of cultural production and political legitimation in late modern societies. “Each of these `moments' of the real [... | Meditations on the hybrid and liminal space of postcolonialism lead to a mystification of the oppressed. | 2,107 | 105 | 1,445 | 293 | 16 | 203 | 0.054608 | 0.692833 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
53 | In fact, even if he saw himself as the Columbus of the unconscious, the founder of psychoanalysis never refers specifically to the realities of Latin America—at least not beyond his personal and anthropological interest in the culture of the Bolivian coca leaf. There are, to be sure, a number of eyebrow-raising asserti... | Bosteels, 2011[Bruno, of Romance studies at Cornell University, June 1st 2011, “Critique of planned obsolescence: marx and freud in Latin America,” Revista Hispánica Moderna, 64: 1, page # 6-7, TZ] | the founder of psychoanalysis never refers specifically to the realities of Latin America—at least not beyond his personal and anthropological interest in the culture of the Bolivian coca leaf Freud refers metaphorically to the unconscious, in his paper of the same title from 1915, by speaking of the mind’s ‘‘aborigina... | Postcolonialism’s reliance on psychoanalysis misreads the Latin American context and reinscribes coloniality | 1,894 | 109 | 1,424 | 288 | 12 | 210 | 0.041667 | 0.729167 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
54 | The history of the West and the history of the non-West are by now irrevocably different and irrevocably shared. Both have shaped and been shaped by each other in specific and specifiable ways. The linear time of the West or the project of modernity did not simply mummify or overlay the indigenous times of colonized co... | Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin 95 (Bill, Gareth, Helen, Professors at the University of NSW, University of Western Australia, Queen’s University, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, p. 147, AM) | The history of the West and the history of the non-West have shaped and been shaped by each other The linear time of the West did not simply mummify or overlay the indigenous times of colonized countries, but was open to alteration and cultural combinations. the history of Latin America is also the history of the West ... | The histories of the oppressive are not meant to be separate entities used to create dichotomous positions of power or inferiority | 1,123 | 131 | 671 | 186 | 21 | 112 | 0.112903 | 0.602151 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
55 | To pose the crisis of democracy in terms of its unrealized ideals does not adequately challenge the failures of its promise. ‘Falling short’ is often a strategic ‘necessity’ for democratic discourse, which acknowledges failure as part of its evolutionary, utopian narrative. The argument goes something like this: we fai... | Bhaba 2003 (Homi K, Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the Humanities in the Department of English at Harvard, the Director of the Humanities Center and the Senior Advisor on the Humanities to the President and Provost at Harvard University, "Democracy De-realized." Diogenes 50.1 (2003): pp28-9, http://dio.sagepub.com/con... | To pose the crisis of democracy in terms of its unrealized ideals does not adequately challenge the failures of its promise. ‘Falling short’ is often a strategic ‘necessity’ for democratic discourse, which acknowledges failure as part of its evolutionary, utopian narrative. . Such an internal dialectic of the ‘unrealiz... | Failure to achieve the desired result in democracy is not a reason to reject democracy perm can be the unrealized. | 2,074 | 115 | 1,716 | 331 | 20 | 270 | 0.060423 | 0.81571 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
56 | From the 'post-structuralist' perspective assumed earlier, we can see that this theory presupposes that letters arrive at their destination. If this were so, then the desire of politics to end the post would have been achieved, and there would be no need of politics at all — if the legislative letter always reached its... | Bhabha 1990 (Homi, Professor and Director of Humanities Center at Harvard University, “Nation and Narration”, p 129-130, AX) | politics is a name for the necessary possibility of the failure of autonomy to close into the circuit which names the citizen as citizen, and that the designation 'citizen' is always inhabited by an element of impropriety. This impropriety is both the condition of possibility of politics and the reason why autonomy can... | Politics and the government are necessary for the existence of a stable society simply because the government’s purpose is to maintain order in society. | 2,404 | 152 | 1,191 | 406 | 24 | 198 | 0.059113 | 0.487685 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
57 | In essence, the most blatant flaw of postcolonial orthodoxy (I use the rubric to designate the practice of Establishment postcolonialism employing a poststructuralist organon) lies in its refusal to grasp the category of capitalist modernities in all its global ramifications, both the regulated and the disarticulated a... | Juan No Date (Epifanio San Juan, profesor of Comparative American Cultures at Washington State U, “POSTCOLONILAISM AND MATERIALISTIC DIALECTICS,” pg. 3, JC) | the most blatant flaw of postcolonial lies in its refusal to grasp the category of capitalist modernities in all its global ramifications both the regulated and the disarticulated aspects. A mechanistic formula is substituted for a dialectical analytic of historical motion. Consequently, in the process of a wide-rangin... | The rejection of the state guts any alt solvency – only perm can solve. | 1,098 | 72 | 856 | 156 | 14 | 126 | 0.089744 | 0.807692 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
58 | The subaltern group is deprived of historical [dominance] and initiative; it is often in a state of continuous but disorganic expansion, without a necessary party affiliation; and [crucially for the issue of de-nationalisation], its authority may not be able to go beyond a certain qualitative level which still remains ... | Bhaba 2003 (Homi K, 2003, "Democracy De-realized." Diogenes 50.1 (2003): 27-35. http://dio.sagepub.com/content/50/1/27.full.pdf+html)(pg. 31) | The subaltern group is deprived of historical [dominance] and initiative its authority may not be able to go beyond a certain qualitative level which still remains below the level of the possession of the state The utopian dream of ‘total’ transformation may not be available to the subaltern perspective which is noneth... | The state is not over determined in dealing with the subaltern, a history remains open for future acts of justice. | 2,521 | 115 | 1,204 | 402 | 20 | 193 | 0.049751 | 0.4801 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
59 | These paradoxes incite a certain ambivalence and anxiety about freedom in which we dwell especially uncomfortably today. The pursuit of political freedom is necessarily ambivalent because it is at odds with security, stability, protection, and irresponsibility; because it requires that we surrender the conservative ple... | Brown 95 (Wendy Brown PhD Political Philosophy, professor of political science Berkeley “States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity” pp. 24-27) | The pursuit of political freedom is necessarily ambivalent because it is at odds with security, stability, protection, and irresponsibility it requires that we surrender the conservative pleasures of familiarity, insularity, and routine for investment in a more open horizon of possibility and sustained willingness to r... | Paradoxes in freedom redirect the will to power as a goal of antifreedom, causing identities to be fixed social positions. | 7,372 | 123 | 3,633 | 1,129 | 20 | 558 | 0.017715 | 0.494243 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
60 | “[W]hat the Left needs is a postindividualist concept of freedom, for it is still over questions of freedom and equality that the decisive ideological battles are being waged.” So argues Chantal Mouffe in response to two decades of conservative political and theoretical efforts to define and practice freedom in an indi... | Brown 95 (Wendy Brown PhD Political Philosophy, professor of political science Berkeley “States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity” pp. 5-8) | "concepts" of freedom, posited independently of specific analyses of contemporary modalities of domination, revisit us with the most troubling kind of idealism insofar as they deflect from the local, historical, and contextual character of freedom Freedom is neither a philosophical absolute nor a tangible entity but a ... | Their conceptions of freedom fail to grasp the modalities of domination, reinforcing the structures that create unfreedom in the first place. | 6,144 | 141 | 2,480 | 919 | 21 | 376 | 0.022851 | 0.40914 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
61 | For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination, the language of "resistance" has taken up the ground vacated by a more expansive practice of freedom. For others, it is the discourse of" empowerment" that carries the ghost of freedom's val- ence. Yet as many have noted, insofar ... | Brown 1995 [Wendy, Professor of Political Science at Berkeley, States of Injury, pp. 20-22] | For some the language of "resistance" has taken up the ground vacated by a more expansive practice of freedom For others, it is the discourse of" empowerment" that carries the ghost of freedom's val- ence Yet resistance is an effect of the regime it opposes resistance marks the presence of power and expands our under' ... | Contemporary notions of resistance and empowerment rely on the very regulatory norms it seeks to oppose: the freedom for which resistance fights is formulated in the very same terms of liberal sovereignty that produce oppressed subjects in the first place. | 4,271 | 256 | 2,706 | 662 | 40 | 408 | 0.060423 | 0.616314 | Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5 | Gonzaga (GDI) | Kritiks | 2013 |
62 | Diplomatically, positive engagement with Venezuela would be a major step toward building American credibility in the world at large, especially in Latin America. Chávez (along with his friends the Castros in Cuba) was able to bolster regional support for his regime by pointing out the United States’ attempts to forcib... | Griffin 4/3 [John, freshman analyst for the Harvard Crimson--http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/4/3/Harvard-Venezuela-Chavez-death/ -2013-SR] | Diplomatically engagement with Venezuela would be a major step toward building American credibility in the world at large, especially in Latin America Chávez ) was able to bolster regional support for his regime by pointing out the United States’ attempts to forcibly intervene in Venezuelan politics a number of populi... | The United States federal government should substantially increase its debt relief efforts toward Venezuela. | 3,683 | 108 | 1,634 | 549 | 14 | 244 | 0.025501 | 0.444444 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
63 | (Reuters) - Venezuela's recent designation of an acting head of its diplomatic mission in the United States shows the OPEC nation's desire to restore full diplomatic relations, the foreign minister said in an interview broadcast on Sunday.¶ Disputes between Caracas and Washington were common during the 14-year-rule of ... | Reuters 5/19 [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/20/us-venezuela-usa-idUSBRE94J01R20130520 –2013—SR] | - Venezuela's recent designation of an acting head of its diplomatic mission in the United States shows the OPEC nation's desire to restore full diplomatic relations Disputes between Caracas and Washington were common during the 14-year-rule of late socialist leader Hugo Chavez "This is a message for U.S. politicians s... | B. Now is the critical time to resolve diplomatic relations-Maduro’s remarks | 1,000 | 76 | 573 | 150 | 11 | 87 | 0.073333 | 0.58 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
64 | The Economist Intelligence Unit reports that “Venezuela is currently struggling with a lack of foreign exchange, which has put significant pressure on the overvalued official exchange rate of BsF6.3 to US$1”. Additionally, inflation is in the high 30s, (while the Latin American average is 7 per cent ), the national deb... | Sanders 7/14 [Sir Ronald—senior reporter for the Barbados Advocate- http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=columnists&NewsID=31512 -SR] | “Venezuela is currently struggling with a lack of foreign exchange, which has put significant pressure on the overvalued official exchange rate debt is rising, and the fiscal deficit is growing; it is said to have tripled to 11 per cent of gross national product. There is also growing concern within Venezuela about mon... | Venezuelan debt is the critical issue-foreign exchange is key | 834 | 61 | 495 | 139 | 9 | 79 | 0.064748 | 0.568345 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
65 | But I particularly wanted to make the point to this audience and to circulate to a wider audience certain points about climate change this morning, which is perhaps the 21st century's biggest foreign- policy challenge, along with preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. I believe those two threats over the longer term... | Hague 2k10 [William Hague, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Member of Parliament for Richmond, United Kingdom, “The Diplomacy of Climate Change,” 9/27/10] | climate change is the 21st century's biggest foreign- policy challenge, along with preventing the spread of nuclear weapons those two threats over the longer term are the biggest threats to the peace and security of the world We're at a very crucial point in the global debate on this subject Many people are questioning... | US Diplomacy solves warming, water scarcity, and proliferation | 20,524 | 63 | 3,672 | 3,381 | 8 | 602 | 0.002366 | 0.178054 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
66 | While the U.S. State Department isn't holding its collective breath, it would like to see better relations between the two countries in the post-Chavez era. That would enable the United States to leverage Venezuela against Iran as it continues attempts to prevent Iran from achieving nuclear weapons.¶ Venezuela and Iran... | Jones, 13 – (Steve Jones, US Foreign Policy on About News. “Does Chavez' Death Mean Better Relations Between U.S. and Venezuela?” http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/alliesenemies/a/Does-Chavez-Death-Mean-Better-Relations-Between-U-s-And-Venezuela.htm)//SDL | the U.S. State Department would like to see better relations between the two post-Chavez That would enable the U S to leverage Venezuela against Iran as it continues attempts to prevent Iran from achieving nuclear weapons Venezuela and Iran became allies during the Chavez' tenure The U.S. has deployed an array of sanct... | Post-Chavez US-Venezuela ties vital to prevent Iran proliferation | 856 | 66 | 554 | 128 | 8 | 88 | 0.0625 | 0.6875 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
67 | Meanwhile, Iran is testing the line in the Middle East. On its current trajectory, the Islamic Republic will become a nuclear weapons state before the end of the decade. According to the leadership in Tehran, Iran is exercising its “inalienable right” to build Iranian enrichment plants and make fuel for its peaceful ci... | Allison 2k6 --- (Graham Tillett Allison Jr. is an American political scientist and professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Fall 2006, “The Will to Prevent,” Harvard International Law Review, lexis nexis) | facilities can continue enriching uranium to the ideal core of a nuclear bomb. If Iran crosses its nuclear finish line, a Middle Eastern cascade of new nuclear weapons states could trigger the first multi-party nuclear arms race, far more volatile than the Cold War Egypt’s prospects of living unarmed alongside a nuclea... | Iran prolif leads to Middle East arms race and ensures nuclear war | 2,187 | 66 | 822 | 342 | 12 | 132 | 0.035088 | 0.385965 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
68 | U.S. officials are cautiously optimistic that the death of Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez could improve relations between the two countries, but they aren’t holding their breath.¶ “One of the things that happens over 14 years in a government like Venezuela is it really did revolve around one man. So while I’m hesitant to say ... | Newton-Smalls 3/7 [Jay, reporter for Time-- http://swampland.time.com/2013/03/07/u-s-hopes-chavezs-passing-could-smooth-relations-with-venezuela/ --2013—SR] | U.S. officials are cautiously optimistic that the death of Chávez could improve relations between the two countries One of the things that happens over 14 years in a government like Venezuela is it really did revolve around one man he played an outsized role in that government and therefore his absence can have outsize... | Chavez’s death makes now key | 1,233 | 28 | 335 | 189 | 5 | 55 | 0.026455 | 0.291005 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
69 | Diplomatically, positive engagement with Venezuela would be a major step toward building American credibility in the world at large, especially in Latin America. Chávez (along with his friends the Castros in Cuba) was able to bolster regional support for his regime by pointing out the United States’ attempts to forcibl... | Griffin 4/3 [John, freshman analyst for the Harvard Crimson--http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/4/3/Harvard-Venezuela-Chavez-death/ -2013-SR] | Diplomatically engagement with Venezuela would be a major step toward building American credibility in the world at large, especially in Latin America Chávez ) was able to bolster regional support for his regime by pointing out the United States’ attempts to forcibly intervene in Venezuelan politics a number of populis... | Economic engagement with Venezuela bolsters US credibility-it spills over | 3,682 | 73 | 1,632 | 549 | 9 | 244 | 0.016393 | 0.444444 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
70 | But I particularly wanted to make the point to this audience and to circulate to a wider audience certain points about climate change this morning, which is perhaps the 21st century's biggest foreign- policy challenge, along with preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. I believe those two threats over the longer term... | Hague 2k10 [William Hague, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Member of Parliament for Richmond, United Kingdom, “The Diplomacy of Climate Change,” 9/27/10] | climate change is the 21st century's biggest foreign- policy challenge, along with preventing the spread of nuclear weapons those two threats over the longer term are the biggest threats to the peace and security of the world We're at a very crucial point in the global debate on this subject Many people are questioning... | US Diplomacy solves warming and proliferation | 20,523 | 45 | 3,671 | 3,381 | 6 | 602 | 0.001775 | 0.178054 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
71 | Professor Anthony Bryant, a senior fellow at the Institute of International Relations of the University of the West Indies, explains the problem as follows: “The impact of Petro Caribe has been very dramatic. Since its inception, the financing mechanism is estimated to have saved members more than US$1bn in financing e... | Sanders 7/14 [Sir Ronald—reporter for the Barbados Advocate- http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=columnists&NewsID=31512 -SR] | The impact of Petro Caribe has been very dramatic. the programme saved several regional economies from certain collapse. But while the programme has provided short-term relief, it has also become an addiction for its beneficiaries Venezuela is today the largest creditor for Petro Caribe members”. The programme has also... | Petro Caribe collapse coming now-Venezuelan debt is the reason-it spills over | 1,509 | 77 | 879 | 238 | 11 | 141 | 0.046218 | 0.592437 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
72 | Over half of Venezuela's federal budget revenues come from its oil industry, which also accounts for 95 percent of the country's exports. Estimated at 77 billion barrels, its proven reserves of black gold are the largest of any nation in the world.¶ Despite a troubled political relationship, its principal customer is t... | Metzker 6/18 [Jared- reporter for the International--¶ http://www.international.to/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8681:analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-us-venezuela-relations&catid=268:inter-press-service&Itemid=377--SR] | Over half of Venezuela's federal budget revenues come from its oil industry Despite a troubled political relationship, its principal customer is the United States, which imports nearly a million barrels a day from Venezuela. His government took a greater chunk of revenues and imposed quotas that ensured a certain perce... | Oil is key to Venezuelan stability-debt relief is key | 1,633 | 53 | 738 | 251 | 9 | 120 | 0.035857 | 0.478088 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
73 | Venezuela is one of the world's largest exporters of crude oil and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. The oil sector is of central importance to the Venezuelan economy. As a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Venezuela is an important player in the global oil market.¶ I... | EIA 2k12 [Energy Information Administration—US studies and analysis-- http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=VE ---October 12—SR] | Venezuela is one of the world's largest exporters of crude oil and the largest in the Western Hemisphere Venezuela is an important player in the global oil market Oil represents the bulk of total energy consumption in Venezuela Over the last decade the share of oil consumption in the country's total energy mix has rise... | Venezuelan oil is key to global oil stability | 786 | 45 | 419 | 125 | 8 | 69 | 0.064 | 0.552 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
74 | The crude realities: America uses approximately 19 million to 20 million barrels of oil per day, almost half of which is imported. If we lose just 1 million barrels per day, or suffer the type of damage sustained from Hurricane Katrina, the government will open the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which offers a mere six- ... | Black 12 (Edwin Black, American syndicated columnist, and journalist specializing in the historical interplay between economics and politics in the Middle East, “When the Pump Runs Dry, February 27)< http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-02-27/news/bs-ed-oil-interruption-20120227_1_crude-abqaiq-international-energy-age... | America uses approximately 19 million to 20 million barrels of oil per day, almost half of which is imported. If we lose 2 million barrels per day, or 10 percent, government crisis monitors say the chaos will be so catastrophic, they cannot even model it. We cannot put a price tag on it. If it happens, just cash in you... | Scenario 1: Oil Shocks | 4,244 | 22 | 1,176 | 693 | 4 | 193 | 0.005772 | 0.278499 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
75 | RIO DE JANEIRO, Mar 18 2013 (IPS) - Venezuela’s economic challenges, more than the uncertainty over who will succeed late president Hugo Chávez, could threaten the oil diplomacy he practiced in the region.¶ Cuba is the most obvious example. Oil imports from Venezuela cover half of the country’s energy needs, and have m... | Osava 5/13 [Mario- correspondent for Inter-Press Service-- http://www.ipsnews.net/author/mario-osava/ -- 2013—SR] | - Venezuela’s economic challenges could threaten the oil diplomacy he practiced in the region Cuba is the most obvious example. Oil imports from Venezuela cover half of the country’s energy needs Cuba’s foreign trade grew fourfold between 2005 and 2011, to 8.3 billion dollars Cuba’s growing dependence on Venezuela has ... | Scenario 2: Cuban Economy | 2,373 | 26 | 1,353 | 393 | 4 | 231 | 0.010178 | 0.587786 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
76 | Regardless of the succession, under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s problems of a post Castro transformation only worsen. In addition to Cubans on the island, there will be those in exile who will return claiming authority. And there are remnants of the dissident community within Cuba who will attempt to exercise simil... | Gorrell, Lieutenant Colonel, 2005 (Tim, “CUBA: THE NEXT UNANTICIPATED ANTICIPATED STRATEGIC CRISIS?” March 18, Online: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA433074) | under the current U.S. policy, Cuba’s problems of a post Castro transformation only worsen. In addition to Cubans on the island, there will be those in exile who will return claiming authority. there are remnants of the dissident community within Cuba who will attempt to exercise similar authority. A power vacuum or ab... | Cuban instability collapse causes Latin American instability and terror attacks | 2,758 | 79 | 1,635 | 450 | 10 | 267 | 0.022222 | 0.593333 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
77 | Until recently, the primary U.S. concern about Brazil¶ has been that it might acquire nuclear weapons and¶ delivery systems. In the 1970s, the Brazilian military¶ embarked on a secret program to develop an atom bomb. By¶ the late 1980s, both Brazil and Argentina were aggressively¶ pursuing nuclear development programs ... | Schulz 2k [Donald E., Ph.D., Chair of Political Science at Cleveland State U., fmr. Research Professor of National Security at the Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army College, March 200, “The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future”, Strategic Studies Institute] | the primary U.S. concern about Brazil has been that it might acquire nuclear weapons and delivery systems the Brazilian military embarked on a secret program to develop an atom bomb There were powerful military and civilian advocates of developing nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles within both countries Brazil now ... | That causes Brazilian nuclear re-arm | 4,318 | 36 | 2,096 | 635 | 5 | 315 | 0.007874 | 0.496063 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
78 | Brazil and Argentinas actions to reverse their nuclear programs are generally cited as a success story for nonproliferation. However, some doubts remain. Both nations, particularly Brazil, remain nuclear capable, and some analysts have questioned whether Brazil has entirely renounced its weapons program. For the time b... | GSI 2k12 [Global Security Institute--http://gsinstitute.org/dpe/countries/argentina_brazil- May 22, 2012-SR] | Brazil cited as a success story for nonproliferation. However, some doubts remain Brazil, remain nuclear capable, and some analysts have questioned whether Brazil has entirely renounced its weapons program indications are that the countries are sincere in their efforts to prevent a nuclear arms race in South America. | Causes South American arms race | 595 | 31 | 318 | 91 | 5 | 48 | 0.054945 | 0.527473 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
79 | In Washington, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told reporters that the Obama administration is worried about the spectre of an arms race in South America. "We hope that we can see a change in behaviour and attitude on the part of the Venezuelan government," she said.¶ But it is not just Venezuela who is bulking... | Watson 2k10 [Connie, senior reporter for CBS-- http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2009/10/02/f-rfa-watson.html -January 25th, 2010- SR] | the Obama administration is worried about the spectre of an arms race in South America. Brazil and Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and even Bolivia are also buying new military gear After South America's infamous dictatorships of the 1980s, most of the ensuing civilian governments actively neglected their armed forces f... | That causes global nuclear war | 1,320 | 30 | 736 | 215 | 5 | 122 | 0.023256 | 0.567442 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
80 | How exactly could Brazil go about building nuclear weapons? The answer, unfortunately, is that it would be relatively easy. A precondition for the legal construction of small reactors for submarine engines is that nuclear material regulated by the IAEA is approved. But because Brazil designates its production facilitie... | Ruhle 2k10 [Hans, analyst for Speigal Online International-- http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nuclear-proliferation-in-latin-america-is-brazil-developing-the-bomb-a-693336.html -May 7th, 2010-SR] | How exactly could Brazil go about building nuclear weapons it would be relatively easy. because Brazil designates its production facilities for nuclear submarine construction as restricted military areas, the IAEA inspectors are no longer given access. once the legally supplied enriched uranium has passed through the g... | Legal restrictions don’t matter | 852 | 31 | 454 | 129 | 4 | 69 | 0.031008 | 0.534884 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
81 | People around the globe believe that China will inevitably replace the United States as the world’s leading superpower, but that doesn’t mean they like the prospect, according to a new study on global attitudes. The survey that the Pew Research Center conducted in 39 countries confirms much of the conventional wisdom i... | Wan 7/17(Wan is a China correspondent, based in Shanghai and Beijing. He previously served as diplomatic correspondent focusing on U.S.-Asia policy. He was part of the Post’s 2010 Pulitzer finalist team that covered the Fort Hood shootings and has won multiple awards his coverage of religion. He has worked as a metro r... | China will inevitably replace the United States as the world’s leading superpower Pew Research Center conducted in 39 countries confirms much of the conventional wisdom in Washington about the shifting balance of power between the United States and China. many believe that it is only a matter of time before China suppl... | China is rising now and Latin America is fueling it. US – LA relations are key to hegemony | 1,540 | 90 | 617 | 252 | 18 | 97 | 0.071429 | 0.384921 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
82 | During the first weekend of June, U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in California to discuss cyber espionage and territorial claims in the Pacific Rim. While tension on these topics has hogged the headlines, the fight for influence in another area could be even more important—Latin Americ... | Valencia 7/10(Robert Valencia, World Policy Institute, 10 July 2013, “US and China: The Fight for Latin America” http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=166209) | . President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in California to discuss cyber espionage and territorial claims in the Pacific Rim the fight for influence in another area could be even more important Latin America has an abundance of natural resources, greater purchasing power, and geographic proximity to... | Latin America is key piece for the symbolism of American power | 4,048 | 62 | 1,594 | 638 | 11 | 246 | 0.017241 | 0.38558 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
83 | The U.S. Secretary to the Treasury should investigate the U.S. and IFIs debt portfolios in order to determine if portions of a given LIC’s loan portfolio should be declared illegitimate and odious. Odious or illegitimate debt stemming from situations in which corrupt regimes received loans from IFIs, bilateral lenders,... | Jubilee 12’ (Jubilee U.S.A. Network, an alliance working for the definitive cancellation of crushing debt to fight poverty and injustice in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. March 2012, The Responsible Lending and Borrowing Imperative: Addressing the Root Causes of Poverty)MN | The U.S. Secretary to the Treasury should investigate debt in order to determine if portions of a given LIC’s loan portfolio should be declared illegitimate and odious from situations in which corrupt regimes received loans from IFIs, bilateral lenders, and multilateral lenders in order to support the West’s geopolitic... | U.S. should cancel debt that disproportionately punishes the citizens for the faults of regimes taking out loans to serve western interests | 1,191 | 139 | 919 | 170 | 21 | 131 | 0.123529 | 0.770588 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
84 | The damage that neoliberal globalization has done to human lives and to the non-human environment raises profound questions about the rationality of this system. The inequalities in way that this damage has been distributed raise further questions about the system’s justice. Although these questions are among the most ... | Jagger 02’ (Allison M. Jagger, Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, A Feminist Critique of the Alleged Southern Debt, Hypatia 17.4 Fall 2002.) MN | The inequalities in way that this damage has been distributed raise further questions about the system’s justice the debt that many poor nations in the global South supposedly owe to international lending institutions and to a few rich nations in the global North is one of the chief mechanisms maintaining global neolib... | Cancellation of Venezuela’s debt is a key step to breaking down the global neoliberal system | 1,295 | 92 | 670 | 196 | 15 | 101 | 0.076531 | 0.515306 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
85 | But their loans add to the debt burden and come with conditions. Governments have to agree to impose very strict economic programs on their countries in order to reschedule their debts or borrow more money. These programs are known as Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). SAPs have particularly affected the countries ... | Jubilee No date (Jubilee U.S.A. Network, , an alliance working for the definitive cancellation of crushing debt to fight poverty and injustice in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. How it All Began: Causes of the debt crisis.) MN | But their loans add to the debt burden and come with conditions These programs are known as Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Poor SAPs consist of measures designed to help a country repay its debts by earning more hard currency In a few countries SAPs appear to have had some good effect; in most they have worsene... | SAP’S force governments to cut back on programs to help its citizens and force it to conform to western standards of economic prosperities- furthering the poverty inside the indebted countries | 1,421 | 193 | 735 | 231 | 30 | 117 | 0.12987 | 0.506494 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
86 | The case of Venezuela provides an illustration of the role of structural adjustment in producing increased domestic conflict, a weakened democratic system and repression. As Di John (2005:114) writes: A few weeks after the announcement of [structural adjustment] reforms, Venezuela experienced the bloodiest urban riots s... | Adouharb Cingranelli 06’ (M. RODWAN ABOUHARB, DAVID L. CINGRANELLI, International Relations department of the University College London, Professor of Political Science at Binghamton University, 2006, International Studies Quarterly (2006) 50 p.233-262) | The case of Venezuela provides an illustration of the role of structural adjustment in producing increased domestic conflict A few weeks after the announcement of [structural adjustment] reforms, Venezuela experienced the bloodiest urban riots since the urban guerrilla warfare of the 1960s. Although Venezuela’s democrat... | Previous SAP’s in Venezuela are the cause of the governmental problems that have played out throughout venezuela’s history | 1,776 | 122 | 839 | 266 | 18 | 122 | 0.067669 | 0.458647 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
87 | Taking on further debts is likely to be one of Venezuela's mechanisms to feed the Ancillary Foreign Currency Administration System (Sicad) with US dollars.¶ The State, its decentralized bodies, or any other institution will be able to issue bonds in US dollars. Such bonds will be paid by companies or individuals in bol... | Salmeron 6/8 [http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/130708/venezuelan-govt-likely-get-into-debt-to-supply-sicad-with-us-dollars—Victor-senior reporter for El Universal-SR] | Taking on further debts is likely to be one of Venezuela's mechanisms to feed with US dollars its decentralized bodies, will be able to issue bonds in US dollars. Such bonds will be paid by companies or individuals in bolivars and then be sold abroad to obtain foreign currencies the Central Bank of Venezuela (BVV); and... | The dollar is key | 1,102 | 17 | 439 | 178 | 4 | 77 | 0.022472 | 0.432584 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
88 | THE West's claim that its sanctions are targeted at the Zanu-PF leadership in Zimbabwe have been exposed for the sham they are by a WikiLeaks cable released yesterday that shows that the US government directed the IMF not to restore Zimbabwe's voting rights and lines of credit.¶ The IMF has over the years masqueraded a... | Herald 2k10 [The Herald News-- http://raceandhistory.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1292867839,44248,.shtml --December 20—SR] | The IMF has over the years masqueraded as a multilateral institution that operates independently of the whims and caprices of its host, the US government. Response to demarche on Zimbabwe Vote in IMF," and directed to the New Zealand Agency for International Development, which handles issues related to the IMF, shows t... | US controls the IMF | 1,951 | 19 | 661 | 319 | 4 | 106 | 0.012539 | 0.332288 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
89 | Any local economy that is integrated into the global economy is exposed to the vicissitudes of world trade; for example, SAPs’ promotion of cash crop agriculture has made many countries in the global South vulnerable to drops in world prices or their crops. At the same time, the shift to cash crop agriculture has encou... | Jagger 02’ (Allison M. Jagger, Professor of Philosophy and Women’s Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, A Feminist Critique of the Alleged Southern Debt, Hypatia 17.4 Fall 2002.) MN | the shift to cash crop agriculture has encouraged these countries to become permanently dependent on Northern machines and fertilizers have simultaneously created guaranteed markets for Northern manufactured products, technologies, and consumer goods. In a world where the terms of trade for raw materials and agricultur... | Attempts to reform countries in the past to pay off debt has led to the worsening of their conditions- the negs authors are biased from the perspective of the global North | 3,620 | 171 | 1,771 | 571 | 31 | 273 | 0.054291 | 0.478109 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
90 | Feliciano Guzmán, of the Worker’s Federation of Bolivar State (Fetrabolivar), says that “Under previous governments these productive businesses took five percent from their profits and paid into the CVG, to pay for the electricity, the roads, the sporting areas. And now nothing comes to CVG because the companies aren’t... | Ross 7/21 [Clifton, senior reporter for CounterPunch-- http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/07/19/building-a-critical-left-solidarity-movement/ -7/21/13—SR] | “Under previous governments these productive businesses took five percent from their profits and paid into the CVG, to pay for the electricity, the roads, the sporting areas Everything relies on subsidies from PDVSA, the state oil company PDVSA isn’t much more sustainable since its production is also dropping 3-4% per ... | PVDSA is unsustainable—Venezuela cant keep up | 1,016 | 45 | 674 | 168 | 6 | 114 | 0.035714 | 0.678571 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
91 | Venezuela’s economy went into recession in the first quarter of 2009, which lasted for five quarters, ¶ until the second quarter of 2010. International oil prices had dropped precipitously in the fourth ¶ quarter of 2008, falling by 50 percent (from $118 to $58 a barrel). Although at first glance the ¶ recession appear... | Weisbrot & Johnston 2k12 [Mark and Jake—senior analysts @ Center for Economic and Policy Research-- http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2012-09.pdf -September 2012-- SR] | Venezuela’s economy went into recession in the first quarter of 2009 International oil prices had dropped precipitously in the fourth quarter the recession appears as though it was part of an inevitable “oil boom and bust,” this was not the case. most of the countries in the Western Hemisphere experienced recessions ma... | Lower debt allows Venezuela to stabilize oil prices | 927 | 52 | 597 | 161 | 8 | 105 | 0.049689 | 0.652174 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
92 | Since the Venezuelan Executive Office has forced state-run oil company Pdvsa to fund a large number of government programs and projects while providing 95% of petrodollars to the Treasury, the petroleum firm faces significant liabilities because of poor fiscal policies. ¶ According to the annual report for fiscal year ... | Tovar 2k13 [Ernesto J, senior reporter for El Universal-- http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/130322/venezuelan-oil-firm-pdvsas-debt-to-suppliers-jumps-41-in-a-year -March 22, 2013-- SR] | the Venezuelan Executive Office has forced state-run oil company Pdvsa to fund a large number of government programs and projects the petroleum firm faces significant liabilities because of poor fiscal policies. , Pdvsa's accounts payable to suppliers soared 41% last year. The oil company's consolidated financial state... | Accumulated debt is devastating the PVDSA—causing oil companies to pull out | 1,804 | 76 | 1,154 | 280 | 11 | 175 | 0.039286 | 0.625 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
93 | Venezuela still has a relatively low debt burden. The most common measure of debt is the ratio of ¶ debt to GDP.3 By this measure, the IMF reports Venezuela’s public debt for 2011 as 45.5 percent ¶ of GDP.4 Central government debt is just 25.1 percent of GDP; the IMF number includes other ¶ public entities, most import... | Weisbrot & Johnston 2k12 [Mark and Jake—senior analysts @ Center for Economic and Policy Research-- http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2012-09.pdf -September 2012-- SR] | Venezuela’s public debt for 2011 as 45.5 percent of GDP.4 the IMF number includes other public entities, most importantly PDVSA most purposes the interest burden of the debt is a more important measure, since countries that pay lower interest rates can obviously afford a bigger debt stock Debt owed in domestic currency... | Your defense doesn’t apply—domestic debt is distinct from foreign debt | 1,147 | 70 | 597 | 204 | 10 | 102 | 0.04902 | 0.5 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
94 | For 2011, interest payments on the central government external debt are 3.4 percent of export ¶ earnings; they are projected to rise to 4.1 percent by 2012, decreasing thereafter. This is not a large ¶ percentage of public sector export earnings going to debt service, so there is no obvious problem ¶ regarding debt sus... | Weisbrot & Johnston 2k12 [Mark and Jake—senior analysts @ Center for Economic and Policy Research-- http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2012-09.pdf -September 2012-- SR] | interest payments on the central government external debt are 3.4 percent of export earnings; they are projected to rise to 4.1 percent by 2012 these projections are based on the assumption that revenues are the same as in 2011, so they are conservative; most likely revenues will increase and the interest burden will b... | PVDSA’s debt is external and foreign | 931 | 37 | 410 | 165 | 6 | 71 | 0.036364 | 0.430303 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
95 | For most of the past 13 years, much of the discussion of Venezuela’s economy has either assumed ¶ or concluded that it was headed for some type of collapse. During the first four years of the Chavez ¶ administration, when the government did not control the national oil company (PDVSA), there was ¶ indeed a great deal o... | Weisbrot & Johnston 2k12 [Mark and Jake—senior analysts @ Center for Economic and Policy Research-- http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2012-09.pdf -September 2012-- SR] | During the first four years of the Chavez administration, when the government did not control PDVSA there was indeed a great deal of economic instability. This culminated in the military coup then an economically crippling oil strike The oil strike caused an extremely severe recession, with a loss of 29 percent of GDP.... | Empirics prove PVDSA k2 Venezuelan stability | 1,029 | 44 | 384 | 179 | 6 | 63 | 0.03352 | 0.351955 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
96 | CARACAS, March 2 (Reuters) - The increasingly heavy debts of Venezuela's state oil company PDVSA are hindering the OPEC nation's efforts to meet ambitious goals to boost its crude production this year.¶ President Hugo Chavez's government aims to increase output to 3.5 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2012, from 3 milli... | Parranga 2k12 [Marianna, senior reporter @ Reuters-- http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/03/02/venezuela-oil-pdvsa-idUKL2E8E19OZ20120302 -March 2, 2012-- SR] | The increasingly heavy debts of PDVSA are hindering the OPEC nation's efforts Much of the new production is slated to come from the vast Orinoco belt. But several executives at companies working with PDVSA said delays by PDVSA in paying its partners were creating severe bottle-necks. | Venezuelan debt is dragging OPEC down | 630 | 38 | 284 | 104 | 6 | 46 | 0.057692 | 0.442308 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
97 | The death of Hugo Chavez presents an opportunity for the new Venezuelan leadership to tone down the rhetoric of anti-Americanism and put our bilateral relations on a pragmatic basis.¶ The U.S. remains the principal purchaser of Venezuelan oil which is refined in Gulf Coast refineries for later export to China and other... | Negroponte 2k13 [Diana Villiers, senior analyst @ Brookings Institute-- http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/03/05-chavez-venezuela-negroponte --3/5/2013-- SR] | The death of Hugo Chavez presents an opportunity for the new Venezuelan leadership to tone down the rhetoric of anti-Americanism and put our bilateral relations on a pragmatic basis. The U.S. remains the principal purchaser of Venezuelan oil Food and pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, spare parts and electrical equipm... | US is the critical actor—direct investments are key | 945 | 51 | 612 | 149 | 8 | 96 | 0.053691 | 0.644295 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
98 | “The oil sector is in deep trouble in Venezuela – production is down and the economic situation is deteriorating,” explained Shifter. “They know they need foreign investment to increase production, and this is in part what has motivated Maduro to reach out.”¶ If its economy continues to falter, Venezuela may be further... | Metzker 2k13 [Jared, senior reporter for IPS News-- http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/analysts-say-oil-could-help-mend-u-s-venezuela-relations/ --6/17/13] | The oil sector is in deep trouble in Venezuela – production is down and the economic situation is deteriorating They know they need foreign investment to increase production, and this is in part what has motivated Maduro to reach out.”¶ If its economy continues to falter, Venezuela may be further tempted to embrace the... | US is key—largest and most sophisticated | 1,666 | 40 | 496 | 266 | 6 | 82 | 0.022556 | 0.308271 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
99 | Among oil executives and analysts, there was cautious optimism that Mr. Chávez’s death could soften the hostility his government had toward foreign investment in exploration and refining. “It makes sense that Maduro will be more pragmatic to get the country going,” said Jorge R. Piñon, former president of Amoco Oil Lat... | Neuman & Thompson ‘13 ["A Leader Cries, 'I Am Chavez', as U.S. Seeks Policy Clues", March 6, William and Ginger, www.nytimes.com/2013/03/07/world/americas/a-leaders-cry-in-venezuela-i-am-chavez.html?pagewanted=all --3/7/13—SR] | there was cautious optimism that Mr. Chávez’s death could soften the hostility his government had toward foreign investment in exploration and refining Maduro will be more pragmatic to get the country going,” said Jorge R. Piñon, former president of Amoco Oil Latin America Industry executives believe that there is a hi... | Maduro will cooperate change the business model—oil is a critical issue | 693 | 72 | 482 | 110 | 11 | 74 | 0.1 | 0.672727 | Venezuela Debt Relief Affirmative - DDI 2013 SS.html5 | Dartmouth DDI | Affirmatives | 2013 |
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