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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:DocumentType">20-F</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:DocumentRegistrationStatement">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric>
</span>REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>OR</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-true" name="dei:DocumentAnnualReport">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric>
</span>ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">For the fiscal year ended <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:date-monthname-day-year-en" name="dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:date-monthname-day-en" name="dei:CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">December 31</ix:nonNumeric>, <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:DocumentFiscalYearFocus">2022</ix:nonNumeric></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>OR</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:DocumentTransitionReport">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric>
</span>TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>OR</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:DocumentShellCompanyReport">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric>
</span>SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Commission File No.: <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityFileNumber">001-39957</ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</ix:nonNumeric><br/>
</b><i>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><i>Translation of registrant&#8217;s
name into English: Not applicable</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt-sec:edgarprovcountryen" name="dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode"><b>Switzerland</b></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><i>(Jurisdiction of incorporation
or organization)</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1"><b>The Circle 6</b></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode">8058</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown">Zurich</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><i>(Address of principal
executive offices)</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:ContactPersonnelName">Alexander Zwyer</ix:nonNumeric><br/>
Chief Executive Officer</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>Tel: <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:CityAreaCode">+41</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">44 512 21 50</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>contact<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:ContactPersonnelEmailAddress">@nls-pharma.com</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1">The Circle 6</ix:nonNumeric>, <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2">Postfach</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode">8058</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" name="dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown">Zurich</ix:nonNumeric></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c1" format="ixt-sec:countrynameen" name="dei:EntityAddressCountry"><b>Switzerland</b></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><i>(Name, Telephone, E-mail
and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Securities registered or
to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 32%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Title of each class</b></span></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%">&#160;</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 32%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Trading Symbol(s)</b></span></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%">&#160;</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 32%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Name of each exchange on which registered</b></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:Security12bTitle"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share</span></ix:nonNumeric></td> <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: center"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:TradingSymbol"><span style="font-size: 10pt">NLSP</span></ix:nonNumeric></td> <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">Nasdaq</ix:nonNumeric> Capital Market</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Warrants to purchase common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share</span></td> <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">NLSPW</span></td> <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Nasdaq Capital Market</span></td></tr> </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Securities registered or to be registered pursuant
to Section 12(g) of the Act: None</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">Securities for which there
is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None</p><div>

</div><p style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate the number of outstanding
shares of each of the issuer&#8217;s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="INF" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="dei:EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" scale="0" unitRef="shares">32,428,893</ix:nonFraction>
common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share, as of December 31, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark if
the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">Yes <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;
</span><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer">No</ix:nonNumeric> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If this report is an annual
or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Exchange Act of 1934.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">Yes <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;
</span><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityVoluntaryFilers">No</ix:nonNumeric> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months
(or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements
for the past 90 days.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityCurrentReportingStatus">Yes</ix:nonNumeric> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;
</span>No <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding
12 months.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">Yes</ix:nonNumeric> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;
</span>No <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition
of &#8220;large accelerated filer, &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; and emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange
Act.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 35%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></span></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 35%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></span></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 25%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt-sec:entityfilercategoryen" name="dei:EntityFilerCategory"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer</span></ix:nonNumeric></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; width: 5%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9746;</span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="white-space: nowrap">&#160;</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap">&#160;</td> <td style="white-space: nowrap"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company</span></td> <td style="white-space: nowrap"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-true" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9746;</span></ix:nonNumeric></td></tr> </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If an emerging growth company
that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use
the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards &#8224; provided pursuant to Section
13(a) of the Exchange Act. <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:EntityExTransitionPeriod"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8224;The term &#8220;new
or revised financial accounting standard&#8221; refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting
Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management&#8217;s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control
over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm
that prepared or issued its audit report. <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:IcfrAuditorAttestationFlag"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If securities are registered
pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing
reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. &#9744;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of
the registrant&#8217;s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to &#167; 240.10D-1(b). &#9744;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark which
basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:DocumentAccountingStandard">U.S. GAAP</ix:nonNumeric> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">International Financial Reporting
Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Other <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If &#8220;Other&#8221; has
been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to
follow.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;
</span>Item 17 <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span> Item 18</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If this is an annual report, indicate by check
mark whether the registrant is a shell company.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">Yes <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;
</span>No <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt:fixed-false" name="dei:EntityShellCompany"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;</span></ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Rule-Page --><div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><div style="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 2pt solid">&#160;</div></div><!-- Field: /Rule-Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 10%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 82%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center; width: 8%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Page</b>&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">INTRODUCTION</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_001"><span style="font-size: 10pt">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">iv</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">SUMMARY RISK FACTORS</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center"><a href="#m_002"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PART I</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 1.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_003"><span style="font-size: 10pt">IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 2.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_004"><span style="font-size: 10pt">OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 3.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_005"><span style="font-size: 10pt">KEY INFORMATION.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><a href="#m_006"><span style="font-size: 10pt">[Reserved]</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_007"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Capitalization and Indebtedness.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_008"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_009"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Risk Factors.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 4.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_010"><span style="font-size: 10pt">INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">37</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_011"><span style="font-size: 10pt">History and Development of the Company.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">37</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_012"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Business Overview.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">38</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_013"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Organizational Structure.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">75</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_014"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Property, Plants and Equipment.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">75</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 4A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_015"><span style="font-size: 10pt">UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">75</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 5.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_016"><span style="font-size: 10pt">OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">75</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_017"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Operating Results.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">80</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_018"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Liquidity and Capital Resources.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">83</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_019"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">85</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_020"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Trend information<span style="text-decoration:underline">.</span></span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">86</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">E.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_021"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Critical Accounting Estimates<span style="text-decoration:underline">.</span></span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">86</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 6.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_022"><span style="font-size: 10pt">DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">87</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_023"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Directors and Senior Management.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">87</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_024"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Compensation.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">90</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_025"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Board Practices.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">91</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_026"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Employees.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">93</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">E.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_027"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Share Ownership.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">93</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 7.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_028"><span style="font-size: 10pt">MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">94</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_029"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Major Shareholders.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">94</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_030"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Related Party Transactions.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">95</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_031"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Interests of Experts and Counsel.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">97</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 8.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_032"><span style="font-size: 10pt">FINANCIAL INFORMATION.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_033"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_034"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Significant Changes.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 9.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_035"><span style="font-size: 10pt">THE OFFER AND LISTING.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_036"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Offer and Listing Details.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_037"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Plan of Distribution.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_038"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Markets.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_039"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Selling Shareholders.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">E.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_040"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Dilution.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">F.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_041"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Expenses of the Issue.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">98</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 10.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_042"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">99</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_043"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Share Capital.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">99</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_044"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Memorandum and Articles of Association.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">99</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_045"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Material Contracts.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">99</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">D.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_046"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Exchange Controls.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">100</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">E.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_047"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Taxation.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">100</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">F.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_048"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Dividends and Paying Agents.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">109</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">G.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_049"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Statement by Experts.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">109</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">H.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_050"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Documents on Display.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">109</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">I.</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_051"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Subsidiary Information.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt">J. </span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#m_052"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Annual Report to Security Holders.</span></a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 2; Options: NewSection; Value: 1 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo -->i<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 10%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 11.</span></td>
    <td style="width: 82%"><a href="#m_053"><span style="font-size: 10pt">QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 8%">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 12.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_054"><span style="font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">A.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_055"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Debt Securities.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">B.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_056"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Warrants and rights.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">C.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_057"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Other Securities.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">110</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center"><a href="#m_058"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PART II</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td colspan="3">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 13.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_059"><span style="font-size: 10pt">DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">111</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 14.</span></td>
    <td style="padding-left: 9.25pt; text-indent: -9pt"><a href="#m_060"><span style="font-size: 10pt">MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">111</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 15.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_061"><span style="font-size: 10pt">CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">111</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_062"><span style="font-size: 10pt">[RESERVED]</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">112</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16A.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_063"><span style="font-size: 10pt">AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">112</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16B.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_064"><span style="font-size: 10pt">CODE OF ETHICS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">112</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16C.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_065"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">113</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16D.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_066"><span style="font-size: 10pt">EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">113</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16E.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_067"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">113</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16F.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_068"><span style="font-size: 10pt">CHANGE IN REGISTRANT&#8217;S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">113</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16G.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_069"><span style="font-size: 10pt">CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">114</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16H.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_070"><span style="font-size: 10pt">MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">115</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 16I</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_071"><span style="font-size: 10pt">DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">115</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center"><a href="#m_072"><span style="font-size: 10pt">PART III</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td colspan="3">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 17.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_073"><span style="font-size: 10pt">FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">116</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 18.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_074"><span style="font-size: 10pt">FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">116</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">ITEM 19.</span></td>
    <td><a href="#m_075"><span style="font-size: 10pt">EXHIBITS.</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">116</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td colspan="2"><a href="#m_076"><span style="font-size: 10pt">SIGNATURES</span></a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">117</td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In this annual report, &#8220;we,&#8221;
&#8220;us,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; the &#8220;Company&#8221; and &#8220;NLS&#8221; refer to NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd., a Swiss corporation,
and its wholly owned subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless the context otherwise
indicates or requires, the NLS logo and all product names and trade names used by us in this annual report, including Quilience<sup>&#174;
</sup>and Nolazol&#174;, are our proprietary trademarks and service marks. All trademarks or trade names referred to in this annual report
are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this annual report are referred
to without the <sup>&#174;</sup> and &#8482; symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective
owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other
companies&#8217; trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our reporting currency and
functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual
report to &#8220;dollars,&#8221; &#8220;USD&#8221; or &#8220;$&#8221; mean U.S. dollars, and references to &#8220;CHF&#8221; are to the
Swiss Franc. U.S. dollar translations of CHF amounts presented in this annual report were done on different dates in accordance with
the date as of such entry in the Company&#8217;s books and are derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this
annual report. U.S. dollar translations of CHF amounts presented in this annual report that are not derived from our audited financial
statements included elsewhere in this annual report are translated using the rate of CHF 1.00 to $1.083, based on the exchange rate provided
by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration on December 31, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This annual report includes
statistical, market and industry data and forecasts which we obtained from publicly available information and independent industry publications
and reports that we believe to be reliable sources. These publicly available industry publications and reports generally state that they
obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the
information. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, we have not independently verified the information contained in such
publications.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_001"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Certain information included
in this annual report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be &#8220;forward-looking statements,&#8221; including some of the statements made
under Item 3.D. &#8220;Risk Factors,&#8221; Item 5 &#8220;Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,&#8221; &#8220;Business&#8221;
and elsewhere in this annual report constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the
use of forward-looking terminology such as &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; &#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;estimate,&#8221;
&#8220;continue,&#8221; &#8220;believe,&#8221; &#8220;predict,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;project&#8221;
or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">These forward-looking statements
may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections
of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development,
completion and use of our product candidates, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities,
events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Forward-looking statements
are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on
assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions,
expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Important factors that could
cause actual results, developments and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements
include, among other things:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            regulatory pathways that we may elect to utilize in seeking European Medicines Agency, or
                                            EMA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and other regulatory approvals;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            use of Quilience (Mazindol ER) in a compassionate use program, or CUP, and the results thereof;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">obtaining
                                            EMA and FDA approval of, or other regulatory action in Europe or the United States and elsewhere
                                            with respect to, Quilience, Nolazol NLS-4, or other product candidates that we may seek to
                                            develop;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            commercial launch and future sales of Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other future product
                                            candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the dosage of Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our ability to move NLS-3, NLS-8, NLS-11 or NLS-12 into investigational
    new drug, or IND-enabling studies;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our expectations regarding the timing of commencing further clinical
    trials, the process entailed in conducting each such trial, including dosages, and the order of such trials with each of our product
    candidates or whether such trials will be conducted at all;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 5; Value: 1 --><div>
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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">improved
                                            convenience relating to the prescription of and use of Nolazol for prescribers and patients
                                            (and their parents);</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our
                                            expectations regarding the supply of mazindol;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our estimates regarding anticipated expenses, capital requirements
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">changes to the narcolepsy patient market size and market adoption of
    Quilience by physicians and patients;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the timing, cost, regulatory approvals or other aspects of the commercial
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">These statements are only
current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry&#8217;s
actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward-looking
statements. We discuss many of these risks in this in greater detail under Item 3.D. &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; and elsewhere in this
annual report. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Readers are urged to carefully review
and consider the various disclosures made throughout this annual report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties
of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">You should not put undue
reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date
hereof, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information,
future events or otherwise, except as required by law.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, the section
of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled &#8220;Item 4. Information on the Company&#8221; contains information obtained from independent
industry sources and other sources that we have cited but not independently verified.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>


</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 1 --><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_002"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>PART I</b></p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_003"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT
AND ADVISERS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_004"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_005"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_006"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>A. [Reserved.]</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_007"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_008"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_009"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Risk Factors.</b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">You should carefully consider
the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report. The risks described below are not the only
risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially
and adversely affect our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer
and the price of our common shares and our publicly listed warrants, or Warrants, could decline.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Summary of Risk Factors</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to Our Business</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Investing in our common shares and Warrants involves
substantial risks. Our ability to execute our strategy is also subject to certain risks. The risks described below may cause us not to
realize the full benefits of our strengths or may cause us to be unable to successfully execute all or part of our strategy. In particular,
our risks include, but are not limited to, the following summary of such risk factors:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 22pt">&#160;</p><div>

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    on which we depend substantially, as the drug substance for each of our current clinical mid-stage product candidates, Quilience,
    for the treatment of narcolepsy, and Nolazol, for the treatment of ADHD, and which outcome could prove costly to our business and
    could prevent us from obtaining regulatory or marketing approval;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Options: NewSection --><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">prior results of mazindol for the treatment of other indications may
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    we may be partially dependent upon prescriptions from physicians for the sale of both such product candidates, and therefore, the
    loss of a significant number of patient referrals by physicians prescribing Quilience, Nolazol or NLS-4 may have an adverse effect
    on our future revenues, if any, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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    as well as the drug product. Any delay, price increase or unavailability of mazindol could materially adversely affect our ability
    to conduct clinical trials and, if this were to occur after we obtained commercialization and marketing approval, could cause us
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements</i></b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">as a public company, we are required to comply with extensive securities
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    or the FDA or other regulatory agencies may require additional time or studies to assess the safety and efficacy of Quilience, Nolazol,
    NLS-4 or other product candidates that we may seek to develop in the future.</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Risks Related to Our Common Shares</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, allows
    us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce
    the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, which could undermine
    investor confidence in our Company and adversely affect the market price of our common shares and Warrants;</span></td></tr>
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    corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than
    is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">For as long as we remain an emerging growth company, or EGC, we will
    be exempt from certain securities laws requirements, including the fact that our auditors are not required to conduct an audit of
    our internal control over financial reporting; however, once we cease to qualify as an EGC, we will no longer be permitted to rely
    on such exemptions and as a result we will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses; and</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">We have identified, in prior years, material weaknesses in our internal
    control over financial reporting and instituted ongoing remediation efforts. If our ongoing remediation efforts are not effective,
    we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results, or prevent fraud, and investor confidence in our Company
    and the market price of our common shares and Warrants may be adversely affected. </span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Our Business</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We depend substantially on the success
of our two product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol. We cannot give any assurance that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory
approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt">We have invested
almost all of our efforts and financial resources in research and development and general and administrative costs of our two product
candidates, Quilience for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy and Nolazol,
for the treatment of ADHD. The process to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize pharmaceutical product candidates
is long, complex, costly and inherently uncertain of outcome. We are not permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United
States, European Union, or the EU, or any other jurisdiction until we receive the requisite regulatory approvals. We may be able to generate
pre-approval revenues from compassionate use activities leveraging on an expanded access policy in certain countries around the world.
However, we cannot give any assurance that our current clinical development plan will proceed as planned, or that our product candidates
will receive regulatory approval, or that such regulatory approval, if received, will be within a timeframe that allows us to effectively
compete with our competitors, or be successfully marketed and commercialized.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our initiation of clinical trials for Quilience
is dependent upon the review and approval of the relevant regulatory agencies and authorities and if we are required to conduct pre-clinical
trials, approval of an NDA or MAA, if any, for Quilience would be delayed and we may require additional capital as a result thereof.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based in part on the prior
use and FDA approval of mazindol to manage exogenous obesity, we have been able to commence our Phase 2 clinical trials for Quilience
without having to do prior pre-clinical and/or early-stage clinical trials, such as Phase 1 trials. No assurance can be given that the
EMA or FDA will agree to allow us to initiate Phase 3 clinical trials for Quilience without conducting such pre-clinical clinical trials.
If the FDA or EMA, or any other applicable regulatory agency, were to require us to conduct additional pre-clinical trials, our planned
development strategy for Quilience would be materially impacted and approval of an NDA or MAA, if any, for Quilience would be delayed
and we may require additional capital as a result thereof.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 9 --><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, we may request a Paediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP,
deferral in order to delay conducting clinical trials for Quilience in children until after we receive an MAA from the EMA for the use
of Quilience in adults. A PIP deferral, as can be agreed upon by the EMA, allows an applicant to delay studies in children until after
there is sufficient data on use in adults; we anticipate that we will be able to receive a PIP deferral from the EMA for Quilience; however,
there is no guarantee that this deferral will be granted, which could impact our planned development process and would make the product
candidate approval process more costly.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The commencement and completion of clinical
trials can be delayed or prevented for a number of reasons.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may not be able to commence
or complete the clinical trials that would support our submission of an NDA to the FDA or MAA to the EMA. Drug development is a long,
expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of any of our clinical trials. Clinical trials can be delayed
or prevented for a number of reasons, including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    or complying with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or term of a clinical trial;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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    and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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    trials for a variety of reasons, including fears resulting from&#160;&#160;COVID-19 or due to government actions enacted and as a
    result of such pandemic, size and nature of patient population, proximity of patients to clinical sites, eligibility criteria for
    the trial, nature of trial protocol, the availability of approved effective treatments for the relevant disease and competition from
    other clinical trial programs for similar indications.</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-indent: 0.5in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify">Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated
as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, the
IRBs at the sites where the IRBs are overseeing a trial, a data safety monitoring board overseeing the clinical trial at issue or by
other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The results of pre-clinical studies, early-stage
clinical trials, data obtained from real-world use, and published third-party studies may not be indicative of results in future clinical
trials and we cannot assure you that any planned or future clinical trials will lead to results sufficient for the necessary regulatory
approvals.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The results of pre-clinical
studies may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials, and the results of any completed clinical trials, including studies
derived from real-world use and studies in published literature, or clinical trials we commence may not be predictive of the results
of later-stage clinical trials. Additionally, interim results during a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Later
clinical trial results may not replicate earlier clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including differences in trial design, different
trial endpoints (or lack of trial endpoints in exploratory studies), subject population, number of subjects, subject selection criteria,
trial duration, drug dosage and formulation and lack of statistical power in the earlier studies. There can be no assurance that any
of our clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product candidates. A number
of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after
achieving promising results in earlier studies, and any such setbacks in our clinical development could have a negative impact on our
business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 10 --><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may find it difficult to enroll patients
in our clinical trials. Difficulty in enrolling patients could delay or prevent clinical trials of our product candidates.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Identifying and qualifying
patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends
in part on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates, and we may experience delays
in our clinical trials if we encounter difficulties in enrollment. The evolving COVID-19 pandemic has impacted directly or indirectly
the pace of enrollment in our clinical trials as patients may avoid or may not be able to travel to healthcare facilities and physicians&#8217;
offices unless due to a health emergency and clinical trial staff can no longer get to the clinic. Additionally, such facilities and
offices have been and may continue to be required to focus limited resources on nonclinical trial matters, including treatment of COVID-19
patients, thereby decreasing availability, in whole or in part, for clinical trial services. See &#8220;Risks Related to Our Business
Operations - We face business disruption and related risks resulting from the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which could have a material
adverse effect on our business and results of operations&#8221; for additional information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, as a rare disorder,
there is a limited patient pool from which to draw for our clinical trials for Quilience. Further, the eligibility criteria of our clinical
trials will further limit the pool of available study participants as we will require that patients have specific characteristics that
we can measure or to assure their disease is either severe enough or not too advanced to include them in a study.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Additionally, the process
of finding patients may prove costly. We also may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients to complete
our clinical trials because of the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study, the availability and efficacy of
competing therapies and clinical trials, the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients and the patient
referral practices of physicians. If patients are unwilling to participate in our studies for any reason, the timeline for recruiting
patients, conducting studies and obtaining regulatory approval of our potential product candidates will be delayed.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If we experience delays in
the completion or termination of any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will
be harmed, and our ability to generate product candidate revenue from any of these product candidates could be delayed or prevented.
In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval
process and jeopardize our ability to commence product candidate sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business,
financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement
or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Interim topline and preliminary data from
our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to
audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">From time to time, we may
publish interim topline or preliminary data from our clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject
to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become
available. Preliminary or topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being
materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with
caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly
harm our reputation and business prospects.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Changes in methods of product candidate
manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As product candidates proceed
through pre-clinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards potential approval and commercialization, it is common that various
aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize
processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause
our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted
with the materials manufactured using altered processes. Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA or EMA notification or
FDA approval. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one
or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence
sales and generate revenues.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 11 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->5<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>International expansion of our business
exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the
United States, Switzerland or the EU.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Other than our headquarters
and other operations which are located in Switzerland and our wholly owned U.S. subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation
(as further described below), we currently have limited international operations, but our business strategy incorporates potentially
significant international expansion, particularly in anticipation of approval of our product candidates. We may plan to maintain sales
representatives and conduct physician and patient association outreach activities, as well as clinical trials, outside of the United
States, Switzerland and Europe. If Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4 or any of our other product candidates are approved for commercialization
outside the United States, Switzerland, or the EU, we will likely enter into agreements with third parties to market the drugs in these
additional global territories. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into or maintaining international
business relationships, including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">&#160;</p><div>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting
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    currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate
    information and control over sales and activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or
    FCPA, its books and records provisions or its anti-bribery provisions.;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any of these factors could
significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our results of operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 12 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->6<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Even if any of our product candidates receives
marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in
the medical community necessary for commercial success.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The commercial success of
Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4 will depend upon the acceptance of each product by the medical community, including physicians, patients
and third-party payors. The degree of market acceptance of any approved product will depend on a number of factors, including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If Quilience, Nolazol, or
NLS-4 is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, third party payors and patients, we may not generate
sufficient revenue from the product, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community
and third-party payors on the benefits of the product may require significant resources and may never be successful.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, we may choose
to collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales
force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we enter into arrangements with third parties
to perform sales, marketing and distribution services for our products, the resulting revenues or the profitability from these revenues
to us are likely to be lower than if we had sold, marketed and distributed our products ourselves. If we are unable to enter into such
arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive
regulatory approval. Depending on the nature of the third-party relationship, we may have little control over such third parties, and
any of these third parties may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell, market and distribute our products effectively.
If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third
parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Even if we are able to commercialize any
product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies,
any of which could harm our business.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our ability to commercialize
any product candidates successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these products and related
treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government
authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they
will pay for and impact reimbursement levels.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Obtaining and maintaining
adequate reimbursement for our products may be difficult. We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain an adequate level of reimbursement
for our products by third party payors. Even if we do obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, third-party payors, such as government
or private healthcare insurers, may carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for,
our drugs. Reimbursement rates from private health insurance companies vary depending on the company, the insurance plan and other factors.
A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have
attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party
payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged
for drugs. We may also be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of
reimbursement relative to other therapies. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited
levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, and the royalties
resulting from the sales of those products may also be adversely impacted.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There may be significant
delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is
approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply
that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and
distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be
made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based
on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices
for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future
relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United
States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for
any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed
to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The regulations that govern
marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Current and future
legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining
approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be reimbursed. In many countries, the pricing review
period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription drug pricing remains subject
to continuing governmental control, including possible price reductions, even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might
obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch
of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product
in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even
if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. There can be no assurance that our product candidates, if they are approved for
sale in the United States or in other countries, will be considered medically necessary or cost-effective for a specific indication,
or that coverage or an adequate level of reimbursement will be available.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our product candidates Quilience and Nolazol
contain the active ingredient mazindol, which is a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or CSA.
Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements under the CSA or a change in the DEA scheduling (e.g., from IV to III) or
other applicable federal or state regulations could have an adverse effect on our operations and business.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Controlled substances are
classified by the DEA as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V, or CI, CII, CIII, CIV, and CV, substances, with CI substances considered to present
the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk. The active ingredient of our lead and follow-on product
candidates is mazindol, which is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under the CSA, and regulations of the DEA. Under the
CSA, subject to certain exemptions, every person who manufactures, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance
must register with the DEA.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Although the CSA&#8217;s
restrictions governing substances in CIV are not as stringent as those for substances in CI, CII or CIII, they could still limit our
ability to market and commercialize Quilience and Nolazol, if approved for marketing. In addition, failure to maintain compliance with
applicable requirements under the CSA, particularly as manifested in loss or diversion of regulated substances, can result in enforcement
action that could include civil penalties, refusal to renew registrations or quotas, revocation of registrations or quotas or criminal
proceedings, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Individual
states also regulate controlled substances, and we along with our contract manufacturers will be subject to state regulation on distribution
of these products.<b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 14 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->8<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our market is subject to intense competition,
which may result in others commercializing products before or more successfully than us. If we are unable to compete effectively, Quilience,
Nolazol and NLS-4 may be rendered non-competitive or obsolete, which may adversely affect our operating results.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The development and commercialization
of new products is highly competitive. Our potential competitors include major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies
and biotechnology companies worldwide with respect to Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any future product candidate that we may seek to
develop or commercialize. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing technologies and products that are more effective,
have fewer or more tolerable side effects or are more convenient or less costly than Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any future product
candidate we may develop, which could render any product candidates obsolete and non-competitive. Our competitors also may obtain FDA
or other marketing approvals for their products before we are able to obtain approval for ours, which could result in competitors establishing
a strong market position before we are able to enter the applicable market.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Many of our potential competitors,
alone or with their strategic partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing,
pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals and commercializing approved products than we do. There
is a trend toward consolidation in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, and additional mergers and acquisitions in these industries
may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors, which may adversely affect us.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Smaller or early-stage companies
may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These
companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial
sites and patient registration for clinical trials.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, if we enter
the markets of our product candidates, with such entrance remaining subject to various additional regulatory approvals, too late in the
cycle, we may not achieve commercial success, or we may have to reduce our price in order to effectively compete, which would impact
our ability to generate revenues, obtain profitability and adversely affect our operating results.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>While orphan drug product candidates are
typically sold at a high price relative to other medications, the market may not be receptive to high pricing of our product candidates.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are developing certain
product candidates to treat rare CNS disorders with high unmet medical needs, a space where medications are usually sold at high prices
compared with other medications. Accordingly, even if regulatory authorities approve our product candidates, the market may not be receptive
to, and it may be difficult for us to achieve, a per-patient per-year price high enough to allow us to realize a return on our investment.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>If product liability lawsuits are brought
against us, we may incur substantial liabilities, even if we have appropriate insurance policies, and we may be required to limit commercialization
of our product candidates. </i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are exposed to potential
product liability and professional indemnity risks that are inherent in the research, development, manufacturing, marketing and use of
pharmaceutical products. Currently, we have no products that have been approved for marketing or commercialization; however, the use
of our product candidates in clinical trials, and the sale of these product candidates, if approved, in the future, may expose us to
liability claims. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials,
patients, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies, our collaborators or others using, administering or selling any of our future
approved products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities, even if
we have product liability or such other applicable insurance policies in effect. We may not be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance
for these liabilities at reasonable cost and/or reasonable terms. Excessive insurance costs or uninsured claims would add to our future
operating expenses and adversely affect our financial condition. As a result of such lawsuits and their potential results, we may be
required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result
in:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.05pt">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Obtaining approval of an NDA or a MAA even
after clinical trials that are believed to be successful is an uncertain process.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.05pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are not permitted to market
Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4 in the United States or the EU until we receive regulatory approval of an NDA from the FDA or MAA from the
EMA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from regulatory authorities in such countries. We have not received
regulatory clearance to conduct the additional clinical trials that are necessary to be able to submit an NDA to the FDA for Nolazol.
Similarly, we have not received regulatory clearance in the EU to conduct clinical trials that are necessary to receive approval of a
MAA for Quilience in Europe. As such, we have not submitted an MAA for any of our product candidates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may be able make our products
available on a named patient basis and generate pre-approval revenues from compassionate use activities leveraging on an expanded access
policy in certain countries around the world.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Even if we complete our planned
clinical trials and believe the results to be successful, all of which are uncertain, obtaining regulatory approval is an extensive,
lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA and EMA, and other regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of
Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4 for many reasons, including, but not limited to:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">we may not be able to demonstrate to their satisfaction that the product
    candidate is a safe or effective treatment for a given indication;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical
    significance or clinical significance required by the regulatory agencies; </span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#9679;</p></td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">disagreements regarding the number, design,
    size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials, or with our interpretation of data from pre-clinical studies or clinical
    trials;</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#9679;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">a lack of acceptance of the accuracy or sufficiency of the data generated at our clinical trial sites to demonstrate, among others,
    that clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks or to support the submission of an NDA or MAA;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner
    or the advisory committee, or such other similar committee, may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend that
    such regulators require, as a condition of approval, additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved
    labeling, or distribution and use restrictions;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the requirement that we develop a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy,
    or REMS, as a condition of approval, which may or may not be feasible for us;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the identification of deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or
    facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we enter into agreements for clinical and commercial supplies;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">changes in approval policies or the adoption of new regulations by
    such regulators; and</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">we may be unable to be granted a PIP deferral which we intend to request
    from the EMA for delayed clinical trials and subsequent approval in children; this may delay our clinical trial program or approvals
    for adults, or we may have successful clinical trial results for adults but not children (if we were required to conduct pediatric
    studies prior to the receipt of an NDA or MAA for use of our product candidates in adults), or vice versa.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Before we can submit an NDA
to the FDA, we must conduct pivotal trials, in addition to human pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies, that will be substantially
broader than our Phase 2 trial for Nolazol and or Quilience. An NDA must be supported by extensive clinical and pre-clinical data, as
well as extensive information regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the applicable
product candidate. The number and types of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that will be required varies depending on the product
candidate, the disease or condition that the product candidate is designed to target and the regulations applicable to any particular
product candidate. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and we may not be successful in obtaining
approval. The FDA review processes can take years to complete and approval is never guaranteed.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In this respect, we will
also need to agree on a protocol with the FDA for the pivotal trials before commencing those trials. Pivotal trials frequently produce
unsatisfactory results even though prior clinical trials were successful. Therefore, the results of the additional trials that we conduct
may or may not be successful. The FDA may suspend all clinical trials or require that we conduct additional clinical, nonclinical, manufacturing
validation or drug product quality studies and submit those data before it will consider or reconsider the NDA. Depending on the extent
of these or any other studies, approval of any applications that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend
more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered
sufficient by the FDA to approve the NDA. If any of these outcomes occur, we would not receive approval for Quilience or Nolazol at such
time, if any, when we seek FDA approval. We may face similar risks with respect to obtaining regulatory approval from the EMA for Quilience,
and for Nolazol, at such time, if any, when we seek EMA approval. The risks that we face in obtaining applicable approvals from the FDA
and EMA for Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other product candidate that we may seek to develop, may also exist with other regulatory
authorities, such as those in Latin America.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Even if we obtain FDA, EMA
or other regulatory approval for Quilience, Nolazol or NLS-4, the approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions
for certain age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to significant post-marketing studies or risk mitigation
requirements. In addition, even if we obtain a MAA from the EMA for the use of Quilience in adults, there can be no guarantee that we
will receive an MAA for Quilience for the use in children. If we are unable to successfully commercialize Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4,
we may be forced to cease operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The results of clinical trials conducted
at clinical sites outside the United States may not be accepted by the FDA and the results of clinical trials conducted at clinical sites
in the United States may not be accepted by international regulatory authorities.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are conducting our Phase
2 clinical trials in the United States. In future, we are planning to conduct Phase 2b and or Phase 3 clinical trials in the United States
and the EU. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of this data is subject
to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, the clinical trial must be well-designed and conducted and performed by qualified
investigators in accordance with ethical principles such as IRB or ethics committee approval and informed consent. The study population
must also adequately represent the U.S. population, and the data must be applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice
in ways that the FDA deems clinically meaningful. Generally, the subject population for any clinical trials conducted outside of the
United States must be representative of the U.S. population. In addition, while these clinical trials are subject to the applicable local
laws, FDA acceptance of the data will be dependent upon its determination that the trials were conducted consistent with all applicable
U.S. laws and regulations. There can be no assurance the FDA or international regulatory authorities will accept data from trials conducted
outside of the United States or inside the United States, as the case may be, as adequate support of a marketing application. If the
FDA or international regulatory authorities do not accept the data from sites in our globally conducted clinical trials, it would likely
result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and could delay or permanently halt the development
of one or more of our product candidates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our product candidates may cause undesirable
side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result
in significant negative consequences following regulatory approval, if obtained.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">During the conduct of clinical
trials, patients may experience changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries, discomforts or a fatal outcome. It is possible
that as we develop Quilience and Nolazol, NLS-4, or other product candidates that we may seek to develop, in larger, longer and more
extensive clinical trials as use of our product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries,
discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in earlier clinical trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went
undetected in previous clinical trials, will be reported by subjects. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational
products are tested in larger scale, Phase 2b/Phase 3 clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on
a commercial scale after approval. If additional clinical experience indicates that Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or other product candidates
that we may seek to develop, have side effects or cause serious or life-threatening side effects, the development of the product candidate
may fail or be delayed, or, if the product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval may be revoked or limited.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Additionally, if any of our
product candidates receives marketing approval, the FDA or EMA could require us to adopt a REMS to ensure that the benefits outweigh
its risks, which may include, among other things, a medication guide outlining the risks of the product for distribution to patients,
a communication plan to health care practitioners, and restrictions on how or where the product can be distributed, dispensed or used.
Furthermore, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4, several potentially significant
negative consequences could result, including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals of such a
    product candidate;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">regulatory authorities may issue negative publicity regarding the affected
    product, including safety communications;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">we may be required to change the way the product is distributed, dispensed
    or administered, or conduct additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials;&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">we may need to voluntarily recall our products; and</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any of these events could
prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could significantly harm our business,
prospects, financial condition and results of operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We will need to obtain FDA approval of
any proposed names for our product candidates that gain marketing approval, and any failure or delay associated with such naming approval
may adversely impact our business.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any name we intend to use
for our product candidates will require approval from the FDA regardless of whether we have secured a formal trademark registration from
the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the U.S. PTO. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation
of whether proposed names may be confused with the names of other drug products. The FDA may object to any product name we submit if
it believes the name inappropriately implies medical claims. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed product names, we may be required
to adopt an alternative name for our product candidates, which could result in further evaluation of proposed names with the potential
for additional delays and costs.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Obtaining regulatory approval for clinical
trials of Nolazol in children will be more difficult than obtaining such approvals for adult clinical trials since the requirements for
regulatory approval to conduct pediatric clinical trials are more stringent.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pediatric drug development
requires additional nonclinical work (such as animal studies in juvenile animals and additional reproductive toxicity work), as well
as staged clinical work in determining safe dosing and monitoring. These additional tasks involve investment of significant additional
resources beyond those needed for approval of the drug for adults. Approval of Nolazol for use in children may be significantly delayed
due to these additional requirements and this may have an adverse effect on the commercial prospects for Nolazol and our ability to generate
product revenues would be delayed, possibly materially. In addition, we do not know if as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic there will
be a smaller pool of children from which we can enroll for our clinical trials. We cannot guarantee that we will receive any regulatory
approvals to commercialize our product candidates in children.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->12<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Changes in regulatory requirements and
guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, which may result in necessary changes to clinical trial protocols,
which could result in increased costs to us, delay our development timeline or reduce the likelihood of successful completion of our
clinical trials.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Changes in regulatory requirements
and guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, as a result of which we may need to amend clinical trial protocols.
Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for review and approval, which may impact the cost, timing
or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials,
the commercial prospects for Quilience and Nolazol would be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues would be delayed, possibly
materially.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our development and regulatory strategy
for our product candidates depends in part on published scientific literature and the FDA&#8217;s prior findings regarding the safety
and efficacy of approved products containing mazindol. If the FDA does not conclude that our product candidates satisfy the requirements
for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, or if the requirements for our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) are
not as we expect, the approval pathway would likely take significantly longer, cost significantly more and entail significantly greater
complications and risks than anticipated and in either case may not be successful.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Drug Price Competition
and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, added Section 505(b)(2) to the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, or Section 505(b)(2). Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of an NDA where at least some of the information
required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of
reference. We intend to seek FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for Quilience and may seek this regulatory
pathway for other product candidates that we seek to develop. &#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the FDA does not allow
us to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway as anticipated, we may need to conduct additional pre-clinical and or clinical
trials, provide additional data and information and meet additional standards for regulatory approval. If this were to occur, the time
and financial resources required to obtain FDA approval, and complications and risks associated with FDA approval, would substantially
increase. We may need to obtain additional funding, which could result in significant dilution to the ownership interests of our then
existing shareholders to the extent we issue equity securities or convertible debt. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain
such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, inability to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway
could result in new competitive product candidates reaching the market faster than our product candidates, which could materially adversely
impact our competitive position and prospects. Even if we are allowed to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, we cannot assure
you that our product candidates will receive the requisite approvals for commercialization.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may seek designations for our product
candidates with the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities that are intended to confer benefits such as a faster development
process or an accelerated regulatory pathway, but there can be no assurance that we will successfully obtain such designations. In addition,
even if one or more of our product candidates are granted such designations, we may not be able to realize the intended benefits of such
designations.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The FDA, and other comparable
regulatory authorities, offer certain designations for product candidates that are intended to encourage the research and development
of pharmaceutical products addressing conditions with significant unmet medical need. These designations may confer benefits such as
additional interaction with regulatory authorities, a potentially accelerated regulatory pathway and priority review. There can be no
assurance that we will successfully obtain such designation for Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4. In addition, while such designations could
expedite the development or approval process, they generally do not change the standards for approval. Even if we obtain such designations
for one or more of our product candidates, there can be no assurance that we will realize their intended benefits.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For example, we may seek
a Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for one or more of our product candidates. A Breakthrough Therapy designation is defined
as a therapy that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other therapies, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease
or condition, if preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies
on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For therapies
that have Breakthrough Therapy designation, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify
the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Therapies
with Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA are also eligible for accelerated approval. Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy
is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for Breakthrough
Therapy designation, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough
Therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to therapies
considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one
or more of our product candidates qualify for Breakthrough Therapy designation, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates
no longer meet the conditions for qualification.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->13<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may also seek Fast Track
designation from the FDA for some of our product candidates. If a therapy is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening
condition and the therapy demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the therapy sponsor may apply
for Fast Track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular
product candidate is eligible for this designation, there can be no assurance that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive
Fast Track designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures,
and receiving a Fast-Track designation does not provide assurance of ultimate FDA approval. The FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation
if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may also seek a priority
medicines scheme, or PRIME, designation for some of our product candidates. PRIME was launched by EMA in 2016 to facilitate the development
of medicines that target an unmet medical need. Through PRIME, the Agency offers early and proactive support to medicine developers with
the aim of optimizing the generation of robust data on a medicine&#8217;s benefits and risks and enabling accelerated assessment of medicines
applications. The overall goal is to ensure patients benefit as early as possible from therapies that may significantly improve their
quality of life. PRIME focuses on improving the design of clinical trials in order to ensure the efficient generation of the necessary
clinical data for inclusion in a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Even if we obtain regulatory approval for
a product candidate, our products will remain subject to ongoing regulatory oversight.</i></b>&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Even if we obtain any regulatory
approval for our product candidates, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging,
storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. Any regulatory
approvals that we receive for our product candidates also may be subject to a REMS, limitations on the approved indicated uses for which
the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing,
including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the quality, safety and efficacy of the product. The holder of an approved
marketing application also must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product,
product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review,
in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, product manufacturers
and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory
authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, requirements and adherence to commitments made in the
NDA or foreign marketing application. If a regulatory authority discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse
events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or disagrees with the
promotion, marketing or labeling of that product, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions relative to that product, the manufacturing
facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we fail to
comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory authority may:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    or monetary fines;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
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    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">restrict the marketing or manufacturing of the product;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">seize or detain the products or require the withdrawal of the product
    from the market;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">refuse to permit the import or export of the products; or</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government
    contracts.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any government investigation
of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.
The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and adversely
affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->14<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The FDA and other regulatory authorities
actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of our product candidates
are approved and we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses of those products, we may become subject to significant liability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, if approved.
In particular, while the FDA permits the dissemination of truthful and non-misleading information about an approved product, a manufacturer
may not promote a product for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product&#8217;s
approved labeling. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal
government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined
several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees, corporate
integrity agreements or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct must be changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully
manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially
adversely affect our business and financial condition.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval
of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product
candidates in other jurisdictions. Our failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates
from being marketed abroad, and any approval we are granted for our product candidates in the United States would not assure approval
of product candidates in foreign jurisdictions.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In order to market any products
outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding
clinical trial design, safety and efficacy. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution
of drugs are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and other regulatory authorities in other countries. These
regulations differ from country to country. Even if we obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction,
such approval does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, but a failure
or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others.
For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions
must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Approval procedures vary
among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including
additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials as investigations conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory
authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement
before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject
to approval. These regulatory procedures can result in substantial delays in such countries. In other countries, product approval depends
on showing superiority to an approved alternative therapy. This can result in significant expenses for conducting complex clinical trials.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Finally, we do not have any
products approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory
approval. If we, or any third parties with whom we work, fail to comply with regulatory requirements in the United States or international
markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market
may be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will likely be harmed. The inability to meet continuously
evolving regulatory standards for approval may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our current product candidates,
which could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->15<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may be unable to obtain or maintain
orphan drug designation for our product candidates and, even if we obtain such designation, we may not be able to realize the benefits
of such designation, including potential marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, if approved.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Regulatory authorities in
some jurisdictions, including the United States and EU, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as &#8220;orphan
drugs.&#8221; Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease
or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or a patient
population of greater than 200,000 individuals in the United States, but for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of
developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the EU, the European Commission grants orphan drug designation
to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically
debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU community. Additionally, designation is granted for products
intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and
when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in
developing the drug.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The FDA granted orphan drug
designation to mazindol for the treatment of narcolepsy in the United States. We also received orphan drug designation for mazindol in
the EU for the treatment of IH. This designation of a product candidate as an orphan product does not mean that any regulatory agency
will accelerate regulatory review of, or ultimately approve, that product candidate, nor does it limit the ability of any regulatory
agency to grant orphan drug designation to product candidates of other companies that treat the same indications as our product candidates
prior to our product candidates receiving exclusive marketing approval.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Generally, if a product candidate
with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation,
the drug may be entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application
for the same drug for that time period, except in limited circumstances. If another sponsor receives such approval before we do (regardless
of our orphan drug designation), we will be precluded from receiving marketing approval for our product for the applicable exclusivity
period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in the EU, which may be extended by six months and two
years, respectively, in the case of product candidates that have complied with the respective regulatory agency&#8217;s agreed upon PIP.
The exclusivity period in the EU can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if
the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be revoked if any
regulatory agency determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient
quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Even if we obtain orphan
drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because
different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA may subsequently approve another
drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter drug is not the same drug or is clinically superior in that it is shown
to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In the EU, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar
medicinal product for the same orphan indication if:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            second applicant can establish in its application that its medicinal product, although similar
                                            to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise
                                            clinically superior;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product consents
                                            to a second orphan medicinal product application; or</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product cannot supply
                                            sufficient quantities of orphan medicinal product.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->16<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and
Capital Requirements</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our cash on hand and financing arrangements may not be sufficient to fund
our projected operating requirements.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Until we can generate significant
revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding
will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. We believe that our current cash on hand and access to existing financial arrangements
will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least one year from the issuance of the financial statements included
elsewhere in this annual report. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or
development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We believe that our current cash on hand
and access to existing financing arrangements will fund our projected operating requirements through the second quarter of 2024. The
Company has put in place multiple options to raise the funds necessary to support its operations, However, there can be no assurance
that these funds will be available, or if they are available, their availability will be on terms acceptable to the Company or in an
amount sufficient to enable the Company to fully complete its development activities or sustain operations.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We believe that our current cash on hand and access to existing financing
arrangements will fund our projected operating requirements through the second quarter of 2024. We expect that we will be required to
obtain additional liquidity in order to fund our operations through the approval of our lead product candidate. Until we can generate
significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that
funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope
of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have a limited operating history and
we have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable
future.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are an emerging biopharmaceutical
company with a limited operating history. To date, we have focused almost exclusively on developing product candidates using the active
ingredient mazindol in proprietary formulations. We have funded our operations to date primarily through proceeds from the private placement
of common shares, convertible instruments, related party credit facilities, shareholder loans, an initial public offering of common shares
and Warrants, and drawdowns from a standby equity distribution agreement, or SEDA. We have only a limited operating history upon which
you can evaluate our business and prospects. In addition, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully
overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in
the pharmaceutical industry. To date, although we received an upfront payment of approximately $2.5 million pursuant to the EF License
Agreement (defined below) in 2019, we have not generated revenue from the sale of our product candidates (see &#8220;Management&#8217;s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#8221; for additional information). We have incurred losses
in each year since our inception. Our net loss attributable to holders of our common shares for the year ended December 31, 2022 was
approximately $16.0 million and for the year ended December 31, 2021 was approximately $11.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had
an accumulated deficit of approximately $57.7 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection
with our clinical development program and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We expect our research and
development expenses to increase in connection with our planned expanded clinical trials. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval
for Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other current or future product candidate, we will likely incur significant sales, marketing and
outsourced manufacturing expenses, as well as continued research and development expenses. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional
costs associated with operating as a public company, which we estimate will be at least several hundred thousand dollars annually. As
a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous
risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses
or when we will become profitable, if at all.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->17<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We expect to continue to
incur significant losses until we are able to commercialize our product candidates, which we may not be successful in achieving. We anticipate
that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">continue
                                            the research and development of our product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">expand
                                            the scope of our current clinical studies for our product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">seek
                                            regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete
                                            clinical studies;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">establish
                                            a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize our product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">seek
                                            to identify, assess, acquire, license, and/or develop other product candidates and subsequent
                                            generations of our current product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">seek
                                            to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">seek
                                            to attract and retain skilled personnel; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">create
                                            additional infrastructure to support our operations as a public company and our product candidate
                                            development and planned future commercialization efforts.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have not generated revenues from any
product candidate and may never be profitable.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our ability to become profitable
depends upon our ability to generate revenues. To date, we have not generated any revenue from our pre-clinical and clinical development
stage product candidates, Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any such revenue. We do not
expect to generate significant revenues unless or until we obtain marketing approval of, and commercialize, Quilience, Nolazol and/or
NLS-4. Our ability to generate future revenues from product candidate sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but
not limited to:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">obtaining
                                            favorable results from and progress the pre-clinical and clinical development of our product
                                            candidates, namely Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">developing
                                            and obtaining regulatory approval for registration studies protocols for our product candidates,
                                            namely Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">subject
                                            to successful completion of registration and clinical trials of Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4,
                                            applying for and obtaining marketing approval;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">establishing
                                            and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide
                                            adequate (in amount and quality) products, and at acceptable costs, to support market demand
                                            for our product candidates, if marketing approval is received;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">identifying,
                                            assessing, acquiring and/or developing new product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">accurately
                                            identifying demand for our product candidates;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">continued
                                            consumer interest in treatments to the symptoms of narcolepsy, IH, ADHD and Long-COVID;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">obtaining
                                            market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for marketing, as viable treatment
                                            options;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">negotiating
                                            favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">obtaining
                                            and maintaining CIV labeling (no FDA imposed boxed warning, commonly referred to as a &#8220;Black
                                            Box&#8221; warning) of our lead product candidate Quilience and follow-on product candidates,
                                            Nolazol and NLS-4;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">establishing
                                            and nurturing relationships with the leading prescribers of narcolepsy, ADHD and Long-COVID
                                            prescriptions in the United States; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">attracting,
                                            hiring, and retaining qualified personnel.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 24 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->18<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We expect that we will need to raise substantial
additional funding before we can expect to complete the development of Quilience or any other product candidate. This additional financing
may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit
or terminate our product candidate development efforts or other operations. </i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of December 31, 2022, our
cash and cash equivalents were approximately $8.9 million, and we had a working capital surplus of $5.9 million and an accumulated deficit
of $58.2 million. Based upon our currently expected level of operating expenditures, we believe that our current cash on hand and access
to existing financial arrangements will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least one year from the issuance
of the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. We expect that we will require substantial additional capital to
commercialize our product candidates and put in place multiple options to raise the funds necessary to support our operations. However,
our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds
sooner than planned. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the cost of filing and prosecuting patent applications and the cost
    of defending our patents;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">development of other early-stage development product candidates;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the costs associated with commercializing Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4
    if we receive marketing approval, including the cost and timing of establishing sales and marketing capabilities to market and sell
    Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">subject to receipt of marketing approval, revenue received from sales
    of approved products, if any, in the future;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel; and</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the costs associated with being a public company.</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any additional fundraising
efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize
our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable
to us, if at all, during or after the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the
rights of holders of our securities and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such
issuance, may cause the market price of our common shares or our publicly traded Warrants to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness
could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations
on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other
operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through
arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to
relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have
a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our
current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic
considerations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If we are unable to obtain
funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development
programs or the development or commercialization, if any, of any product candidates or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise
capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations. &#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We are dependent on a sole manufacturer
for mazindol. Any delay, price increase or unavailability of mazindol could materially adversely affect our ability to conduct clinical
trials and, if this were to occur after we obtained commercialization and marketing approval, could cause us to cease operations.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Currently we rely on a single
manufacturer for mazindol for our clinical trials conducted to date pursuant to purchase orders and do not have any existing contract
with such manufacturer for future supplies. The FDA requires identification of raw material suppliers in applications for approval of
drug products. If mazindol were to be unavailable from the specified manufacturer, FDA approval of a new manufacturer, assuming one is
found, could delay the manufacture of the drug involved or delay any clinical trial we are then conducting or planning to conduct. Either
such occurrence could have an adverse effect on our operations and reputation or could cause us to cease operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Furthermore, there is a risk
of a sole approved manufacturer significantly raising prices. If prices for mazindol or other raw materials were to be significantly
increased, our profit margins and sales, if any, would be greatly reduced and, assuming our products were approved for commercialization
or marketing, delay product launches, or delay clinical trials at earlier stages of development. Such price increase occurrences could
be resolved by the successful FDA approval of an alternate supplier; however, such approval process can be lengthy and costly. There
can be no guarantee that a resolution would be reached in the event of a significant price increase by our supplier of mazindol.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We rely on third parties to conduct our
pre-clinical and clinical studies and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual
duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize
our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have relied upon and plan
to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to monitor and manage data for our ongoing pre-clinical and clinical programs. We rely on these
parties for execution of our pre-clinical and clinical studies, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we
are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and
scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs and other vendors
are required to comply with current cGMP, Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, quality system requirements, or QSR, and Good Laboratory Practices,
or GLP, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic
Area, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities
enforce these regulations through periodic inspections of study sponsors, principal investigators, study sites and other contractors.
If we or any of our CROs or vendors fail to comply with applicable regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical studies may
be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical studies
before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory
authority will determine that any of our clinical studies comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical studies must be conducted
with product candidates which are produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat
clinical studies, which would delay the regulatory approval process.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have no manufacturing capacity and anticipate
reliance on third-party manufacturers for our products.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not currently operate
manufacturing facilities for clinical production of Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4. We do not intend to develop facilities for the manufacture
of products for clinical trials or commercial purposes in the foreseeable future. We will rely on third-party manufacturers to produce
bulk drug products required for our clinical trials and commercial sales, if any. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers
and, potentially, collaboration partners to manufacture commercial quantities of our drug product candidates if and when approved for
marketing by the applicable regulatory authorities. Our contract manufacturers have not completed process validation for the drug substance
manufacturing process. Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the product and process.
If our contract manufacturers are not approved by the FDA, or other regulatory bodies, our commercial supply of drug substance will be
significantly delayed and may result in significant additional costs. If the FDA does not consider the result of the process validation
or required testing to be satisfactory, regulatory approval and/or commercial supply after launch may be delayed. The FDA and similar
foreign regulatory bodies may also implement new requirements, or change their interpretation and enforcement of existing requirements,
for manufacturers, packaging or testing of products at any time. If we, or our contract manufacturers are unable to comply with such
process validation or other requirements, we may be subject to regulatory, civil actions or penalties which could harm our business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We purchase finished mazindol,
the molecule in both of Quilience and Nolazol, from a single third party, currently under a development agreement with us. In addition,
we do not have an agreement in place for, but we have identified, a secondary fill/finish supplier. There can be no guarantee that we
will enter into an agreement with such fill/finish supplier or that an effort to enter into such an agreement will be on favorable terms.
If we need to identify an additional fill/finish manufacturer, we would not be able to do so without delay and likely significant additional
cost.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our existing manufacturer
and any future contract manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business. In the event
of a natural disaster, business failure, strike or other difficulty, such as difficulties involving production yields, quality control
and quality assurance, we may be unable to replace a third-party manufacturer in a timely manner and the production of any product candidate
or commercialized drug would be interrupted, resulting in delays and additional costs.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, because the
contract manufacturer of our drug substance is located in the United States, we may face difficulties in importing our drug substances
into Europe as a result of, among other things, import inspections, incomplete or inaccurate import documentation or defective packaging.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We and our collaborators and contract manufacturers
are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing our product candidates. The manufacturing facilities on which we
rely may not continue to meet regulatory requirements and have limited capacity.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Manufacturers and their facilities
are required to comply with extensive regulatory requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform
to cGMPs. These cGMP regulations cover all aspects of manufacturing relating to our product candidates. These regulations govern manufacturing
processes and procedures (including record keeping) and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the
quality of investigational product candidates and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction
of contaminants or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of our product candidates that may not be detectable in final
product testing. We, our collaborators or our contract manufacturers must supply all necessary documentation in support of an NDA or
MAA on a timely basis and must adhere to GLP and cGMP QSR regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory authorities through their
facilities inspection program. Some of our contract manufacturers have never produced a commercially approved pharmaceutical product
and therefore have not obtained the requisite regulatory authority approvals to do so. The facilities and quality systems of some or
all of our collaborators and third-party contractors must pass a pre-approval inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations
as a condition of regulatory approval of our product candidates or any of our other potential product candidates. In addition, the regulatory
authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our product candidates or our
other potential product candidates or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities
being conducted. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners
for compliance with the regulatory requirements. If these facilities do not pass a pre-approval plant inspection, regulatory approval
of the product candidates may not be granted or may be substantially delayed until any violations are corrected to the satisfaction of
the regulatory authority, if ever. Moreover, if our contract manufacturers fail to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards,
in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, or there are substantial manufacturing errors, this could result in patient injury
or death, product shortages, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other
problems that could seriously harm our business.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Any collaboration arrangements that we
may enter into in the future may not be successful, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our current
and potential future product candidates.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may seek collaboration
arrangements with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies for the development or commercialization of our current and potential future
product candidates. We may enter into these arrangements on a selective basis depending on the merits of retaining commercialization
rights for ourselves as compared to entering into selective collaboration arrangements with other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies
for each product candidate, both in the United States and internationally. We will face, to the extent that we decide to enter into collaboration
agreements, significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming
to negotiate, document and implement. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative
arrangements should we so choose to enter into such arrangements. The terms of any collaborations or other arrangements that we may establish
may not be favorable to us.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Disagreements between parties
to a collaboration arrangement regarding clinical development and commercialization matters can lead to delays in the development process
or commercializing the applicable product candidate and, in some cases, termination of the collaboration arrangement. These disagreements
can be difficult to resolve if neither of the parties has final decision-making authority.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Collaborations with pharmaceutical
or biotechnology companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Any such termination
or expiration could adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our reliance on third parties requires
us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be
misappropriated or disclosed.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Because we rely on third
parties to develop and manufacture our product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary
technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research
agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning
research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our
confidential information, such as trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need
to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors,
are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our
proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor&#8217;s discovery of our trade secrets or other
unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have been granted several issued patents
and filed multiple patent applications. There can be no assurance that any of our patent applications will result in issued patents.
As a result, our ability to protect our proprietary technology in the marketplace may be limited.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have been granted issued
patents in countries worldwide. These issued patents cover a range of areas including: the therapeutic use of mazindol for the treatment
of ADHD and combination therapies containing mazindol (add-ons with iron or stimulants) in sleep disorders such as narcolepsy or IH.
We have also filed patent applications in many countries worldwide. Unless and until our pending patent applications are issued, their
protective scope is impossible to determine. It is impossible to predict whether or how many of our patent applications will result in
issued patents. Even if pending applications are issued, they may be issued with coverage significantly narrower than what we currently
seek.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our proprietary position for our product
candidates currently depends upon patents protecting the method of use, which may not prevent a competitor or other third party from
using the same product candidate for another use.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The primary patent based
intellectual property protection for our product candidates are patents granted on the method of use and formulation. We do not have
patents or patent applications covering our products as a composition of matter (i.e., compound claims).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Composition of matter patent
claims on the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, in pharmaceutical drug products are generally considered to be the favored form
of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, as such patents provide protection without regard to any particular
method of use, manufacture or formulation of the API used. Method of use patent claims protect the use of a product for the specified
method and dosing. These types of patent claims do not prevent a competitor or other third party from making and marketing an identical
API for an indication that is outside the scope of the method claims or from developing a different dosing regimen. Moreover, even if
competitors or other third parties do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications or uses for which we may obtain
patents, physicians may recommend that patients use these products off-label, or patients may do so themselves. Although off-label use
may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method of use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to
prevent or prosecute.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Because the patent positions of pharmaceutical
products are complex and uncertain, we cannot predict the scope and extent of patent protection of our issued patents for our product
candidates.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our issued patents may not
ensure the protection of our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including without limitation the following:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">any
                                            issued patents may not be broad or strong enough to prevent competition from other drug products
                                            including identical or similar drug products;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">if
                                            issued patents expire, there would be no protections against competitors making generic equivalents;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">there
                                            may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability
                                            of a patent claim;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">there
                                            may be other patents existing, now or in the future, in the patent landscape for Quilience
                                            and Nolazol, or any other product candidates that we seek to commercialize or develop, if
                                            any, that will affect our freedom to operate;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">if
                                            our patents are challenged, a court could determine that they are not valid or enforceable;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">a
                                            court could determine that a competitor&#8217;s technology or product does not infringe our
                                            patents;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our
                                            patents could irretrievably lapse due to failure to pay fees or otherwise comply with regulations,
                                            or could be subject to compulsory licensing; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">if
                                            we encounter delays in our development or clinical trials, the period of time during which
                                            we could market our products under patent protection would be reduced.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection
depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent
agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Periodic maintenance fees
on any issued patent are due to be paid to the U.S. PTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the term of the patent. The
U.S. PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and
other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a
late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment
or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance
events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond
to office actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In
such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may not be able to enforce our intellectual
property rights throughout the world.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Filing, prosecuting and defending
patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights
in some countries outside the United States and Switzerland can be less extensive than those in the United States and Switzerland. In
addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as laws in the United States and
Switzerland. Consequently, we may not be able to seek to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside
the United States and Switzerland, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other
jurisdictions. Competitors, for example, may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patents to develop their
own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patents, but enforcement is not as strong
as that in the United States and Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Many companies have encountered
significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries,
particularly China and certain other developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual
property, particularly those relating to medical devices and biopharmaceutical and biotechnology products, which could make it difficult
for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. To
date, we have not sought to enforce any issued patents in these foreign jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign
jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our
patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third
parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if
any, may not be commercially meaningful. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing
countries. Certain countries in Europe and developing countries, including China and India, have compulsory licensing laws under which
a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies
if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish
the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual
property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we
develop or license.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>If we are unable to maintain effective
proprietary rights for our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to the protection
afforded by any patents currently issued, historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect
proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable,
and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development
processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be
difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements
with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of
our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security
of our information technology systems. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any
breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We cannot provide any assurances
that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements
or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information
and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could
impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain
our trade secrets and intellectual property are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating
any trade secret.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Third parties may initiate legal proceedings
alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material
adverse effect on the success of our business.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our commercial success depends
upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties.
There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the pharmaceutical industry. While no such litigation has been brought against
us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party&#8217;s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that
our product candidates or use of our product candidates do not infringe third-party patents. It is also possible that we have failed
to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications
filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in
the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing, which is referred to as the priority
date. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally,
pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover
our product candidates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may become party to, or
threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates,
including inter parties review, interference, or derivation proceedings before the U.S. PTO and similar bodies in other countries. Third
parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing intellectual property rights and intellectual property rights that
may be granted in the future.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If we are found to infringe
a third party&#8217;s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing
and marketing our product candidates. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or
at all. Any inability to secure licenses could result in delays in the introduction of our products or lead to prohibition of the manufacture
or sale of products by us. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access
to the same license. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the products subject to the infringing intellectual
property rights. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys&#8217; fees if we
are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates
or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the
confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may be subject to claims challenging
the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.</i></b>&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may be subject to claims
that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor
or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved
in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship.
If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such
as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our
business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction
to management and other employees. In addition, we may receive less revenue from future products if any of our employees successfully
claim for compensation for their work in developing our intellectual property, which in turn could impact our future profitability.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Under applicable employment laws, we may
not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise
of some of our former employees. In addition, employees may be entitled to seek compensation for their inventions irrespective of their
agreements with us.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We generally enter into non-competition
agreements with our employees and certain key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and certain key consultants, if they
cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. We may
be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us
to restrict our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. Under
Swiss law, a non-compete agreement could be invalidated if, for example, the geographic scope of the non-compete agreement is too broad,
or, alternatively, such an agreement could be deemed by a Swiss court to be an occupation ban. Such actions would make enforcing our
non-competition agreements more challenging and could make it easier for our competitors to employee our previous employees.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, under Swiss
law, if we wish to obtain ownership over inventions developed by our employees, which inventions were developed while performing their
employment activities, but outside the performance of their contractual duties, we are required to compensate the employee for the rights
to their respective inventions. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to obtain any such inventions and the failure to obtain
such ownership rights over employee inventions could have a material adverse effect on our operations and ability to effectively compete.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Our Business Operations</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We manage our business through a small
number of key employees and consultants.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of the date of this annual report, our key employees and consultants
include our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Alexander Zwyer, our Chief Scientific Officer, Eric Konofal, and our Chief Medical Officer and
Global Head of Research and Development, Dr. George Apostol. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to recruit, retain, manage
and motivate our employees and key consultants. The loss of the services of our Chief Executive Officer or any of our senior management
or the inability to hire or retain experienced management personnel could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and
harm our operating results.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, laws and regulations on executive compensation, including
legislation in our home country, Switzerland, may restrict our ability to attract, motivate and retain the required level of qualified
personnel. In Switzerland, legislation affecting public companies has been passed that, among other things, (i) imposes an annual binding
shareholders&#8217; &#8220;say-on-pay&#8221; vote with respect to the compensation of the members of (a) the senior management and (b)
the board of directors, (ii) prohibits severance, advances, transaction premiums and similar payments to senior management and directors,
and (iii) requires companies to specify various compensation-related matters in their articles of association, thus requiring them to
be approved by a shareholders&#8217; vote.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Because of the specialized
scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific and technical
consultants. In particular, the loss of one or more of our senior management or key consultants could be detrimental to us if we cannot
recruit suitable replacements in a timely manner. We do not currently carry &#8220;key person&#8221; insurance on the lives of members
of senior management. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical industry is intense. Due to this intense competition,
we may be unable to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement
personnel.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may be subject, directly or indirectly,
to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable
to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If we obtain FDA approval
for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations may be directly or indirectly
through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback
Statute, the federal False Claims Act and physician sunshine laws and regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed
sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government
and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly
                                            and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly,
                                            to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable
                                            under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">federal
                                            civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among
                                            other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented,
                                            claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or
                                            fraudulent;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new
                                            federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit
                                            program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">HIPAA,
                                            as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act, and its implementing
                                            regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission
                                            of individually identifiable health information;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            federal physician sunshine requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care
                                            Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the PPACA, requires
                                            manufacturers of drugs, devices and medical supplies to report annually to the U.S. Department
                                            of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value
                                            to physicians, other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals and ownership and investment
                                            interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members
                                            and applicable group purchasing organizations;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">state
                                            law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims
                                            laws that may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial
                                            insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical
                                            industry&#8217;s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated
                                            by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare
                                            providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers
                                            to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and
                                            other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state laws governing the privacy
                                            and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each
                                            other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance
                                            efforts; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">European
                                            and other foreign law equivalents of each of the laws, including reporting requirements detailing
                                            interactions with and payments to healthcare providers, and the European General Data Protection
                                            Regulation, or GDPR, which became effective in May 2018 and contains new provisions specifically
                                            directed at the processing of health information, higher sanctions and extra-territoriality
                                            measures intended to bring non-EU companies under the regulation, including companies like
                                            us that conduct clinical trials in the EU; we anticipate that over time we may expand our
                                            business operations to include additional operations in the EU and with such expansion, we
                                            would be subject to increased governmental regulation in the EU countries in which we might
                                            operate, including the GDPR.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The scope and enforcement
of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of
the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions
between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements
in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with
current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If
our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other related governmental regulations that may apply to us,
we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, imprisonment,
disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, reputational harm,
additional oversight and reporting obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar settlement to resolve
allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other
healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be
subject to similar actions, penalties and sanctions. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare
laws and regulations, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming
and can divert a company&#8217;s attention from the business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Healthcare legislative and regulatory reform
measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our industry is highly regulated
and changes in law may adversely impact our business, operations, or financial results. The PPACA was a sweeping measure intended to,
among other things, expand healthcare coverage within the United States, primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates
on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. We anticipate that the PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform
measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and an additional downward pressure on the
reimbursement our customers may receive for our products. Further, there have been, and there may continue to be, judicial and Congressional
challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA. For example, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or TCJA, includes a provision repealing
the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage
for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the &#8220;individual mandate.&#8221; Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare
and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. The implementation of cost containment
measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, the delivery
of healthcare in the European Union, including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of
medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than EU, law and policy. National governments and health service providers
have different priorities and approaches to the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context.
In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most EU member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement
of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-increasing EU and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to
develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval
activities and affect our ability to commercialize any products for which we obtain marketing approval.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are currently unable to
predict what additional legislation or regulation, if any, relating to the healthcare industry may be enacted in the future or what effect
recently enacted federal legislation or any such additional legislation or regulation would have on our business. The pendency or approval
of such proposals or reforms could result in a decrease in the price of our common shares or Warrants or limit our ability to raise capital
or to enter into collaboration agreements for the further development and potential commercialization of our products.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The use of any of our product candidates
could result in product liability or similar claims that could be expensive, damage our reputation and harm our business.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our business exposes us to
an inherent risk of potential product liability or similar claims. The pharmaceutical industry has historically been litigious, and we
face financial exposure to product liability or similar claims if the use of any of our products were to cause or contribute to injury
or death. There is also the possibility that defects in the design or manufacture of any of our products might necessitate a product
recall. Although we plan to maintain product liability insurance, the coverage limits of these policies may not be adequate to cover
future claims. In the future, we may be unable to maintain product liability insurance on acceptable terms or at reasonable costs and
such insurance may not provide us with adequate coverage against potential liabilities. A product liability claim, regardless of merit
or ultimate outcome, or any product recall could result in substantial costs to us, damage to our reputation, customer dissatisfaction
and frustration and a substantial diversion of management attention. A successful claim brought against us in excess of, or outside of,
our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Unsuccessful compliance with certain European
privacy regulations could have an adverse effect on our business and reputation.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The collection and use of
personal health data in the EU are governed by the provisions of the Data Protection Directive and the GDPR. These directives impose
several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals,
notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality
of the personal data. The GDPR also extends the geographical scope of EU data protection law to non-EU entities under certain conditions,
tightens existing EU data protection principles and creates new obligations for companies and new rights for individuals. Failure to
comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive, the GDPR, and the related national data protection laws of the EU Member
States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The GDPR introduces new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial
fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR regulations impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to personal
data that we process and we intend to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with these and/or new data protection rules.
In addition, other jurisdictions, including Switzerland, are currently discussing or implementing regulations similar to GDPR. Changes
to these European privacy regulations (and similar regulations in other jurisdictions) and unsuccessful compliance may be onerous and
adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and reputation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Securities&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The market price of our common shares and
Warrants may be highly volatile, and you may not be able to resell your shares or Warrants at or above the initial public offering price.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The trading price of each
of our common shares and Warrants is likely to be volatile. The following factors, in addition to other risk factors described in this
section, may have a significant impact on the market price of such securities:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">unsatisfactory results of clinical trials;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">announcements of regulatory approval or the failure to obtain it, or
    specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">announcements of therapeutic innovations or new products by us or our
    competitors;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">adverse actions taken by regulatory authorities with respect to our
    clinical trials, manufacturing supply chain or sales and marketing activities;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">changes or developments in laws or regulations applicable to the treatment
    of the symptoms of narcolepsy, ADHD, or any other indication that we may seek to develop, or the use of mazindol to treat any such
    indications;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">any adverse changes to our relationship with manufacturers or suppliers;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">any intellectual property infringement actions in which we may become
    involved;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">announcements concerning our competitors or the pharmaceutical industry
    in general;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">achievement of expected product sales and profitability or our failure
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our commencement of, or involvement in, litigation;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">our ability to recruit and retain qualified regulatory, research and
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">legislation in the United States relating to the sale or pricing of
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">business interruptions resulting from a local or worldwide pandemic,
    pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), geopolitical instability (such as the war in Ukraine), and other conditions beyond our
    control;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the granting or exercise of employee stock options or other equity
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">changes in investors&#8217; and securities analysts&#8217; perception
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, the stock market
in general, and Nasdaq in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate
to the operating performance of small companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common
shares and Warrants, regardless of our actual operating performance. Further, a systemic decline in the financial markets and related
factors beyond our control may cause our share price to decline rapidly and unexpectedly.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have identified material weaknesses
in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediations are not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses
in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately
or timely report our financial conditions or results or operations, or prevent fraud, which may adversely affect investor confidence
in our Company and as a result, the market price of our common shares and Warrants. </i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a public company, we are
required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and will be required to report any material weaknesses in such internal
control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires that we include a report from management
on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, once we cease to
be an EGC as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the
effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. According to the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a material
weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable
possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If we fail
to remediate the material weaknesses, or are otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, management
could be required to expend significant resources and we could fail to meet our public reporting requirements on a timely basis, and
be subject to fines, penalties, investigations or judgements, all of which could negatively affect investor confidence and adversely
impact our stock price.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of December 31, 2021,
we have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, relating to a lack of sufficient number of trained professionals
with an appropriate level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge to design and maintain controls over the preparation of financial statements,
and relating to a lack of maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">During the year ended December
31, 2022, we have taken steps to remediate the material weaknesses and to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including
hiring of additional accounting consultants, including a Chief Financial Officer with U.S. GAAP knowledge and experience to review the
accounting work done by third-party resources and initiating preparation of quarterly financial statements internally to identify and
evaluate accounting treatment of any new activity and publish our half-yearly and yearly financial.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">While we believe that these
efforts will improve our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, the implementation
of these measures is ongoing and will require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over
a sustained period of financial reporting cycles. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to
implement, will be sufficient to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We continue our commitment
to alleviate all of the remaining issues in our internal control over financial reporting during 2023 with the improved oversight of
our accounting department and our reliance on third-party providers.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The Warrants we issued in our initial public
offering are speculative in nature.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Warrants we offered and
sold in our initial public offering do not confer any rights of common share ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the
right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire common shares at a fixed price for a limited period of time.
Specifically, holders of the Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the common shares and pay an exercise price of $4.15 per common
share, prior to five years from the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>If we were to be characterized as a &#8220;passive
foreign investment company&#8221; for U.S. tax purposes, U.S. holders of our common shares and Warrants could have adverse U.S. income
tax consequences.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In general, we will be treated
as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least
75% of our gross income is &#8220;passive income&#8221; or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income
or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends,
interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives
rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those
raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets
of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. We do not believe
that we will be deemed a PFIC for 2022. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds the common shares and
Warrants, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. In particular, except with respect to
the Warrants (unless exercised), if the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a &#8220;qualified electing fund,&#8221;
or QEF, or make a &#8220;mark-to-market&#8221; election, then &#8220;excess distributions&#8221; to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized
on the sale or other disposition of the common shares by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer&#8217;s
holding period for the common shares; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the
first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable
years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest
charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.
In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have
determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers
that have held the common shares during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a
PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can
make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We intend
to make available to U.S. taxpayers upon request the information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a
valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold the common shares are strongly
urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences
to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to the common shares in the event that we are a PFIC. See Item 10.E.
&#8220;Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences-Passive Foreign Investment Companies&#8221; for additional information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We have not paid, and do not intend to
pay, dividends on our common shares and, therefore, unless our traded securities appreciate in value, our investors may not benefit from
holding our common shares.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have never declared or
paid cash dividends on our common shares. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future.
Moreover, Swiss Law imposes certain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See Item 8.A. &#8220;Dividends&#8221; for
additional information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The JOBS Act allows us to postpone the
date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information
we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our Company and adversely affect the market
price of our common shares and Warrants.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For so long as we remain
an &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements
that are applicable to public companies that are not EGCs including:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.05pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the
                                            provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting
                                            firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial
                                            reporting;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Section
                                            107 of the JOBS Act, which provides that an EGC can take advantage of the extended transition
                                            period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities
                                            Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This means that an EGC can delay
                                            the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply
                                            to private companies. We are electing to delay such adoption of new or revised accounting
                                            standards. As a result of this adoption, our financial statements may not be comparable to
                                            companies that comply with the public company effective date; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">any
                                            rules that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory
                                            audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor&#8217;s report on the financial statements.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->31<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We intend to take advantage
of these exemptions until we are no longer an EGC. We will remain an EGC until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a)
following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross
revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, as defined in the rule under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible
debt during the prior three-year period.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We cannot predict if investors
will find our common shares and Warrants less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares
and Warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for each such traded security, and the trading price
of each may be more volatile and may decline.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>The requirements associated with being
a public company require significant company resources and management attention.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are subject to the reporting
requirements of the Exchange Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The Exchange Act
requires that we file periodic reports with respect to our business and financial condition and maintain effective disclosure controls
and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In addition, subsequent rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq may also
impose various additional requirements on public companies. As a result, we will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses,
particularly after we are no longer an EGC as defined in the JOBS Act. We estimate that these expenses will be in excess of one million
dollars annually. We have made changes to our corporate governance standards, disclosure controls and financial reporting and accounting
systems to meet our reporting obligations. The measures we take, however, may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public
company, which could subject us to delisting of our common shares, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil
litigation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">After we are no longer an
&#8220;emerging growth company&#8221;, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management efforts toward ensuring
compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Risks Related to Swiss Law and Our Operations
in Switzerland</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We are a Swiss corporation. The rights
of our shareholders may be different from the rights of shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">We are a Swiss corporation.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of association and by the laws governing companies, including listed companies, incorporated
in Switzerland. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the
rights and obligations of shareholders and directors of companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In the performance of its
duties, our board of directors is required by Swiss law to consider the interests of our Company, our shareholders, our employees and
other stakeholders, in all cases with due observation of the principles of reasonableness and fairness. It is possible that some of these
parties will have interests that are different from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder. Swiss corporate law limits the
ability of our shareholders to challenge resolutions made or other actions taken by our board of directors in court. Our shareholders
generally are not permitted to file a suit to reverse a decision or an action taken by our board of directors but are instead only permitted
to seek damages for breaches of fiduciary duty. However, if a board resolution has been invalidly formed, anyone, including the shareholders,
may claim that such an invalid resolution shall be declared null and void. As a matter of Swiss law, shareholder claims against a member
of our board of directors for breach of fiduciary duty would have to be brought to the competent court at the legal seat of the Company,
or where the relevant member of our board of directors is domiciled. In addition, under Swiss law, any claims by our shareholders against
us must be brought to the competent court at the legal seat of the Company.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our common shares are issued under the
laws of Switzerland, which may not protect investors in a similar fashion afforded by incorporation in a U.S. state.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are organized under the
laws of Switzerland. However, there can be no assurance that Swiss law will not change in the future or that it will serve to protect
investors in a similar fashion afforded under corporate law principles in the United States, which could adversely affect the rights
of investors.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our status as a Swiss corporation may limit
our flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and may cause us to be unable to make distributions without subjecting
our shareholders to Swiss withholding tax.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In accordance with the revision
of the Swiss corporate law, effective January 1, 2023, or the Revision, Swiss law allows our shareholders to implement a so called capital
band (<i>Kapitalband</i>) in the articles of association which authorizes the board of directors to increase and/or decrease the share
capital within a certain bandwidth without additional shareholder approval. This authorization is limited to 50% of the existing registered
share capital and the authorization must be renewed by the shareholders every five years. Additionally, subject to specified exceptions,
Swiss law grants pre-emptive subscription rights to existing shareholders to subscribe to any new issuance of shares. Swiss law also
does not provide as much flexibility in the various terms that can attach to different classes of shares as the laws of some other jurisdictions.
Swiss law also reserves for approval by shareholders certain corporate actions over which a board of directors would have authority in
some other jurisdictions. For example, dividends must be approved by shareholders. These Swiss law requirements relating to our capital
management may limit our flexibility, and situations may arise where greater flexibility would have provided substantial benefits to
our shareholders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under Swiss law, a Swiss
corporation may pay dividends only if the corporation has sufficient distributable profits from previous fiscal years, or if the
corporation has distributable reserves, each as evidenced by its audited statutory balance sheet. Based on the Revision, a Swiss
corporation may pay interim dividends (&#8220;Zwischendividende&#8221;) if the corporation has sufficient distributable profits
during the current fiscal year. The remaining provisions applicable to the dividends are also applicable to the interim dividends.
Freely distributable reserves are generally booked either as &#8220;free reserves&#8221; or as &#8220;capital contributions&#8221;
(apports de capital, contributions received from shareholders) in the &#8220;reserve from capital contributions.&#8221;
Distributions may be made out of issued share capital-the aggregate nominal value of a company&#8217;s issued shares-only by way of
a capital reduction. As of December 31, 2022, we had CHF 41,962,674 (approximately $45,949,128) of qualifying capital contributions
and CHF 648,578 (approximately $668,555) of registered share capital (consisting of 32,428,893 common shares each with a nominal
value of CHF 0.02 and no preferred shares)) on our audited statutory balance sheet (which audit was performed by our independent
registered public accounting firm), as required pursuant to Swiss law. We will not be able to pay dividends or make other
distributions to shareholders on a Swiss withholding tax-free basis in excess of that amount unless we increase our share capital or
our reserves from capital contributions. We would also be able to pay dividends out of distributable profits or freely distributable
reserves but such dividends would be subject to Swiss withholding taxes. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient
distributable profits, free reserves, reserves from capital contributions or registered share capital to pay a dividend or effect a
capital reduction, that our shareholders will approve dividends or capital reductions proposed by us, or that we will be able to
meet the other legal requirements for dividend payments or distributions as a result of capital reductions.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Generally, Swiss withholding
tax of 35% is due on dividends and similar distributions to our shareholders, regardless of the place of residency of the shareholder,
unless the distribution is made to shareholders out of (i) a reduction of nominal value or (ii) assuming certain conditions are met,
qualifying capital contributions accumulated on or after January 1, 1997. A U.S. holder that qualifies for benefits under the Convention
between United States of America and Switzerland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income, which we refer
to as the &#8220;U.S.-Swiss Treaty,&#8221; may apply for a refund of the tax withheld in excess of the 15% treaty rate (or in excess
of the 5% reduced treaty rate for qualifying corporate shareholders with at least 10% participation in our voting shares, or for a full
refund in the case of qualified pension funds).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There can be no assurance
that we will have sufficient qualifying capital contributions to pay dividends free from Swiss withholding tax, or that Swiss withholding
rules will not be changed in the future. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that the current Swiss law with respect to distributions
out of qualifying capital contributions will not be changed or that a change in Swiss law will not adversely affect us or our shareholders,
in particular as a result of distributions out of qualifying capital contributions becoming subject to additional corporate law or other
restrictions. In addition, over the long term, the amount of par value available to us for nominal value reductions or qualifying capital
contributions available to us to pay out as distributions is limited. If we are unable to make a distribution through a reduction in
nominal value or out of qualifying capital contributions, we may not be able to make distributions without subjecting our shareholders
to Swiss withholding taxes.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our securities are not listed in Switzerland,
our home jurisdiction. As a result, our shareholders will not benefit from certain provisions of Swiss law that are designed to protect
shareholders in a public takeover offer or a change-of-control transaction and may not be protected in the same degree in a public takeover
offer or a change-of-control transaction as are shareholders of certain U.S. companies or in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Because our securities are
listed exclusively on Nasdaq and not in Switzerland, our shareholders will not benefit from the protection afforded by certain provisions
of Swiss law that are designed to protect shareholders in the event of a public takeover offer or a change-of-control transaction. For
example, Article 120 of the Swiss Financial Market Infrastructure Act and its implementing provisions require investors to disclose their
interest in our company if they reach, exceed or fall below certain ownership thresholds. Similarly, the Swiss takeover regime imposes
a duty on any person or group of persons who acquires more than one-third of a company&#8217;s voting rights to make a mandatory offer
for all of the company&#8217;s outstanding listed equity securities. In addition, the Swiss takeover regime imposes certain restrictions
and obligations on bidders in a voluntary public takeover offer that are designed to protect shareholders. However, these protections
are applicable only to issuers that list their equity securities in Switzerland and, because our securities are listed exclusively on
Nasdaq, will not be applicable to us. Furthermore, since Swiss law restricts our ability to implement rights plans or U.S.-style &#8220;poison
pills,&#8221; our ability to resist an unsolicited takeover attempt or to protect minority shareholders in the event of a change of control
transaction may be limited. Therefore, our shareholders may not be protected in the same degree in a public takeover offer or a change-of-control
transaction as are shareholders in certain U.S. companies or in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>U.S. shareholders may not be able to obtain
judgments or enforce civil liabilities against us or our senior management or members of our board of directors.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">We are organized under
the laws of Switzerland and our registered office and domicile is located in Kloten (Zurich), Switzerland. Moreover, a majority of our
directors and senior management are not residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons
are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United
States upon us or upon such persons or to enforce against them judgments obtained in U.S. courts, including judgments in actions predicated
upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. We have been advised by our Swiss counsel that
there is doubt as to the enforceability in Switzerland of original actions, or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts,
of civil liabilities to the extent solely predicated upon the federal and state securities laws of the United States. Original actions
against persons in Switzerland based solely upon the U.S. federal or state securities laws are governed, among other things, by the principles
set forth in the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law. This statute provides that the application of provisions of non-Swiss
law by the courts in Switzerland shall be precluded if the result is incompatible with Swiss public policy. Also, certain mandatory provisions
of Swiss law may be applicable regardless of any other law that would otherwise apply.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Switzerland and the United
States do not have a treaty providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. The recognition
and enforcement of a judgment of the courts of the United States in Switzerland is governed by the principles set forth in the Swiss
Federal Act on Private International Law. This statute provides in principle that a judgment rendered by a non-Swiss court may be recognized
in Switzerland only if:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the non-Swiss court had jurisdiction
pursuant to the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the judgment of such non-Swiss
court has become final and non-appealable;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the judgment does not contravene
Swiss public policy;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">the court procedures and the
service of documents leading to the judgment were in accordance with the due process of law; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">no proceeding involving the
same position and the same subject matter was first brought in Switzerland, or adjudicated in Switzerland, or was earlier adjudicated
in a third state and this decision is recognizable in Switzerland.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Exchange rate fluctuations between the
U.S. dollar and the Swiss Franc may negatively affect our results.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under our existing agreements,
we make a significant number of payments in U.S. dollars, Swiss Francs and Euro. Since our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, financial
line items are converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates. As a result, changes and fluctuations in currency exchange
rates between the Swiss Franc, Euro the U.S. dollar could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>General Risk Factors</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We are a foreign private issuer within
the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public
companies, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our status as a foreign private
issuer exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of Nasdaq, including the proxy rules,
the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination
of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file current reports and financial
statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act
and we are exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the
requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency
and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are required to file an
annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a half-yearly
basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results
and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to
the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result,
you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic
issuer.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Raising additional capital would cause
dilution to our existing shareholders, and may affect the rights of existing shareholders.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In future, we may seek additional
capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing
arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership
interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder.
Future sales of our common shares or of securities convertible into our common shares, or the perception that such sales may occur, could
cause immediate dilution and adversely affect the market price of our common shares and the Warrants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Failure in our information technology systems,
including by cybersecurity attacks or other data security incidents, could significantly disrupt our operations.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our operations depend, in
part, on the continued performance of our information technology systems. Our information technology systems are potentially vulnerable
to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptions. Failure of our information technology systems could adversely
affect our business, profitability and financial condition. Although we have information technology security systems, a successful cybersecurity
attack or other data security incident could result in the misappropriation and/or loss of confidential or personal information, create
system interruptions, or deploy malicious software that attacks our systems. It is possible that a cybersecurity attack might not be
noticed for some period of time. The occurrence of a cybersecurity attack or incident could result in business interruptions from the
disruption of our information technology systems, or negative publicity resulting in reputational damage with our shareholders and other
stakeholders and/or increased costs to prevent, respond to or mitigate cybersecurity events. In addition, the unauthorized dissemination
of sensitive personal information or proprietary or confidential information could expose us or other third parties to regulatory fines
or penalties, litigation and potential liability, or otherwise harm our business.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>We may be subject to securities litigation,
which is expensive and could divert management attention.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In the past, companies that
have experienced volatility in the market price of their shares have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the
target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management&#8217;s
attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant
liabilities.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Sales of a substantial number of shares
of our common shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Sales of a substantial number
of our common shares in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common
shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect
that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common shares. In addition, shares held by our shareholders prior to our initial
public offering may be available for re-sale as the lock up period set forth in certain lock-up agreements executed by certain company
insiders relating to our initial public offering has expired. In addition, shares issued or issuable upon exercise of vested options
and exercised Warrants as of the expiration of the lock-up period are eligible for sale. Sales of shares by these shareholders could
have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>If securities or industry analysts do not
publish or cease publishing research reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations
or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares and Warrants, the trading prices of our shares and Warrants and trading
volume of our shares and Warrants could decline.</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The trading market for our
common shares and Warrants will be influenced by the research reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our
business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts
will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding
our shares and Warrants, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the trading price of our shares and
Warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our Company or fail to regularly publish reports
on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price of our shares and Warrants and
trading volume of our shares and Warrants to decline.</p><div>

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</div><div><a id="m_010"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_011"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. History and Development of the Company</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS was established on June
10, 2015 as a Swiss limited company. Our registered office is located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In 2016, we acquired several
patents from Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, or AP-HP, in France, including for our lead compound mazindol. Since our founding,
we have assembled an experienced leadership team with a track record of developing and repurposing products to treat rare neurological
disorders. Our Chief Executive Officer, Alexander Zwyer, has held a variety of senior leadership roles of increasing responsibility in
the pharmaceutical industry, including global roles in business development, marketing, commercial, operations and general management.
We complement our management team with a group of scientific and clinical advisors that includes internationally recognized North American
and European experts in CNS disorders, including the areas of our current focus, rare hypersomnolence (specifically, narcolepsy) and
complex neurodevelopmental disorders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our principal executive offices
are located The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, our general telephone number is (+41) 44 512 21 50 and our internet address
is www.nlspharma.com. The SEC also maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information
regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC are available to the public through the SEC&#8217;s
website at www.sec.gov. The information contained on our website and the SEC website or available through such websites is not incorporated
by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the references to websites in this annual
report on Form 20-F are inactive textual references only.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are an &#8220;emerging
growth company,&#8221; as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of
certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not &#8220;emerging growth companies&#8221;
such as not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain
an &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; for up to five years, or until the earliest of (a) the last day of the first fiscal year in
which our annual gross revenues exceeds $1.235 billion, (b) the date that we become a &#8220;large accelerated filer&#8221; as defined
in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds
$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (c) the date on which we have issued
more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the preceding three-year period.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are a foreign private
issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us
from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of Nasdaq, including the proxy rules, the short-swing
profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and
executive compensation. In addition, we are not required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with
the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In 2022, 2021 and 2020 our
capital expenditures amounted to $0, $39,560, and $0, respectively. Our current capital expenditures are primarily for software and office
furniture substantially all in Switzerland, and we expect to finance these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div><a id="m_012"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Business Overview</b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical
company focused on the discovery and development of innovative therapies for patients with rare and complex central nervous system, or
CNS, disorders with unmet medical needs. Our lead compound mazindol, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and partial orexin receptor
2 agonist, in a proprietary ER formulation, is being developed for the treatment of narcolepsy (lead indication), IH (follow-on indication)
and potentially ADHD (back-up indication). We believe that this unique mechanism of action will also enable Mazindol ER to provide potential
therapeutic benefit in other rare and complex CNS disorders. CNS disorders are a diverse group of conditions that include neurological,
psychiatric, and substance use disorders. According to the World Health Organization and based on data from the Global Burden of Disease
Report, CNS disorders result in a socio-economic burden of more than $317 billion annually in the United States alone. Additionally,
CNS disorders were expected to account for approximately 15% of the global disease burden in 2020, the largest of any disease area. However,
treatment options for these conditions are often limited, inadequate or non-existent, and the development of new CNS treatments generally
trails behind other therapeutic areas. We are pursuing the development of the next generation of CNS therapies with high medical impact
to address this critical and growing unmet need. Our dual development strategy is designed to optimize the outcome of our clinical programs
by developing new chemical entities, or NCE&#8217;s, from known molecules with strong scientific rationale, and also by re-defining previously
approved molecules with well-established tolerability and safety profiles, as determined by applicable regulatory agencies. We believe
that our streamlined clinical development approach has the potential to advance our product candidates rapidly through early-stage clinical
trials, while carrying an overall lower development risk. A lower development risk, we believe, exists with respect to the development
of our lead product candidate, Quilience, and follow-on product candidate, due to their use of mazindol as the active ingredient, which
was previously approved and marketed in the United States, Japan and Europe to manage exogenous obesity (obesity caused by overeating).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our discovery platform currently focuses on single molecules that operate
through multiple mechanisms designed to target the complexity of the CNS disease state, and, we believe these may potentially offer new
treatment options for patients, including for those patients who are refractory to currently available treatments. We recently announced
pre-clinical results of NLS-4, our next-generation wake-promoting drug candidate, for the chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, associated
with the symptoms of Long-COVID, also known as Chronic Fatigue caused by COVID -19 infection.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our current focus is in the
therapeutic areas of rare hypersomnia disorders (conditions highlighted by EDS) and complex neurodevelopmental disorders, and includes
our lead product candidate: Quilience, for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, and our follow-on candidate
Nolazol, for the treatment of IH. We initiated our clinical development with a Phase 2 clinical trial in the third quarter of 2021, in
adult patients with narcolepsy. We published positive interim top-line results from our Phase 2 clinical trial in March 2022. As a result,
we intend to apply for expedited development program(s) facilitated by the FDA, such as Breakthrough Therapy and/or Fast Track designations
and by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, such as PRIME. We have completed a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy
of Nolazol in adults with ADHD in the U.S. Although further clinical development of Nolazol in ADHD is on hold, given the positive outcome
of this trial, we may initiate Phase 3 clinical trials after we receive approval to commercialize Quilience. We also intend to seek FDA
and other regulatory approval for Nolazol for use in children with ADHD, which requires additional nonclinical work, as well as staged
clinical work in determining safe dosing and monitoring. In addition, following our current focus on the development of Quilience for
narcolepsy in adults, and if approved for marketing, we intend to seek a label expansion for the treatment of narcolepsy in pediatric
patients, which may require additional pre-clinical and clinical studies.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Quilience and Nolazol both
contain mazindol as the active ingredient in a proprietary controlled release, or CR, formulation developed for a once-a-day dosing.
Mazindol has a well-established safety record from its extended history of clinical use across the United States and several countries
in Europe, where mazindol was previously approved in an immediate release formulation for the short-term management of exogenous obesity.
It was marketed for nearly 30 years, into the early 2000&#8217;s, before being voluntarily withdrawn from the market for commercial reasons
and is no longer available nor marketed in these regions. In addition to the 30-year period in which it was marketed, mazindol was also
widely used off-label and prescribed under compassionate use for the treatment of narcolepsy for approximately four decades, during which
time it demonstrated a well-tolerated safety profile in patients over long-term, chronic use of the drug. We have entered into an agreement
with Novartis Pharma AG for the exclusive rights to mazindol in the U.S. and intend to use the toxicology, clinical safety and tolerability,
and CMC intellectual property from the mazindol NDA to support a marketing application for Mazindol ER for the treatment of narcolepsy.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We believe that our lead
product candidate, Quilience, offers a meaningfully differentiated product profile over current treatment options for the following reasons:</p><div>

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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Mechanism of action</i></b>.
If approved, Quilience would be the only partial orexin 2 receptor agonist approved by the FDA, as well as the only triple monoamine
reuptake inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is caused by a profound loss of orexin producing neurons
and a partial orexin 2 receptor agonist may help to replace the missing endogenous orexin peptide, addressing the underlying orexin deficiency
and reduce disease specific symptoms. In addition, its unique dual mechanism of action as also a monoamine triple reuptake inhibitor
further acts to reduce disease specific symptoms, offering patients a treatment option that may address simultaneously and in concert
the two primary symptoms of narcolepsy.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr>
    <td style="width: 0.5in"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Low potential for abuse and misuse and diversion</i></b>. Mazindol
    is a Schedule IV controlled substance as classified by the DEA. The DEA defines Schedule IV controlled substances as those &#8220;with
    a low potential for abuse and a low risk of dependence.&#8221; Unlike sodium oxybate (Xyrem), the top-selling medication for narcolepsy
    in the United States, historically mazindol never required a REMS to manage known or potential serious risks associated with its
    use.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Quilience is expected to be administered
    as a monotherapy. </i></b>Narcolepsy is a complex spectrum disorder to manage and even with available approved medications, the majority
    of narcolepsy patients often require multiple medications to treat their symptoms. According to the current treatment guidelines
    (initially published in 2007) of the AASM, approved medications for narcolepsy, at best, provide only moderate improvement in narcolepsy
    symptoms and their respective side effects may limit their use. The AASM specifically highlights that future investigations should
    be directed toward development of more effective and better tolerated therapies and primary prevention. The Voice of the Patient
    report from the FDA&#8217;s patient-focused drug development initiative, published in 2014, concluded that, based on the overall
    benefit-risk assessment of currently approved medications, there is a continued need for additional effective and tolerable treatment
    options for patients with narcolepsy. A retrospective analysis (Nittur et.al, Sleep Med. 2013 Jan;14(1):30-6) showed that mazindol
    has a long-term, favorable benefit/risk ratio in 60% of drug-resistant hypersomniacs, including a clear benefit on the two primary
    symptoms of narcolepsy, EDS and cataplexy.</span></td></tr>
</table><div>

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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Quilience is expected to have minimal drug
    interactions. </i></b>Based on the results of five in vitro metabolism studies, Mazindol ER has a very low potential for drug interactions
    In the lab, mazindol did not interact with any of the enzymes that metabolize drugs in humans. Its metabolism was also not influenced
    by any well-known enzyme inhibitors or stimulants. One of its metabolites (representing less than 12% of mazindol) showed some interactions
    with a minor metabolic enzyme named P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and this interaction will be further investigated in humans. Nevertheless,
    mazindol showed significantly less interactions with metabolic enzymes than any other narcolepsy treatment.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
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    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Quilience is being developed as a once-daily
    oral tablet administered in the morning upon wakening</i></b>. Patients have identified a need for treatment options that are easier
    to take, dosed less frequently, do not disrupt night-time sleeping and provide full day coverage of symptoms. We believe that once-daily
    dosing with Quilience may address this need and may help improve patient compliance and adherence with treatment. Quilience utilizes
    our proprietary extended-release formulation and is being designed to optimize its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties
    with a rapid onset of action and prolonged controlled therapeutic effect, allowing for a daily oral dose that effectively provides
    consistent and long-acting symptom control to uniquely meet the needs of patients.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Leveraging our scientific
insights and direct hands-on clinical experience, we are developing compounds that we believe have innovative mechanisms of action with
positive therapeutic profiles and represent a differentiated treatment option to overcome the limitations of the current therapies. For
example, Quilience and Nolazol are agents that differ significantly from available treatments in their apparent dual mechanism of action.
In addition to their action as a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor that blocks serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters,
they also target the orexin pathway as a selective (in relation to the orexin-1 receptor) partial agonist of the OX2R. This activity
could provide cortical regulation of the lower brain, and thereby lead to improved attention and inhibitory control, while also improving
regulation of executive function and inhibitory control which would provide both &#8220;top down&#8221; and &#8220;bottom up&#8221; regulation
of the brain. Orexin neurons (located in a part of the brain known as the hypothalamus) are multi-tasking neurons that serve as key modulators
to several vital functions, including sleep-wake states, attention, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and
mood throughout the cerebral cortex, and as such, the orexin system is a central promoter of wakefulness. A drug that targets orexin
could potentially increase arousal in individuals with ADHD, which could be useful in individuals who have a low level of arousal or
motivation, as is not infrequently the case in individuals with ADHD. To the best of our knowledge, no currently available medication
for ADHD or for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy, the two main symptoms associated with narcolepsy, has effects on the orexin system.
In addition to narcolepsy and ADHD, we believe that our product compound, Mazindol ER, may have therapeutic potential across a range
of diverse CNS conditions such as RLS, IH, OSA, Kleine-Levin-syndrome, daytime sleepiness due to myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) and
Prader Willi Syndrome, given the mechanism of action.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Relationship Between Narcolepsy and ADHD</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Narcolepsy and psychiatric
disorders have a significant but unrecognized relationship in which the two can coexist. However, narcolepsy is frequently misdiagnosed
initially as a psychiatric condition, contributing to the protracted time for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Narcolepsy is a disabling
neurological condition that carries a high risk for development of social and occupational dysfunction. Deterioration in function associated
with narcolepsy may lead to the secondary development of psychiatric symptoms and inversely, the development of psychiatric symptoms
can lead to the deterioration in function and quality of life. The overlap in treatments may further enhance the difficulty to distinguish
between diagnoses.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral
disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity with an estimated prevalence rate of approximately 4-12%
worldwide, as reported by the paper, &#8220;Understanding Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from Childhood to Adulthood,&#8221;
by Drs. Timothy E. Wilens and Thomas J. Spencer. On the surface, ADHD may appear to be the opposite of narcolepsy; however, there may
actually be significant clinical similarity between the two. Cumulative data about sleep problems in children and adolescents with ADHD
has shown that children with ADHD have had a higher rate of restless sleep, impaired sleep, and daytime sleepiness than children without
ADHD. However, it is unclear whether EDS in ADHD is due to nocturnal sleep disturbances or primary vigilance disorders because shorter
sleep onset latency is assessed by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, or MSLT (an objective physiologic measure of sleepiness), in ADHD,
rather than in the control group irrespective of the presence/absence of sleep disturbances.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On the other hand, problems
with sleep may represent an intrinsic component of ADHD. The presence of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with narcolepsy has
been found to be about two-fold higher than in the general control population and adults with narcolepsy have been found to have a much
greater likelihood of having a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood compared to the general control population. Hyperactivity seen in ADHD
may, in fact, be a compensatory response for individuals who are under-aroused or sleepy and ADHD symptoms contribute to poor quality
of life and increased frequency of depressive symptoms, similar to narcolepsy. To the best of our knowledge, almost all of the treatments
used in ADHD have mechanistic overlap with treatments used in narcolepsy for EDS and researchers suggest that the symptoms of EDS, fatigue,
and sleep fragmentation may be the cause for ADHD symptoms, which is consistent with similar findings in other hypersomnia disorders.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Business Strategy</i></b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our goal is to continue building
a differentiated, global biopharmaceutical company that is patient-focused on the development of transformative therapies that address
critical unmet needs in rare and complex CNS and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence (which include
narcolepsy as well as IH) and ADHD. As we navigate the competitive landscape of our industry, while focusing on development of our product
candidates, we also intend to continually seek out-licensing and asset sale transactions that we believe will allow us to drive greater
value for our shareholders. The key elements of our business strategy are to:</p><div>

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<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">globally develop Quilience
for narcolepsy in adults (lead project);</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">pursue new indications beyond
narcolepsy (e.g., Quilience in IH) (follow-on projects); and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">explore expansion of our growing
product pipeline either through in-house innovation or in-licensing.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Our Portfolio and Lead/Follow-On Product Candidates</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Quilience for Treatment of EDS and Cataplexy
in Narcolepsy (Lead Product Candidate)</b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Narcolepsy is a rare chronic
primary sleep disorder characterized by two main symptoms:</p><div>

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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration:underline">EDS</span>: This symptom is
the inability to stay awake or alert throughout the day and, in general, EDS interferes with normal activities on a daily basis, whether
or not a person with narcolepsy has sufficient sleep at night. People with EDS report mental cloudiness, lack of energy and concentration,
memory lapses, depressed mood, and/or extreme exhaustion.</span></td>
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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration:underline">Cataplexy</span>: This symptom
consists of a sudden loss of muscle tone that leads to muscle weakness and a loss of voluntary muscle control, while being fully conscious.
It can cause symptoms ranging from slurred speech to total body collapse, depending on the muscles involved, and is often triggered by
intense emotions such as surprise, laughter, or anger.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nearly all patients diagnosed
with narcolepsy require lifelong treatment to combat the daily and debilitating symptoms, yet, most continue to suffer because a large
portion remain undiagnosed and/or because of inadequate treatments. One FDA approved medication for both EDS and cataplexy associated
with narcolepsy, sodium oxybate franchise (Xyrem/Xywav), although marketed with significant limitations impeding its use, generated revenues
of over $1.8 billion in 2021 according to Jazz Pharmaceuticals&#8217; 2021 full year financial results issued on March 1, 2022. According
to a September 2021 report from Dun &amp; Bradstreet, the narcolepsy market generated $2.68 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach
$6.67 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.6% from 2020 to 2030.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As an agonist of the OX2R
and a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, we believe that Quilience reflects a scientifically supported mechanism of action to address
the shortcomings of the approved medications and the unmet needs of patients. Quilience is being designed as an oral, once-daily treatment,
intended for long-term use. Through the use of mazindol in Quilience and the expected benefits of our proprietary controlled-release
formulation, we hope that regulatory agencies will conclude that Quilience has a desirable balance of efficacy, safety and tolerability
to support marketing authorization.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We also anticipate developing
additional mazindol based ER product(s) for broader hypersomnia indications, such as IH, where there is a critical unmet need and no
currently approved treatments available, in addition to other disorders, such as neurocognitive disorders implicated by EDS.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Quilience has been granted
orphan drug designation by both the FDA and European Commission for the treatment of narcolepsy, and if approved for marketing in adults,
this designation is expected to provide 7 years and 10 years of market exclusivity in the United States and Europe, respectively, and
with the potential for additional market exclusivity, if and when further developed and approved in pediatrics (extended for an aggregate
of 7.5 years and 12 years in the United States and Europe, respectively). Additionally, we have been granted formulation patents in several
countries including the U.S., Europe, Canada and South Korea for our proprietary ER formulation, which provide patent protection through
2037.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">After obtaining an IND approval mid-2021, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical
trial in the third quarter of 2021 to evaluate Quilience as a once-daily monotherapy for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy, the primary
symptoms of narcolepsy. This proof-of-concept, or PoC, trial was conducted in approximately 20-25 specialized centers across the U.S.
and positive top-line results were announced on September 27, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a result of the subsequent open label extension, or OLE, interim
data results discussed more fully below, we intend to pursue an expedited development program with the FDA under the Breakthrough Therapy
and Fast Track designation programs, as well as potentially a similar program, PRIME, with the EMA. Collectively, these programs are designed
to expedite the development and review of drugs intended to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. We believe Quilience
may qualify for these programs based on (i) positive real-world evidence, namely, previous off-label use of Quilience&#8217;s active molecule,
mazindol, in treating narcolepsy, which was prescribed under France&#8217;s Authorization Treatment Use program for 17 years in patients
who failed to respond or could not tolerate the available approved treatments, (ii) its dual mechanism of action as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine
reuptake inhibitors, or SNDRI, and partial OX2R agonist, which we believe are crucial in addressing the underlying symptoms of both EDS
and cataplexy, providing a pharmacological profile targeting multiple CNS pathways, and (iii) the limited availability of treatments that
successfully treat both cataplexy and EDS in narcolepsy.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Additionally, we are planning
to leverage the demonstrated biological activity of the active molecule in Quilience to further expedite the clinical development, as
well as drawing on the data from our ADHD program to support our clinical development efforts of Quilience and the FDA&#8217;s previous
approval of mazindol (in its immediate release form in the pharmaceutical product &#8220;Sanorex&#174;,&#8221;
as manufactured and distributed by Novartis (through its Sandoz division) as safe in the management of exogenous obesity through the
505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. In March 2021, we entered into a license agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, whereby we obtained, on an
exclusive basis in the U.S., all of the available data referred to and included in the original NDA for Sanorex&#174; (mazindol) submitted
to the FDA in February 1972. The agreement encompasses all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability
and other chemistry manufacturing and controls data, formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active
substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies and periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the agreement, we have obtained
the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all territories outside of the U.S. except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the
Sanorex&#174; NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies in the licensed territories.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We believe that previous
off-label use of Quilience&#8217;s active molecule, mazindol, in treating narcolepsy, which was prescribed under a regulatory authorized
CUP in France for 17 years in patients who failed to respond or could not tolerate the available approved treatments, supports our development
of Quilience. We believe this positive real-world evidence in improving both EDS and reducing cataplexy demonstrates the potential for
Quilience to be a treatment for patients suffering from narcolepsy, and notably, also the potential to provide an alternative treatment
for patients who have not had a successful outcome with approved treatments, such as sodium oxybate, modafinil, methylphenidate-based,
and amphetamine-based products.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In most patients, narcolepsy
is caused by the permanent loss of orexin (also called hypocretin), which has been identified as the major regulator in the brain that
modulates the stability of the sleep-wake cycle. Individuals with narcolepsy often emphasize that their symptoms go beyond falling asleep
during the day and report feeling chronically tired, fatigued, or sleep deprived and also struggle with cognitive difficulties that interfere
with their ability to perform at work or school and devastating cataplexy attacks that can be debilitating and frightening. These impairments
are associated with an increased risk of accidents, trauma, and difficulties in maintaining personal relationships. The economic burden
of narcolepsy is also extensive and people with narcolepsy have above-average rates of health care visits, medication use, and unemployment,
and those employed have lower income levels. According to the Narcolepsy Network, narcolepsy affects an estimated 1 in every 2,000 people
in the United States, which equates to 150,000 to 200,000 patients in the United States and 3 million worldwide; however, it is estimated
that only 25% of those living with narcolepsy have been diagnosed and are receiving treatment. Most people with narcolepsy begin having
symptoms in their teenage years, but the diagnosis is usually not made until adulthood, suggesting that narcolepsy is both an underdiagnosed
and an undertreated disorder. According to the August 2018 National Know Narcolepsy Survey, most narcolepsy patients remain unsatisfied
on current treatments.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">While symptomatic improvement
is possible, patients&#8217; needs are usually not met and the therapeutic effects of the currently approved treatments remain inadequate
for most patients, including lack of symptom control, variable efficacy, rebound sleepiness and rebound cataplexy, troublesome side effects,
inconvenience, and high potential for abuse. Given the considerable burden of the condition, the adverse effects on the health of narcolepsy
patients, and the limitations of available medications, there is a critical unmet need for additional treatment options. Quilience is
a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, a SNDRI and partial agonist of the OX2R that may mimic the natural sleep-wake process by activating
and further enhancing the brain mechanisms that promote and regulate wakefulness. We believe Quilience may bridge this considerable treatment
gap and that the current narcolepsy landscape may provide an opportunity to establish ourselves as a leader in this space.&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Real-World Evidence in Narcolepsy</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The use of real-world evidence
may improve the quality and efficiency of clinical development and clinical trial design, with the potential to accelerate the development
of therapies that may provide meaningful benefits to patients. Real-world evidence is the analysis of real-world data, which can originate
from sources such as CUPs, and may provide a more complete picture of patient experience to inform patient-focused drug development,
and support the advancement of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to support a marketing application.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">While no longer commercially
available in the United States or Europe, the active molecule in Quilience, mazindol, was previously widely used off-label and for several
decades for the treatment of narcolepsy. Additionally, it was prescribed under a long-term CUP administered and regulated by ANSM (&#8220;L&#8217;agence
nationale de s&#233;curit&#233; du medicament et des produits de sant&#233;&#8221;), the national agency in France responsible
for overseeing the safety of medicines and health products, helping to address the unmet needs of patients who did not initially respond,
later failed or were unable to tolerate the approved available treatments, such as modafinil, methylphenidate, sodium oxybate, and amphetamine-based
products. This CUP ran for 17 years, ended in 2016 due to unavailability of the product, and more than 200 patients with narcolepsy who
were refractory to available treatments were prescribed mazindol for the treatment of EDS and/or cataplexy.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A retrospective, multi-center,
observational study of this real-world data, financed by the French Health Ministry, and conducted in part by certain members of our
team and members of our Scientific Advisory Board (prior to their work with us), was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety
of mazindol in real-world, clinical practice. A total of 94 patients with narcolepsy, and suffering from cataplexy, including adults
and children, with a mean 30 months of treatment exposure were included in the analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of mazindol on
improving EDS. Mazindol noticeably improved EDS (p&lt;0.0001), as measured by the ESS, a validated patient-reported measure of the patients&#8217;
recent likelihood of falling asleep in everyday activities and is the same primary outcome measure widely used in other narcolepsy-related
Phase 3 clinical trials. An analysis was also performed assessing the effectiveness of mazindol in controlling cataplexy in 62 patients
and demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of cataplexy episodes (p&lt;0.0001). The ESS score before mazindol
was 18.0 &#177; 3.1 and decreased to 13.6 &#177; 5 after mazindol, for a change of -4.2 (p&lt;0.0001). In addition, the change in
weekly cataplexy rate before and after mazindol changed from 4.6 &#177; 3.1 (before mazindol) to 2.0 &#177; 2.8 after mazindol (for
a change of -2.7) (p&lt;0.0001).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This retrospective study
with analysis of real-world data, provides positive real-world evidence that the treatment was well-tolerated and effective, in terms
of improvement in EDS and the reduction in cataplexy events, with a conclusion of an overall positive benefit-risk ratio in the majority
of patients. In their report concluding the results of the study (Nittur et.al, Sleep Med. 2013 Jan;14(1):30-6), the researchers found
that Mazindol has a long-term, favorable benefit/risk ratio in 60% of drug-resistant hypersomniacs, including a clear benefit on cataplexy
and that the data, taken altogether, suggest that mazindol has a major effect on sleepiness, possibly greater than that of modafinil
(Provigil).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Narcolepsy Overview and Market Opportunity</i></b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Narcolepsy is the inability
to stay awake and arises from the dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and in most individuals is thought to be caused by an immune
system mediated destruction of brain cells that contain orexin. Orexin is a neuropeptide and is critical to the maintenance of wakefulness,
continuity of sleep and coordination of the timing and features of REM sleep. Narcolepsy is often debilitating and incapacitating for
those affected and with no known cure, it usually requires life-long symptomatic treatment. Narcolepsy symptoms significantly interfere
with and cause a negative impact on cognitive, psychological and social functioning and can greatly affect daily activities.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The clinical hallmark of
narcolepsy is EDS, which is present in all narcolepsy patients and is generally the first symptom to occur. EDS manifests as sudden irresistible
bouts of sleep throughout the day, which can strike at any time, leading to inadvertently falling asleep during a variety of situations,
such as while at work or at school, when having a conversation, playing a game, eating a meal, or, most dangerously, when driving or
operating other types of machinery. A prominent and distinctive symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy, which occurs in approximately 70%
of those patients with narcolepsy. Although the severity of cataplexy is variable, it can be very frightening and usually causes additional
disability. In addition to cataplexy, individuals with narcolepsy may also have symptoms indicative of altered REM sleep. REM sleep is
normally characterized by dreaming and muscle paralysis that prevents an individual from acting out their dreams. In narcolepsy however,
REM sleep can occur at any time of day and elements of REM sleep can mix into wake, manifesting as cataplexy, hallucinations that occur
when going to sleep or upon waking, and sleep paralysis, a transitional state between wakefulness and sleep in which one is aware but
cannot move, speak, or react.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Narcolepsy is classified
into two subtypes, narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2. Type 1 is characterized by cataplexy or an undetectable or low level of orexin
in the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. In type 2, patients generally have less severe symptoms and do not experience cataplexy attacks.
The underlying cause of narcolepsy type 2 is unknown and many patients have normal CSF orexin levels; however, 25% of patients with narcolepsy
type 2 do have intermediate CSF orexin levels and these individuals are more likely to develop cataplexy and subsequently be diagnosed
with narcolepsy type&#160;1.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Cataplexy is a symptom that
occurs almost exclusively in people with narcolepsy type 1, so its presence strongly suggests this diagnosis. However, cataplexy can
sometimes be subtle or mild, making additional testing sometimes necessary, with the diagnosis depending on ruling out causes of secondary
hypersomnia and performing an overnight sleep test with MSLT. On the MSLT, it takes less than eight minutes on average for people with
narcolepsy type 1 to fall asleep, and REM sleep is observed on at least two naps. People with narcolepsy type 2 show the same results
on MSLT as those with cataplexy.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to EDS, cataplexy
and other symptoms of altered REM sleep, people with narcolepsy type 1 are prone to gain significant weight, which may be due to the
loss of orexin. Soon after narcolepsy onset, children can rapidly gain 5-15 kg (approximately 11 to 33 pounds) and adults with type 1
are often overweight or obese, despite normal caloric intake and activity levels. Given that the active molecule in Quilience was previously
approved for the management of exogenous obesity and its multifunctional mechanism of action targets two pathways known to be implicated
in obesity, Quilience may also help to counter this negative effect of weight gain associated with narcolepsy.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Recently, we received a granted
patent (U.S. Patent No. 11207271), from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office which covers oral formulations containing immediate-release
and sustained-release layers of mazindol and their use in the treatment of attention deficit disorders (ADD or ADHD), related deficit
of alertness or decline in vigilance, or EDS (e.g., narcolepsy, IH).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The patent has a term that
expires no earlier than March 2037. Based on its current clinical development plans to obtain regulatory approval, we intend to list
the patent in FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, or Orange Book, if it receives market approval.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In January 2023, we announced
the new in vitro study results demonstrating the agonist effect of Mazindol ER at the Orexin-2 Receptor (OX2R). Two identical studies
measuring differing concentrations of Mazindol ER confirmed significant OX2R partial agonist activity at 30&#956;M or higher. Notably,
findings show that Mazindol ER showed strong OX2R partial agonist activity by cellular and nuclear receptor functional assays. Results
showed pEC50 (a logarithm measure of drug potency expressing a concentration that is effective in producing 50% of the maximal response)
values of 4.7 to 5 for mazindol on the OX2R, indicating a strong OX2R partial agonist. Additional pre-clinical in vivo studies are currently
underway to confirm OX2R activity. A pilot study in OXR2 KO mice animal model compared favorably with investigational drug, TAK-925,
an orexin 2 receptor agonist. Supplementary studies to further characterize OX2R activity as well as activity at OX1R are planned for
the first half of 2023. NLS Pharmaceutics plans to present the study results at a scientific meeting later this year.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Prevalence</i></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">According to the European
Narcolepsy Network, narcolepsy affects only 20 to 40 out of every 100,000 people; however, it is estimated that only one out of four
people living with narcolepsy have been properly diagnosed. Although it usually has an early age of onset during the adolescent years,
a diagnostic delay that often exceeds 10 years from the time of symptom onset suggests that narcolepsy is both under diagnosed and under
treated. This delay may result from several factors, including lack of clinician and patient recognition of the signs and symptoms of
narcolepsy and leading to multiple physician visits before receiving a diagnosis, as well as misdiagnosis of narcolepsy as another condition,
such as epilepsy, depression, or ADHD, which further delays treatment.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Current Treatment Landscape and Treatment
Limitations</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Until a cure is available,
the current treatment of narcolepsy focuses on symptom control, with the goal of keeping the patient alert during the day, primarily
by improving EDS and minimizing the occurrence of cataplexy. More than 90% of individuals with narcolepsy require chronic use of medication
to manage symptoms, in order to allow for important everyday activities to be performed safely, such as attending school, going to work
and caring for a child.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The current available treatment
options require the careful balancing of the drug&#8217;s efficacy, convenience of administration, development of drug tolerance, adverse
effects, comorbidities, monitoring for evidence of drug abuse, and new life circumstances, such as school, pregnancy and parenthood.
In narcolepsy, several classes of drugs are used for the treatment of EDS, including a CNS depressive agent, wake-promoting agents, a
histamine 3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, and CII controlled stimulants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) is
the legally manufactured form of gamma hydroxybutyrate, an illicit drug of abuse. It was the first FDA approved treatment for cataplexy
and is also approved for EDS, and as such, is often used as a first-line therapeutic. While it has been reported to have a positive impact
for patients, sodium oxybate also has many challenges with significant limitations that can often impede its use. As a severe CNS depressant
with a rapid onset of sedation with both hypnotic and amnestic effects, it is abused to incapacitate victims for sexual assault. Sodium
oxybate is a CIII controlled drug and with the potential for an adverse outcome, it is further subject to higher CI controls for abuse
and is only available through an FDA imposed restricted-access REMS program. It carries a Black Box warning for respiratory depression
and abuse, which can lead to seizures, decreased consciousness, coma and death, and at doses lower than those used to treat narcolepsy.
The occurrence of experiencing adverse effects is more common with sodium oxybate compared to other medications used in narcolepsy and
adverse effects, even at recommended doses, include nausea, confusion, CNS and respiratory depression, neuropsychiatric depression and
confusion, bed-wetting, sleepwalking, automatic behaviors, and involuntary movements. Sodium oxybate has a short half-life and is administered
in a split dose, once at bedtime and again two and a half to four hours later, which can be difficult for patients to manage. In addition,
generally, an extensive titration period is required, which can take upwards of seven months to achieve a complete optimal response.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Many patients with narcolepsy
have cardiovascular risk concerns, including hypertension, and treatment with sodium oxybate contributes 1,100-1,640 milligrams, or mg,
to an individual&#8217;s daily sodium intake, in comparison to a total daily intake of 1,500 mg as recommended by the American Heart
Association. Additionally, life-style changes are also often needed when being treated with sodium oxybate, including the avoidance of
alcohol and other medications that may cause sedation and due to its profound sedation and hypotonic effects, a change in living arrangements
may be needed if living alone or the need to seek different and multiple treatment options when becoming a parent. Yet, despite these
severe limitations, sodium oxybate (Xyrem) continues to be the market leader in the United States.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Our Solution: Quilience for Narcolepsy
- A Well-Suited Approach for the Disease Pathology</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Narcolepsy is a debilitating
neurological disorder and the currently available treatment options are not considered sufficiently effective for most patients. This
is highlighted by the results of the recent 2018 <i>&#8220;Know Narcolepsy Survey,&#8221;</i> conducted by Versta Research, that emphasizes
the continuing and substantial burden of narcolepsy with an astonishing 88% of patients indicating that their current treatments are
not effectively managing their symptoms, while 94% and 93% stated that new treatment options are needed and expressed frustration with
current treatment options, respectively.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Quilience has a mechanism
of action that is distinct from existing and emerging therapies and we believe that, if approved, Quilience may represent a substantial
improvement to existing treatments. Mazindol&#8217;s mechanism of action, which may restore orexin signaling in the brain and further
enhance monoamine availability in promoting wakefulness and reducing cataplexy has the potential to be a breakthrough treatment and thereby
offering a significant treatment advancement. Furthermore, in November 2019, the Swiss Narcolepsy Network endorsed Quilience as a potential
novel treatment of narcolepsy. The Swiss Narcolepsy Network stated that its decision is based on several decades of highly promising
off-label use and compassionate use of mazindol in patients with narcolepsy.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Quilience Label Expansion</i></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Following our current focus
on the development of Quilience for narcolepsy in adults, and if approved for marketing, we intend to seek a label expansion for the
treatment of narcolepsy in pediatric patients, which may require additional nonclinical and clinical studies. We are also aiming to develop
Quilience for the treatment of IH, a rare and chronic hypersomnia disorder for which there is currently no effective or approved treatments
available. Its hallmark symptom is chronic EDS and a craving to sleep during the day, regardless of how many hours slept at night, which
results in such persons taking daytime naps that are usually long and not refreshing. Individuals with IH struggle to wake, despite setting
multiple alarms and may have difficulty rising from bed, called sleep inertia. Sleep inertia also includes feelings of grogginess upon
waking and can result in impaired alertness and interfere with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks. Similar to narcolepsy,
people with IH may also suffer from hallucinations and sleep paralysis when going to bed or upon waking.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The active molecule in Quilience
was also prescribed under compassionate use for the treatment of IH, providing positive real-world evidence of its benefit in improving
EDS specifically in patients with IH. We have received orphan drug designation from both the FDA and the European Commission for the
treatment of IH and this designation is expected to provide us initially with 7 years and 10 years of market exclusivity in the United
States and Europe, respectively. Additionally, the recently granted patent for a proprietary modified-release formulation, provides patent
protection through 2037 in the United States.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Quilience Development Program</i></b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We initiated a Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled
clinical trial in adult patients with narcolepsy in the third quarter of 2021 and concluded the trial in the third quarter of 2022. The
primary endpoint of the study was the change from baseline in EDS, as measured by the ESS. The key secondary endpoint is the change from
baseline in the weekly number of cataplexy attacks in the anticipated subset of patients with cataplexy. The trial design is shown below:</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_002.jpg"/></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The trial was being conducted in 21 clinics in the U.S. and enrolled
67 patients with both narcolepsy Type 1 and Type 2, who received treatment with either 3mg of Quilience (Mazindol ER) once daily or placebo.
Patients in the trial were randomized 1:1 into each treatment arm. All patients who completed the Phase 2 study, named POLARIS, were eligible
to participate in the OLE study and continued once-a-day treatment with Mazindol ER 3 mg for up to six months as monotherapy (no concomitant
wake-promoting or anti-cataplexy treatments were allowed). On January 30, 2023, we announced that 87% of patients who completed the POLARIS
Phase 2 study requested to continue monotherapy treatment with Mazindol ER in the six-month OLE study rather than transition to other
therapies and had achieved its final patient visit.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In September 2022, we announced
top-line data relating to our Phase 2 clinical trial for the use of Mazindol ER in patients with narcolepsy. Of the 60 patients targeted
for full enrollment in the U.S. Phase 2 trial (Study NLS-1021), 67 were randomized and completed the study for the final analysis. The
final database included 33 patients on treatment and 34 patients on placebo, with balanced mean baseline ESS scores (17.9 for treatment
and 18.0 for placebo). Approximately one-third of patients enrolled in the interim analysis were diagnosed with narcolepsy type 1, or
NT1, and suffer from both EDS and cataplexy symptoms. Eligible NT1 patients must have moderate to severe disease according to the study
protocol - defined as having more than 3-4 cataplexy attacks per week. Study participants on treatment were required to undergo a 1-2-week
wash out period (depending on prior therapy). After the wash out period, participants are randomized to receive either once-daily treatment
with Mazindol ER 2mg for week 1 and 3mg for weeks 2-4, or placebo for 4 weeks.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For EDS, the trial&#8217;s primary
endpoint, the ESS least squares, or LS, means change from baseline to each visit and the standard error (SE) of Quilience&#174; (NLS-2)
versus placebo were all statistically significant at week 1 -4.3 (1.13) versus -1.1 (1.06) (p=0.0055), at week 2 -4.7 (1.14) versus -1.3
(1.06) (p=0.0035), at week 3 -5.0 (1.18) versus -1.6 (1.09) (p=0.0045), and at week 4 -5.8 (1.23) versus -2.1 (1.14) (-6.26, -1.15; p=0.0045).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Observed Mean Change from
Baseline in ESS:</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_003.jpg"/></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The change from baseline
to Week 4 in total number of cataplexy episodes decreased over time in both treatment groups. While the change from Baseline to Week
4 in Total Weekly Cataplexy Episodes was larger in the Mazindol ER group (mean [SD] &#8211;14.3 [9.50]) than in the placebo group (&#8211;6.1
[6.30]), there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.23) due to smaller sample size (only ~1/3 of the
study population were NT1 patients).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Observed Mean Change from
Baseline in Weekly Cataplexy Episodes:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_004.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The treatment arms were balanced
in terms of patient demographics, baseline levels, and disease characteristics. Quilience&#174; was well-tolerated and no safety concerns
were identified. No serious adverse events were reported. With regard to the reduction in cataplexy attacks in narcolepsy Type 1 patients
(NT1), a key secondary endpoint, Quilience&#174; consistently outperformed placebo at all time points. In the trial&#8217;s OLE study, 87% of
patients including those with NT1, elected to rollover and receive Quilience&#174; for up to 6 months as a monotherapy</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Mazindol ER was generally
safe and well-tolerated in the recently completed Phase 2 trial. There were 66 patients in the Safety Population (all patients who received
mazindol). Treatment emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, were reported by 48.5% (16/34) of patients receiving Mazindol ER and 23.5% (8/33)
of patients receiving placebo. There were no unexpected adverse events. There were zero severe and zero serious TEAEs reported for either
the placebo or the Mazindol ER groups. In addition, zero patients discontinued Mazindol ER due to TEAEs. The most common TEAEs for the
Mazindol ER group was dry mouth (21.2% [7/34]) followed by nausea (9.1% [3/34]), and decreased appetite (9.1% [3/34]). The most common
TEAEs for the placebo group were split equally among dry mouth (2.9% [1/34]), urinary tract infection, (2.9% [1/34]), and headache (2.9%
[1/34]). Other than an expected reduction in body weight and a moderate increase in heart rate (~11.3 bpm), there were no other significant
ECG, labs, or vital signs changes on mazindol versus placebo.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_005.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, patients that
participated in our Phase 2 trial were able to participate in our OLE study. The OLE study enabled patients completing the randomized
controlled trial to access treatment with Mazindol ER without any background stimulant and/or anti-cataplexy treatment for up to 6 months.
As of the data collection date for the Phase 2 interim analysis (November 7, 2022), of the 60 patients who completed the randomized controlled
Phase 2 trial, 52 patients (or 87% of completers) elected to roll over into the OLE study. Patients treated with Quilience&#174; in the
randomized Phase 2 trial continued to improve after rolling over into the OLE study. Placebo patients in the randomized Phase 2 trial
who received Quilience&#174; in the OLE study achieved comparable results to treated patients in the Phase 2 trial. Safety and tolerability
of Quilience&#174; were similar between the randomized trial and OLE study.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For patients treated with
Quilience&#174; in the randomized Phase 2 trial, EDS based on the ESS improved by an additional 1.8 points in the OLE study by the fourth
month of treatment (double-blind and OLE treatment combined). At that timepoint, the mean ESS score for these patients reached 9.2, with
lower scores denoting an improvement in the condition (improved wakefulness). Importantly, ESS scores of 10 or below are considered to
be typical scores for patients without narcolepsy. As an extension of the 4-week randomized treatment period in the Phase 2 trial, these
data indicate that maximum efficacy for EDS with Quilience&#174; is reached at approximately 3 months of treatment. Overall, the mean
score for these patients declined by approximately 8.7 points from their baseline levels at the start of the randomized Phase 2 trial
to month 3 in the OLE study.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_006.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For patients that received
placebo in the DB Phase 2 trial and rolling over to receive Quilience&#174; in the OLE study, EDS scores declined to levels comparable
to those treated with Quilience&#174; in the randomized trial at Week 4. This effect was maintained through month 3 in the OLE study,
with EDS scores just above the &#8220;normal&#8221; range.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->50<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For patients diagnosed with
cataplexy and treated with Quilience&#174; in the randomized Phase 2 trial, the mean number of weekly cataplexy episodes was approximately
8 at the end of the 4-week DB period, down from a baseline level of approximately 17.5 at the beginning of the trial. During the OLE
study, mean weekly cataplexy episodes for these patients declined to 2.1, and remained relatively stable in the 2 to 4 range through
week 12.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_007.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Notably, there were patients
diagnosed with Narcolepsy Type I who achieved zero weekly cataplexy episodes in the OLE study, with some of those maintaining this effect
through week 12 and beyond. Below is an example of one of those patients:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_008.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Given the success of our
Phase 2 clinical trial, we intend to commence a Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel study in adult patients
with narcolepsy type 1 and type 2, subject to receiving authorization to proceed into Phase 3 development.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Additional clinical studies may be required for regulatory approval
necessary to commercialize Quilience, such as clinical pharmacology studies, and, if needed, we intend to conduct these studies in parallel
with our Phase 3 program, subject to agreement with the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities. On March 29, 2023, we met with
the FDA for a post-Phase 2 meeting. We are awaiting the official meeting minutes from the FDA wherein we will review the proposed regulatory
path. We currently expect to commence a Phase 3 program in mid-2023.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On May 2, 2023, we announced
that the FDA provided authorization to proceed with the Phase 3 clinical program (AMAZE) for Quilience&#174; (Mazindol ER). The AMAZE Program
will encompass two double-blind Phase 3 trials (N=50 each) investigating Mazindol ER versus placebo in adult patients with narcolepsy,
commencing in the third quarter of 2023 at multiple sites in the U.S.</p><div>

</div><p style="margin: 0pt 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Both phase 3 trials, NLS-1031 and NLS-1032, will measure the weekly
cataplexy episodes as the primary endpoint over eight weeks of treatment. Patients who complete these studies will be offered participation
in a 12-month OLE study (Study NLS-1033). To be eligible for enrollment into the program, patients must be at least 18 years of age and
have been diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We intend to submit the NDA
for Quilience under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDA. This NDA pathway was created, in part, to help avoid unnecessary duplication of studies,
including preclinical studies, already performed on an existing or previously approved drug. An NDA submitted pursuant to Section 505(b)(2)
is one that relies, at least partially, upon data that a company does not own or have a right of reference to, including published literature.
A 505(b)(2) application may also rely upon the FDA&#8217;s finding of safety and/or efficacy of a previously approved drug, and as such,
we intend to rely, in part, on the FDA&#8217;s previous findings of safety of the listed drug. If successful, our preclinical and clinical
programs may potentially be streamlined and/or reduced. To license the innovator data, we entered into an agreement with Novartis in
March 2021 to obtain all preclinical and clinical data for studies previously conducted on mazindol by Novartis. This data may potentially
provide us another avenue to streamline and/or reduce the costs of our preclinical and clinical programs. Our ability to rely on the
FDA&#8217;s previous findings of safety studies published in the scientific literature, and the extent to which licensed innovator data
may be utilized will depend on our ability to demonstrate a scientific bridge to Quilience. We intend to meet with the FDA, and other
regulatory agencies such as the EMA, to discuss about our proposed development program and obtain further feedback and agreement on the
various program elements required to support approval of Quilience.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may apply for entrance
into an expedited development program(s) facilitated by the FDA, such as Breakthrough Therapy and/or Fast Track designation. The Breakthrough
Therapy designation program is designed to expedite the development and review of drugs which may demonstrate substantial improvement
over available treatments, and the Fast-Track designation program is designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of
drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. We believe that Quilience has the potential to meet the requirements
for one or more of these programs and, if granted, one or more of these designations, we anticipate the potential for an expedited development
program to be applied in collaboration with the FDA.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In November 2022, we launched
the Named Patient Program, or NPP, to provide access to Mazindol ER for the treatment of IH where this medication would not otherwise
be available for this indication in certain countries. The NPP for IH was launched in the United Kingdom and we expect to expand to other
countries. We partnered with a third-party pharmaceutical company to expand access, early access and compassionate use programs to provide
treatment of IH with Mazindol ER where it would otherwise not be available.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In January 2023, we announced
a technology patent grant covering Mazindol ER for treatment of ADHD and IH in Hong Kong. This further supports our global strategy with
key patents granted the following major markets: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the U.S., Europe &amp; Canada.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have successfully launched
NPP and secured additional patent grants, that coupled with successfully entering into other expedited development programs, could allow
Quilience to reach the market and patients sooner.<b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Compassionate Use Objectives in CDH<sup>1
</sup>in Europe</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">While &#8220;compassionate
use&#8221; originally was understood to imply that the drug product is supplied for free, there is a growing understanding with policymakers,
payers and patient organizations, that paid-for CUPs are justifiable. In Europe and other regions of the world (excluding the United
States), it is recognized that CUP funding can provide an early source of biopharma revenues and incentivize the increased availability
of potentially transformative treatments, especially for rare disorders and orphan diseases. Given the extensive therapeutic experience
with mazindol, including off-label in narcolepsy patients, we believe that there is ample precedence to justify a funded CUP in selected
European countries for a defined group of patients.</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We intend to conduct either
or both a cohort program and a named patient program, or NPP, each of which is highlighted below in a variety of European countries.
Although we have yet to determine which countries, we will initiate CUPs in first, our current plan is to target the following countries
in the following priorities (priority in each wave has yet to be determined):</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">First Wave: United Kingdom,
Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Second Wave: Latin America,
the Czech Republic, Denmark and Spain; and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Third Wave: China, Germany,
Austria, Japan, Sweden and Taiwan.</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Rule-Page --><div style="width: 25%"><div style="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1.5pt solid">&#160;</div></div><!-- Field: /Rule-Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><sup>[1]</sup> Central Disorders
of Hypersomnolence (including but not limited to narcolepsy type 1 / type 2, IH, etc.)</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>



</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_009.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to the potential
benefit of generating revenues before Quilience market authorization from the regulatory agencies, the collection of data within the
CUP is a key potential benefit for the overall Quilience evidence generation strategy, as we believe that a CUP program for Quilience
would:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">complement the clinical data
package for regulatory submissions;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">support primary regulatory
approvals with longer-term follow up effectiveness and safety data and patient lived experience evidence;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">support label expansions in
broader populations than included in the Quilience late state trials (e.g., in juvenile narcolepsy);</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">potentially accelerate regulatory
approval in China if we were to seek regulatory approval for Quilience;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">enhance the evidence package
for market access and pricing and reimbursement;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">provide qualitative live-experience
data and information on the unmet needs from the patient (and caregiver) perspective that may contextualize the net therapeutic benefits
offered by Quilience within the narcolepsy management paradigm;</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">bridge patients from the end
of Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials to commercialization (assure continued patient access);</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">allow us to generate hypotheses
for label expansions in broader populations (as compared to clinical trials);</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">allow us to leverage real-world
and patient-centric data collected (board populations, quality of life, satisfaction); and</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
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</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">allow us to professionally
address patient and physician requests (formal published policy and process).</span></td>
</tr></table><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to these potential
benefits of a CUP program for Quilience, commercial objectives of such a program would include the ability to (i) generate pre-licensing
revenues in selected countries, (ii) receive post-authorization revenues in non-priority countries for commercial use, (iii) potentially
establish an early market presence with a key opinion lead, and center of excellence strategy and (iv) more rapid revenue uptake (than
a non-CUP program) upon commercial availability (patients already on product and treated).</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Nolazol for the Treatment of ADHD (Back-up
Program Product Candidate)</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nolazol is a triple monoamine
reuptake inhibitor and orexin receptor-2 partial agonist and its unique pharmacological profile is expected to yield import benefits
compared to existing treatments of ADHD. Enhancing the function of the three neurotransmitters well-known to be implicated in ADHD, norepinephrine,
dopamine and serotonin, along with its activity on the orexin-2 receptor, Nolazol may produce an optimal reduction in ADHD symptoms over
available treatments.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nolazol is supported by a
positive pilot clinical trial with mazindol in 24 children with ADHD and a positive Phase 2 clinical trial in 85 adults with ADHD. The
Phase 2 clinical trial in adults met all primary and secondary study endpoints and was well-tolerated. A robust effect on ADHD symptoms
was demonstrated with a large placebo-adjusted effect size of 1.09 in the investigator-rated ADHD symptom scores.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Although more than 25 different
products have been approved by the FDA since 1937 for the treatment of ADHD, many of which are no longer available, there still continues
to be a large treatment gap with no optimal treatment currently available. Physicians, patients and their caregivers press for improved
treatment options to address key shortcomings with currently available treatments, including the need for a more tolerable safety profile,
more consistent efficacy with no rebound effect, and the need for lower risk of abuse, dependence, and misuse. Currently, doctors, patients,
and caregivers must choose between treatments that may be effective, but come with significant safety liabilities, such as high potential
for abuse and risk of diversion coupled with tight restrictions on writing and filling prescriptions; or treatments that are unscheduled,
but are also typically less effective. We are seeking to develop Nolazol such that, if approved for marketing, it could be the drug product
to close this treatment gap and address this unmet medical need.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Given the positive outcome
of our Phase 2 trial in ADHD, we may initiate Phase 3 clinical trials if we receive FDA&#8217;s green light to proceed at a later stage.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ADHD Overview and Market Opportunity</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.3in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental
disorder affecting children, adolescents and adults and is characterized by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
and is associated with clinically significant impairments in executive functioning. In addition, ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed
neurodevelopmental disorders in school-age children and it often persists into adulthood. It is characterized by symptoms of inattention
and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, and affects cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional, and social functioning. An estimated 8.4% of
children and 5% of adults in the United States have a current diagnosis of ADHD, and if left untreated can lead to poor occupational
and psychosocial outcomes. In the United States, the research firm IBISWorld has reported that the ADHD market is currently worth $9.7
billion and projected to reach a market value of $14.4 billion in 2023. Furthermore, based on a report by Grand View Research, Inc.,
ADHD is the 12<sup>th </sup>most prevalent therapeutic indication for dispensed prescriptions and is predicted to grow at a 6.4% compounded
annual growth rate until 2030. Despite their CII classification and black box warnings and safety liabilities, revenues of the market
leader Vyvanse, as reported by Shire, were $2.5 billion in 2019, and revenues of the leading methylphenidate product Concerta (Johnson
&amp; Johnson) were $622 million in 2020, as reported by Johnson &amp; Johnson. Furthermore, based on a report from LifeSci Capital,
it is estimated that CNS stimulants - amphetamine and methylphenidate containing products, represent approximately 90% of all ADHD drug
sales.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Across the lifespan, ADHD
may impede cognitive functioning as well as mental health and development and can have a significant social impact on patient&#8217;s
lives, causing disruption at school, work, and in relationships and can also be associated with risk-taking or criminal behavior and
other far-reaching effects on wider society. Over the past eight years, ADHD diagnoses have increased 30% in the United States, a trend
indicating the need to focus on the diagnosis and treatment for a growing number of patients.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, or the CDC, reported that 6.1 million, or 9.4%, of children and adolescents in the United States have ever been diagnosed
with ADHD and 5.4 million, or 8.4%, have a current diagnosis, and 62% take medication, while 47% receive behavioral therapy and 23% receive
no treatment at all. Furthermore, the CDC reported in 2019 that among children aged 2-5 only 18% are receiving ADHD medication, in contrast
to 60-70% of children aged 6-17. Additionally, ADHD is the second most impactful condition affecting children and adolescent health in
the United States, as measured by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Health Index, and children diagnosed with ADHD struggle with paying attention,
controlling impulses and being overly active. Social skills in children with ADHD often are significantly impaired. Problems with inattention
may limit opportunities to acquire social skills or to attend to social cues necessary for effective social interaction, making it difficult
to form friendships. Hyperactive and impulsive behaviors may result in peer rejection. The negative consequences of impaired social function,
such as poor self-esteem, increased risk for depression and anxiety, may be long standing.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Once believed to only affect
children and adolescents, ADHD is now well understood to be a lifespan disorder that persists into adulthood in up to 65% of patients
affecting 1 out of 30 adults worldwide, as disclosed by the ADHD Institute, an educational platform developed and funded by Takeda, and,
based on our own assessments of data from the U.S. census Bureau, there are approximately 11 million adults in the United States with
ADHD. Research firm GlobalData reported that since 2015, the adult ADHD market has become larger and begun growing at a faster rate than
the pediatric ADHD market. Adult ADHD is often characterized by recurrent problems with restlessness, impulsivity, problems with time
management and finances, as well as problems regulating emotions. Rather than being hyperactive like children, adults with ADHD report
experiencing an internal sense of fidgetiness and restlessness and with signs of inattention more apparent through problems communicating
with others. Upon entering the job market, many adults also experience obstacles in employment, and are at increased risk to be terminated
due to repeated tardiness or absenteeism. Such difficulties contribute to poorer employment outcomes and a lower likelihood of being
employed in professional environments. Adults with ADHD often find it difficult to generate effective solutions to social problems and
these deficits in social cognition can increase the likelihood of peer rejection, and social isolation, adding to struggles with depression
and social anxiety.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Throughout an individual&#8217;s
lifetime, untreated ADHD can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality,
social disability and addictions and ADHD treatment is usually initiated with stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate-based
products. While these drugs may provide a generally effective treatment option for patients, they also have serious safety concerns and
are misused recreationally with both diversion and abuse being a common and significant risk. As a result, they are controlled substances
and classified under the CSA as CII stimulants. Consequently, they all carry an FDA imposed Black Box warning on the drug label to call
attention to these serious or life-threating risks. Further, not all individuals respond optimally to or can tolerate CII stimulants
and their use is contraindicated in numerous patients, including those with tics, anxiety and other certain psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular
concerns, substance use disorder, or stimulant refusal. A few non-stimulant treatment options are available; however, their efficacy
is not as robust, and their tolerability profile is not necessarily improved when compared to CII stimulants. In addition, the few non-stimulant
treatments available are generally considered as second-line treatments and are often used in conjunction with schedule II (CII) simulants
rather than as a therapy that uses one type of treatment, commonly referred to as a monotherapy.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The availability of a treatment
that has robust efficacy on par with CII stimulants and that is well tolerated with lower potential for abuse represents what we believe
is an important unmet need to persons with ADHD. The magnitude of the treatment effect demonstrated in our Phase 2 study is comparable
to what is typically seen with the leading CII stimulants, and, mazindol, the active molecule in Nolazol, is currently a CIV controlled
substance under the CSA, meaning it has an already established low risk of abuse. We believe Nolazol, whose active ingredient is mazindol,
a CIV stimulant, may be the transformative treatment for ADHD that physicians and patients have been waiting for, by providing a treatment
with what we believe will be similar efficacy as CII stimulants, but with a low potential for abuse.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have a robust method of
use patent for Nolazol for the treatment of ADHD expiring in August 2028 in the United States and in December 2027 in Europe. Additionally,
we have filed an international patent application under the PCT, for a proprietary controlled release formulation, and, if granted, may
provide patent protection through 2037 in the United States.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Diagnostics and Patient Sub-Types</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Healthcare providers use
the guidelines in the American Psychiatric Association&#8217;s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition,
or DSM-5, to help diagnose ADHD and this diagnostic standard helps ensure that people are appropriately diagnosed and treated for ADHD.
The DSM-5 identifies three sub-types and each presentation is distinguished by a distinct set of symptoms that physicians use to diagnose
the condition. The three presentations are: (1) Predominantly Inattentive; (2) Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive; and (3) Combined
Presentation.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The diagnostic evaluation
for ADHD includes a comprehensive medical, developmental, educational, and psychosocial evaluation. This comprehensive evaluation is
necessary to confirm the presence, persistence, pervasiveness, and functional complications of core symptoms, exclude other explanations
for core symptoms and identify coexisting emotional, behavioral, and medical disorders. In order to meet criteria for ADHD, core symptoms
must also impair function in academic, social, or occupational activities.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Two-thirds of individuals
with ADHD have at least one other neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or other CNS disorder, including anxiety, depression, autism, and
sleep disorders. Substance use disorder is a common comorbidity associated with ADHD and may have a direct underpinning in the pathophysiology
of the disease, amplifying the need for treatment options with a lower risk of abuse.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Adults with ADHD, with a
delayed diagnosis in adulthood, are often diagnosed after several attempts to find treatment for comorbid disorders, such as depression,
substance abuse, sleep disturbances, or anxiety. The presentation in adults is typically related to problems with work, disorganization,
and tendency to procrastinate, as well as anxiety, sleep disorders, and impulsivity.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We believe Nolazol could
provide a transformative treatment option for all individuals with ADHD and further could draw substantial market share from patients
who have failed or couldn&#8217;t tolerate stimulants; current patients, or their parents, with concerns with stimulant use; current
patients seeking the convenience of a CIV product compared to a CII product, allowing for generally no limitations on quantity, the ability
to refill, phone-in prescriptions, and less frequent office visits; individuals where abuse and/or diversion is a prominent concern;
and individuals or parents of individuals diagnosed with ADHD who have avoided treatment due to stimulant concerns and the associated
stigma.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Current Treatment Landscape and Treatment Limitations</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Although there is no cure
for ADHD, medications may help to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. The current treatment options for ADHD can be broadly classified
as either amphetamine or methylphenidate-based stimulants or as non-stimulants. Based on data that we have collected, we believe that
stimulants represent a majority of the ADHD drug market in the United States, with a market share of approximately 90%.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Amphetamine and methylphenidate-based
products are all classified under the CSA as CII stimulants, due to their high potential for abuse and the risk of severe psychological
or physical dependence. These drugs are heavily controlled under U.S. federal and state laws, and are subject to criminal sanctions for
abuse, diversion and misuse and require a CII level prescription, and despite being a chronic disorder and need for daily medication,
this limits the quantity to a 30-day supply and is also not refillable. Consequently, all CII stimulants contain Black Box warnings,
similar to narcotics such as fentanyl and oxycodone, which are also CII substances. In addition, CII stimulants have the potential for
numerous adverse effects, as indicated by their warnings of serious cardiovascular reactions such as sudden death, stroke, and heart
attack, psychotic or manic symptoms in patients with no prior history, and are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud&#8217;s
phenomenon. CII stimulants are also sleep-affecting drugs and shorten total sleep time, increase the time it takes to fall asleep, adversely
impact the ability to stay asleep, and increase daytime sleepiness.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The long-term use of prescription
stimulants has been widely reported to cause drug tolerance, which is the loss of efficacy over time and requires a complete change in
treatment, or an increased dose of the existing treatment, or the add-on of another medication to the existing treatment in order to
achieve therapeutic effectiveness. This leads to an increased risk of developing serious adverse effects that are unrelated to ADHD.
Another concern in treating patients with CII stimulants is the potential &#8220;rebound effect&#8221; that occurs when the medication
wears off, resulting in the return of ADHD symptoms and which may also occur in an amplified form. In children especially, this often
triggers increased irritability and/or aggressive behavior and the rebound in children and adults may be exacerbated by multiple drug
administrations, often used to obtain the desired duration of effect or to address drug tolerance. Additionally, studies have highlighted
that primary limitations of CII stimulants are intolerable adverse effects that interfere with patient adherence rates and sub-optimal
efficacy with the onset of drug tolerance.&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">According to the 2002 practice
parameter for the use of stimulant medications from the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, approximately 30% of patients
do not respond adequately to or have dose-limiting adverse effects with CII stimulants. Additionally, certain patients, or parents of
patients, prefer not to use CII stimulants due to their stigma and known abuse potential. There are a few non-stimulant treatments available,
such as atomoxetine (Strattera), clonidine (Kapvay), and guanfacine (Intuniv), that were developed to address this need; however, their
efficacy is sub-optimal to stimulants and while unscheduled, their overall safety profile does not necessarily provide an improvement
to CII stimulants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Strattera, a norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitor, was the first non-stimulant treatment option for ADHD and while its initial launch started strong, underscoring the
demand for an alternative to CII stimulants, sales steadily declined as patients and physicians found it to not be nearly as effective
as CII stimulants. It is now considered a second-line treatment and is typically used as an alternative to CII stimulants for patients
who have a substance abuse problem, a family member(s) with a substance abuse problem, tics, or intolerable side effects with CII stimulants.
Strattera carries a Black Box warning for increased risk of suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents and additional warning statements
for liver damage. Moreover, Strattera takes four weeks to reach initial onset of action and six to ten weeks to achieve full clinical
effectiveness, related both to the prolonged titration needed and the delay in the onset of action of the compound. Today Strattera (branded
and generic) has about 3.6% market share, despite initially climbing to nearly 20% following launch on the basis of being an alternative
to CII stimulants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Clonidine and Guanfacine
are also non-stimulants that are alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists and were both initially approved for managing blood pressure. They
have been approved for use in children and adolescents, generally in conjunction with CII stimulants as an add-on therapy. While they
are used in children and adolescents, there is little study of their efficacy and safety in adults. As a monotherapy, they are usually
reserved for children and adolescents who respond poorly after several trials of stimulants and Strattera, have unacceptable side effects
with stimulants or Strattera, or have significant comorbid conditions limiting the treatment options to these products. These two drugs
have not had significant commercial success, with a combined peak market share of about 5%.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>Our Solution: Nolazol - Next-Generation ADHD Therapeutic</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We believe a large market
opportunity exists for a non-CII stimulant, such as Nolazol, that uses mazindol controlled release as its active ingredient; mazindol
has been classified as a CIV stimulant, due to its low risk of abuse and tolerance.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Given its unique binding
profile (specifically, as an OX2R agonist), in addition to its classification as a CIV stimulant, we believe Nolazol could be transformative
for the ADHD treatment landscape. Nolazol is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and also a partial agonist of the OX2R, which we believe
is an important, unique and differentiating factor relative to other ADHD treatments. In our clinical studies conducted to date, Nolazol
has been well-tolerated and there were no treatment-related serious adverse effects or discontinuations. In terms of abuse potential,
Nolazol has an already established low risk of abuse, as previously determined by the DEA when mazindol, its active ingredient, was scheduled
as a CIV substance, underscoring the awareness and agreement that Nolazol has a lower risk of abuse than CII stimulants. In addition,
based on the current DEA classification of mazindol as a CII stimulant, we expect that Nolazol will continue to be without a Black Box
warning in the U.S., which is another important differentiator relative to both CII stimulants and the current non-stimulants in use
today to treat ADHD.<b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our Phase 2 trial showed
significant improvement in ADHD symptoms, met all primary and secondary study endpoints and was well-tolerated and with no clinically
significant adverse effects over placebo. In light of its innovative mechanism of action and low potential for abuse, we believe Nolazol,
if approved for marketing, could represent a highly differentiated alternative to the CII treatments in use today to treat ADHD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Nolazol Clinical Trial Results</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Phase 2 Clinical Trial</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We completed a Phase 2 clinical
trial in 2017 in the United States, in which Nolazol was well-tolerated and demonstrated statistically significant improvement over placebo.
The clinical trial met the primary and all secondary endpoints and had a robust effect on ADHD symptoms with a large placebo-adjusted
effect size of 1.09 in the investigator-rated ADHD symptom scores. We believe that the magnitude of this effect is comparable to currently
leading CII stimulants and considerably larger than the available non-stimulant treatment options.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The table below summarizes
the results of our Phase 2 clinical trial in adults in terms of adverse events.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_010.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our Phase 2 clinical trial
evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Nolazol in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, parallel
trial in 85 adults with a diagnosis of ADHD. Subjects were administered Nolazol or matching placebo once a day for six weeks, dosed flexibly
(between 1mg/day and 3mg/day) during a three-week double-blind optimization period, followed by a three-week double-blind fixed dosing
period. The figure below provides an overview of the study design.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_011.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Efficacy Results</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The primary efficacy endpoint
was the change from baseline in the total ADHD-RS score at Week 6, as compared to placebo, and measured by the clinician-administered
ADHD Rating Scale with DSM-5 symptoms, or the ADHD-RS-5. ADHD-RS-5 is a standardized, &#8220;gold standard endpoint&#8221; validated
test for measuring severity of ADHD symptoms and assessing response to treatment. The scale is based on the ADHD diagnostic criteria
as defined in the DSM-5.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The primary endpoint was
met, showing statistically significant improvement versus placebo, in favor of Nolazol. The LS scores from baseline were -18.9 for Nolazol
and -5.7 for placebo, with a LS mean difference between Nolazol and placebo of -13.2 (95% CI, -18.7, -7.6). The results were found to
be consistent across all sensitivity analyses, establishing that the large placebo-adjusted effect size of 1.09 was not biased by any
of the statistical methods used.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, Nolazol provided
a significant reduction in ADHD-RS-5 scores starting as early as Week 1, which was also observed throughout the full treatment period.
After six weeks of treatment, patients treated with Nolazol demonstrated more than three times the improvement in the ADHD-RS-5 total
score symptoms as compared to placebo treated patients. The figures below summarize the results of the primary endpoint observed in our
Phase 2 trial.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_012.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_013.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A p-value is a conventional
statistical method for measuring the statistical significance of experimental results. A p-value of less than 0.05 is generally considered
to represent statistical significance, meaning that there is a less than 5% likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance.
In the figure above and all subsequent figures where p-values are included, a p-value of less than 0.05 is represented by &#8220;*.&#8221;
P-values of less than 0.01 or less than 0.001 are represented by &#8220;**&#8221; or &#8220;***&#8221; respectively, and are considered
to have higher statistical significance.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Secondary efficacy endpoints
included patient response to treatment, as measured by the reduction of the ADHD-RS-5 score by at least 30% and by at least 50% from
baseline, and as measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement, or CGI-I. The CGI-I is a standardized and validated assessment
used by the clinician to rate the severity of a patient&#8217;s illness and improvement over time. There was a significant improvement
in ADHD-RS-DSM5 scores by Week 6 for Nolazol compared with the placebo. At Week 6, 70% of the Nolazol-treated patients, compared with
21% of the placebo-treated patients, had at least a 30% reduction in their ADHD-RS-5 score (p &lt; 0.001), and 55% of the Nolazol-treated
patients, compared with 15.8% of the placebo-treated patients, had at least a 50% reduction in their ADHD-RS-5 score (p = 0.002). There
were significantly more &#8220;responders,&#8221; defined as a&#8201;&#8805;&#8201;30% reduction from baseline in ADHD-RS-5 scores, present
in those receiving Nolazol compared with placebo at the first assessment point Week 1, and at each subsequent assessment. Furthermore,
there were significantly more &#8220;excellent&#8221; responders, defined as a&#8201;&#8805;&#8201;50% reduction from baseline in ADHD-RS-5
score, compared with placebo present by Week 2 and at each subsequent assessment point. The excellent response by Week 2 was also evident
in the CGI-I analysis, which indicated significantly more CGI-I responders on Nolazol compared with placebo on Week 2 and at each subsequent
visit (p&#8201;&#8804;&#8201;0.003). The sensitivity analyses resulted in a similar magnitude of difference between Nolazol and placebo
for all responder definitions. The figure below summarizes the patient responder results.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_014.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Safety and Tolerability</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nolazol was well-tolerated
and there were no deaths or serious adverse events reported and no discontinuations in the Nolazol treated group due to adverse events
or lack of efficacy. Adverse events reported were mild to moderate and the more prevalent reported events in the Nolazol treated group,
as compared to placebo, included constipation, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, middle insomnia and heart rate increased. Relative
to placebo, on Week 6, the Nolazol treated group had a minimal increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure, a small increase in
heart rate, and no significant changes in electrocardiography, or ECG, parameters. There were no remarkable findings on physical examination,
hematology, serum chemistry, or urinalysis values from baseline to Week 6 between Nolazol and placebo groups. Mean weight loss of the
Nolazol group was 1.73 kg, compared to a mean weight increase for the placebo group of 1.07 kg.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Phase 1 Clinical Trial</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We completed a Phase 1 randomized,
open-label, cross-over clinical trial in the United States in 2016, which characterized the pharmacokinetics and evaluated the safety
and tolerability of Nolazol following a single dose in the fasted and fed state in normal healthy adult subjects. Subjects received a
single, fixed dose of Nolazol under fasted conditions in one dosing period and the same single, fixed dose 30 minutes prior to a high-fat
breakfast in another dosing period. Nolazol demonstrated a predictable, dose-dependent, and linear pharmacokinetics profile. This study
is intended to serve as the basis of our Phase 3 clinical trials, if any, by providing a preliminary understanding of the concentration-time
profile of Nolazol under the fed and fasted conditions.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Food administered 30 minutes
after administration of Nolazol resulted in similar exposure and a slightly lower peak concentration compared to administration in the
fasted state, while the time to reach the peak concentration was similar in the fasted and fed states. These results suggest that our
Phase 3 trials will not need to include dosing restrictions in terms of meal timing relative to dose administration, which is an important
feature for increased compliance in ADHD patients. A definitive food-effect study with the final formulation of Nolazol will be conducted
during the Phase 3 program. The figure below shows the pharmacokinetic curve of Nolazol under the fed and fasted conditions utilized
in this clinical trial.</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_015.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nolazol was well-tolerated
and there were no deaths, serious adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events. Adverse events were reported in 30% of the Nolazol-treated
subjects and included dizziness and somnolence and there were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values, ECG, blood pressure,
or heart rate.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Phase 2 Pediatric Clinical Trial</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A Phase 2 open-label pilot
study in France was conducted in 2015 by Eric Konofal, one of our founders and Chief Scientific Officer, and others while at AP-HP. This
study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of mazindol in 24 children, aged 9 - 12 years, and diagnosed with ADHD. All enrolled
patents had a low rate of response to methylphenidate, which is a first-line treatment in children with ADHD. All patients received the
same fixed dose of mazindol daily for seven days, followed by a three-week drug-free safety observation period. The mean change from
baseline in the parent rated and clinician rated ADHD-RS-IV total score after 7 days of treatment was -24.1, with &gt;90% improvement
in ADHD symptoms from baseline (p&lt;0.0001), pointing to a viable long-acting treatment option, assuming it is shown to be safe, as
determined by applicable regulatory agencies. Additionally, the mean change in the parent rated and clinician rated ADHD-RS-IV total
score from end of treatment (Week 1) to the final observation visit (Week 4) demonstrated statistical significance (p&lt;0.0001), indicating
significant alteration in the level of symptomology of ADHD after mazindol withdrawal. The figure below summarizes the results of the
primary endpoint.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_016.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Mazindol was well tolerated
in children with ADHD. Adverse events included decreased appetite, headache and abdominal pain and there were no clinically significant
changes in laboratory values, ECG, blood pressure, heart rate, or body weight. This clinical trial provided proof-of concept data, potential
benefit, and supported the advancement into a more expansive Phase 2 trial.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Phase 3 Development Strategy</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Having successfully met both
the primary and secondary endpoints in our initial Phase 2 trial, we may plan to further the development of Nolazol as a back-up candidate
at a later stage to support filing for marketing and commercialization approval initially in adults in the United States, followed by
children and adolescents.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our first Phase 3 clinical
trial may target to evaluate doses of Nolazol in approximately 260 adults with ADHD, with subjects randomized to receive Nolazol or placebo
for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint being the change from baseline in the ADHD-RS-5 score, which was the primary endpoint in our Phase
2 trial. Our second Phase 3 clinical trial may target to evaluate doses of Nolazol in children and adolescents, with an embedded placebo-controlled
sub-study in a laboratory classroom setting for the children age group. A laboratory classroom study provides a simulation of a real
academic environment, including the potential for interaction and distraction among children, and allows for assessment by trained observers
over the course of a typical extended school day.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Our Research Pipeline</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to our product
candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, we have early and mid-stage compounds that we may seek to further develop in the future. We may seek
to develop these other compounds, comprising of NCEs, as well as repurposed compounds, in order to build a pipeline of product candidates
at various stages of development that further complement our rare hypersomnia and complex neurodevelopmental disorder franchises. Additionally,
we intend to continue to invest in our discovery research and development programs, with the goal of adding what we believe to be promising
new compounds and indications to our product candidate development pipeline.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>NLS-4</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS-4 is a next-generation
selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. We believe that NLS-4 is the only wake-promoting compound without any rebound hypersomnia. This
&#8220;hypnolytic effect&#8221; of NLS-4 is thought to be due to the compound&#8217;s ability to prevent increased sleep need following sleep
loss as supported by the recently published pre-clinical results. With the promising results from the cutting-edge preclinical fatigue
study in animals, and the apparent absence of CYP450 enzyme induction, NLS-4 appears to have a superior profile compared to the widely
used drug modafinil, and potentially represents an important milestone in the development of this next generation wake-promoting agent.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We recently announced final
results from a preclinical study for NLS-4. The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of NLS-4 in comparison with modafinil.
NLS-4 is designed to be a more potent next generation modafinil that does not induce the hepatic toxicity associated with long-term modafinil
use. In the study&#8217;s Long-COVID animal model, NLS-4 improved circadian rhythm dysregulation and CFS in subject animals. Based on the results,
we believe that NLS-4 should improve recovery from CFS in humans at a dose that is four times lower than that used for modafinil.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based on the results, we
believe that NLS-4 offers promise to become a foundational treatment for the chronic fatigue associated with the symptoms of Long-COVID
(also known as Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, or ME/CFS). We intend to advance the clinical development of NLS-4,
as the unmet medical need for improved fatigue treatments is growing with more patients surviving infection with COVID-19 and its variants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ME/CFS is a debilitating chronic disease with a worldwide prevalence
of 0.3&#8211;0.8%&#160; in the human population. Profound mental and physical fatigue and cognitive impairment are amongst the key symptoms
of ME/CFS. ME/CFS is classified by the World Health Organization as a neurological disease. In a recent study published in the journal,
Clinical Infectious Diseases, a team of researchers examined the risk factors and prevalence and impact of Long-COVID, among a representative
sample of adults in the U.S. and reported that close to 19 million U.S. adults suffer from Long-COVID. According to a 2023 study by &#160;<i>Nature
Reviews Microbiology</i>, at least 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have Long-COVID, with cases increasing daily.</p><div>



</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Additional Pre-Clinical Compounds</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>NLS-3</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS-3 (Levophacetoperane SR)
is a repurposed reverse ester of methylphenidate, a well-documented psychostimulant marketed for treatment of ADHD since the end of the
1950s. Animal experiments and tox studies have demonstrated a very satisfactory safety benefit and more recently, using the behavioral
sensitization test in C57BL/6 mice, it has been reported that NLS-3 (3 mg/kg) vs methylphenidate (6 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg)
was not potentially addictive on this contextual sensitization and cross-sensitization to d-amphetamine test pointing-out this stimulant
as less addictive than marketed Scheduled II drugs in ADHD.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>NLS-8</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS-8 (Melafenoxate) is a
melatonin ML1A receptor agonist, improved scopolamine-induced amnesia. In a preclinical study to test the effects of NLS-8 on memory
in a model of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease, the scopolamine-induced amnesia in the novel object recognition test in mice. C57BL/6 male mice,
6 groups (N=16 mice/group), were subjected to two 12-min trials, 90-min apart, in the NOR test: a sample (acquisition) trial during which
they were exposed to two identical objects, and a choice (retention) trial during which they were exposed to two different objects presented,
the familiar object (presented at the sample trial), and the novel object. They received 30 min before the sample trial i.p. injections
of vehicle (control group), of scopolamine, of scopolamine + donepezil (1 mg/kg) or of scopolamine + NLS-8 (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg). Scopolamine
was injected at 1.2 mg/kg. The results of this pre-clinical study showed that NLS-8 improved amnesia induced by scopolamine suggesting
that NLS-8 may improve memory and reduce cognitive symptoms of AD. These effects were significant at doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg and was
close to significant at the dose of 100 mg/kg.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>NLS-11</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS-11 (Benedin) (formerly
SCH-5472) is a norepinephrine and&#160;dopamine<i>&#160;</i>reuptake inhibitor and muscarinic&#160;M1, M2, M3 receptor antagonist. In
a preclinical study, 57BL/6 male mice, 8 groups (N = 16 mice/group), were subjected to the effect of NLS-11 (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) and compared
to those of vehicle and of donepezil (2 mg/kg). Long-term episodic memory was tested in the NOR test, using a 3-days interval between
the acquisition session (called sample trial) and the retention session (called choice trial). The results of the study showed NLS-11
improved the recognition of the familiar object, i.e. improved memory and suggest that NLS-11 induced a long-term memory improvement
which was significant and of the same extent to that induced by donepezil. At doses tested, NLS-11 did not reduce exploratory behavior,
contrary to donepezil, suggesting that NLS-11 may induce less side effect than donepezil.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>NLS-12</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS-12 (Oxafuramine) is a
norepinephrine and&#160;dopamine&#160;reuptake inhibitor and muscarinic M4 receptor antagonist, improved long-term episodic memory in
mice. Donepezil was used as positive control drug. A preclinical study was conducted to observe the effects of NLS-12 on the memory in
the novel object recognition test in mice. The dose-ranging study using C57BL/6 male mice: 8 groups (N = 16 mice/group) were subjected
to the effect of NLS-12 (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) and compared to those of vehicle and of donepezil (2 mg/kg). Long-term episodic memory was tested
in the NOR test, using a 3-days interval between the acquisition session (called sample trial) and the retention session (called choice
trial). NLS-12 dose-dependently improved the recognition of the familiar object, i.e. improved memory. This effect was significant at
8 mg/kg and was not significantly different to that of donepezil. The recognition of the familiar object was not modified by NLS-12 (1
mg/kg) and was improved in a non-significant manner by NLS-12 (4 mg/kg). The results of this pre-clinical study suggest that NLS-12 induced
a long-term memory improvement which was significant and of the same extent to that induced by donepezil.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>License Agreements</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 5.5pt; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Pegasus Advanced Research SAS License Agreement</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In February 2015, Pegasus
Advanced Research, then named NeuroLife-Sciences SAS, or Pegasus, a company owned by certain of our founders, who are also shareholders,
including Eric Konofal, Eric-Jean Desbois, Bruno Figadere and our Chief Executive Officer, Alexander Zwyer, or the Pegasus Founders,
entered into a license agreement with AP-HP, or the AP-HP License Agreement, to obtain a worldwide, sub-licensable license, covering
four different compounds, which included the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD, or the Licensed Compounds. As part of the AP-HP
License Agreement, Pegasus was given an option to purchase the Licensed Compounds. In February 2016, after the AP-HP License Agreement
was assigned and transferred to NLS-1, pursuant to an Assignment and Transfer Agreement, or the ATA, NLS-1 purchased the Licensed Compounds
from AP-HP for an aggregate consideration of approximately 2.65 million euros, including reimbursement of certain expenses. On April
1, 2017 and September 20, 2019, the parties entered into subsequent amendments of the ATA, or the First Amendment to the ATA and the
Second Amendment to the ATA, respectively. Under the Second Amendment to the ATA, NLS agreed to pay Pegasus a royalty of 1.8% of annual
net sales (including sublicensee sales) realized upon the commercialization of products developed on the basis of the Licensed Compounds
during the terms of their respective patents; provided, however, that under certain circumstances, the rate of the royalty payment will
decrease. For instance, if a competing generic product using mazindol for the treatment of ADHD were to become available during the term
of the patents covering the Licensed Compounds, there would be no royalties paid to Pegasus.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Exclusive License Agreement with Eurofarma</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement, which provides Eurofarma with an exclusive, fee-bearing, non-transferrable (i) distribution right to distribute
Nolazol in Latin America and an (ii) exclusive, fee-bearing, non-transferrable license to our patents and trademarks in connection with
the commercialization, if any, of Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement is in effect until the later of either (i) ten years
from the date of its execution, or until February 2029, or (ii) until the expiration of the last valid patent relating to Nolazol, subject
to early termination under certain circumstances.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the terms of
the EF License Agreement, we are responsible for obtaining regulatory approval to market and commercialize Nolazol in the United States
and Eurofarma shall be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval in South America; provided, however, that Eurofarma shall inform
us of any additional information that regulators in Latin America may require in order to seek marketing authorization which otherwise
may not be required by the FDA, or the Supplemental U.S. Data. Although pursuant to the EF License Agreement we will undertake the efforts
to generate the Supplemental U.S. Data, the parties have agreed to share the costs associated with generating such data. Eurofarma will
be responsible for seeking and covering the costs relating to obtaining the required regulatory approvals in Latin America and, once
approved on a country-by-country basis, for commercializing Nolazol in Latin America. Furthermore, the marketing approvals obtained in
Latin America, if any, shall be owned by Eurofarma until the end of the term of the EF License Agreement.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon the execution of the
EF License Agreement, Eurofarma paid us $2.5 million. In accordance with the EF License Agreement, we are eligible to receive milestone
payments as well as royalties from Eurofarma, which consist of the following:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Clinical Milestones </b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 88%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10.25pt">Upon successful completion by us of Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of ADHD in adults in the United States</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">500,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10.25pt">Upon successful completion by us of Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of ADHD in children in the United States</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">500,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->66<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Regulatory Milestones</b>&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 88%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10.25pt">Upon price approval of the licensed product in Brazil by the relevant agency</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,000,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10.25pt">Upon receipt of marketing approval by the relevant agency of the licensed product in any other country in Latin America</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">1,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Sales Milestones (single payments)</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 88%; text-align: justify">Upon reaching annual net sales of $10 million</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">1,000,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Upon reaching annual net sales of $50 million</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">2,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Upon reaching annual net sales of $75 million</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">4,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Upon reaching annual net sales of $100 million</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">6,000,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Royalties</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Annual net sales in Latin America</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Royalties <br/> in percent of <br/> Net Sales</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 88%; text-align: justify">Under $10 million</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">7</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">$10 million to less than $20 million</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">$20 million to less than $30 million</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">9</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>License Agreement with Novartis</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 10, 2021, we entered
into a License Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG or Novartis, whereby we obtained, on an exclusive basis in the U.S., all of the available
data referred to and included in the original NDA for Sanorex&#174; (mazindol) submitted to the FDA in February 1972. The agreement encompasses
all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability and other chemistry manufacturing and controls
data, formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies
and periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the Agreement, we have obtained the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all
territories outside of the U.S, except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the Sanorex NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies
in the licensed territories. The Agreement includes the right to sublicense or assign the license to third parties, subject to such third
parties meeting certain obligations. As consideration for the license, we agreed to pay Novartis $250,000 upon the signing of the agreement
with milestone payments due as follows: (i) $750,000 payable following the end of a Phase II meeting with the FDA, with the amount to
be reduced to $375,000 if toxicology studies must be repeated; (ii) $2 million following the earlier of FDA marketing authorization of
Quilience or Nolazol; (iii) 1% of any upfront and milestone payments, if any, from any sublicensees and (iv) $3 million as a one-time
payment upon our product candidate reaching $250 million in cumulative sales.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Intellectual Property</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have developed a robust
patent portfolio in the United States, Europe, and other major countries (e.g., Canada, Australia, China, Japan, and Latin America countries).
Our patent portfolio for Quilience and Nolazol currently includes issued patents in the United States and Europe covering the use of
mazindol for treatment of ADHD and patent applications filed in major countries to protect our proprietary controlled release formulation
(Notice of Allowance recently received for Europe and Canada) for treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy. One of our patents in the United
States covering the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD received patent term adjustment, thereby extending the patent term of such
patent to August 2028. Additionally, we received patent approval in Hong Kong covering the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD.
This patent is expected to expire no earlier than 2037. We have successfully launched NPP and secured additional patent grants, that
coupled with successfully entering into other expedited development programs, could allow Quilience to reach the market and patients
sooner.<b><i>&#160;</i></b>This further supports our global strategy with key patents granted the following major markets: Hong Kong,
Japan, South Korea, the U.S., Europe &amp; Canada.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 73 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->67<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table provides
a description of our key patents and patent applications and is not intended to represent an assessment of claims, limitations or scope
of those patents listed. In some cases, a jurisdiction is listed as both pending and granted for a single patent family. This is due
to pending continuation or divisional applications of the granted case.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 19%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Pending<br/>
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    <td style="text-align: center; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: center; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 19%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Expiry
    Date</b></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 18%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Type</b></span></td></tr>
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    PCT/EP2007/053512</b></span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">United States<br/>
    China</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">France<br/>
    United States<br/>
    Europe</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(AT, BE, BG, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IS, IT, NL, PL, PT,
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    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, NL, PL, SE)<br/>
    Canada<br/>
    Australia<br/>
    Israel<br/>
    New Zealand<br/>
    Morocco</p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">April 11, 2027<br/>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Lauflumide and the enantiomers thereof, method for preparing same
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    PCT/EP2012/050881</b></span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">France<br/>
    United States<br/>
    Europe</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, NL)<br/>
    Canada<br/>
    Israel</p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Phacetoperane for the treatment of ADHD<br/>
    PCT/FR2012/052749</b></span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">France<br/>
    United States<br/>
    Europe</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, NL, PT, TR)<br/>
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    China<br/>
    Israel<br/>
    Canada</p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">November 29, 2032</span></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>A mazindol ir/sr multilayer tablet and its use for the treatment
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    PCT/IB2017/000352<br/>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">United States</p>
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    Australia<br/>
    Brazil<br/>
    China<br/>
    Israel<br/>
    Japan<br/>
    <br/>
    New Zealand<br/>
    Hong Kong</p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">United States</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Europe</p>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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</table><div>

</div><p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="margin: 0"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 74 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->68<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="text-align: center; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 19%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Pending<br/>
    Jurisdictions</b></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 20%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Granted/Allowed<br/>
    Jurisdictions</b></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: center; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 19%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Expiry
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    <td style="text-align: center; width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; width: 18%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Type</b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">United States<br/>
    Europe<br/>
    Canada<br/>
    Brazil<br/>
    China<br/>
    Japan<br/>
    South Korea<br/>
    Mexico</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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in children</b></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>PCT/FR2004/001351</b></p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">United States</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Europe</p>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Europe</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Not Applicable</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Compound for use</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Europe</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Not Applicable</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Compound for use</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>EP 21305946.2</b></p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Europe</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Not Applicable</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Compound for use</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Lauflumide and derivatives thereof for treating chronic fatigue
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    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>EP 21305944.7</b></p></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Europe</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Not Applicable</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 75 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->69<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to our patents
and patent applications, we also rely on unpatented trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain
our competitive position. We seek to protect our ownership of know-how and trade secrets through an active program of legal mechanism
including invention assignments, confidentiality agreements, material transfer agreements, research collaborations and licenses to protect
our product candidates. For a more comprehensive discussion of the risks related to our intellectual property, please see Item 3.D. &#8220;Risk
Factors - Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.&#8221;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Competition</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The biotechnology and pharmaceutical
industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies and intense competition. While we believe that our knowledge, experience
and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including
major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public
and private research institutions, which may in the future develop products to treat those diseases that we currently or, in the future,
seek to treat. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies
that may become available in the future.<b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Many of our competitors have
far greater marketing and research capabilities than us. All of these companies and institutions may have product candidates in development
that are or may become superior to Quilience and Nolazol. Our commercial opportunity would be reduced significantly if our competitors
develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, more convenient, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than
either or both of Quilience or Nolazol. Public announcements regarding the development of competing drugs could adversely affect the
commercial potential of either or both of Quilience and Nolazol.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Narcolepsy</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We face competition from established pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies that currently market products for the treatment of symptoms in narcolepsy. There is no cure and many patients report that their
medicines do not improve their complete range of symptoms. For the treatment of both EDS and cataplexy, we believe that currently our
only competitors are Jazz Pharmaceuticals (sodium oxybate franchise) and Harmony Biosciences (pitolisant). Although only indicated for
EDS, our competitors also include Novartis (Ritalin), Teva (Modafinil/Armodafinil (Provigil/Nuvigil), Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Sunosi, solriamfetol)
as well as amphetamines, such as Adderall and Dexedrine. Other development stage compounds currently under development include FT-218
(Avadel&#8217;s once-nightly sodium oxybate), TAK-861 (Takeda&#8217;s full OXR2-agonist), AXS-12 (Axsome, reboxetine) and other early-stage
OX2R agonist (Orexia, Alkermes, Jazz/Sumitomo).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 76 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->70<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The below table highlights
the limitations of certain drug products approved for use in the United States by the FDA for treatment of EDS or cataplexy.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Product</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Cataplexy
    Approval</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Risk
    of<br/>
    Abuse<br/>
    Diversion</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Limitations</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 19%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Amphetamines
    <br/>
    (Adderall, Dexedrine)</b></span></td><td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 8%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 8%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">High: CII</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 22%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8220;Grandfathered&#8221;
approval only (pre-1938 indication) for Immediate Release (IR)</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 35%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Tolerance and
    rebound hypersomnolence</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Short-acting</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Methylphenidate<br/>
    (Ritalin)</b></span></td><td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">High: CII</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#8220;Grandfathered&#8221;
approval only (pre-1938 drug) for IR</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Tolerance and rebound hypersomnolence</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Short-acting</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Solriamfetol<br/>
    (Sunosi)</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Low: CIV</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Efficacy for controlling
    cataplexy not available</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Risk for drug induced high-blood
    pressure that can go undetected</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Modafinil /Armodafinil<br/>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Low: CIV</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Potential for serious rash,
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cases
of major fetal congenital malformations</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Not determined</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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may reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives, and so</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">alternative methods of contraception should be utilized</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Sodium oxybate<br/>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Yes</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">High:
CIII, CI penalties
    for diversion</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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    two nighttime doses</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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    for response</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Not effective against EDS,
    so used in combination with stimulants or modafinil</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Known
as the &#8220;date rape drug&#8221;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because of the risks of
    depression, abuse, and misuse, Xyrem is available only through a restricted distribution program called the Xyrem REMS Program</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Xyrem
is a CIII controlled substance as sodium salt of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a Schedule I controlled substance. Abuse or misuse of illicit
GHB is associated with CNS adverse reactions (acting as a CNS depressant), including seizures, respiratory depression, decreased consciousness,
coma, and death</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Potential life-threatening
    adverse effects</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 77 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->71<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>ADHD</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We face competition from
established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market a range of CII stimulants to treat ADHD. Our primary competitors
include Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. (Vyvanse, Adderall and Mydayis), Neos Therapeutics Ltd. (Adzenys XR-ODT and Contempla XR-ODT),
Eli Lilly &amp; Co. (Strattera), Novartis AG (Focalin) and Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., a subsidiary of Johnson &amp; Johnson (Concerta).
The below table provides a more in-depth breakdown of Nolazol against certain competing pharmaceutical products, based on the current
scheduling of mazindol by the DEA.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_017.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Research and Development Strategy</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are conducting research
and development activities to expand the commercial potential of both Quilience and Nolazol, while continuing to examine the development
of compounds that could serve as effective treatments for other CNS disorders. We sponsor and conduct clinical research activities with
investigators and institutions to measure key clinical outcomes that are necessary in order for us to be able to file an NDA with the
FDA and equivalent filings with other regulatory authorities. Our research and development efforts are focused primarily in the following
areas and serve as a basis for future development, if any, of a more diverse product pipeline, of which certain product candidate leads,
such as NLS-4 are in preclinical development stages. As we navigate the competitive landscape of our industry, while focusing on development
of our product candidates, we also intend to continually pursue out-licensing agreements and asset sale transactions that we believe
will allow us to drive greater value for our shareholders. Key elements of our research and development strategy include the following:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 48px; font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 24px; font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Efficiently advance our lead product candidate, Quilience, and follow-on product candidate, Nolazol, through marketing approval.</i></b> We plan to first advance the development of Quilience, followed by the development of NLS-4 (follow on). If successful, we plan to initially file for marketing approval in the United States and potentially also in the EU for Quilience and subsequently develop NLS-4 (NCE) for post-COVID chronic fatigue syndrome for global markets. </span></td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="margin: 0"></p><div>

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</div><p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Find partners for out-licensing and asset sale agreements.</i></b>
    While we continue with our goal of progressing our product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, on our own into further clinical development
    in order to initiate commercialization of such product candidates, we may seek to enter into transactions to sell or out-license
    Quilience, Nolazol or certain other product candidates or intellectual property that we develop. This strategy allows us to potentially
    create value for our shareholders ahead of our approval timelines.</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    and accelerate time to market.</i></b> Our product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, incorporate a known molecule in a proprietary
    CR formulation. The former immediate release formulation of mazindol has a well-established safety record from its long history of
    clinical use across the United States and several countries in Europe and, as a result thereof, a well-characterized safety profile
    that has allowed us to rapidly begin conducting clinical development of Nolazol and to generate supportive phase 2 data in a study
    conducted in 85 patients with ADHD in the United States in May 2017 and complete a Phase 2 study in patients with narcolepsy in the
    United States. We believe that this strategy also allows us to potentially seek FDA approval using the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

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    We are developing product candidates with dual mechanisms of action. For example, Quilience and Nolazol utilize a dual mechanism
    of action, resulting in a unique pharmacological profile targeting multiple neuronal pathways that are widely thought to be disrupted
    and lead to the disorders targeted by our product candidates. We believe that products with clearly differentiated features, as compared
    to currently available drug therapies, will be attractive to patients and physicians and will provide us with a competitive commercial
    advantage.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    of our existing targets and product candidates. </i></b>Given the central physiological roles played by the distinct targets of our
    lead and follow-on product candidates, we believe that there is significant potential for us to address multiple indications and
    our goal is to expand the therapeutic and commercial potential of our existing product candidates to additional indications. For
    example, we plan to explore the development of Quilience for the treatment of IH, another rare CNS disorder for which Quilience may
    receive orphan drug designation.</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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    </i></b>Our team has extensive experience in CNS research and a strong record of publication in peer-reviewed journals and we plan
    to develop additional product candidates to treat indications with a high unmet medical need, and may seek to in-license from or
    collaborate with third parties to develop product candidates that we believe are highly differentiated, promising therapeutic candidates
    that address major unmet clinical needs. Our scientifically rigorous approach to evaluating new opportunities includes a robust asset
    evaluation of key factors, including the unmet medical need, biological rationale, safety profile, as determined by applicable regulatory
    agencies, feasibility of clinical development, potential for accelerated development path, regulatory approval, intellectual property
    position, competitive landscape and commercial potential.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="image_018.jpg"/></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Manufacturing and Suppliers</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not own or operate
manufacturing or distribution facilities for the production of our product candidates and we currently rely, and expect to continue to
rely, on third parties for the manufacturing, packaging, labelling and distribution of our product candidates for pre-clinical and clinical
testing, as well as for future commercial manufacturing, if our product candidates receive marketing approval. We require all of our
contract manufacturing organizations to conduct manufacturing activities in compliance with cGMP requirements and although we rely on
manufacturers, we have engaged with consultants with significant technical, manufacturing, analytical, quality, regulatory, including
cGMP, and project management experience to oversee our third-party manufacturers. This approach allows us to maintain a more efficient
infrastructure while enabling us to focus our expertise on developing and commercializing our product candidates. Reliance on third-party
providers may expose us to more risk than if we were to manufacture product candidates ourselves.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In December 2019, we entered
into an agreement with Cambrex High Point for the production of our drug substance, pursuant to which, upon completion of purchase orders,
Cambrex High Point may manufacture mazindol for us. We obtain our supply of the finalized drug product from another third-party manufacturer,
CoreRx, Inc. with whom we signed an agreement in February 2021. We do not currently have any contracts binding us to use supply or production
services provided for under such agreements. We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities
of our product candidates and their component raw materials for use in our internal research efforts and clinical trials and in relation
to any future commercialization of our product candidates. Our third-party manufacturers are responsible for obtaining the raw materials
necessary to manufacture our product candidates, which we believe are readily available from more than one source. Additional third-party
manufacturers are and will be used to formulate, fill, label, package and distribute investigational drug products and eventually our
products, if and when our product candidates receive approval. This approach allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure while
enabling us to focus our expertise on developing and commercializing our product candidates. We believe that our current supplier and
manufacturers have the capacity to support both clinical supply and commercial-scale production, but we do not have any formal agreements
at this time for such supply and production, and we may also elect to enter into agreements with additional or alternative parties in
the future.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Commercialization, Sales and Marketing</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Given our stage of development,
we do not currently have an established internal sales, marketing or distribution infrastructure. If our product candidates are approved
for marketing, we intend to commercialize our product candidates either alone or in partnership with others, where appropriate, to maximize
the value of our product candidates. We expect to build our commercial infrastructure using a focused and efficient approach, initially,
establishing market access, sales and marketing capabilities in a targeted manner that is appropriate for the relevant product opportunity.
We believe that this approach will allow us to effectively reach patients and physicians and to maximize the commercial potential of
our product candidates.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement with Eurofarma, a Brazilian pharmaceutical company with a presence in 20 Latin American countries, to develop
and commercialize our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries. Eurofarma operates in the areas of medical prescription,
over-the-counter, generic, hospital, bids, oncology, veterinary and services for third parties&#8217; segments. In Brazil, their portfolio
is composed of more than 330 brands, with around 1,000 presentations covering 28 medical specialties and 48 therapeutic classes. See
&#8220;License Agreements - Exclusive License Agreement with Eurofarma&#8221; above for additional information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_013"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Organizational Structure</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">We are a Swiss stock corporation
organized under the laws of Switzerland. Our Swiss enterprise identification number is CHE-447.067.367. Our registered and principal
executive offices are located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, our general telephone number is (41) 44 512 21 50
and our internet address is www.nlspharma.com.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In April 2021, we formed
a wholly owned subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation. We did not have any other subsidiaries as of December 31,
2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_014"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Property, Plant and Equipment</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our principal executive office
is located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, and consists of approximately 25 square meters (approximately 270 square
feet) of leased office space under an indefinite term lease that may be terminated by either party with six-months prior notice.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We consider that our current
office space is sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business;
provided, however, that we may require additional space and facilities as our business expands.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_015"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">None.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_016"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND
PROSPECTS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>The following discussion
and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
This discussion and other parts of this annual report contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve
risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these
forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under Item 3.D. &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; and elsewhere
in this annual report. </i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Overview</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical
company focused on the discovery and development of innovative therapies for patients with rare and complex CNS disorders with unmet
medical needs. Our lead compound mazindol, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and partial orexin receptor 2 agonist, in a proprietary
ER formulation, is being developed for the treatment of narcolepsy (lead indication) and ADHD (follow-on indication). We believe that
this dual mechanism of action will also enable Mazindol ER to provide potential therapeutic benefits in other rare and complex CNS disorders.
CNS disorders are a diverse group of conditions that include neurological, psychiatric, and substance use disorders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">Prior to our initial public
offering in the United States, we primarily financed our operations through the proceeds from our private placements of debt and equity
securities, an upfront payment from our collaboration partner and a Swiss Government COVID-19 loan that was repaid in full prior to our
IPO. We have no products approved for commercialization and have never generated any revenue from product sales. Biopharmaceutical product
development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. It may be several years, if ever, before we
complete pivotal clinical studies and have a product candidate approved for commercialization and we begin to generate revenues and royalties
from product sales. We have also incurred significant operating losses. As of December 31, 2022, we have an accumulated deficit of $58.2
million.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>COVID-19 Business Update</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have implemented a comprehensive
response strategy designed to manage the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our employees, patients and our business. The prolonged nature
of the pandemic is negatively impacting our business in a varied manner due to the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants and other
variants with increased transmissibility, even in some cases in vaccinated people, including limited access to health care provider offices
and institutions and the willingness of patients or parents of patients to seek treatment or change existing treatments. We expect that
our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may continue to be negatively impacted by the pandemic
on a limited basis that may vary depending on the context. However, we have begun to observe, and expect to continue to observe, a gradual
normalization in patient and healthcare provider practices, as providers and patients have adapted their behaviors and procedures to
the evolving circumstances and as COVID-19 vaccines continue to be administered.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Components of Operating Results</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Licensing Agreement</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement to develop and commercialize our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma.
The EF License Agreement covers the grant of non-transferable licenses, without the right to sublicense, to Eurofarma to develop and
commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement also specifies our obligation to advance development activities with
respect to Nolazol in the United States. A joint steering committee will oversee the development and regulatory activities directed towards
marketing approval, manufacturing and commercialization phases. We believe that our participation in the joint steering committee is
not of material significance to the licenses in the context of the EF License Agreement on the whole and, as such, management has excluded
these activities in the determination of its performance obligation(s) under the EF License Agreement. The EF License Agreement also
provides that the parties shall enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement during the term of the EF License Agreement.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the EF License Agreement,
we received a non-refundable, upfront payment, of $2,500,000 in 2019 and are further eligible to receive non-refundable milestone payments
of up to $16,000,000, based on the achievement of milestones related to regulatory filings, regulatory approvals and the commercialization
of Nolazol. The achievement and timing of the milestones depend on the success of development, approval and sales progress, if any, of
Nolazol in the future. In addition, we are also eligible for tiered royalty payments.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Amounts expected to be recognized
as revenues within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as a current portion of deferred revenues in the balance
sheets in our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within
the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenues, net of current portion. As of December 31, 2022,
we have long-term deferred revenues of $2,500,000 which will be recognized when the development services of Nolazol are completed and
the product candidate receives applicable regulatory approval in Latin America that allows Eurofarma to commence commercialization of
Nolazol in accordance with the EF License Agreement.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Recent Financing Agreements</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>ATM Sales Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 5, 2022, we entered
into an ATM Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Virtu Americas LLC, or Virtu, as sales agent. Of the $3.9 million eligible to
be sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement, as of May 5, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we sold an aggregate of 22,000 common
shares for gross proceeds of approximately $32,000, respectively. On April 13, 2022, we reduced the amount that may be sold pursuant to
the Sales Agreement to $230,000.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the Sales Agreement,
common shares will be offered and sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-262489), declared effective
by the SEC on February 11, 2022. In addition, under the Sales Agreement, sales of our common shares may be made by any method permitted
by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay Virtu a commission
rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of common shares and have agreed to provide Virtu with customary indemnification
and contribution rights. We will also reimburse Virtu for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales Agreement.
We have no obligation to sell any of the common shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend the offering of our common
shares upon notice and subject to other conditions.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Registered Direct Offering</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On April 25, 2022, we closed
a registered direct offering with health-care focused institutional investors for the purchase and sale of (i) 3,015,384 common shares,
at a purchase price of $1.04 per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,184,616 common shares, or the April Pre-Funded
Warrants, at a purchase price of $1.04 minus CHF 0.02 per April Pre-Funded Warrant. The April Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price
of CHF 0.02 per share. The Chairman of our board of directors, Ronald Hafner, agreed to purchase 95,984 of the 3,015,384 common shares
in the offering. </p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">In
addition, pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, the investors received unregistered warrants, or Common Warrants, to purchase
up to an aggregate of 3,150,000 common shares at an exercise of $1.04 per share. The Common Warrants will be exercisable six months after
their issuance and will expire five and a half years following their issuance.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Each
April Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one common share at an exercise price of CHF 0.02 per share. The April Pre-Funded Warrants
are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the April Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We
also entered into an agreement, or the Placement Agent Agreement, with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as sole placement agent, or the
Placement Agent, dated April 13, 2022, pursuant to which the Placement Agent agreed to serve as the placement agent for the Company in
connection with the registered direct offering. The Company paid the Placement Agent (except with respect to the securities to be purchased
by Mr. Hafner) a cash placement fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offering.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Under
the securities purchase agreement the common shares and April Pre-Funded Warrants were issued pursuant to a prospectus supplement, which
was filed with the SEC in connection with a takedown from our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-262489), which was
declared effective by the SEC on February 11, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Short-Term Loans</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On August 19, 2022, we entered
into a short term note agreement, or the Note Agreement, providing for unsecured loans in the aggregate amount of $1,530,000, or the
Loans, to the Company from certain lenders individually, or the Lenders. The aggregate loan amount was transferred to us on August 24,
2022. Mr. Hafner and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, a member of the Company&#8217;s board of directors, agreed to lend $350,000 and $80,000, respectively,
with respect to the Loans.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the Note Agreement,
the loans provided by the Lenders bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, which must be paid upon conversion or repayment, and were
due to be repaid within 90 days following the execution of the short term note agreement, or November 17, 2022. In addition, the Loans
could be voluntarily converted into common shares of the Company prior to the maturity date at a 20% discount (i) to any subsequent qualified
equity financing round of at least $6 million in the aggregate or (ii) upon a change of control. As described below, the Loans were converted
into common shares in September 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, pursuant to
the Note Agreement, the Lenders received unregistered warrants to purchase common shares of the Company equal to an aggregate of 10%
of the Loan amount of each Lender, divided by $0.4970, which is the Nasdaq Official Closing Price as determined on the closing date of
the offering, or an aggregate of 307,844 common shares of the Company. Such warrants have an exercise price equal to $0.4970 per share
and will expire 24 months following their issuance.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Private Placements</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Effective as of September
30, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,194,802 common shares
at a purchase price of $0.77 per share, and (ii) common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,597,401 common shares at an exercise
of $0.70 per share. The common warrants were exercisable immediately and will have a term of 5 years. Mr. Hafner agreed to purchase 324,675
common shares in the offering and our Chief Medical Officer, Dr. George Apostol, agreed to purchase 1,298,701 common shares in the offering.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We
also entered into an agreement, or the Placement Agent Agreement, with Laidlaw &amp; Company (UK) Ltd. as sole placement agent, or the
Laidlaw Placement Agent pursuant to which the Laidlaw Placement Agent agreed to serve as the placement agent for us in connection with
the September 2022 Private Placement. We paid the Laidlaw Placement Agent a cash placement fee equal to 3.5% of the aggregate gross proceeds
received for the securities sold in the September 2022 Private Placement.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">At the closing of the offering,
Lenders with an aggregate principal balance of $1.53 million plus all accrued interest, that were issued in August 2022, elected to convert
into 2,516,429 common shares and the holders received the warrants to purchase up to 1,258,215 common shares with an exercise price of
$0.70, that are exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire five years following the date that the warrants are initially
exercisable, and are otherwise substantially similar to the form of the warrants issued in the September 2022 private placement. We obtained
shareholder approval to increase our authorized share capital, which was required to permit the exercise of the warrants issued to the
Lenders. In addition, a portion of the purchasers of the common warrants with the right to purchase up to 1,298,699 common shares agreed
not to exercise their common warrants until such time as we had increased our authorized share capital. In October 2022, we conducted
an extraordinary general meeting wherein our shareholders approved the increase in authorized share capital.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On December 6, 2022, we entered
into a securities purchase agreement, or the December Purchase Agreement, with funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively,
BVF, providing for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,747,126 common shares, par value CHF 0.02 per share, and (ii)
pre-funded warrants to purchase 5,747,127 common shares, or the December Pre-Funded Warrants, at a purchase price of $0.87 per common
share and $0.87 per December Pre-Funded Warrant, for aggregate gross proceeds of $10 million. The first closing of the offering, or the
First Closing, occurred on December 13, 2022. The December Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of CHF 0.02 per share. </p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">In
addition, we and BVF agreed that, until the 30<sup>th</sup>&#160;day following receipt of the official written minutes from the end of
the Phase 2 meeting to be held by the Company with the FDA, or the Election Deadline, among other closing conditions, BVF shall have
the right to purchase at a second closing, or the Second Closing, up to $20 million in units, or the Units, with each Unit consisting
of one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as well as receive a warrant, or the Additional Warrants,
to purchase up to 150% of the number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second Closing, at a purchase
price of $1.50 per Unit. The Additional Warrants will have a term of five years, will have an exercise price of $2.03 per share and will
be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares due to its beneficial ownership
limitation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the December Purchase
Agreement, we agreed to grant BVF the right to participate in future offerings of the Company&#8217;s securities for a period from the
First Closing until the earlier of (i) the 30-month anniversary of the Initial Closing Date or (ii) until such time that BVF retains beneficial
ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares. In addition, we agreed to grant BVF the right to nominate one
member to the Company&#8217;s <span style="background-color: white">board of directors</span> and shall continue to recommend to our shareholders
to elect such member for a period from the First Closing until such time that BVF retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the
issued and outstanding common shares. As of May 5, 2023, BVF has not nominated anyone to serve on the Company&#8217;s <span style="background-color: white">board
of directors</span>.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On April 27, 2023, we entered into
an agreement with BVF to clarify the change of control provision in their December Pre-Funded Warrant.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Standby Equity Distribution Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On September 27, 2021, we
entered into the SEDA with YA II PN Ltd., or YA. Pursuant to the SEDA, we will be able to sell up to $20,000,000 of our common shares,
or the Shares, at our sole option, any time during the three-year period following the execution date of the SEDA. Pursuant to the terms
of the SEDA, any Shares sold to YA will be priced at 92% of the market price, which is defined as the lowest daily volume weighted average
price of the Shares during the five consecutive trading days commencing on the trading day immediately following our delivery of an advance
notice to YA. Any sale of Shares pursuant to the SEDA is subject to certain limitations, including that YA is not permitted to purchase
any Shares that would result in it owning more than 9.99% of our Shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are not obligated to utilize
any of the $20,000,000 available under the SEDA and there are no minimum commitments or minimum use penalties. The total amount of funds
that ultimately can be raised under the SEDA over the three-year term will depend on the market price for the Shares and the number of
Shares actually sold. The SEDA does not impose any restrictions on our operating activities. During the term of the SEDA, YA, and its
affiliates, are prohibited from engaging in any short selling or hedging transactions related to the Shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, we agreed to
sell YA an aggregate of 1,313,232 Shares at a price per share of $1.90, or collectively referred to as the Equity Investment. The Equity
Investment closed in October 2021, following the execution date of the SEDA.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have also agreed to pay
YA, or its affiliates, a commitment fee, or the Commitment Fee, equal to $400,000, or 2%, of the aggregate amount available to be sold
under the SEDA. We paid half of the Commitment Fee on the execution date of the SEDA, with the remaining half of the Commitment Fee to
be paid within twelve months from the execution date of the SEDA. We may elect, in our sole discretion, to pay the Commitment Fee in
cash or in Shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the SEDA, we
are required to register the Shares eligible to be sold pursuant to the SEDA, the Shares comprising the Equity Investment and Commitment
Fee Shares, if any, collectively referred to as the Registrable Shares. We filed registration statements with the SEC registering all
of the Registrable Shares, which were declared effective on November 3, 2021 and January 6, 2022.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On December 14, 2021, we
entered into an amendment, or the Amendment, to the SEDA, we executed with YA, on September 27, 2021, pursuant to which we amended the
maximum advance amount that may be sold pursuant to the SEDA. In that regard, pursuant to the Amendment, we may provide YA an advance
notice equal to the lesser of an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the average of the daily value traded of our common shares
during the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date of an advance notice, or (ii) $4,000,000. In addition, the Amendment
permits us to include a minimum acceptable price, in lieu of the Advance Price (as defined in the SEDA), provided, however that such
minimum acceptable price shall not be more than 85% of the volume weighted average price on the last completed trading day prior to the
time of the delivery of an advance notice.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_017"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Operating Results</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Operating Expenses</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our current operating expenses
consist of two components - research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Research and Development Expenses, net</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our research and development
expenses are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of costs of third-party clinical consultants who conduct clinical and pre-clinical
trials on our behalf and expenses related to lab supplies, materials and facility costs.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Clinical trial costs are
a major component of research and development expenses. We accrue and expense clinical trial activities performed by third parties based
upon actual work completed in accordance with agreements established with clinical research organizations and clinical sites. We determine
the actual costs through monitoring patient enrollment and discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the
progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our research and development
expenses have materially increased and will continue to increase in the future as we enter into the Phase 2/3 clinical development stage
of our product candidates and initiate a number of new research initiatives that are complementary to our existing and planned research
initiatives and thereby recruit additional research and development employees.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>General and Administrative Expenses</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">General and administrative
expenses include personnel costs, expenses for outside professional services, and all other general and administrative expenses. Personnel
costs consist of salaries, cash bonuses and benefits. Outside professional services consist of legal fees (including intellectual property
and corporate matters), accounting and audit services, IT and other consulting fees.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Finance Expense and Income</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Other expenses include exchange
rate differences and financial expenses related to credit card fees.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Interest expense relates
to interest paid for our financing obligations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Taxation</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS Pharmaceutics is subject
to corporate Swiss federal, cantonal and communal taxation in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are entitled under Swiss
laws to carry forward any losses incurred for a period of seven years and can offset our losses carried forward against future taxes.
As of December 31, 2022, we had tax loss carryforwards totaling $32.4 million. There is no certainty that we will make sufficient profits
to be able to utilize these tax loss carryforwards in full. As such, we have recorded a 100% valuation on these tax loss carryforwards.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The effective corporate income
tax rate (federal, cantonal and communal) where we are domiciled is currently 10.6%.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the corporate
income tax, the corporate capital is taxed at a rate of 0.1% (cantonal and communal tax only, as there is no federal tax on capital).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Value Added Tax, or VAT,
is charged on all qualifying goods and services by VAT-registered businesses. An amount of 7.7% of the value of the goods or services
is added to all sales invoices and is payable to the Swiss tax authorities. Similarly, VAT paid on purchase invoices is reclaimable from
the Swiss tax authorities.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Results of Operations</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The numbers below have been
derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere herein. The discussion below should be read along with these financial
statements and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to them.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Comparison of the Year Ended December 31,
2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Year Ended<br/> December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2022</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 76%; text-align: justify">Research and development expenses</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">8,976,643</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">5,919,452</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">6,505,721</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Operating loss</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(15,482,364</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(11,860,621</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">10,045</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(17,323</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Interest expense</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(95,211</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(48,100</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Interest on related party loans</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(5,655</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(20,034</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(922,495</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(16,495,680</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">(11,946,078</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Research and Development Expenses</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Research and development
activities are essential to our business and historically represented the majority of our costs incurred. Costs for certain development
activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information
from the clinical sites and our vendors. In addition to these arrangements, we expect that our total future research and development
costs will increase over current levels in line with strategy to progress the development of our product candidates, as well as discovery
and development of new product candidates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 87 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->81<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table summarizes
our research and development expenses during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="6" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">For the Year Ended<br/> December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">285,594</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">4,176,002</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Clinical manufacturing costs</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">802,052</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">933,506</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">License fee with Novartis</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">250,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">888,661</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">413,697</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(139,707</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt">Total</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">8,976,643</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our research and development
expenses totaled $8,976,643 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $3,057,191, or 51.6%, compared to $5,919,452
for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in expenses was attributable to our execution of the Phase 2a and open label expansion
clinical study in narcolepsy as well as the initiation of drug interaction studies for our lead compound.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>General and Administrative Expenses</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our general and administrative expenses totaled $6,505,721 for the
year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $564,552, or 9.5%, compared to $5,941,169 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The increase was attributable to payroll costs associated with hiring of additional management and key employees, insurance costs related
to directors and officers insurance coverage for members of our board of directors and senior management, costs of filing and maintenance
of our new and existing patents and costs related to marketing and investor relations activities following our initial public offering
listing on Nasdaq.</p><div>



</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Operating Loss</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a result of the foregoing,
our operating loss totaled $15,482,364 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $3,621,743, or 30.5%, compared
to $11,860,621 for the year ended December 31, 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Other Income (Expense)</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Other income (expense) consists
of exchange rate differences and financial expenses related to our credit card fees. We recognized other income of $10,045 for the year
ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $27,368, or 158.0%, compared to other expense $17,323 for the year ended December
31, 2021. The change is due to the movements in the exchange rates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Interest Expense</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Interest expense consists
of interest on notes payable and interest and imputed interest expenses on the convertible notes payable and certain previously outstanding
convertible loans. Interest expense was $95,211, including $67,008 of imputed interest, for the year ended December 31, 2022 representing
an increase of $47,111, or 97.9%, compared to expense of $48,100, including $41,611 of imputed interest, for the year ended December
31, 2021. The increase was due to the short-term note payable and short-term convertible notes payable for the year ended December 31,
2022 partially offset by the repayment of all previous loans and debts in February 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 88 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->82<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Interest on Related Party Loans</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Interest on related party
loans was $5,655 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of $14,379, or 71.8%, compared to $20,034 for the year
ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was due to the repayment of related party debts during these time periods.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Loss on Extinguishment of Convertible Notes</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The loss on extinguishment
of convertible notes of $922,495 for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a result of the extinguishment of the short-term convertible
notes with an aggregate principal and interest amount of $1,550,121 in exchange for 2,516,428 common shares with a fair value of $0.77
per share and an aggregate fair value of $1937,650 and additional warrants with a fair value of $534,996.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Net Loss</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a result of the foregoing,
our net loss totaled $16,495,680 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $4,549,602, or 38.1%, compared to
$11,946,078 for the year ended December 31, 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For a comparison of the Year
Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020 See our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the
fiscal year ending December 31, 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_018"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Liquidity and Capital Resources</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Overview</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">During the year December
31, 2022, we funded our operations with $17,804,246 from the sales of our common shares, pre-funded warrants and warrants, net and the
issuance of convertible notes payable. As of December 31, 2022, we had $8,948,400 in cash and cash equivalents.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The table below summarizes
our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2022</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">2021</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 76%; text-align: justify">Net cash used in operating activities</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">(13,879,371</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">(14,936,044</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Net cash used in investing activities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(39,560</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Net cash provided by financing activities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">17,396,669</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">20,337,839</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(100</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(24,743</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt">Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">3,517,198</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">5,337,491</td><td style="padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Operating Activities</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Net cash used in operating
activities was $13,879,371 during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with net cash used in operating activities of $14,936,044
for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to
our reporting a net loss of $15,985,002 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with a net loss of $11,946,078 for the same period
in 2021, driven by (i) a $3,006,123 increase in research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 and (ii) a $922,495
loss on extinguishment of notes payable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Investing Activities</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We had no net cash from or
used in investing activities in 2022. Net cash used in investing activities of $39,560 during the year ended December 31, 2021 was related
to furniture and software purchases.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Financing Activities</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Net cash provided by financing
activities of $17,396,669 for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisted of $16,547,137 of net proceeds from the issuance of common
stock, pre-funded warrants and warrants, $1,530,000 in proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes payable and $23,692 from the exercise
of pre-funded warrants offset in part, by payments on the note payable of $704,160.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Net cash provided by financing
activities of $20,337,839 in the year ended December 31, 2021, consisted of $17,744,207 of net proceeds from the completion of the initial
public offering, including common shares and warrants, $1,149,550 from warrant exercises, $3,548,582 in net proceeds from transactions
under the SEDA agreement and $108,610 in proceeds on the bridge loan. These proceeds were offset, in part, by payments in full on the
Swiss government COVID-19 loan, the Second Credit Facility (as defined below), the convertible loans, the bridge loan and shareholder
loans for a total of $2,213,110.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On February 2, 2021, we completed
the closing of our initial public offering of 4,819,277 units at a price of $4.15 per unit. Each unit consisted of one common share and
one Warrant to purchase one common share. The common shares and Warrants were immediately separable from the units and were issued separately.
The common shares and Warrants began trading on Nasdaq on January 29, 2021 under the symbols &#8220;NLSP&#8221; and &#8220;NLSPW,&#8221;
respectively. We received net proceeds of $17 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering
expenses. The Warrants are exercisable immediately, expire five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $4.15 per
share. In addition, we granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 722,891 common shares and/or Warrants
to purchase 722,891 common shares, of which the underwriters exercised the option to purchase Warrants to purchase up to 722,891 shares
of common shares. We used the net proceeds from our initial public offering to repay all of our then outstanding loans and notes in full,
including accrued interest.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">See &#8220;&#8212;Recent
Financing Transactions&#8221; above for descriptions of our additional financing transactions in 2022 and 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Current Outlook</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">During 2022, we have financed
our operations primarily through proceeds from sales of our common shares, warrants, the exercise of warrants and the issuance of convertible
notes. We have incurred losses and generated negative cash flows from operations since inception in 2015. To date we have not generated
revenues, and we do not expect to generate any significant revenue from the sale of our product candidates in the near future.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">We expect to generate losses
for the foreseeable future, and these losses could increase as we continue product development until we successfully achieve regulatory
approvals for our product candidates and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all the risks pertinent to the
development of new products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors
that may harm our business. We expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company and we anticipate that
we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we need to raise additional capital to fund
our operations and complete our ongoing and planned clinical studies, funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of December 31, 2022, our
cash and cash equivalents were $8.9 million. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our projected
operating requirements for a period of at least one year from the issuance of the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual
report<span style="background-color: white">. Additionally, </span>our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may
currently be unknown to us including:</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure
About Market Risk</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are exposed to market
risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse
changes in financial market prices and rates. Our current investment policy is to invest available cash in bank deposits with banks that
have a credit rating of at least A-. Accordingly, a substantial majority of our cash and cash equivalents is held in deposits that bear
interest. Given the current low rates of interest we receive, we will not be adversely affected if such rates are reduced. Our market
risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Foreign Currency Exchange Risk</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our results of operations
and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As discussed above, the vast majority of
our liquid assets is held in U.S. dollars, and a certain portion of our expenses are denominated in CHF or EUR. For instance, during
the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 25% of our expenses were denominated in CHF and 5% in EUR. Changes of 5% and 10% in the
U.S. dollar/CHF exchange rate would have increased/decreased our operating expenses by 1% and 3%, respectively. However, these historical
figures may not be indicative of future exposure, as we expect that the percentage of our CHF denominated expenses will materially decrease
in the near future, therefore reducing our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not hedge our foreign
currency exchange risk. In the future, we may enter into formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure
from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us
from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>JOBS Act Accounting Election</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the JOBS Act, an EGC
can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards
apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards,
and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as public companies that are not EGCs.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Option Plan</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On December 14, 2021, the
board of directors, adopted the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021, or the Option Plan. The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract
and motivate management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The board
of directors allocated fifteen percent (15%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_019"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C</b>. <b>Research and development, patents
and licenses, etc.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For a description of our
research and development programs and the amounts that we have incurred over the last two years pursuant to those programs, please see
&#8220;Item 5.A. Operating Results - Operating Expenses - Research and Development Expenses, net&#8221; and &#8220;Item 5.A. Results
of Operations - Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022, to the year ended December 31, 2021- Research and Development Expenses,
net.&#8221;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_020"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Trend information</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are not aware of any material
recent trends besides those discussed elsewhere in this annual report.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_021"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>E. Critical Accounting Estimates</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our management&#8217;s discussion
and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make judgments
and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the
date of the financial statements, as well as the expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical
experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for
making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results
may differ from these judgments and estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material. We
believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies
relate to the more significant areas involving management&#8217;s judgments and estimates.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Revenue Recognition</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The EF License Agreement
provides for the development and commercialization of our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma. The
EF License Agreement is within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 606, &#8220;Revenue from Contract with Customers,&#8221;
or ASC 606.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under ASC 606, an entity
recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which
the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized
for arrangements determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised
goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including
whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable
consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we
satisfy each performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect
consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of December 31, 2022,
we have not recognized any revenue from the EF License Agreement as the upfront payment we received has been deferred. We have allocated
the transaction price entirely to the single License Performance Obligation and recorded the $2,500,000 as deferred revenue that is expected
to be recognized upon Brazilian or other Latin American market approval or, in the event marketing approval in the United States and/or
Latin America is not achieved, whether by failure in clinical development or otherwise, when the Company&#8217;s performance obligations
are contractually complete or the EF License Agreement is terminated.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Pension Obligations</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have a single insurance
collective pension plan that is fully insured and operated by an insurance company which covers the employees. Both we and the participants
provide monthly contributions to the pension plan that are based on the covered salary. A portion of the pension contribution is credited
to employees&#8217; savings accounts which earns interest at the rate provided in the plan. The pension plan provides for retirement
benefits as well as benefits on long-term disability and death. The pension plan qualifies as a defined benefit plan in accordance with
U.S. GAAP. As such, the cost of the defined pension arrangement is determined based on actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation assumes
the estimation of discount rates, estimated returns on assets, future salary increases, mortality figures and future pension increases.
Because of the long-term nature of these pension plans, the valuation of these is subject to uncertainties.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Income Taxation</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We incur tax loss carryforwards
generating deferred tax assets against which a valuation allowance is recorded when it is not more likely than not that the tax benefit
can be realized. Judgment is required in determining the use of tax loss carryforwards. Management&#8217;s current judgment is that it
is not more likely than not that the tax benefits can be realized and a full valuation allowance is therefore recognized.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_022"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_023"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A</b>. <b>Directors and Senior Management</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table sets
forth information regarding our directors and senior management and directors as of May 5, 2023:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Name</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Age</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Position</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">Initial Year of<br/> Appointment</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Directors</td><td style="font-weight: bold">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 30%; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Ronald Hafner<sup>(1)(3)</sup></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 6%; text-align: center">59</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 46%; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chairman and Director</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 15%; text-align: center">2015</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Alexander Zwyer</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">54</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer and Director</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2015</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Myoung-Ok Kwon<sup>(1)(2)(3)</sup></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">52</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2021</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Stig L&#248;kke Pedersen<sup>(2)(3)</sup></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">61</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2021</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Gian-Marco Rinaldi<sup>(2)</sup></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">54</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Director</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2021</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Senior Management</b></span></td><td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Alexander Zwyer</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">54</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2015</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chad Hellmann </span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">53</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial &#160;Officer</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2022</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">George Apostol</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">50</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Medical Officer</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2022</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Member of Compensation, Nomination &amp; Governance Committee</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Member of the Audit Committee</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(3)</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">Independent Director (as defined under Nasdaq rules)</td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In general, members of our
board of directors are elected by our shareholders and elected to serve for a one-year period.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Ronald Hafner, Chairman of the Board of Directors</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Ronald Hafner </i>has
been a member of our board of directors and served as Chairman of the board of directors since August 2015. Mr. Hafner has been a partner
at Deloitte Consulting AG since January 2016 and since 2018 he has served as the chairman of Magnetic Rock, a private investment company.
From 2015 to 2016, Mr. Hafner served as an independent director of the Pingar Group Ltd., a private company developing artificial intelligence
software solutions. Prior to serving in these capacities, Mr. Hafner served as the Chief Executive Officer of Infosys Consulting AG.
Prior to Lodestone Management Consultants AG&#8217;s acquisition by Infosys Ltd. in 2012, Mr. Hafner was Chief Executive Officer and
partner of Lodestone Management Consultants AG, where he was responsible for the company&#8217;s global operations since founding the
business in 2005. Mr. Hafner has an M.B.A. and master&#8217;s degree in economics from the University of Basel/Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Alexander Zwyer, Chief Executive Officer and
Director</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Alexander Zwyer </i>has
served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a Director since our incorporation in August 2015. Mr. Zwyer has over 25 years of international
business experience. In 2007, prior to, and until founding NLS in 2015, Mr. Zwyer founded a start-up in the high-end luxury food sector
and served as its chief executive officer until 2015 when he successfully sold the company. From 1991 and until 2007, Mr. Zwyer served
in various positions with Viforpharma AG (SWX: VIFN) (then known as Vifor (International) Inc.), most notably serving as Executive Vice
President (chief operating officer), leading the company&#8217;s global regulatory affairs, medical affairs, sales and marketing as well
as business development teams. Mr. Zwyer speaks seven languages fluently. Mr. Zwyer holds a B.B.A. in business administration from Oekral,
Zurich, Switzerland and an executive M.B.A. from GSBA/Lorange Institute of Business, Zurich, Switzerland and an M.B.A. from University
at Albany SUNY.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Myoung-Ok Kwon, Director</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Myoung-Ok Kwon, Ph.D.
</i>became a member of our board of directors in January 2021. Ms. Kwon has 16 years of experience in the healthcare venture capital
and public investments and pharma research fields. Ms. Kwon is Head of Healthcare Investment at PMG Investment Solutions AG, or PMG,
and Asset Manager of the PMG Global Biotech Fund. From 2004 to 2007, Ms. Kwon worked at Novartis AG as a Senior Research Planner and
Scientific Assistant to the Head of Corporate Research. After leaving Novartis AG in 2007, she joined the Zurich-based venture capital
fund Nextech Invest as Managing Partner. She led the investment team from 2007-2012 and made 10 biotech investments in the United States
and Europe. Her board of directors and observer representation included Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: SNSS) (USA) (as an observer)
from 2009 to 2012, MacroGenics Inc. (USA) (as an observer) From 2008 to 2012, TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: MGNX) (USA) from
2011 to 2012, Telormedix SA (Switzerland) (as an observer) from 2008 to 2012, ImVisioN Therapeutics AG (Germany) from 2007 to 2012. She
has been a venture partner of Arcus Ventures, a New York-based venture capital fund, since 2014. She is also the founder of Julier Partners,
a healthcare consulting firm active since 2013 and built up the Biotech Core Value Fund, a Liechtenstein-based fund, as an investment
advisor from 2014-2019. She holds a Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular genetics from the University of Basel and the Friedrich Miescher
Institute, which is part of the Novartis Research Foundation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Stig L&#248;kke Pedersen, Director</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Stig Lokke Pedersen </i>became
a member of our board of directors in January 2021. Mr. Pedersen has over 35 years of business experience, having held numerous executive
positions and board positions over such period of time. Since 2012, Mr. Pedersen has been a member of the investment board in the Danish
private equity fund Catacap A/S and from 2001 to 2011, Mr. Pedersen served as a member of the executive management team at H. Lundbeck
A/S (Denmark) (Nasdaq Copenhagen: LUN), one of Denmark&#8217;s largest public companies and a prominent, global CNS specialist pharmaceutical
company. During his time as Chief Commercial Officer at H. Lundbeck A/S (Denmark), Mr. Pedersen was responsible for all business activities
in the group, including operations in more than 60 countries worldwide, a turnover of $3 billion and around 4,500 employees. In addition,
Mr. Pedersen has served on numerous boards since 1992, including Chairman of the board of directors of Nuevolution AB (Nasdaq Sweden:
NUE) from 2001 to 2019 and Chairman of the board of directors of ChemoMetec A/S (Nasdaq Copenhagen: CHEMM) from 2009 to 2013. In addition,
Mr. Pedersen currently sits on the board of directors of nine other companies, including the life science companies Stemform A/S, SSI
Diagnostika A/S, TAP A/S, Moksha8 Ltd., Union Therapeutics A/S and Index Pharmaceuticals AB. Mr. Pedersen earned his MSc. (Econ.) from
Aalborg University in Denmark.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Gian-Marco Rinaldi, Director</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Gian-Marco Rinaldi </i>has
served as a Director since June 2021. Mr. Rinaldi has over 25 years of international business experience. Since 2009, Mr. Rinaldi worked
at Equity Partner Finad AG, Multi Family Office as an Advisor on financial matters with focus on Private Equity. From 2007 and until
2009, Mr. Rinaldi served in various positions with Clariden Leu, as a Managing Director. From 1995 and until 2000, Mr. Rinaldi served
as Manager distressed assets in Corporate Banking for UBS. Mr. Rinaldi speaks three languages fluently. Mr. Rinaldi holds a Master of
Advanced Studies at University of Applied Sciences Nordwestschweiz, Switzerland and a Master in law at University of Zurich, Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b>&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Chad Hellmann, Chief Financial Officer</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">

</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt"><i>Chad Hellmann</i> has
served as Chief Financial Officer and co-portfolio manager at Arcus Ventures since 2014. He also maintains an advisory role at Rosebank
Capital Partners, where he co-created the investment strategy for the long/short fund, which incorporates a liquid private equity approach
for micro and small cap public companies in the biotech and cleantech sectors. From 2004 through 2011, Mr. Hellmann served as Chief Financial
Officer of Cat Trail Management, or CTM, a single-family office and partner in Cat Trail Capital, or CTC, a private equity fund focused
on technology, biotech and cleantech companies both in the private and public markets. While at CTM, he led the firm&#8217;s private equity
fund investing in both debt and equity instruments, where he managed several investments through the bankruptcy process both as a senior
secured and subordinated unsecured lender. Additionally, in this role, Mr. Hellmann acquired assets in the Chapter 7 process. Prior to
CTC, he founded Bison Ventures, an early-stage venture capital fund focused on investing in media and technology companies. Over the past
15 years, Mr. Hellmann has served on several boards of directors including ET Water, Inc., NuVision, Inc. (Chairman), Vertebron Inc. and
Yachtstore Ltd<i>.</i> Mr. Hellmann resigned as Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Dr. George Apostol, Chief Medical Officer
and Global Head of Research and Development</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Dr. George Apostol</i>
was appointed the Chief Medical Officer and Global Head of Research and Development in September 2022. From 2020 to 2022, Dr. Apostol
was the Executive Vice President, Head of Global Research and Development of Endo International plc where he led the transformation of
the research and development, or R&amp;D, organization from a generic-focused group into a dynamic specialty-pharmaceutical R&amp;D organization.
From 2020 to 2015, Dr. Apostol, was the Vice President of Global Development of Shire Inc. Dr. Apostol attended Carol Davila Medical
School in Bucharest, Romania where he earned his M.D. degree, and the University of Minnesota, where he earned a Master of Science in
Clinical Research. Following the end of his graduate studies, Dr. Apostol attended a post-doctorate drug development program at Eli Lilly
&amp; Co. in Indianapolis, Indiana. Subsequently, Dr. Apostol attained broad drug development expertise across early, middle and late
phases while working in the global R&amp;D as Global Head of R&amp;D at Endo International plc from May 202 to January 2022; Vice President,
Global Development at Shire from May 2015 to May 2020; Franchise Medical Head, Neuroscience-Europe from January 2014 to May 2015; Global
Program Medical Director, Neuroscience from July 2009 to February 2014 during his tenure at Novartis; and Senior Medical Director, Global
Pharmaceutical R&amp;D from September 2005 to June 2009 at Abbott Laboratories.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Family Relationships</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There are no family relationships
among any of our senior management and our directors.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Arrangements for Election of Directors
and Members of Senior Management</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There are no arrangements
or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our senior management or our directors
were selected.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_024"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B</b>. <b>Compensation</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Compensation</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table
presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to all of our directors and senior management as a group for the year ended
December 31, 2022. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing
us with services during this period. For the year 2022, pursuant to Swiss law, we are required to provide the compensation report
detailing the compensation (i) in a total amount our members of the board of directors (stating the name and function of the member
concerned) and (ii) in a total amount and the highest amount attributable to the senior management (stating the name and function of
the member concerned) to the general meeting of shareholders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All amounts reported in the
table below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands, for the year ended December 31, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; width: 64%; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">All directors and
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In accordance with Swiss law, we are required to disclose the compensation
granted to the board of directors and the senior management as follows: the total amount for the board of directors and the amount attributable
to each member of the board of directors, stating the name and function of the member concerned, as well as the total amount for the senior
management and the highest amount attributable to a member of the senior management, stating the name and function of the member concerned.
The table below reflects the compensation granted during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All amounts reported in the
table below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands, for the year ended December 31, 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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 Bonuses<br/>
 and<br/>
 Related<br/>
 Benefits</td><td style="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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 Retirement<br/>
 and Other<br/>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 64%; text-align: left">Ronald Hafner</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;-</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">89</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Stig L&#248;kke Pedersen</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">28</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">2</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">George Apostol</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">137</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Gian-Marco Rinaldi</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">$</td><td style="text-align: right">1</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  </table><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Resigned as Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023.</td>
</tr></table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Employment Agreements with Senior Management</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have entered into written employment agreements with our Chief Executive
Officer and Chief Medical Officer, currently our only members of senior management. Our other members of the management team are not engaged
as full-time employees as of December 31, 2022. We have entered into consulting or employment agreements with our other management and
employees. All of these agreements contained provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions.
However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law and, our assignment of inventions agreements
with our senior management contain terms and conditions customary under Swiss law. In addition, our senior management are subject to our
directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; liability insurance policy, which we obtained prior to the initial public offering. Members of our
senior management are eligible for bonuses each year. The bonuses will be payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set annually
by our board of directors and compensation and governance committee, and, in certain circumstances, upon approval by our shareholders.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_025"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Board Practices</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Board of Directors</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our board of directors is
composed of five directors. Each director is elected for a one-year term. Messrs. Hafner and Zwyer were reappointed at the annual shareholders&#8217;
meeting held on May 31, 2022 to serve until the 2023 shareholders&#8217; meeting to be held in June 2023.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On May 3, 2023, our board of directors resolved to consider increasing
the size of the board of directors by two seats and seek U.S. based, industry experts as candidates to potentially serve as independent
directors at our next annual general shareholders meeting. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in finding candidates that
meet these requirements or that our shareholders will approve their election to our board of directors.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss law requires that any listed company exceeding two of the three
thresholds specified in art. 727 para.1 no. 2 of the Swiss Code of Obligations, or the CO in two successive financial years shall have
each gender represented by at least 30% on the board of directors and 20% on the senior management team. If a company fails to comply,
it must be disclosed in a statutory remuneration report, including an explanation and a designation of measures to be taken to reconcile
the failed compliance. For our board of directors, this rule will apply, subject to meeting the thresholds required under the CO, from
the business year 2026, whereas for the senior management team from the business year 2031. The triggering thresholds are (i) a balance
sheet total of 20 million CHF, (ii) sales revenue of 40 million CHF and (iii) an average of 250 full-time employees per year.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->91<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Director Independence</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our board has reviewed the
independence of our directors, applying the Nasdaq independence standards. Based on this review, the board determined that each of Ronald
Hafner, Myoung Ok-Kwon, Stig Lokke Pedersen and Gian-Marco Rinaldi are &#8220;independent&#8221; within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules.
In making this determination, our board considered the relationships that each of these non-employee directors has with us and all other
facts and circumstances our board deemed relevant in determining their independence. As required under applicable Nasdaq rules, our independent
directors meet on a regular basis as often as necessary to fulfill their responsibilities, including at least annually in executive session
without the presence of non-independent directors and senior management.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Committees of the Board of Directors</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our board of directors has
established two standing committees, the audit committee, and the compensation, nomination and governance committee.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Audit Committee</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under Nasdaq rules, we are
required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three members, all of whom are independent and are financially literate
and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise. We have complied with this requirement in accordance with Nasdaq
Listing Rule 5615(b)(1).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our audit committee currently
consists of Myoung-Ok Kwon, Stig L&#248;kke Pedersen and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, each of whom meets the requirements for financial literacy
under Nasdaq rules. Ms. Kwon serves as chairperson of the audit committee and our board of directors has determined that Ms. Kwon is
an &#8220;audit committee financial expert&#8221; as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by
the Nasdaq Listing Rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The audit committee is governed
by a charter that complies with Nasdaq rules. The audit committee has the responsibility to, among other things:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    financial statements, review and discuss the financial statements with the senior management and the company&#8217;s external
    independent auditor and present its recommendations with respect to the financial statements to the board of directors prior to the
    approval of the financial statements at the general shareholders&#8217; meeting;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">determine and pre-approve the terms of certain audit and non-audit
    services provided by our auditor;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">review and monitor, if applicable, legal matters with significant impact
    and findings of regulatory authorities, receive reports regarding irregularities and legal compliance, and make recommendations to
    our board of directors if so required, and oversee our policies and procedures regarding compliance to applicable financial and accounting
    related standards, rules and regulations; and</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">review and assess the independent auditor&#8217;s report, management
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 98 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->92<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Compensation, Nomination and Governance
Committee</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The members of our compensation,
nomination and governance committee are currently Ronald Hafner and Myoung-Ok Kwon with Ronald Hafner serving as chairperson. The compensation,
nomination and governance committee assists our board of directors in overseeing our cash compensation and equity award recommendations
for our senior management along with the rationale for such recommendations, as well as summary information regarding the aggregate compensation
provided to our senior management. Swiss law requires that we adopt a compensation committee, so in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule
5615(a)(3), we follow home country requirements with respect to the compensation committee. In accordance with the Revision, the compensation
of our board of directors and senior management must be presented by the board of directors to our shareholders and our shareholders
must vote on the proposed compensation. In addition, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3), we follow home country requirements
with respect to the nomination and governance committee. With respect to the nomination of persons to our board of directors, our home
country rules do not require us to authorize a committee of our independent directors or alternatively hold a vote consisting of solely
our independent directors in order to determine which persons shall be nominated for election by our shareholders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a result, our practice
varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(d) and 5605(e) which set forth certain requirements as to the responsibilities,
composition and independence of compensation committees and the nomination of directors for election by shareholders, respectively. See
&#8220;-Differences between Swiss Laws and Nasdaq Requirements.&#8221;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The members of the compensation,
nomination and governance committee are elected annually by the shareholders&#8217; meeting for a period until the completion of the
next annual shareholders&#8217; meeting and are eligible for re-election. Each member of the compensation, nomination and governance
committee is elected individually. If there are vacancies on the compensation, nomination and governance committee and the number of
members falls below the minimum of two, the board of directors shall appoint the missing member from among its members for the remaining
term of office.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_026"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Employees.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As of May 5, 2023, we have two senior management members who are our
only full-time employees. None of our employees is represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe
that we maintain good relations with our employees.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All of our employment and
consulting agreements will include employees&#8217; and consultants&#8217; undertakings with respect to non-competition and assignment
to us of intellectual property rights developed in the course of employment and confidentiality.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_027"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>E. Share Ownership.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Option Plan</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On December 14, 2021, the
board of directors, adopted the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021. The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract and motivate
management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The board of directors
allocated fifteen percent (15%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan. For more information,
see &#8220;Item 7.A. Major Shareholders&#8221; below.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->93<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_028"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY
TRANSACTIONS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_029"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Major Shareholders</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table sets forth
information regarding beneficial ownership of our common shares as of May 5, 2023 by:</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">each person, or group of affiliated persons, known to us to be the
    beneficial owner of more than 5% of our voting securities.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as indicated in footnotes
to this table, we believe that the shareholder named in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown
to be beneficially owned by it, based on information provided to us by such shareholder. The shareholder listed below does not have any
different voting rights from any of our other shareholders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify">Holders of more than 5% of our voting securities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 76%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Magnetic Rock Investment AG<sup>(2)</sup></span></td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">BVF Partners L.P.<sup>(3)</sup></span></td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">6,859,146</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">9.9</td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Ronald Hafner*</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">2,399,491</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Myoung-Ok Kwon, Ph.D.*</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">24,581</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Stig L&#248;kke Pedersen*</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">24,581</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Chad Hellmann</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">31,250</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: justify">Gian-Marco Rinaldi*</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,298,701</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify">All directors and senior management as a group (7 persons)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">5,366,929</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">*</span></td>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">**</span></td>
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  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Beneficial ownership is determined in
accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person, even
if not the record owner, has or shares the underlying benefits of ownership. These benefits include the power to direct the voting or
the disposition of the securities or to receive the economic benefit of ownership of the securities. A person also is considered to be
the &#8220;beneficial owner&#8221; of securities that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days by option or other agreement.
Beneficial owners include persons who hold their securities through one or more trustees, brokers, agents, legal representatives or other
intermediaries, or through companies in which they have a &#8220;controlling interest,&#8221; which means the direct or indirect power
to direct the management and policies of the entity. The percentages shown are based on 32,428,893, common shares issued and outstanding
as of May 5, 2023.</p></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Magnetic Rock Investment AG is a private
company owned in equal part by each of the Shareholders, Messrs. Bauer, Stein and &#214;dman. Ronald Hafner serves on the board of directors.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(3)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">Includes pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,112,020 common shares
and excludes additional pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 4,635,107 common shares which are subject to a beneficial ownership blocker.
Based solely on the Form 13G filed on December 16, 2022, with respect to securities jointly held by Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology
Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV LLC, each with a principal address of 44 Montgomery Street,
40<sup>th</sup> Floor, San Francisco, California 94104</td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(4)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Based solely on the Schedule 13G filed
with the SEC on February 24, 2023.</p></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->94<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Significant Changes in Ownership by Major
Shareholders</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">During the past three years,
there have been decreases in their relative percentage of ownership of our major shareholders as a result of our initial public offering
and other equity issuances and an addition of a major shareholder due to an investment made in the Company during 2022.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Record Holders</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">As of the date of this
annual report, there was a total of 25 holders of record of our common shares, of which at least six (6) has, to the best of our knowledge,
a registered address in the United States.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are not controlled by
another corporation, by any foreign government or by any natural or legal persons except as set forth herein, and there are no arrangements
known to us which would result in a change in control of the Company at a subsequent date.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_030"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Related Party Transactions</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Employment Agreements</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have entered into written
employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Medical Officer. Our other members of management are not engaged as full-time
employees as of December 31, 2022.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All employment agreements
that we enter into contain provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However,
the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law and, our assignment of inventions agreements
with our senior management will contain terms and conditions customary under Swiss law. In addition, our senior management are subject
to our directors and officers insurance policy. Members of our senior management are eligible for bonuses each year. The bonuses will
be payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set annually by the board of directors and compensation, nomination and governance
committee, and, in certain circumstances, upon approval by our shareholders.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Alexander Zwyer Employment Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On April 9, 2021, we entered
into a new employment agreement with Mr. Zwyer, effective as of May 1, 2021, relating to his service as our Chief Executive Officer.
Pursuant to his employment agreement, we have agreed to pay Mr. Zwyer a base annual salary of CHF 410,400, and a bonus payment of up
to CHF 200,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement also provides that either party may terminate
the employment agreement with 12 months&#8217; prior notice, and that Mr. Zwyer will be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation
clauses. The employment agreement also provides for standard confidentiality provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>George Apostol Employment Agreement </i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On September 7, 2022, we entered
into a new employment agreement with Mr. Apostol, effective as of September 7, 2022, relating to his service as our Chief Medical Officer
and Global Head of Research and Development. Pursuant to his employment agreement, we have agreed to pay Mr. Apostol a base annual salary
of CHF 340,000, and a bonus payment of up to CHF 68,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement
also provides that either party may terminate the employment agreement with six months&#8217; prior notice, and that Mr. Apostol will
be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation clauses. The employment agreement also provides for standard confidentiality
provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->95<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Silvia Panigone Employment Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On September 5, 2022, Ms.
Panigone, agreed to leave her position as Chief Operating Officer effective, November 30, 2022. Dr. Panigone&#8217;s resignation was
not as a result of any disagreement between Ms. Panigone and the Company, or any matter related to the Company&#8217;s operations, policies
or practices. Previously, on April 9, 2021, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Panigone, effective as of May 1, 2021, relating
to her service as our Chief Operating Officer. Pursuant to her employment agreement, we agreed to pay Ms. Panigone a base annual salary
of CHF 270,000, and a bonus payment of up to CHF 95,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement
also provided that either party may terminate the employment agreement with 6 months&#8217; prior notice, and that Ms. Panigone will
be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation clauses. The employment agreement also provided for standard confidentiality
provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. Ms. Panigone resigned August 31, 2022 with a final termination date of November
8, 2022. As part of the termination agreement Ms. Panigone executed with the Company, 50,000 options were immediately vested and Ms.
Panigone is entitled to a final severance payment in the amount of CHF 90,000 during the first half of 2023.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Subhasis Roy Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy
resigned as the Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Roy&#8217;s resignation was not as a result of any disagreement between Mr. Roy
and the Company or any matter related to the Company&#8217;s operations, policies or practices. Mr. Roy continued to provide transition
services through June 30, 2022. Previously in March 2021, we entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Roy pursuant to which we agreed
to pay Mr. Roy a daily rate of CHF 2,000 for his services. The consulting agreement could be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217;
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Roy that could not be cured. The consulting agreement contained
customary confidentiality provisions and provided for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. We entered into a new consulting agreement
starting June 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Roy&#8217;s engagement with the Company. On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy resigned as the Company&#8217;s
Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Roy continued to provide transition services to the Company through June 30, 2022. Mr. Roy&#8217;s
resignation was not as a result of any disagreement between Mr. Roy&#160;and the Company, or any matter related to the Company&#8217;s
operations, policies or practices.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Eric Konofal Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In February 2021, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Eric Konofal, our current Chief Scientific Officer, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Konofal
a daily rate of CHF 2,000 for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217; written notice
or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Konofal that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary
confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. We entered
into a new consulting agreement starting July 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Konofal&#8217;s engagement with the Company in his current
role.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Carlos Camozzi Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In March 2021, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Carlos Camozzi, our current Interim Medical Director, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Camozzi
an hourly rate of CHF 230 plus 7.7% VAT for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217;
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Camozzi that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
On September 8, 2022, Mr. Camozzi resigned as our Interim Medical Director. Mr. Camozzi&#8217;s resignation was not a result of any disagreement
between us and Mr. Camozzi, or any matter related to our operations, policies or practices.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->96<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Chad Hellmann Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In June 2022, we entered into
a consulting agreement with Mr. Chad Hellmann, our current Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Hellmann an
annual rate of $160,000 plus a cash bonus of $56,000 for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon
30 days&#8217; written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Hellmann that cannot be cured. The consulting
agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. On May 1, 2023, Mr. Hellman
resigned with a final termination date of May 31, 2023.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Tom Curatolo Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Curatolo, our current Head of U.S. Commercialization, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay
Mr. Curatolo a monthly retainer of $16,000 per month for his services, and 50,000 options to purchase our common shares. The consulting
agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217; written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach
by Mr. Curatolo that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month
non-solicitation clause.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Marianne Lambertson Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Ms. Marianne Lambertson, our current Head of Corporate Communications &amp; Investor Relations, pursuant
to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Lambertson a monthly retainer of $12,500 for her services. Ms. Lambertson will be eligible for
a one-time cash bonus based on the share value appreciation on 10,000 phantom shares with share appreciation defined as the difference
in the opening share price commencing January 1, 2023 and the closing price ending April 30, 2023. The consulting agreement may be terminated
by either party upon 30 days&#8217; written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Ms. Lambertson that cannot
be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Astrid Sommer Consulting Agreement</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Ms. Astrid Sommer, our current Head of Human Resources, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Ms.
Sommer a fixed monthly retainer of CHF 3,500 until the end of June 2023, with an additional per hour rate of CHF 300. The consulting agreement
may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217; written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Ms. Sommer
that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation
clause.</p><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Shareholders and Officer and Director Loans</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">See &#8220;Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects &#8211; Short Term Loans&#8221; for additional information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_031"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Interests of Experts and Counsel</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_032"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_033"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial
Information.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">See &#8220;Item 18. Financial
Statements.&#8221;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Legal Proceedings</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">From time to time we may
become involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. During the period covered by the financial statements
contained herein, we were not subject to any material legal proceedings that has had a material adverse effect on our financial position.
No assurance can be given that future litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position. When appropriate
in management&#8217;s estimation, we may record reserves in our financial statements for pending litigation and other claims.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Dividends</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have never declared or
paid any cash dividends on our common shares and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash
dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including
our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our
board of directors may deem relevant.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under Swiss law, we may only
pay dividends if we have sufficient distributable profits brought forward from the previous business years (&#8220;Gewinnvortrag&#8221;),
or if we have distributable reserves (&#8220;frei verf&#252;gbare Reserven&#8221;), each as evidenced by our audited stand-alone statutory
balance sheet prepared pursuant to Swiss law, and after allocations to reserves required by Swiss law and the articles of association
have been deducted. Based on the Revision, the shareholders may now resolve to pay an interim dividend (&#8220;Zwischendividende&#8221;)
if we have sufficient distributable profits based on an interim account. The provisions applicable for dividends are also applicable
for the interim dividends.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under our amended and restated
articles of association and in accordance with Swiss law, only our shareholders have the power to approve the payment of any dividends.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_034"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Significant Changes.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No significant change, other
than as otherwise described in this annual report, has occurred in our operations since the date of our financial statements included
in this annual report.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_035"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_036"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Offer and Listing Details</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Since January 30, 2021, our
common shares and Warrants trade on Nasdaq under the symbols &#8220;NLSP&#8221; and NLSPW,&#8221; respectively.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_037"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Plan of Distribution</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_038"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Markets</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our common shares and Warrants
trade on Nasdaq.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_039"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Selling Shareholders</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_040"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>E. Dilution</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_041"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>F. Expenses of the Issue</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 104 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->98<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_042"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_043"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Share Capital</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_044"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Memorandum and Articles of Association</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A copy of our amended and
restated articles of association is attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this annual report. The information called for by this Item is set forth
in Exhibit 2(d) to this annual report and is incorporated by reference into this annual report.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_045"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Material Contracts</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt">The following is a summary
of each material contract, other than material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we are or have been
a party, for the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report:&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Standby Equity Distribution Agreement dated September 27,
    2021 between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on September 28, 2021).
    See Item 4.B. &#8220;Business Overview&#8221; for more information about this document.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 1 to Standby Equity Distribution Agreement,
    dated December 14, 2021, between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December
    15, 2021). See Item 4.B. &#8220;Business Overview&#8221; for more information about this document.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">ATM Sales Agreement, dated March 4, 2022
by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and Virtu Americas LLC. See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial Review and Prospects &#8211;
Recent Financing Agreements&#8221; for more information about this document.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated
April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and District 2 Capital Fund LP, Armistice Master Capital Fund Ltd, Ronald Hafner,
and Lincoln Park Capital Fund LLC. See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial Review and Prospects &#8211; Recent Financing Agreements&#8221;
for more information about this document.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Placement Agent Agreement, dated April
13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners. See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial Review
and Prospects &#8211; Recent Financing Agreements&#8221; for more information about this document.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Short Term Note Agreement, dated August
19, 2022 by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and Ronald Hafner, Michael Stein, J&#252;rgen Bauer, Maria Nayvalt and Gian-Marco Rinaldi.
See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial Review and Prospects &#8211; Recent Financing Agreements&#8221; for more information about
this document.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Securities
Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2022 by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and George Apostol, Ronald Hafner, Felix Grisard,
Jurgen Bauer and Maria Nayvalt</span>. <span style="font-size: 10pt">See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
&#8211; Recent Financing Agreements&#8221; for more information about this document.</span></p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated December 6, 2022 by and between
    NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF. See Item 5. &#8220;Operating and Financial
    Review and Prospects &#8211; Recent Financing Agreements&#8221; for more information about this document.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 105 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->99<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_046"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D. Exchange Controls</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There are no Swiss governmental
laws, decrees or regulations that restrict, in a manner material to us, the export or import of capital, including any foreign exchange
controls, or that generally affect the remittance of dividends or other payments to non-residents or non-citizens of Switzerland who
hold our common shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_047"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>E. Taxation.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Switzerland Tax Consideration</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This summary of material
Swiss tax consequences is based on Swiss law and regulations and the practice of the Swiss tax administration as in effect on the date
hereof, all of which are subject to change (or subject to changes in interpretation), possibly with retroactive effect. The summary does
not purport to take into account the specific circumstances of any particular shareholder or potential investor and does not relate to
persons in the business of buying and selling common shares or other securities. The summary is not intended to be, and should not be
interpreted as, legal or tax advice to any particular potential shareholder/s, and no representation with respect to the tax consequences
to any particular shareholder/s is made.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Current and prospective shareholders
are advised to consult their own tax advisers in light of their particular circumstances as to the Swiss tax laws, regulations and regulatory
practices that could be relevant for them in connection with the acquiring, owning and selling or otherwise disposing of common shares
and receiving dividends and similar cash or in-kind distributions on common shares (including dividends on liquidation proceeds and stock
dividends) or distributions on common shares based upon a capital reduction (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;) or reserves paid
out of capital contributions (&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) and the consequences thereof under the tax laws, regulations
and regulatory practices of Switzerland.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Taxation of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NLS is a Swiss company, subject
to taxation in the Canton of Zurich as from December 10, 2021 onwards (formerly, Canton of Nidwalden). The Company is taxed at a current
effective income tax rate of approximately 18.9% (including direct federal as well as cantonal/communal taxes). In addition, an annual
capital tax rate of approximately 0.16% is levied on the net equity of the Company.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based on a vote by eligible
Swiss voters in Switzerland on May 19, 2019, Switzerland reformed certain elements of its corporate tax law which impact the taxation
of NLS (including the abolition of the mixed company privilege at cantonal/communal level). These new federal regulations went into effect
as of January 1, 2020. Regarding the implementation of certain measures on the cantonal level, a referendum was put up for a vote in
the Canton of Nidwalden. Following a vote during the year ended December 31, 2020, the referendum passed and took effect in the Canton
of Nidwalden. Transitional measures were implemented for companies that were previously under the abolished mixed company regime at cantonal/communal
levels to prevent over-taxation on hidden reserves generated under said regime. NLS applied for the special tax rate solution that provides
for a separate taxation over five years of the portion of the profit based on realization of hidden reserves and goodwill which were
previously not taxed under the mixed company regime. After the company changed its registered office, the same transitional measure has
been applied for and granted in the canton of Zurich.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 106 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->100<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Swiss Federal Withholding Tax on Dividends
and other Distributions</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Dividend payments and similar
cash or in-kind distributions on the common shares (including dividends on liquidation proceeds and stock dividends) that the Company
makes to shareholders are subject to Swiss federal withholding tax (&#8220;Verrechnungssteuer&#8221;) at a rate of 35% on the gross amount
of the dividend. The Company is required to withhold the Swiss federal withholding tax from the dividend and remit it to the Swiss Federal
Tax Administration. Distributions based upon a capital reduction (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;) and reserves paid out of
capital contribution reserves (&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) are not subject to Swiss federal withholding tax.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The redemption of common
shares in the Company may under certain circumstances (in particular, if the common shares in the Company are redeemed for subsequent
cancellation) be taxed as a partial liquidation for Swiss federal withholding tax purposes, with the consequence that the difference
between the repurchase price and the nominal value of the shares (&#8220;Nennwertprinzip&#8221;) plus capital contribution reserves (&#8220;Reserven
aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) is subject to Swiss federal withholding tax.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Swiss federal withholding
tax is refundable or creditable in full to a Swiss tax resident corporate and individual shareholder as well as to a non-Swiss tax resident
corporate or individual shareholder who holds the common shares as part of a trade or business carried on in Switzerland through a permanent
establishment or fixed place of business situated for tax purposes in Switzerland, if such person is the beneficial owner of the distribution
and, in the case of a Swiss tax resident individual who holds the common shares as part of his private assets, duly reports the gross
distribution received in his individual income tax return or, in the case of a person who holds the common shares as part of a trade
or business carried on in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated for tax purposes in Switzerland,
recognizes the gross dividend distribution for tax purposes as earnings in the income statements and reports the annual profit in the
Swiss income tax return.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If a shareholder who is not
a Swiss resident for tax purposes and does not hold the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in Switzerland
through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes in Switzerland, receives a distribution from
the Company, the shareholder may be entitled to a full or partial refund or credit of Swiss federal withholding tax incurred on a taxable
distribution if the country in which such shareholder is resident for tax purposes has entered into a treaty for the avoidance of double
taxation with Switzerland and the further prerequisites of the treaty for a refund have been met. Shareholders not resident in Switzerland
should be aware that the procedures for claiming treaty benefits (and the time required for obtaining a refund or credit) may differ
from country to country.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Individual and Corporate Income Tax on Dividends</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident individuals
holding the common shares as part of their private assets who receive dividends and similar distributions (including stock dividends
and liquidation proceeds), which are not repayments of the nominal value (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;) of the common shares
or reserves paid out of capital contributions (&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) are required to report such payments in their
individual income tax returns and are liable to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal income taxes on any net taxable income for the relevant
tax period. Furthermore, for the purpose of the Direct Federal Tax, dividends, shares in profits, liquidation proceeds and pecuniary
benefits from shares (including bonus shares) are included in the tax base for only 70% of their value (&#8220;Teilbesteuerung&#8221;),
if the investment amounts to at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company. All Swiss cantons have introduced partial taxation
measures at cantonal and communal levels.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident individuals
as well as non-Swiss resident individual taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in
Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to
recognize dividends, distributions based upon a capital reduction (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;) and reserves paid out of
capital contributions (&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8217;) in their income statements for the relevant tax period and are liable
to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal individual or corporate income taxes, as the case may be, on any net taxable earnings accumulated
(including the payment of dividends) for such period. Furthermore, for the purpose of the Direct Federal Tax, dividends, shares in profits,
liquidation proceeds and pecuniary benefits from shares (including bonus shares) are included in the tax base for only 70% (&#8220;Teilbesteuerung&#8221;),
if the investment is held in connection with the conduct of a trade or business or qualifies as an opted business asset (&#8220;gewillk&#252;rtes
Gesch&#228;ftsverm&#246;gen&#8221;) according to Swiss tax law and amounts to at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company. All
cantons have introduced partial taxation measures at cantonal and communal levels.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business
through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to recognize dividends,
distributions based upon a capital reduction (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;) and reserves paid out of capital contributions
(&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) in their income statements for the relevant tax period and are liable to Swiss federal,
cantonal and communal corporate income taxes on any net taxable earnings accumulated for such period. Swiss resident corporate taxpayers
as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business through
a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland may be eligible for participation relief&#8201;
(&#8220;Beteiligungsabzug&#8221;) in respect of dividends and distributions based upon a capital reduction (&#8220;Nennwertr&#252;ckzahlungen&#8221;)
and reserves paid out of capital contributions (&#8220;Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen&#8221;) if the common shares held by them as part
of a Swiss business have an aggregate market value of at least CHF 1 million or represent at least 10% of the nominal share capital of
the Company or give entitlement to at least 10% of the profits and reserves of the Company, respectively.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Recipients of dividends and
similar distributions on the common shares (including stock dividends and liquidation proceeds) who neither are residents of Switzerland
nor during the current taxation year have engaged in a trade or business in Switzerland and who are not subject to taxation in Switzerland
for any other reason are not subject to Swiss federal, cantonal or communal individual or corporate income taxes in respect of dividend
payments and similar distributions because of the mere holding of the common shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Wealth and Annual Capital Tax on Holding of
Common Shares or Warrants</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident individuals
and non-Swiss resident individuals holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in
Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to
report their common shares as part of their wealth and will be subject to cantonal and communal wealth tax to the extent the aggregate
taxable net wealth is allocable to Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers and non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade
or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, will
be subject to cantonal and communal annual capital tax on the taxable capital to the extent the aggregate taxable capital is allocable
to Switzerland.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Individuals and corporate
taxpayers not resident in Switzerland for tax purposes and not holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct
of a trade or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland,
are not subject to wealth or annual capital tax in Switzerland because of the mere holding of the common shares and/or Warrants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Capital Gains on Disposal of Common Shares
or Warrants</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident individuals
who sell or otherwise dispose of the common shares and/or Warrants realize a tax-free capital gain, or a non-tax deductible capital loss,
as the case may be, provided that they hold the common shares, as part of their private assets. Under certain circumstances, the sale
proceeds may be requalified into taxable investment income (e.g., if the taxpayer is deemed to be a professional securities dealer).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Capital gains realized on
the sale of the common shares and/or Warrants held by Swiss resident individuals, as well as non-Swiss resident individuals and corporate
taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in Switzerland through a permanent
establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, will be subject to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal
individual tax, as the case may be. This also applies to Swiss resident individuals who, for individual income tax purposes, are deemed
to be professional securities dealers for reasons of, inter alia, frequent dealing and debt-financed purchases. Capital gains realized
by resident individuals who hold the common shares as business assets might be entitled to reductions or partial taxations similar to
those mentioned above for dividends (&#8220;Teilbesteuerung&#8221;) if certain conditions are met (e.g., holding period of at least one
year and participation of at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct
of a trade or business, through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are
required to recognize such capital gain in their income statements for the relevant tax period. Corporate taxpayers may qualify for participation
relief on capital gains (&#8220;Beteiligungsabzug&#8221;), if the common shares sold during the tax period represent at least 10% of
the Company&#8217;s share capital or if the common shares sold give entitlement to at least 10% of the Company&#8217;s profits and reserves
and were held for at least one year. The tax relief applies to the difference between the sale proceeds of common shares by the Company
and the acquisition costs of the participation (&#8220;Gestehungskosten&#8221;).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Individuals and corporations
not resident in Switzerland for tax purposes and not holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade
or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are
not subject to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal individual income or corporate income tax, as the case may be, on capital gains realized
on the sale of the common shares and/or Warrants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Gift and Inheritance Tax</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Transfers of common shares
and/or Warrants may be subject to cantonal and/or communal inheritance or gift taxes if the deceased or the donor or the recipient were
resident in a Canton levying such taxes.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Swiss Issuance Stamp Duty</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company is subject to
paying to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration a 1% Swiss federal issuance stamp tax (&#8220;Emissionsabgabe&#8221;) on any increase
of the nominal share capital of the Company (including capital surplus) or any other equity contributions received by the Company (with
or without issuance of shares). Certain costs incurred in connection with the issuance of shares (if any) may be deductible. There are
several exemptions from issuance stamp tax that may apply under certain circumstances (e.g., certain intercompany reorganizations).</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Swiss Securities Transfer Tax</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The purchase or sale (or
other financial transfer) of the common shares, whether by Swiss residents or non-Swiss residents, may be subject to Swiss securities
transfer tax of up to 0.15%, calculated on the purchase price or the proceeds if the purchase or sale occurs through or with a bank or
other securities dealer in Switzerland as defined in the Swiss Federal Stamp Duty Act as an intermediary or party to the transaction
unless an exemption applies.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On November 19, 2014, Switzerland
signed the multilateral competent authority agreement on the automatic exchange of financial account information, which is intended to
ensure the uniform implementation of automatic exchange of information, or the AEOI.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The AEOI is being introduced
in Switzerland through bilateral agreements or multilateral agreements. Switzerland has concluded a multilateral agreement with the EU
on the AEOI in tax matters, or the AEOI Agreement. This AEOI Agreement entered into force as of January 1, 2017 and applies to all 28
member states as well as Gibraltar. Furthermore, on January 1, 2017, the multilateral competent authority agreement on the automatic
exchange of financial account information and, based on such agreement, a number of bilateral AEOI agreements with other jurisdictions
entered into force. The Federal Act on the International Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters, or the AEOI Act, which is
the primary legal basis for the implementation of the AEOI standard in Switzerland, entered into force on January 1, 2017 as well.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based on such multilateral
agreements and bilateral agreements and the implementing laws of Switzerland, Switzerland collects data in respect of financial assets,
which may include Shares, held in, and income derived thereon and credited to, accounts or deposits with a paying agent in Switzerland
for the benefit of individuals resident in an EU member state or in a treaty state since 2017, and exchanges it since 2018. Switzerland
has signed and is expected to sign further bi- or multilateral AEOI in tax matter agreements with other countries, which entered into
force on January 1, 2018 or January 1, 2019 or will enter into force at a later date.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A list of such multilateral
agreements and bilateral agreements of Switzerland in effect or signed and becoming effective can be found on the website of the State
Secretariat for International Finance, or SIF.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On February 27, 2019, the
Federal Council initiated the consultation on the revision of the AEOI Act and AEOI Ordinance. The consultation proposal takes account
of recommendations from the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. They concern, among other things,
certain due diligence and registration obligations, the maintenance of a document retention obligation for reporting Swiss financial
institutions, as well as definitions thereunder. Some exceptions have also been removed or adapted. The amendments to the AEOI Act and
AEOI Ordinance entered into force on January 1, 2021. Further revisions of the AEOI Act and the AEOI Ordinance concerning the Common
Reporting Standard are expected to be implemented in the upcoming years based on recommendations of the OECD published in October 2022.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Swiss Facilitation of the Implementation of
the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Switzerland has concluded
an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to facilitate the implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or the FATCA.
The agreement ensures that the accounts held by U.S. persons with Swiss financial institutions are disclosed to the U.S. tax authorities
either with the consent of the account holder or by means of group requests within the scope of administrative assistance. Information
will not be transferred automatically in the absence of consent, and instead will be exchanged only within the scope of administrative
assistance on the basis of the double taxation agreement between the U.S. and Switzerland. On October 8, 2014, the Swiss Federal Council
approved a mandate for negotiations with the U.S. on changing the current direct-notification-based regime to a regime where the relevant
information is sent to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration, which in turn provides the information to the U.S. tax authorities. It is
uncertain at this point when a corresponding agreement will be available.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
for U.S. Holders</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>EACH PROSPECTIVE SHAREHOLDER SHOULD CONSULT
ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE PARTICULAR SWISS TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, HOLDING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON SHARES, INCLUDING
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAWS.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY IS
INCLUDED HEREIN FOR GENERAL INFORMATION AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED TO BE, LEGAL OR TAX ADVICE. EACH U.S.
HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT WITH HIS OR HER OWN TAX ADVISOR AS TO THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP
AND SALE OF COMMON SHARES, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN OR OTHER TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE TAX
LAWS.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the limitations
described in the next paragraph, the following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to a &#8220;U.S.
Holder&#8221; arising from the purchase, ownership and sale of the common shares. For this purpose, a &#8220;U.S. Holder&#8221; is a
holder of common shares or Warrants that is: (1) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, including an alien individual
who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States or meets the substantial presence residency test under U.S. federal income tax
laws; (2) a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) or a partnership (other than a partnership
that is not treated as a U.S. person under any applicable U.S. Treasury regulations) created or organized under the laws of the United
States or the District of Columbia or any political subdivision thereof; (3) an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income
for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of source; (4) a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary
supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions of
the trust; or (5) a trust that has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person to the extent provided in U.S. Treasury
regulations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This summary is for general
information purposes only and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the U.S. federal income tax considerations
that may be relevant to a decision to purchase our common shares or Warrants. This summary generally considers only U.S. Holders that
will own our common shares or Warrants as capital assets. Except to the limited extent discussed below, this summary does not consider
the U.S. federal tax consequences to a person that is not a U.S. Holder, nor does it describe the rules applicable to determine a taxpayer&#8217;s
status as a U.S. Holder. This summary is based on the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, final,
temporary and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, (including
with respect to the TCJA), and the U.S./Switzerland Income Tax Treaty, all as in effect as of the date hereof and all of which are subject
to change, possibly on a retroactive basis, and all of which are open to differing interpretations. We will not seek a ruling from the
IRS with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our common shares by U.S. Holders and, therefore, can provide
no assurances that the IRS will agree with the conclusions set forth below.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This discussion does not
address all of the aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular U.S. holder based on such holder&#8217;s
particular circumstances and in particular does not discuss any estate, gift, generation-skipping, transfer, state, local, excise or
foreign tax considerations. In addition, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a U.S. Holder who
is: (1) a bank, life insurance company, regulated investment company, or other financial institution or &#8220;financial services entity;&#8221;
(2) a broker or dealer in securities or foreign currency; (3) a person who acquired our common shares or Warrants in connection with
employment or other performance of services; (4) a U.S. Holder that is subject to the U.S. alternative minimum tax; (5) a U.S. Holder
that holds our common shares or Warrants as a hedge or as part of a hedging, straddle, conversion or constructive sale transaction or
other risk-reduction transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (6) a tax-exempt entity; (7) real estate investment trusts or
grantor trusts; (8) a U.S. Holder that expatriates out of the United States or a former long-term resident of the United States; or (9)
a person having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar. This discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment
of a U.S. Holder that owns, directly or constructively, at any time, common shares representing 10% or more of our voting power. Additionally,
the U.S. federal income tax treatment of partnerships (or other pass-through entities) or persons who hold common shares through a partnership
or other pass-through entity are not addressed.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each prospective investor
is advised to consult his or her own tax adviser for the specific tax consequences to that investor of purchasing, holding or disposing
of our common shares, including the effects of applicable state, local, foreign or other tax laws and possible changes in the tax laws.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Exercise or Expiry of Warrants</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No gain or loss will be realized
on the exercise of a Warrant. When a Warrant is exercised, the U.S. Holder&#8217;s cost of the common share acquired thereby will be
equal to the U.S. Holder&#8217;s adjusted cost basis of the Warrant plus the exercise price paid for the common share. The expiry of
an unexercised Warrant will generally give rise to a capital loss equal to the adjusted cost basis to the U.S. Holder of the expired
Warrant. The holding period of the common share acquired through the exercise of a Warrant includes the holding period of the Warrant.
See &#8220;Passive Foreign Investment Companies,&#8221; for the impact of the exercise of a Warrant on taxation of a U.S. Holder if we
are a PFIC.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Taxation of Dividends Paid on Common Shares</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not intend to pay dividends
in the foreseeable future. In the event that we do pay dividends, and subject to the discussion under the heading &#8220;Passive Foreign
Investment Companies&#8221; below and the discussion of &#8220;qualified dividend income&#8221; below, a U.S. Holder, other than certain
U.S. Holders that are U.S. corporations, will be required to include in gross income as ordinary income the amount of any distribution
paid on common shares (including the amount of any Swiss tax withheld on the date of the distribution), to the extent that such distribution
does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of a
distribution which exceeds our earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing the U.S. Holder&#8217;s
tax basis for the common shares to the extent thereof, and then capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings
and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles and, therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that the entire amount of any distribution
generally will be reported as dividend income.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In general, preferential
tax rates for &#8220;qualified dividend income&#8221; and long-term capital gains are applicable for U.S. Holders that are individuals,
estates or trusts. For this purpose, &#8220;qualified dividend income&#8221; means, inter alia, dividends received from a &#8220;qualified
foreign corporation.&#8221; A &#8220;qualified foreign corporation&#8221; is a corporation that is entitled to the benefits of a comprehensive
tax treaty with the United States which includes an exchange of information program. The IRS has stated that the Switzerland/U.S. Tax
Treaty satisfies this requirement and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, our dividends
will be qualified dividend income if our common shares are readily tradable on Nasdaq or another established securities market in the
United States. Dividends will not qualify for the preferential rate if we are treated, in the year the dividend is paid or in the prior
year, as a PFIC, as described below under &#8220;Passive Foreign Investment Companies.&#8221; A U.S. Holder will not be entitled to the
preferential rate: (1) if the U.S. Holder has not held our common shares for at least 61 days of the 121-day period beginning on the
date which is 60 days before the ex-dividend date, or (2) to the extent the U.S. Holder is under an obligation to make related payments
on substantially similar property. Any days during which the U.S. Holder has diminished its risk of loss on our common shares are not
counted towards meeting the 61-day holding period. Finally, U.S. Holders who elect to treat the dividend income as &#8220;investment
income&#8221; pursuant to Code section 163(d)(4) will not be eligible for the preferential rate of taxation.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The amount of a distribution
with respect to our common shares will be measured by the amount of the fair market value of any property distributed, and for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, the amount of any Swiss taxes withheld therefrom. Cash distributions paid by us in CHF will be included in the income
of U.S. Holders at a U.S. dollar amount based upon the spot rate of exchange in effect on the date the dividend is includible in the
income of the U.S. Holder, and U.S. Holders will have a tax basis in such CHF for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to such U.S.
dollar value. If the U.S. Holder subsequently converts the CHF into U.S. dollars or otherwise disposes of it, any subsequent gain or
loss in respect of such CHF arising from exchange rate fluctuations will be U.S. source ordinary exchange gain or loss.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as described below
in &#8220;Passive Foreign Investment Companies,&#8221; ownership of the Warrants has no tax impact on U.S. Holders since holders of the
Warrants do not receive distributions unless and until the Warrants are exercised and common shares are purchased. As described below,
if we are a PFIC, ownership of the Warrants may impact the holding period of PFIC shares and impact elections under the PFIC tax rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Taxation of the Disposition of Common Shares
and Warrants</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as provided under
the PFIC rules described below under &#8220;Passive Foreign Investment Companies,&#8221; upon the sale, exchange or other disposition
of our common shares or the Warrants, a U.S. Holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between
such U.S. Holder&#8217;s tax basis for the common shares and Warrants in U.S. dollars and the amount realized on the disposition in U.S.
dollar (or its U.S. dollar equivalent determined by reference to the spot rate of exchange on the date of disposition, if the amount
realized is denominated in a foreign currency). The gain or loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of common shares
and Warrants will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder has a holding period of more than one year at the time of the
disposition. Individuals who recognize long-term capital gains may be taxed on such gains at reduced rates of tax. The deduction of capital
losses is subject to various limitations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Passive Foreign Investment Companies</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Special U.S. federal income
tax laws apply to U.S. taxpayers who own shares and warrants of a corporation that is a PFIC. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal
income tax purposes for any taxable year that either:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">75% or more of our gross income (including our pro rata share of gross
    income for any company, in which we are considered to own 25% or more of the shares by value), in a taxable year is passive; or</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">At least 50% of our assets, averaged over the year and generally determined
    based upon fair market value (including our pro rata share of the assets of any company in which we are considered to own 25% or
    more of the shares by value) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For this purpose, passive
income generally consists of dividends, interest, rents, royalties, annuities and income from certain commodities transactions and from
notional principal contracts. Cash is treated as generating passive income.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not believe that we
will be a PFIC for the current taxable year although we have not determined whether we will be a PFIC in the future. The tests for determining
PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to
this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of our common shares. Accordingly, there can
be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If we currently are or become
a PFIC, each U.S. Holder who has not elected to mark the shares to market (as discussed below), would, upon receipt of certain distributions
by us and upon disposition of our common shares and Warrants at a gain: (1) have such distribution or gain allocated ratably over the
U.S. Holder&#8217;s holding period for the common shares, as the case may be; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and
any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount
allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of
taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable
to each such other taxable year. In addition, when shares and warrants of a PFIC are acquired by reason of death from a decedent that
was a U.S. Holder, the tax basis of such shares would not receive a step-up to fair market value as of the date of the decedent&#8217;s
death, but instead would be equal to the decedent&#8217;s basis if lower, unless all gain were recognized by the decedent. Indirect investments
in a PFIC may also be subject to these special U.S. federal income tax rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A U.S. Holder of our Warrants
is taxed in a manner similar to a U.S. holder of common shares if the holder realizes gain on the sale of the Warrants. If the holder
of the Warrants exercises the Warrants to purchase common shares, the holding period over which any income realized is allocated includes
the holding period of the Warrants. The U.S. Warrant holder is treated as a holder of PFIC stock taxable under the ordinary income allocation
and interest charge regime described above.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The PFIC rules described
above would not apply to a U.S. Holder who makes a QEF election for all taxable years that such U.S. Holder has held the common shares
while we are a PFIC, provided that we comply with specified reporting requirements. A U.S. Holder of our Warrants may not make a QEF
election regarding our Warrants. Instead, each U.S. Holder who has made such a QEF election is required for each taxable year that we
are a PFIC to include in income such U.S. Holder&#8217;s pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and such U.S. Holder&#8217;s
pro rata share of our net capital gains as long-term capital gain, regardless of whether we make any distributions of such earnings or
gain. In general, a QEF election is effective only if we make available certain required information. The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder
basis and generally may be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. We do not intend to notify U.S. Holders if we believe we will be
treated as a PFIC for any tax year. In addition, we do not intend to furnish U.S. Holders annually with information needed in order to
complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC.
Therefore, the QEF election will not be available with respect to our common shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, except with
respect to the Warrants (unless exercised), the PFIC rules described above would not apply if we were a PFIC and a U.S. Holder made a
mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder of our common shares which are regularly traded on a qualifying exchange, including Nasdaq, can
elect to mark the common shares to market annually, recognizing as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference
as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the common shares and the U.S. Holder&#8217;s adjusted tax basis
in the common shares. Losses are allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included income by the U.S. Holder
under the election for prior taxable years.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">U.S. Holders who hold our
common shares and Warrants during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC.
U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Tax on Net Investment Income</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">U.S. Holders who are individuals,
estates or trusts will generally be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on their net investment income (including dividends on and gains
from the sale or other disposition of our common shares), or in the case of estates and trusts on their net investment income that is
not distributed. In each case, the 3.8% Medicare tax applies only to the extent the U.S. Holder&#8217;s total adjusted income exceeds
applicable thresholds.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. Holders of Common
Shares and Warrants</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as provided below,
an individual, corporation, estate or trust that is not a U.S. Holder referred to below as a non-U.S. Holder, generally will not be subject
to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the payment of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, our common shares.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A non-U.S. Holder may be
subject to U.S. federal income tax on a dividend paid on our common shares (but not Warrants) or gain from the disposition of our common
shares and Warrants if: (1) such item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the
United States and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed place of business
in the United States; or (2) in the case of a disposition of our common shares and Warrants, the individual non-U.S. Holder is present
in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and other specified conditions are met.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

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    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In general, non-U.S. Holders
will not be subject to backup withholding with respect to the payment of dividends on our common shares if payment is made through a
paying agent, or office of a foreign broker outside the United States. However, if payment is made in the United States or by a U.S.
related person, non-U.S. Holders may be subject to backup withholding, unless the non-U.S. Holder provides an applicable IRS Form W-8
(or a substantially similar form) certifying its foreign status, or otherwise establishes an exemption.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The amount of any backup
withholding from a payment to a non-U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against such holder&#8217;s U.S. federal income tax liability
and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Information Reporting and Withholding</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A U.S. Holder may be subject
to backup withholding at a rate of 24% with respect to cash dividends and proceeds from a disposition of common shares. In general, backup
withholding will apply only if a U.S. Holder fails to comply with specified identification procedures. Backup withholding will not apply
with respect to payments made to designated exempt recipients, such as corporations and tax-exempt organizations. Backup withholding
is not an additional tax and may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a U.S. Holder, provided that
the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to recently enacted
legislation, a U.S. Holder with interests in &#8220;specified foreign financial assets&#8221; (including, among other assets, our common
shares, unless such common shares are held on such U.S. Holder&#8217;s behalf through a financial institution) may be required to file
an information report with the IRS if the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000
at any time during the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as may be prescribed by applicable IRS guidance); and may be required
to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts if the aggregate value of the foreign financial accounts exceeds $10,000 at any
time during the calendar year. You should consult your own tax advisor as to the possible obligation to file such information report.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_048"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>F. Dividends and Paying Agents</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_049"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>G. Statement by Experts</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_050"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>H. Documents on Display</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are subject to certain
information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file
reports with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers that file electronically
with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC will also available to the public through the SEC&#8217;s website at www.sec.gov.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As a foreign private issuer,
we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors
and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the
Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements
with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However,
we will file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual
report containing financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, and may submit to the SEC, on a Form
6-K, unaudited half-yearly financial information.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We maintain a corporate website
https://nlspharma.com/. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website and the other websites referenced above
do not constitute a part of this annual report. We have included these website addresses in this annual report solely as inactive textual
references.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 115 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->109<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_051"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>I. Subsidiary Information.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our wholly owned subsidiary,
NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation was incorporated on April 27, 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_052"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>J. Annual Report to Security Holders.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_053"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES
ABOUT MARKET RISK.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are exposed to market
risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse
changes in financial market prices and rates. Our current investment policy is to invest available cash in bank deposits with banks that
have a credit rating of at least A-. Accordingly, a substantial majority of our cash and cash equivalents is held in deposits that bear
interest. Given the current low rates of interest we receive, we will not be adversely affected if such rates are reduced. Our market
risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Foreign Currency Exchange Risk</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our results of operations
and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As discussed above, the vast majority of
our liquid assets is held in USD, and a certain portion of our expenses are denominated in CHF or EUR. For instance, during the year
ended December 31, 2021, approximately 25% of our expenses were denominated in CHF and approximately 5% in EUR. Changes of 5% and 10%
in the USD/CHF exchange rate would have increased/decreased our operating expenses by 1% and 3%, respectively. However, these historical
figures may not be indicative of future exposure, as we expect that the percentage of our CHF denominated expenses will materially decrease
in the near future, therefore reducing our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We do not hedge our foreign
currency exchange risk. In the future, we may enter into formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure
from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us
from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_054"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN
EQUITY SECURITIES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_055"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>A. Debt Securities.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_056"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>B. Warrants and rights.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_057"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>C. Other Securities.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>D</b>. <b>American Depositary Shares.</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 116 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->110<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_058"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>PART II</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_059"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND
DELINQUENCIES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_060"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS
OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>E. Use of Proceeds</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_061"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We maintain disclosure controls
and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange
Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management,
including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our management, with the
participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls
and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. As of December
31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of our material weaknesses in our internal control over
financial reporting.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>(b) Management&#8217;s Annual Report on Internal
Control over Financial Reporting</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our management is responsible
for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined
in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company&#8217;s principal
executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by a company&#8217;s board of
directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those
policies and procedures that:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately
    and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company&#8217;s assets;</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary
    to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company&#8217;s
    receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the company&#8217;s management and directors;
    and</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection
    of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Because of its inherent limitations,
internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to
future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance
with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 117 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->111<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As described in Item 3.D.
&#8220;Risk Factors,&#8221; as of December 31, 2022, we have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating
to the continued reliance of an outsourced accounting service provider and a lack of sufficient internal number of additionally trained
professionals with an appropriate level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge to design and maintain controls over the preparation of financial
statements and relating to a lack of maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the supervision of
and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management assessed the effectiveness
of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded
that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022. The identified weaknesses include failing
to properly document the required dual approval and multiple approval signatures for expenses greater than $250,000, reliance on a third-party
accounting service provider creating gaps in internal control compliance which were not communicated to management and incidences in
the lack of supportive documentation for expense reimbursement.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public
Accounting Firm</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This annual report does not
include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting
due to an exemption for EGCs provided in the JOBS Act.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial
Reporting</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">During the year ended December 31, 2022, we have taken steps to remediate
the material weaknesses and to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including hiring of additional accounting consultants,
including a Chief Financial Officer with U.S. GAAP knowledge and experience to review the accounting work done by third-party resources
and initiating preparation of quarterly financial statements internally to identify and evaluate accounting treatment of any new activity
and publish our half-yearly and yearly financial statements. Commencing February 1, 2023, we initiated a restructuring of the accounting
department in coordination with our Audit Committee to finalize and alleviate the remaining weaknesses identified in the internal control
over financial reporting procedures.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">While we believe that these efforts will improve our internal control over
financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, the implementation of these measures is ongoing and will
require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting
cycles. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to establish
and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_062"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16. [RESERVED.] </b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_063"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our board of directors has
determined that Myoung-Ok Kwon, a member of our audit committee is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the rules under
the Exchange Act, and is independent in accordance with applicable Exchange Act rules and Nasdaq rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_064"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Code of Business Conduct and Ethics</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to Swiss law, we
adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which covers a broad range of matters including the handling of conflicts of interest,
compliance issues and other corporate policies such as insider trading and equal opportunity and non-discrimination standards. Our code
of business conduct and ethics is applicable to all our directors, senior management and employees. We have published our code of business
conduct and ethics on our website, <i>www.nlspharma.com</i>. If we make any amendment to the code of business conduct and ethics or grant
any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on
our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC including the instructions to Item 16.B. of Form 20-F.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 118 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->112<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_065"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table provides
information regarding fees billed by Marcum LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers AG for all services, including audit services, for each of
the last two fiscal years:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="6" style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">Year Ended<br/> December 31,</td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid">2021</td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Tax fees <sup>(3)</sup></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">-</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"><span style="font-size: 10pt">All other fees <sup>(4)</sup></span></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">-</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt">Total</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">330,015</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right">311,496</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(1)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consists of fees billed for the audit of our annual financial statements,
    review of financial statements included in our initial public offering prospectus and services that are normally provided by the
    auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(2)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consists of assurance and related services that are reasonable related
    to the performance of the audit and review of our financial statements and are not included in &#8220;audit fees&#8221; in this table.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(3)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consists of fees billed for professional services relating to tax compliance,
    tax planning and tax advice.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">(4)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">There were no other fees.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Pre-Approval of Auditors&#8217; Compensation</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our audit committee has a
pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm to perform certain audit and non-audit services.
Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit
committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit services, audit-related
services and tax services that may be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. If a type of service, that is to
be provided by our auditors, has not received such general pre-approval, it will require specific pre-approval by our audit committee.
The policy prohibits retention of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined
in applicable SEC rules.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_066"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS
FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_067"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY
THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_068"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT&#8217;S CERTIFYING
ACCOUNTANT</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 119 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->113<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_069"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Differences between Swiss Laws and Nasdaq
Requirements</i></b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as
well as related rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, require foreign private issuers, such as us, to comply with various corporate
governance practices. In addition, we are required to comply with Nasdaq. Under those rules, we may elect to follow certain corporate
governance practices permitted under the Swiss law in lieu of compliance with corresponding corporate governance requirements otherwise
imposed by Nasdaq rules for U.S. domestic registrants.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In accordance with Swiss
law and practice and subject to the exemption set forth in Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq rules, as a foreign private issuer, we have elected
to rely on home country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than the Nasdaq rules, with respect to the following
requirements:</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Composition of the board of directors</i>. Swiss law does not require
    that a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors. Our board of directors therefore may include fewer independent
    directors than would be required if we were subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(1). In addition, we will not be subject to Nasdaq
    Listing Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires that independent directors must regularly have scheduled meetings at which only independent
    directors are present.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
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    and generally accepted business practices, our articles of association do not provide quorum requirements generally applicable to
    general meetings of shareholders. Our practice thus varies from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c), which requires an
    issuer to provide in its bylaws for a generally applicable quorum, and that such quorum may not be less than one-third of the outstanding
    voting stock.</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">According to Swiss law, for the approval
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    of shareholders, unless the general meeting of shareholders waives such attendance by unanimous decision.</p></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Proxy Solicitations</i>. There are currently three types of institutional
    proxies under Swiss Law: (i) the independent proxy, (ii) the board proxy and (iii) the custodian proxy. According to the Revision,
    the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors or a custodian thereof is not permitted and only independent proxies are permitted
    for listed companies. The independent proxy has to be elected by the general meeting of shareholders, must only vote pursuant to
    the specific instructions of the shareholders and must abstain from voting in the absence of specific instructions. However, Swiss
    law does not have a regulatory regime for the solicitation of proxies and company solicitation of proxies is prohibited for public
    companies in Switzerland; thus our practice will vary from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(b), which sets forth certain
    requirements regarding the solicitation of proxies.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Share Issuances</i>. Pursuant to Swiss law, prior to our initial
    public offering, we opted out of shareholder approval requirements by way of including authorized and conditional share capital for
    the issuance of securities in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of stock or assets of another company, the establishment
    of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of the Company and certain private placements.
    Due to the Revision, we implemented the capital band (<i>Kapitalband</i>) in lieu of the existing authorized capital. To this extent,
    our practice varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635, which generally requires an issuer to obtain shareholder approval
    for the issuance of securities in connection with such events.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->114<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Compensation, Nomination and Governance
                                                         Committee</i>. The Revision requires that we adopt a compensation committee, so in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3),
                                                         we will follow home country requirements with respect to the compensation committee. Under home country rules, the general meeting
                                                         of shareholders has the authority to set up the basic principles of the compensation committee&#8217;s responsibilities in a
                                                         company&#8217;s articles of association. In addition, the shareholders may decide to include in the articles of association a list
                                                         of concrete responsibilities of the compensation committee. Unless the articles of association list concrete responsibilities of the
                                                         compensation committee, the determination of the concrete responsibilities falls within the competence of the board of directors.
                                                         Furthermore, the general meeting of shareholders must vote on the compensation report and the total of the remunerations of the
                                                         board of directors, senior management and advisory committee. According to the doctrine, the strategic planning of the remuneration
                                                         system and policy as well as the determination of the remuneration procedure is the inalienable task of the board of directors,
                                                         unless a list of concrete responsibilities is included in the articles of association of the Company. Apart from that, the board of
                                                         directors has the authority to determine whether the compensation committee shall have the decision-making power with regard to the
                                                         individual salaries or whether it shall have only a request right to the board of directors.</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Furthermore, pursuant to Swiss law, both
    the number of committee members (the minimum and maximum number of compensation committee members) and the identity of the compensation
    committee members is determined by our shareholders. Our home country rules also do not require us to authorize a committee of our
    independent directors or alternatively hold a vote consisting of solely our independent directors in order to determine which persons
    shall be nominated for election by our shareholders. Our practice will therefore vary from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule
    5605(d), which sets forth certain requirements as to the responsibilities, composition and independence of compensation committees,
    and from the independent director oversight of director nominations requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(e). Furthermore, we
    will be subject to the &#8220;Say on Pay&#8221; Rule in accordance with the Revision. This means that the compensation of our board
    of directors and senior management must be presented by the board of directors to our shareholders and our shareholders must vote
    on the proposed compensation. Furthermore, pursuant to the Revision, severance, certain compensations in connection with non-competes,
    advances, transaction premiums and similar payments to senior management and director are prohibited.</p></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><i>Code of Business Conduct and Ethics</i>. Pursuant to Swiss law,
    we adopted a code of business conduct and ethics applicable to all of our directors, senior management and employees, which may not
    comply with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5610.</span></td></tr>
  </table><div>
</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_070"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_071"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT
INSPECTIONS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->115<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_072"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>PART III</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_073"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have elected to provide
financial statements and related information pursuant to Item 18.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_074"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The consolidated financial statements and the
related notes required by this Item are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_075"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>ITEM 19. EXHIBITS</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following documents are filed as part of the
annual report.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 9%; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit<br/>
 Number</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; width: 90%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit Description</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">1.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022079586/ea170132ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Amended and Restated Articles of Association of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 221460911) filed on December 14, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">2.1*</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="f20f2022ex2-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Description of Securities</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390021050171/ea148010ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Standby Equity Distribution Agreement dated September 27, 2021 between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on September 28, 2021).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.2</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390021065480/ea152430ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Amendment No. 1 to Standby Equity Distribution Agreement, dated December 14, 2021, between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December 15, 2021).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.3</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390021066833/ea152865ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Share Option Plan Regulation 2021 (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December 22, 2021).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.4</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022010748/ea156463ex1-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">At-the-Market Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Virtu Americas LLC, dated March 3, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 1.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on March 4, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.5</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022078494/ea169823ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.6</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022078494/ea169823ex99-2_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.7</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022019870/ea158402ex10-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and the purchasers named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.8</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022019870/ea158402ex10-2_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Placement Agent Agreement, dated April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.9</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022019870/ea158402ex4-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 6-K File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.10</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022019870/ea158402ex4-2_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.11</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022050535/ea164849ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Short Term Note Agreement (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed August 23, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.12</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022060989/ea166644ex99-1_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed October 3, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.13</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022060989/ea166644ex99-2_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and the purchasers named therein (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed October 3, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">4.14</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1783036/000121390022078494/ea169823ex99-3_nlspharma.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Securities Purchase Agreement, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and <span style="background-color: white">funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF, </span>dated December 6, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 99.3 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
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Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 122 --><div>
    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->116<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="m_076"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The registrant hereby certifies that it meets
all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report
on Form 20-F filed on its behalf.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 60%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 37%">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date May 5, 2023</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer</span></td></tr>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>


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    </div><div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->1<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_001"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><b>REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED ACCOUNTING
FIRM</b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Opinion on the Financial Statements</b></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have audited the accompanying balance sheets
of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related statements of operations and
comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the &#8220;financial statements&#8221;). In our opinion, the financial
statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the
results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Basis for Opinion </b></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company&#8217;s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company&#8217;s financial
statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal
securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We conducted our audits of these financial statements
in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform,
an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal
control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control
over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our audits included performing procedures to
assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that
respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well
as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">/s/ <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:AuditorName">PricewaterhouseCoopers AG</ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:AuditorLocation">Zurich, Switzerland</ix:nonNumeric></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">May 5, 2023</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We have served as the Company&#8217;s auditor since 2021.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>


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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_002"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">BALANCE SHEETS</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>


</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">December 31,</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" scale="0" unitRef="usd">8,948,400</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->4<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_003"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-left: 0.125in; text-indent: -0.125in">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>


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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_004"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND
2020</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of common shares in equity transactions</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-55">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-57">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-58">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-59">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Capital increase for financing transactions</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c24" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CapitalIncreaseForFinancingTransactions" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">56,313</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-60">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-61">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-62">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-63">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Defined pension plan adjustments</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-64">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-65">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Net loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-69">-</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-71">-</div></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2021</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of common shares in registered direct offering, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of warrants, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-74">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-75">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-76">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of pre-funded warrants, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-77">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-78">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-79">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfPrefundedWarrantsNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">5,348,882</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of common shares in At-The-Market (&#8220;ATM&#8221;) financing</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-80">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c34" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInAtTheMarketATMFinancing" scale="0" unitRef="usd">440</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-81">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-82">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInAtTheMarketATMFinancing" scale="0" unitRef="usd">30,993</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">Issuance of treasury shares</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-83">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-84">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-85">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-86">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in">Exercise of pre-funded warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c34" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" scale="0" unitRef="usd">23,692</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-87">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-88">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-89">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" scale="0" unitRef="usd">23,692</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Issuance of common shares in private placement offerings, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c33" decimals="INF" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInPrivatePlacementOfferingsNetinShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">6,317,301</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c33" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInPrivatePlacementOfferingsNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">126,346</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c34" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInPrivatePlacementOfferingsNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">92,492</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c35" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInPrivatePlacementOfferingsNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">7,056,711</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-90">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-91">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuanceOfCommonSharesInPrivatePlacementOfferingsNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">7,275,549</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Conversion of convertible notes payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c33" decimals="INF" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesConversionOfConvertibleSecurities" scale="0" unitRef="shares">2,516,429</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c33" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalConvertibleDebtWithConversionFeature" scale="0" unitRef="usd">50,329</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c35" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalConvertibleDebtWithConversionFeature" scale="0" unitRef="usd">2,422,287</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-92">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-93">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalConvertibleDebtWithConversionFeature" scale="0" unitRef="usd">2,472,616</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Stock-based compensation</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-94">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c35" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueShareBasedCompensation" scale="0" unitRef="usd">22,730</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-95">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-96">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueShareBasedCompensation" scale="0" unitRef="usd">22,730</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Defined pension plan adjustments</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-97">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-98">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-99">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-100">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c37" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansBeforeReclassificationAdjustmentsTax" scale="0" unitRef="usd">100,948</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-indent: -0.125in; padding-left: 0.125in; text-align: left">Net loss</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-101">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-102">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-103">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  </table><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 129; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->6<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_005"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 67%; text-align: justify; padding-left: 5.4pt">Net loss</td><td style="width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Loss on conversion of convertible notes payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:LossOnConversionOfDebt" scale="0" unitRef="usd">922,495</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Changes in operating assets and liabilities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 21.75pt">Other receivables, net - related parties</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 21.75pt">Accounts payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 21.75pt">Interest payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 21.75pt">Other accrued liabilities</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 21.75pt">Other long term liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="padding-left: 5.4pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 5.4pt">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-120">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-121">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in registered direct offerings, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-122">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-123">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-124">&#160;</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-125">&#160;</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Proceeds from the issuance of pre-funded warrants, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-126">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-127">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-128">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-129">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 9.9pt">Exercise of pre-funded warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-130">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-131">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payments on note payable</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:RepaymentsOfNotesPayable" scale="0" unitRef="usd">704,160</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-132">&#160;</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-133">&#160;</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Proceeds from the issuance of warrants, net</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">1,980,200</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOfWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">6,742,638</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-134">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 9.9pt">Exercise of warrants</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-135">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromWarrantExercises" scale="0" unitRef="usd">1,149,550</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-136">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Proceeds from bridge loan</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-137">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:ProceedsFromBridgeLoans" scale="0" unitRef="usd">108,610</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-138">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payment on Swiss government loan</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-139">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PaymentOnSwissGovernmentLoans" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">277,537</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-140">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payment on second credit facility</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-141">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PaymentOnSecondCreditFacility" scale="0" unitRef="usd">150,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-142">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payment on convertible loans</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-143">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PaymentOnConvertibleLoans" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">420,020</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-144">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payment on convertible loans &#8211; related party</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-145">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PaymentOnConvertibleLoansRelatedParty" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">111,730</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-146">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 9.9pt">Payment on bridge loan</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-147">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PaymentOnBridgeLoan" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">670,380</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-148">-</div></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 130; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->7<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="10" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">For the Years Ended December 31,</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p><div>


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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><div><a id="f_006"></a></div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="nlsp:BackgroundTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 1</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Background:</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (Nasdaq: NLSP, NLSPW)
(the &#8220;Company&#8221;) is an emerging biopharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery and development of life-improving drug
therapies to treat rare and complex central nervous system disorders, including narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and other rare sleep
disorders, and of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (&#8220;ADHD&#8221;). The Company&#8217;s
lead product candidates are Quilience, to treat narcolepsy (type 1 and type 2), and Nolazol, to treat ADHD.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On February 2, 2021, the Company completed the
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unit consisted of one common share and one warrant to purchase one common share (the &#8220;Warrants&#8221;).</ix:nonNumeric> The common shares and Warrants
were immediately separable from the units and were issued separately. The common shares and Warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Capital
Market on January 29, 2021 under the symbols &#8220;NLSP&#8221; and &#8220;NLSPW,&#8221; respectively. The Company received net proceeds
of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c43" decimals="-6" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:GrossProceeds" scale="6" unitRef="usd">17</ix:nonFraction> million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. The Warrants are exercisable
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Going Concern</i></b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_6" id="nlsp_BackgroundTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an accumulated
deficit of approximately $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="-5" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:RetainedEarningsUnappropriated" scale="6" unitRef="usd">58.2</ix:nonFraction> million and the Company incurred an operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately
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</div><div>

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arrangements will be sufficient to fund operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance of these financial statements.
The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the next few years and will need additional
funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company&#8217;s
ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year from the issuance of these financial statements. Additionally, the Company&#8217;s
operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to the Company including:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>
</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 132; Value: 2 --><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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following receipt of the official written minutes from the end of the Phase 2 meeting to be held by the Company with the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (the &#8220;Election Deadline&#8221;), among other closing conditions, BVF shall have the right to purchase at a
second closing (the &#8220;Second Closing&#8221;) up to $20 million in units (the &#8220;Units&#8221;), with each Unit consisting of
one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as well as receive a warrant to purchase up to 150% of the
number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second Closing, at a purchase price of $1.50 per Unit, it being
understood that the Company cannot issue fractional shares. The warrants will have a term of five years, will have an exercise price
of $2.03 per share and will be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares
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to enable the Company to fully complete its development activities or sustain operations. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient
additional funds, it will have to develop and implement a plan to further extend payables and indebtedness, reduce overhead, or scale
back its current business plan until sufficient additional capital is raised to support further operations or force the Company to grant
rights to develop and commercialize product candidates that it would otherwise prefer to develop and commercialize on its own.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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which contemplate continuation of the Company as a going concern for a period within one year from the issuance of these audited interim
condensed financial statements and the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The carrying
amounts of assets and liabilities presented in these financial statements do not necessarily purport to represent realizable or settlement
values. These financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ
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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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received has been deferred. The EF License Agreement is to develop and commercialize its product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American
countries with Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A (&#8220;Eurofarma&#8221;), a Brazilian pharmaceutical company. The EF License Agreement is
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

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its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to
receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined
to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services
in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are
distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration;
(iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies
each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect
consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

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from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately
identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers
factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of the customer to develop the intellectual
property on its own or whether the required expertise is readily available and whether the goods or services are integral to or dependent
on other goods or services in the contract.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

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on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include
fixed consideration or variable consideration. At the inception of each arrangement that includes variable consideration, the Company
evaluates the amount of potential payments and the likelihood that the payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most
likely amount method or expected amount method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method best predicts the
amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration which is included in the transaction price may be constrained and
is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative
revenue recognized will not occur in a future period.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in a contract with a customer. The Company
utilizes key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price for service obligations, which may include other comparable transactions,
pricing considered in negotiating the transaction and the estimated costs. Additionally, in determining the stand-alone selling price
for material rights, the Company may reference comparable transactions, clinical trial success probabilities, and develop estimates of
option exercise likelihood. Any variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligations in a contract
when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated
are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for the satisfaction of each performance obligation.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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obligation is recognized as revenue when control is transferred for the related goods or services. For performance obligations which
consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to
determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate
method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress at each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure
of performance and related revenue recognition.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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are assessed under the most likely amount method and constrained if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would occur. Milestone
payments that are not within the Company&#8217;s control or the licensee&#8217;s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered
probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability
of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction
price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect license revenues in the period of adjustment.
To date, the Company has not recognized any consideration related to the achievement of development, regulatory, or commercial milestone
revenue resulting from the EF License Agreement.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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received from licensees, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, where the license is deemed to be the predominant
item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the
performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the
Company has not recognized any consideration related to sales-based royalty revenue resulting from any of the Company&#8217;s license
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</div><div>

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including non-refundable payments, in excess of the recognized revenue, such excess is recorded as deferred revenue until the Company
performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company&#8217;s right to consideration
is unconditional.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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of products, including vendor expenses and supplies and consultant fees, are expensed as incurred. Clinical trial and other development
costs incurred by third parties are expensed as the contracted work is performed. Where contingent milestone payments are due to third
parties under research and development arrangements, the obligations are recorded when the milestone results are probable of being achieved.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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costs, expenses for outside professional services, and all other allocated expenses. Personnel costs consist of salaries, cash bonuses
and benefits. Outside professional services consist of legal fees (including intellectual property and corporate matters), accounting
and audit services, IT and other consulting fees.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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the methods used for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is an exit price, representing
the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants
at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market
participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions there exists a three-tier fair-value
hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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prices in active markets that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with
observable market data.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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at the measurement date. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Fair
value is determined using comparable market transactions and other valuation methodologies, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit,
market and/or other risk factors.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences
of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or in the Company&#8217;s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined
based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in
the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision
for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and,
to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the
deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for
recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax
planning strategies.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</i>which clarified the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. This amendment provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax
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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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and general and administrative expenses within the operating results. Settlement gains or losses are recognized in either research and
development and/or general and administrative expenses within the operating results. The Company determines the net interest expense
(income) on the net defined benefit liability for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation
at the beginning of the annual period or in case of any significant events between measurement dates to the then-net defined benefit
liability, taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability during the period as a result of contributions and benefit
payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in the statement of operations and
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vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. The Company recognizes forfeitures related
to stock-based compensation awards as they occur and reverses any previously recognized compensation cost associated with forfeited awards
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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of which the most significant are share price, expected volatility, expected option term (the time from the grant date until the options
are exercised or expire), risk-free rate and expected dividend rate. The grant date fair value of a common share is determined by the
board of directors (the &#8220;Board of Directors&#8221;) considering, among other factors, the assistance of a valuation specialist and
management. The grant date fair value of a common share is determined using the valuation methodologies, which utilize certain assumptions,
including probability weighting of events, volatility, time to liquidation, risk-free interest rate and discount for lack of marketability.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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loss per common share is computed similar to basic loss per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional
potential common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares
were dilutive. Potential common shares are excluded from the computation for a period in which a net loss is reported or if their effect
is anti-dilutive. The Company&#8217;s potential common shares consist of warrants, convertible promissory notes and convertible loans
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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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therapeutics for the treatment of neurobehavioral and neurocognitive disorders. All of the Company&#8217;s tangible assets are held in
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock-c0_cont_59" id="_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlock-c0_cont_58"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:NewAccountingPronouncementsPolicyPolicyTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><b><i>Recently Issued
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</div><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>


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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 4</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:PropertyPlantAndEquipmentTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Deprecation and related amortization expense was
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_OtherLiabilitiesTableTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:OtherLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 5</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_OtherLiabilitiesTableTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="_OtherLiabilitiesTableTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Other Accrued Liabilities:</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_OtherLiabilitiesTableTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:OtherCurrentLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  </table></ix:nonNumeric></ix:continuation><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->16<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="nlsp_NotePayableTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="nlsp:NotePayableTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 6</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_NotePayableTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="nlsp_NotePayableTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Note Payable</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="nlsp_NotePayableTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In January 2022, the Company entered into a note
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="nlsp:ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 7</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Short-term Convertible Notes</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On August 19, 2022, the
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certain individual lenders. Ronald Hafner, the Company&#8217;s Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, a member of
the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, agreed to lend $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c52" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LoansAndLeasesReceivableImpairedCommitmentToLend" scale="0" unitRef="usd">350,000</ix:nonFraction> and $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c53" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LoansAndLeasesReceivableImpairedCommitmentToLend" scale="0" unitRef="usd">80,000</ix:nonFraction>, respectively, with respect to the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Pursuant to the note
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within 90 days following the execution of the note agreement, or November 17, 2022. In addition, the notes were able to be voluntarily
converted into common shares of the Company prior to the maturity date at a <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PercentageOfUnamortizedFilmCosts" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">20</ix:nonFraction>% discount (i) to any subsequent qualified equity financing
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was required for this conversion feature as it doesn&#8217;t meet the definition of a derivative because the net settlement criterion
is not met.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><span style="font-size: 10pt">In
addition, pursuant to the note agreement, the noteholders received unregistered warrants to purchase common shares of the Company equal
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date of the issuance of the notes, or an aggregate of <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateShare" scale="0" unitRef="shares">307,844</ix:nonFraction> common shares. The warrants have an exercise price equal to $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="4" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:WarrantExercisePriceDecrease" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.4970</ix:nonFraction> per
share and will expire 24 months following their issuance. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities
from Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives and Hedging&#8221;</i>, and the Company determined that equity classification
was appropriate</span>. <span style="font-size: 10pt">The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">67,008</ix:nonFraction> was accounted for as debt
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="nlsp_ShorttermConvertibleNotesTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On October 7, 2022, the
Company and the noteholders agreed to convert the notes concurrently with the Company&#8217;s October 2022 financing. The total principal
balance plus all accrued interest were converted into <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c54" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:ConvertedCommonShare" scale="0" unitRef="shares">2,516,429</ix:nonFraction> common shares. Additionally, the noteholders received additional warrants
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expire <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c54" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="nlsp:IssuanceTerm">five years</ix:nonNumeric> following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable. The common shares and the additional warrants issued
had an aggregate fair value of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c54" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:FairValueAdjustmentOfWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">2,472,616</ix:nonFraction> resulting in a $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c54" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:DebtConversionOriginalDebtAmount1" scale="0" unitRef="usd">922,495</ix:nonFraction> loss on conversion of the notes.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Deferred Revenues:</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In February 2019, the Company entered into the
EF License Agreement, to develop and commercialize its product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma, a Brazilian
pharmaceutical company. The EF License Agreement covers the grant of non-transferable licenses, without the right to sublicense, to Eurofarma
to develop and commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement also specifies the Company&#8217;s obligation to advance
ongoing development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States. A joint steering committee will oversee the development and
regulatory activities directed towards marketing approval, manufacturing and commercialization phases. The Company believes its participation
in the joint steering committee is not of material significance to the licenses in the context of the EF License Agreement on the whole
and, as such, management has excluded these activities in the determination of its performance obligation(s) under the EF License Agreement.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 140; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->17<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The EF License Agreement provides that the parties
shall enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement during the term of the EF License Agreement.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Under the EF License Agreement, the Company received
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based on the achievement of milestones related to regulatory filings, regulatory approvals and the commercialization of Nolazol. The achievement
and timing of the milestones depend on the success of development, approval and sales progress, if any, of Nolazol in the future. In addition,
the Company is also eligible for tiered royalty payments.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_6" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company identified the licenses granted to
Eurofarma and its obligation to advance development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States as the material promises under
the EF License Agreement. For purposes of identifying the Company&#8217;s performance obligations under the EF License Agreement, management
believes that while the exclusive licenses were granted to Eurofarma at the outset of the EF License Agreement, the grant of those licenses
does not singularly result in the transfer of the Company&#8217;s broader obligation to Eurofarma under the EF License Agreement.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_7" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_6"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company is obligated under the EF License
Agreement to advance its development activities in the United States and those activities precede Eurofarma&#8217;s necessary regulatory
approvals for commercialization of Nolazol, in Latin American countries. The Company intends to apply its proprietary know-how to the
ongoing development activities in the United States involving its intellectual property relating to Nolazol. These development activities
are specific to the Company and the Company believes they are not capable of being distinct in the context of the EF License Agreement
on the whole.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_8" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_7"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The licenses provided to Eurofarma are not transferable
and without the right to sublicense therefore Eurofarma is not presently able to monetize its investment in Nolazol as clinical development
in the United States or any Latin American countries has yet to be completed and Eurofarma has yet to seek or obtain regulatory approval
in any Latin American country. The licenses to Eurofarma represent rights to use the Company&#8217;s intellectual property with respect
to Nolazol for which revenue is recognized at a point in time which is when Eurofarma is able to use and benefit from the licenses. The
licenses are considered of limited value without the Company&#8217;s development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States.
As such, the licenses are not capable of being distinct until after successful clinal development and regulatory approval and alone do
not have standalone functionality to Eurofarma. Management has determined that the licenses, while capable of being distinct, are not
distinct as they do not have stand-alone value to Eurofarma without the Company&#8217;s planned development activities in the United States
and the approval for sale in Latin America.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_9" id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_8"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Bundled together with the Company&#8217;s development
activities of Nolazol in the United States, the licenses granted under the EF License Agreement will enable Eurofarma to seek regulatory
approvals and ultimately seek to commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. Therefore, management believes the licenses bundled together
with the Company&#8217;s development activities in the United States constitute a single distinct performance obligation under the EF
License Agreement for accounting purposes, or (the &#8220;License Performance Obligation&#8221;).</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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of the EF License Agreement and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, variable consideration consisting of milestone payments has been constrained
and excluded from the transaction price given the significant uncertainty of achievement of the development and regulatory milestones.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

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upon Brazilian or other Latin American market approval or, in the event marketing approval in the United States and/or Latin America is
not achieved, whether by failure in clinical development or otherwise, when the Company&#8217;s performance obligations are contractually
complete or the EF License Agreement is terminated.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 141; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->18<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_DeferredRevenueDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_11"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within
the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as a current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying condensed balance
sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred
revenue, net of current portion. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has long-term deferred revenues of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:LongTermDeferredRevenue" scale="0" unitRef="usd"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c4" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:LongTermDeferredRevenue" scale="0" unitRef="usd">2,500,000</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction>, which will
be recognized when the development services of Nolazol are completed and the product candidate receives applicable regulatory approval
in Latin America that allows Eurofarma to commence commercialization of Nolazol in accordance with the EF License Agreement.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="nlsp:PensionLiabilityTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 9</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company joined a collective pension plan operated
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Both the Company and the participants provide
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table provides information on the
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_6" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfDefinedBenefitPlansDisclosuresTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_7" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_6"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The reconciliation of the projected benefit obligation
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_8" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_7"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="nlsp:ScheduleOfProjectedBenefitObligationAndTheChangesToTheFairValueOfThePlanAssetsOfThePensionPlanTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->19<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_9" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_8"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company
recorded an accrued pension liability of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AccruedPensionLiability" scale="0" unitRef="usd">136,122</ix:nonFraction> and $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c3" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AccruedPensionLiability" scale="0" unitRef="usd">318,891</ix:nonFraction>, respectively, as non-current liabilities.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_10" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_9"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The pension assets are measured at fair value
and are invested in a collective pension foundation with pooled investments. Plan assets mainly consist of cash and cash equivalents,
equity funds, equity securities, corporate bonds, government bonds, and real estate funds classified as Level 1 and Level 2 under the
fair value hierarchy.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_11" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_10"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company records net gains/losses, consisting
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projected benefit obligations or pension assets. The Company further records prior service costs/credits from plan amendments in other
comprehensive income/loss in the period of the respective plan amendment and amortizes such amounts to the statement of operations over
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_12" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_11"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table shows the components of unrecognized
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_13" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_12"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="nlsp:ScheduleOfUnrecognizedPensionCostInAccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomelossTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_14" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_13"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The weighted average of the key assumptions used
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_15" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_14"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="nlsp:ScheduleOfWeightedAverageOfTheKeyAssumptionsUsedToComputeTheBenefitObligationsTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_16" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_15"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The assumption of the expected long-term rate
of return on plan assets was based on the long-term historical rates of returns for the different investment categories which were adjusted,
where appropriate, to reflect financial market developments.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_17" id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_16"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The accumulated benefit obligation as of December
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="nlsp_PensionLiabilityTextBlock-c0_cont_17"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The investment risk is borne by the insurer and
the reinsurer respectively, and the investment decision is taken by the board of trustees of the collective insurance.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->20<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 10</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Commitments and Contingencies: </b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Commitments</i></b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On March 10, 2021, the Company entered into a
License Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (&#8220;Novartis&#8221;), whereby the Company obtained, on an exclusive basis in the U.S., all
<span style="background-color: white">of the available data referred to and included in the original new drug application (&#8220;NDA&#8221;)
for Sanorex&#174; (mazindol) submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;) in February 1972. The agreement encompasses
all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability and other chemistry manufacturing and controls data,
formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies and
periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the Agreement, the Company has obtained the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all
territories outside of the U.S. except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the Sanorex NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies
in the licensed territories. The Agreement includes the right to sublicense or assign the license to third parties, subject to such third
parties meeting certain obligations. As consideration for the license, the Company paid Novartis $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c55" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:LicenseConsideration" scale="0" unitRef="usd">250,000</ix:nonFraction> upon the signing of the agreement
with milestone payments due as follows: <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c55" continuedAt="nlsp_MilestonePaymentsDueDescription-c55_cont_1" name="nlsp:MilestonePaymentsDueDescription">(i) $750,000 payable following the end of a Phase II meeting with the FDA, with the amount to
be reduced to $375,000 if toxicology studies must be repeated; (ii) $2 million following the earlier of FDA marketing authorization of
</ix:nonNumeric></span><ix:continuation id="nlsp_MilestonePaymentsDueDescription-c55_cont_1">Quilience or Nolazol; (iii) 1% of any upfront and milestone payments, if any, from any sublicensees and (iv) $3 million as a one-time
payment upon the Company&#8217;s product candidate reaching $250 million in cumulative sales.</ix:continuation></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>Litigation</i></b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_6" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company may become involved in miscellaneous
litigation and legal actions, including product liability, consumer, commercial, tax and governmental matters, which can arise from time
to time in the ordinary course of the Company&#8217;s business. Litigation and legal actions are inherently unpredictable, and excessive
verdicts can result in such situations. The Company is not currently involved in any such matters.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_7" id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_6"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="background-color: white"><b><i>COVID-19</i></b></span></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="background-color: white"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></span></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_CommitmentsAndContingenciesDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_7"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="background-color: white">The Company
has implemented a comprehensive response strategy designed to manage the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its employees, patients
and its business. The prolonged nature of the pandemic is negatively impacting the Company&#8217;s business in a varied manner due to
the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants and other variants with increased transmissibility, even in some cases in vaccinated people,
limited access to health care provider offices and institutions and the willingness of patients or parents of patients to seek treatment.
The Company expects that its business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may continue to be negatively impacted
by the pandemic on a limited basis that may vary depending on the context. However, the Company has begun to observe, and expect to continue
to observe, a gradual normalization in patient and healthcare provider practices, as providers and patients have adapted their behaviors
and procedures to the evolving circumstances and as COVID-19 vaccines continue to be administered. The extent of the impact on the Company&#8217;s
clinical development and regulatory efforts, its corporate development objectives and the value of market for its common shares will depend
on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence at this time. Such developments include continued
spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in the U.S., Switzerland and other countries and the potential emergency of other SARS-CoV-2
variants that may prove especially contagious or virulent, the ultimate duration and severity of the pandemic, governmental &#8220;stay-at-home&#8221;
orders and travel restrictions, quarantines, social distancing and business closure requirements in the U.S., Switzerland and other countries,
and the effectiveness of vaccination programs and other actions taken globally to contain and treat the disease.</span></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="nlsp:ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 11</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Share Capital and Public Offerings:</b></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_3" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Common Shares:</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">As of December 31, 2022, the Company had <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:IssuedCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">32,428,893</ix:nonFraction> registered and
issued common shares.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On December 13, 2022,
the Company closed on a securities purchase agreement with funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF, providing for
the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c56" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:CommonStockSharesIssued" scale="0" unitRef="shares">5,747,126</ix:nonFraction> common shares at a purchase price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c56" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.87</ix:nonFraction> per share and (ii) pre-funded
warrants to purchase <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c57" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:WarrantsToPurchase" scale="0" unitRef="shares">5,747,127</ix:nonFraction> common shares at $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c58" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SharesIssuedPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.87</ix:nonFraction> minus $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c59" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SharesIssuedPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="chfPershares">0.02</ix:nonFraction> (CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c60" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SharesIssuedPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="sekPershares">0.02</ix:nonFraction>) per pre-funded warrant.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 144; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->21<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_6" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_5"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Company engaged Laidlaw
&amp; Company (UK) Ltd. (&#8220;Laidlaw&#8221;) to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with the above-described
offering. The Company agreed to pay Laidlaw a cash placement fee of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CashPlacementFee" scale="0" unitRef="usd">700,000</ix:nonFraction> and warrants of <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateGrossProceedsPercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">5</ix:nonFraction>% of the aggregate gross proceeds received
for the securities sold in the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_7" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_6"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In addition, the Company
and BVF agreed that, until the Election Deadline, among other closing conditions, BVF shall have the right to purchase at the Second Closing
up to $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="-6" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare" scale="6" unitRef="usdPershares">20</ix:nonFraction> million in Units, with each Unit consisting of one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as
well as receive warrants to purchase up to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:NumberOfCommonSharesPercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">150</ix:nonFraction>% of the number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second
Closing, at a purchase price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c61" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">1.50</ix:nonFraction> per Unit, it being understood that the Company cannot issue fractional shares. The warrants will
have a term of five years, will have an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c62" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:ExercisePricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">2.03</ix:nonFraction> per share and will be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their
expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares due to its beneficial ownership limitation.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="nlsp:ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsDescription"><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_8" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_7"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Pursuant to the purchase
agreement, the Company agreed to grant BVF the right to participate in future offerings of the Company&#8217;s securities for a period
from the first closing (the &#8220;First Closing&#8221;) until the earlier of (i) the 30-month anniversary of the initial closing date
or (ii) until such time that BVF retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares. on the same
terms, conditions and price provided for in the subsequent financing or the right to purchase a comparable security with a beneficial
ownership limitation. In addition, the Company agreed to grant BVF the right to nominate one member to the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors
and shall continue to recommend to its shareholders to elect such member for a period from the First Closing until such time that BVF
retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding common shares.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_9" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_8"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On October 7, 2022, <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c54" name="nlsp:ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsDescription">the
Company closed on a securities purchase agreement for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,194,802 common shares at a
purchase price of $0.77 per share, and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,597,401 common shares at an exercise of $0.70
per share. The Company&#8217;s Chairman of the Board of Directors, Ronald Hafner, purchased 324,675 common shares in the offering and
the Company&#8217;s Chief Medical Officer, George Apostol, purchased 1,298,701 common shares in the offering.</ix:nonNumeric></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_10" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_9"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Company engaged Laidlaw
to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with the above-described offering. The Company agreed to pay Laidlaw a cash
placement fee equal to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="3" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CashPlacementFeePercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">3.5</ix:nonFraction>% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_11" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_10"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">At the closing of the
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interest, that were issued in August 2022, were automatically converted into <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ExcessStockSharesIssued" scale="0" unitRef="shares">2,516,429</ix:nonFraction> common shares and the holders received warrants
to purchase up to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:WarrantsToPurchase" scale="0" unitRef="shares">1,258,215</ix:nonFraction> common shares with an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:ExercisePricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.70</ix:nonFraction>, that are exercisable six months after their issuance and will
expire five years following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable, and are otherwise substantially similar to the form
of the common warrants.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_12" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_11"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On April 25, 2022, the
Company closed a registered direct offering with health-care focused institutional investors alongside participation from Mr. Hafner,
for the purchase and sale of (i) <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c63" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">3,015,384</ix:nonFraction> common shares, at a purchase price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c64" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">1.04</ix:nonFraction> per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase
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of the <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c68" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CommonSharesOffering" scale="0" unitRef="shares">3,015,384</ix:nonFraction> common shares in the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_13" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_12"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In a concurrent private placement, the Company
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following the initial exercise date. Pursuant to the terms of the securities purchase agreement, dated April 13, 2022, between the Company
and the investors, the Company agreed to register and create the common shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants issued as part
of the concurrent private placement. The common shares will first need to be created based on Swiss law upon the exercise of the respective
warrants by the investors.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"></p><div>

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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->22<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_14" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_13"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Company also entered
into an agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as sole placement agent (the &#8220;Placement Agent&#8221;) dated April 13, 2022,
pursuant to which the Placement Agent agreed to serve as the Company&#8217;s placement agent in connection with the registered direct
offering and concurrent private placement. The Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent (except with respect to the securities to be
purchased by Mr. Hafner) a cash placement fee equal to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c70" decimals="3" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CashPlacementFeePercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">7.0</ix:nonFraction>% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offerings.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_15" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_14"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On March 5, 2022, <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c71" name="nlsp:SalesAgreementDescription">the
Company entered into an ATM Sales Agreement (the &#8220;Sales Agreement&#8221;) with Virtu, as sales agent. Pursuant to the terms of the
Sales Agreement, the Company may issue and sell from time to time its common shares through Virtu, acting as its sales agent, or directly
to Virtu, acting as principal. On March 31, 2022, the Company sold 22,000 common shares through the Sales Agreement for approximately
$31,000, net. Pursuant to the Company&#8217;s prospectus supplement filed on April 13, 2022, the Company may issue and sell its common
shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $230,000 pursuant to the Sales Agreement.</ix:nonNumeric></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_16" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_15"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Under the Sales Agreement,
common shares will be offered and sold pursuant to the Company&#8217;s shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No.&#160;333-262489),
declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 11, 2022. In addition, under the Sales Agreement, sales of common
shares may be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule&#160;415(a)(4)&#160;under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_17" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_16"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Company will pay
Virtu a commission rate of up to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="3" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CommissionRatePercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">3.0</ix:nonFraction>% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Shares and has agreed to provide Virtu with customary indemnification
and contribution rights. The Company will also reimburse Virtu for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales
Agreement.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_18" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_17"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Company has no obligation
to sell any of the common shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend the offering of its common shares upon notice and
subject to other conditions.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_19" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_18"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Warrants:</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_20" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_19"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 13, 2022, concurrent with the offering
with BVF, the Company issued Laidlaw warrants to purchase up to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c57" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:PurchaseOfCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">574,712</ix:nonFraction> common shares at an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c72" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">2.03</ix:nonFraction>. The warrants have
an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c73" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">2.03</ix:nonFraction> per common share and expire <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c57" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="nlsp:ExpirePeriod">5</ix:nonNumeric> years following the initial exercise date. The warrants were evaluated under
ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives and Hedging&#8221;</i>, and
the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c57" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForProceedsFromRealEstatePartnershipInvestmentNet" scale="0" unitRef="usd">272,892</ix:nonFraction> was allocated
from the total net proceeds of the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_21" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_20"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On October 7, 2022, in a concurrent private placement,
the Company issued investors who participated in the offering warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c54" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">2,597,400</ix:nonFraction> common shares at an
exercise of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c74" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.70</ix:nonFraction> per share. The warrants will be exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c54" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="nlsp:ExpirePeriod">five years</ix:nonNumeric> following the
date that the warrants are initially exercisable. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities
from Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives and Hedging,&#8221;</i> and the Company determined that equity classification
was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c74" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" scale="0" unitRef="shares">806,510</ix:nonFraction> was allocated from the total net proceeds of the offering.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_22" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_21"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 19, 2022, concurrent with the issuance
of short-term convertible notes payable, the Company issued the noteholders warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c75" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">307,844</ix:nonFraction> common
shares at an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c51" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.50</ix:nonFraction> per share. The warrants will be exercisable immediately and will have a term of <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c75" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="nlsp:ExpirePeriod">2</ix:nonNumeric> years. The warrants
were evaluated under ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives and
Hedging&#8221;</i>, and the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued
of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c51" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" scale="0" unitRef="shares">67,008</ix:nonFraction> was accounted for as debt discount. On October 7, 2022, upon conversion of the notes payable, the Company issued the noteholders
additional warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c76" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">1,258,214</ix:nonFraction> common shares at an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c77" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">0.70</ix:nonFraction> per share. The warrants will
be exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c76" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="nlsp:ExpirePeriod">five years</ix:nonNumeric> following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable.
The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives
and Hedging&#8221;</i>, and the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The fair value of the warrants issued of
$<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c74" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayableCurrent" scale="0" unitRef="usd">534,966</ix:nonFraction> was included in the loss on conversion of convertible notes payable.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>


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    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->23<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_23" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_22"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On April 25, 2022, in a concurrent private placement,
the Company issued investors, who also participated in the registered direct offering, warrants to purchase up to <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c63" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:AggregateCommonShares" scale="0" unitRef="shares">3,150,000</ix:nonFraction> common shares.
The warrants have an exercise price of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c64" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightExercisePriceOfWarrantsOrRights1" scale="0" unitRef="usdPershares">1.04</ix:nonFraction> per common share, are exercisable six months following the date of issuance and expire <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c63" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="nlsp:ExpirePeriod">5</ix:nonNumeric>
years following the initial exercise date. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480, <i>&#8220;Distinguishing Liabilities from
Equity&#8221; and ASC Topic 815, &#8220;Derivatives and Hedging&#8221;</i>, and the Company determined that equity classification was
appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c64" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ConvertibleNotesPayableCurrent" scale="0" unitRef="usd">1,477,835</ix:nonFraction> was allocated from the total net proceeds of the common shares
issuance on a relative basis to the common shares and warrants.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_24" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_23"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The following table summarizes
the common share warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 9pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_25" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_24"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="nlsp:ScheduleOfCommonShareWarrantActivityTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c3" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" scale="0" unitRef="usd">5,409,746</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify">Issuances</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:ProceedsToIssuanceWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">14,819,913</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Exercises</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:StockIssuedDuringPeriodOptionsExercised" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="usd">1,184,616</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 4pt">Balance at December 31, 2022</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 4pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c2" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingIntrinsicValue" scale="0" unitRef="usd">19,045,043</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 4pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_26" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_25"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The intrinsic value of
exercisable but unexercised in-the-money common share warrants at December 31, 2022 was $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:CommonShareWarrants" scale="0" unitRef="usd">10,605,284</ix:nonFraction>.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_27" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_26"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><i>Treasury Shares:</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_28" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_27"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In the second half of
2021, the Company created treasury shares from its authorized capital in order to use them for the SEDA, as discussed above. On December
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_29" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_28"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Option Plan</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_30" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_29"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 14, 2021, the Board of Directors adopted
the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021 (the &#8220;Option Plan&#8221;). The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract and motivate
management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The Board of Directors
allocated fifteen percent (<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c78" decimals="2" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:DilutedSharesPercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">15</ix:nonFraction>%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_31" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_30"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions
of the awards to be granted under the Option Plan are determined by the Board of Directors, except that no stock option may be issued
with an exercise price less than the fair market value of the common shares at the date of the grant or have a term in excess of <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" format="ixt-sec:durwordsen" name="nlsp:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardGrantTerm">ten years</ix:nonNumeric>.
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_32" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_31"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table summarizes total stock option
activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_33" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_32"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedCompensationStockOptionsActivityTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_34" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_33"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The weighted average
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</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p><div>

</div><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 147; Value: 2 --><div>
    </div><div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">F-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->24<!-- Field: /Sequence --></p></div><div>
    </div><div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div><div>
    </div><!-- Field: /Page --><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_35" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_34"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table summarizes unvested stock
option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_36" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_35"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="nlsp:ScheduleOfUnvestedStockOptionActivityTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">&#160;</span></td><td style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-189">-</div></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-190">-</div></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 9%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="INF" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" scale="0" unitRef="shares">1,333,123</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Forfeited</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><div style="-sec-ix-hidden: hidden-fact-192">-</div></td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_37" id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_36"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The aggregate intrinsic
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="nlsp_ShareCapitalAndPublicOfferingsTextBlock-c0_cont_37"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="background-color: white">Stock-based
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 12</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" escape="true" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfDeferredTaxAssetsAndLiabilitiesTableTextBlock"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

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</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_11" id="_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_10"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company had generated approximately $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:NetOperatingLoss" scale="0" unitRef="usd">9,700,000</ix:nonFraction>
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that such NOLs would not be subject to significant limitations pursuant to applicable income tax regulations. The temporary differences
relate to the conversion to U.S. GAAP from local Swiss GAAP, mainly in the areas of debt, intangible amortization and deferring financing
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</div><div>

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penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. </span>The Company did not incur any material interest or penalties in
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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_3"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In October 2019, the Company entered into a collaboration
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_5" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_4"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In January 2017, and as subsequently amended in
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the Company&#8217;s current Head of Business Development. Pursuant to the consulting agreement, the Company agreed to pay CHG BioVenture
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transactions, such as, but not limited to, an M&amp;A transaction. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party for any
reason at the end of each calendar quarter with three months&#8217; prior written notice, or immediately if Mr. Girsault breaches the
confidentiality provision. The consulting agreement also provides for a 24-month non-competition clause. The consulting agreement also
provides for standard confidentiality provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2022,
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</div><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><div>


</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

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contained customary confidentiality provisions and provided for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. For the years ended December 31,
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continuation of Mr. Roy&#8217;s engagement with the Company. On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy resigned as the Company&#8217;s Interim Chief Financial
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</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_8" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_7"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In February 2021, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Eric Konofal, the Company&#8217;s current Chief Scientific Officer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Konofal a daily rate of CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c89" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SellingExpense" scale="0" unitRef="chf">2,000</ix:nonFraction> for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217; written
notice or immediately by the Company in the event of a material breach by Mr. Konofal that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Konofal of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c90" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">201,053</ix:nonFraction> and $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c91" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">174,997</ix:nonFraction>, respectively, included
in research and development expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss. The Company entered into a new consulting agreement
starting July 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Konofal&#8217;s engagement with the Company in his current role.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_9" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_8"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In March 2021, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Carlos Camozzi, the Company&#8217;s current Interim Medical Director, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Camozzi an hourly rate of CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c92" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SellingExpense" scale="0" unitRef="chf">230</ix:nonFraction> plus <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c93" decimals="3" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:VATServicesPercentage" scale="-2" unitRef="pure">7.7</ix:nonFraction>% VAT for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days&#8217;
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Camozzi that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Camozzi of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">100,841</ix:nonFraction> and $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c94" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">126,326</ix:nonFraction>, respectively, included
in research and development expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_10" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_9"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In June 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Chad Hellmann, the Company&#8217;s current Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Hellmann an annual salary of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c95" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SalariesAndWages" scale="0" unitRef="usd">160,000</ix:nonFraction> for his services. Additionally, Mr. Hellmann will be eligible for a bonus of up to $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c96" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="nlsp:BonusAmount" scale="0" unitRef="usd">56,000</ix:nonFraction> and he
received <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c96" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockOptionPlanExpense" scale="0" unitRef="usd">147,485</ix:nonFraction> options under the Option Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Hellmann of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c97" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">93,331</ix:nonFraction>,
included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_11" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_10"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Ms. Marianne Lambertson, the Company&#8217;s current Head of Corporate Communications &amp; Investor Relations, pursuant
to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Lambertson a monthly retainer of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c0" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:SalariesAndWages" scale="0" unitRef="usd">12,500</ix:nonFraction> for her services. Additionally, Ms. Lambertson will be
eligible for a one-time cash bonus based on the share value appreciation on <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesOther" scale="0" unitRef="shares">10,000</ix:nonFraction> phantom shares with share appreciation defined as the
difference in the opening share price commencing January 1, 2023 and the closing price ending April 30, 2023. For the year ended December
31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Ms. Lambertson of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c99" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">12,500</ix:nonFraction> included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating
and comprehensive loss.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_12" id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_11"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Ms. Astrid Sommer, the Company&#8217;s Head of Human Resources, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Sommer
a fixed monthly retainer of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c100" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LineOfCreditFacilityPeriodicPayment" scale="0" unitRef="usd">4,756</ix:nonFraction> (CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LineOfCreditFacilityPeriodicPayment" scale="0" unitRef="chf">4,400</ix:nonFraction>) with an additional per hour rate of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:RepaymentsOfLinesOfCredit" scale="0" unitRef="usd">270</ix:nonFraction> (CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:RepaymentsOfLinesOfCredit" scale="0" unitRef="chf">250</ix:nonFraction>) for hours exceeding <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c98" format="ixt-sec:durhour" name="nlsp:ExceedingHoursPerMonth">20</ix:nonNumeric> hours per month.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Ms. Sommer of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">4,042</ix:nonFraction> (CHF <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="chf">3,740</ix:nonFraction>) included in general and administrative
expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock-c0_cont_12"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Thomas Curatolo, the Company&#8217;s current Head of U.S. Commercialization, pursuant to which the Company agreed to
pay Mr. Curatolo a monthly retainer of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c101" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LineOfCreditFacilityPeriodicPayment" scale="0" unitRef="usd">16,000</ix:nonFraction> per month for his services. Additionally, Mr. Curatolo is eligible to receive a <ix:nonFraction contextRef="c98" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:LineOfCreditFacilityPeriodicPayment" scale="0" unitRef="usd">50,000</ix:nonFraction>
option award under the Option Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Curatolo of $<ix:nonFraction contextRef="c102" decimals="0" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" name="us-gaap:PaymentsForFees" scale="0" unitRef="usd">16,000</ix:nonFraction> included
in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" continuedAt="_SubsequentEventsTextBlock-c0_cont_1" escape="true" name="us-gaap:SubsequentEventsTextBlock"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Note 14</i></p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p></ix:nonNumeric><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation continuedAt="_SubsequentEventsTextBlock-c0_cont_2" id="_SubsequentEventsTextBlock-c0_cont_1"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Subsequent Events</b>:</p><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><div>

</div><ix:continuation id="_SubsequentEventsTextBlock-c0_cont_2"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Management has evaluated subsequent events that
have occurred through the date these financial statements were issued. There were no events that require adjustment to or disclosure in
the Company&#8217;s financial statements.</p></ix:continuation><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p><div>

</div><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p><div>

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FORM
20-F
☐
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended
December 31
,
2022
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☐
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File No.:
001-39957
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Translation of registrant's
name into English: Not applicable
Switzerland
(Jurisdiction of incorporation
or organization)
The Circle 6
8058
Zurich
Switzerland
(Address of principal
executive offices)
Alexander Zwyer
Chief Executive Officer
Tel:
+41
44 512 21 50
contact
@nls-pharma.com
The Circle 6
,
Postfach
8058
Zurich
Switzerland
(Name, Telephone, E-mail
and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or
to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share
NLSP
Nasdaq
Capital Market
Warrants to purchase common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share
NLSPW
Nasdaq Capital Market
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant
to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there
is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding
shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report
32,428,893
common shares, nominal value CHF 0.02 per share, as of December 31, 2022.
Indicate by check mark if
the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes
☐
No
☒
If this report is an annual
or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes
☐
No
☒
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months
(or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements
for the past 90 days.
Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding
12 months.
Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition
of "large accelerated filer, "accelerated filer," and emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange
Act.
Large accelerated filer
☐
Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☒
Emerging growth company
☒
If an emerging growth company
that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use
the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section
13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
†The term "new
or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting
Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control
over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm
that prepared or issued its audit report.
☐
If securities are registered
pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing
reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether
any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of
the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which
basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.
U.S. GAAP
☒
International Financial Reporting
Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
☐
Other
☐
If "Other" has
been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to
follow.
☐
Item 17
☐
Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check
mark whether the registrant is a shell company.
Yes
☐
No
☒
Page
INTRODUCTION
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
iv
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS
PART I
ITEM 1.
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS.
1
ITEM 2.
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE.
1
ITEM 3.
KEY INFORMATION.
1
A.
[Reserved]
1
B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness.
1
C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.
1
D.
Risk Factors.
1
ITEM 4.
INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY.
37
A.
History and Development of the Company.
37
B.
Business Overview.
38
C.
Organizational Structure.
75
D.
Property, Plants and Equipment.
75
ITEM 4A.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
75
ITEM 5.
OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS.
75
A.
Operating Results.
80
B.
Liquidity and Capital Resources.
83
C.
Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
85
D.
Trend information
.
86
E.
Critical Accounting Estimates
.
86
ITEM 6.
DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES.
87
A.
Directors and Senior Management.
87
B.
Compensation.
90
C.
Board Practices.
91
D.
Employees.
93
E.
Share Ownership.
93
ITEM 7.
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS.
94
A.
Major Shareholders.
94
B.
Related Party Transactions.
95
C.
Interests of Experts and Counsel.
97
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
98
A.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.
98
B.
Significant Changes.
98
ITEM 9.
THE OFFER AND LISTING.
98
A.
Offer and Listing Details.
98
B.
Plan of Distribution.
98
C.
Markets.
98
D.
Selling Shareholders.
98
E.
Dilution.
98
F.
Expenses of the Issue.
98
ITEM 10.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
99
A.
Share Capital.
99
B.
Memorandum and Articles of Association.
99
C.
Material Contracts.
99
D.
Exchange Controls.
100
E.
Taxation.
100
F.
Dividends and Paying Agents.
109
G.
Statement by Experts.
109
H.
Documents on Display.
109
I.
Subsidiary Information.
110
J.
Annual Report to Security Holders.
110
i
ITEM 11.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
110
ITEM 12.
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES.
110
A.
Debt Securities.
110
B.
Warrants and rights.
110
C.
Other Securities.
110
PART II
ITEM 13.
DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES.
111
ITEM 14.
MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
111
ITEM 15.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
111
ITEM 16.
[RESERVED]
112
ITEM 16A.
AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT.
112
ITEM 16B.
CODE OF ETHICS.
112
ITEM 16C.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
113
ITEM 16D.
EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.
113
ITEM 16E.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.
113
ITEM 16F.
CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT.
113
ITEM 16G.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
114
ITEM 16H.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.
115
ITEM 16I
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
115
PART III
ITEM 17.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
116
ITEM 18.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
116
ITEM 19.
EXHIBITS.
116
SIGNATURES
117
ii
In this annual report, "we,"
"us," "our," the "Company" and "NLS" refer to NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd., a Swiss corporation,
and its wholly owned subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation.
Unless the context otherwise
indicates or requires, the NLS logo and all product names and trade names used by us in this annual report, including Quilience
®
and Nolazol®, are our proprietary trademarks and service marks. All trademarks or trade names referred to in this annual report
are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this annual report are referred
to without the
®
and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective
owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other
companies' trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.
Our reporting currency and
functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual
report to "dollars," "USD" or "$" mean U.S. dollars, and references to "CHF" are to the
Swiss Franc. U.S. dollar translations of CHF amounts presented in this annual report were done on different dates in accordance with
the date as of such entry in the Company's books and are derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this
annual report. U.S. dollar translations of CHF amounts presented in this annual report that are not derived from our audited financial
statements included elsewhere in this annual report are translated using the rate of CHF 1.00 to $1.083, based on the exchange rate provided
by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration on December 31, 2022.
This annual report includes
statistical, market and industry data and forecasts which we obtained from publicly available information and independent industry publications
and reports that we believe to be reliable sources. These publicly available industry publications and reports generally state that they
obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the
information. Although we believe that these sources are reliable, we have not independently verified the information contained in such
publications.
iii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain information included
in this annual report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be "forward-looking statements," including some of the statements made
under Item 3.D. "Risk Factors," Item 5 "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects," "Business"
and elsewhere in this annual report constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the
use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate,"
"continue," "believe," "predict," "should," "intend," "project"
or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.
These forward-looking statements
may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections
of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development,
completion and use of our product candidates, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities,
events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.
Forward-looking statements
are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on
assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions,
expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.
Important factors that could
cause actual results, developments and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements
include, among other things:
●
the
                                            regulatory pathways that we may elect to utilize in seeking European Medicines Agency, or
                                            EMA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and other regulatory approvals;
●
the
                                            use of Quilience (Mazindol ER) in a compassionate use program, or CUP, and the results thereof;
●
obtaining
                                            EMA and FDA approval of, or other regulatory action in Europe or the United States and elsewhere
                                            with respect to, Quilience, Nolazol NLS-4, or other product candidates that we may seek to
                                            develop;
●
the
                                            commercial launch and future sales of Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other future product
                                            candidates;
●
the dosage of Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4;
●
our ability to move NLS-3, NLS-8, NLS-11 or NLS-12 into investigational
    new drug, or IND-enabling studies;
●
our expectations regarding the timing of commencing further clinical
    trials, the process entailed in conducting each such trial, including dosages, and the order of such trials with each of our product
    candidates or whether such trials will be conducted at all;
iv
●
improved
                                            convenience relating to the prescription of and use of Nolazol for prescribers and patients
                                            (and their parents);
●
our
                                            expectations regarding the supply of mazindol;
●
third-party payor reimbursement for Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4;
●
our estimates regarding anticipated expenses, capital requirements
    and our needs for additional financing;
●
changes to the narcolepsy patient market size and market adoption of
    Quilience by physicians and patients;
●
the timing, cost, regulatory approvals or other aspects of the commercial
    launch of Quilience and Nolazol;
●
submission of a Marketing Authorisation Application, or MAA, and New
    Drug Application, or NDA, with the EMA and FDA for Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4, respectively;
●
completion and receiving favorable results of clinical trials for Quilience,
    Nolazol, and NLS-4;
●
issuance of patents to us by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office,
    or PTO, and other governmental patent agencies;
●
new issuances of orphan drug designations;
●
the development and approval of the use of mazindol for additional
    indications other than narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD;
●
the development and commercialization, if any, of any other product
    candidates that we may seek to develop;
●
the use of mazindol controlled release, or CR, for treatment of additional
    indications other than narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, or IH, and ADHD; and
●
the ability of our management team to lead the development of our product
    candidates.
These statements are only
current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry's
actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward-looking
statements. We discuss many of these risks in this in greater detail under Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this
annual report. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Readers are urged to carefully review
and consider the various disclosures made throughout this annual report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties
of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
You should not put undue
reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date
hereof, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information,
future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
In addition, the section
of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled "Item 4. Information on the Company" contains information obtained from independent
industry sources and other sources that we have cited but not independently verified.
v
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT
AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. [Reserved.]
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors.
You should carefully consider
the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report. The risks described below are not the only
risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially
and adversely affect our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer
and the price of our common shares and our publicly listed warrants, or Warrants, could decline.
Summary of Risk Factors
Risks Related to Our Business
Investing in our common shares and Warrants involves
substantial risks. Our ability to execute our strategy is also subject to certain risks. The risks described below may cause us not to
realize the full benefits of our strengths or may cause us to be unable to successfully execute all or part of our strategy. In particular,
our risks include, but are not limited to, the following summary of such risk factors:
●
we may be unable to successfully use mazindol,
    on which we depend substantially, as the drug substance for each of our current clinical mid-stage product candidates, Quilience,
    for the treatment of narcolepsy, and Nolazol, for the treatment of ADHD, and which outcome could prove costly to our business and
    could prevent us from obtaining regulatory or marketing approval;
●
we may not be able to immediately initiate our
    3 clinical trials in Quilience without additional pre-clinical studies, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls, or CMC, work or early-stage
    clinical trials;
1
●
prior results of mazindol for the treatment of other indications may
    not be replicated in the clinical trials that we conduct for the treatment of narcolepsy or ADHD; and
●
if, and when, we seek to commercialize Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4,
    we may be partially dependent upon prescriptions from physicians for the sale of both such product candidates, and therefore, the
    loss of a significant number of patient referrals by physicians prescribing Quilience, Nolazol or NLS-4 may have an adverse effect
    on our future revenues, if any, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties
●
we are dependent on a sole manufacturer for mazindol drug substance
    as well as the drug product. Any delay, price increase or unavailability of mazindol could materially adversely affect our ability
    to conduct clinical trials and, if this were to occur after we obtained commercialization and marketing approval, could cause us
    to cease operations.
●
we may seek to form additional strategic alliances in the future with
    respect to our product candidates, and if we do not realize the benefits of such alliances, our business, financial condition, commercialization
    prospects and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
●
if we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent rights for
    our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade
    secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used to compete against us;
●
if we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products,
    we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets; and
●
we may in the future be subject to future claims that our employees,
    consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully or unavoidably used or disclosed confidential information of third parties
    or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements
●
to date, we have not generated any revenue, and we do not expect to
    generate any significant revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval to commercialize Quilience, Nolazol or NLS-4. We are
    unable to predict the extent of future losses or when we will become profitable based on the sale of any product, if at all. Even
    if we succeed in developing and commercializing our product candidates, we may never generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability.
    As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $58.2 million;
●
to date, we have not generated any revenues, have a history of losses
    and expect to incur losses in the foreseeable future and will need to raise substantial additional capital to successfully complete
    development and seek to commercialize Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4 or other product candidates including NLS-3, NLS-8, NLS-11, and NLS-12
    that we may seek to develop in the future, and such capital may not be available to us or available to us only on unfavorable terms;
    and
●
as a public company, we are required to comply with extensive securities
    rules and regulations and Swiss governmental and Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, regulations, which are expensive and which require
    significant management attention.
2
Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment
●
We require regulatory approvals prior to any attempt to commercialize our product candidates from
    the FDA and the EMA; and
●
Our data from clinical trials may not satisfy the FDA or other comparable regulatory agencies,
    or the FDA or other regulatory agencies may require additional time or studies to assess the safety and efficacy of Quilience, Nolazol,
    NLS-4 or other product candidates that we may seek to develop in the future.
Risks Related to Our Common Shares
●
The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, allows
    us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce
    the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, which could undermine
    investor confidence in our Company and adversely affect the market price of our common shares and Warrants;
●
As a "foreign private issuer" we follow certain home country
    corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than
    is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers;
●
For as long as we remain an emerging growth company, or EGC, we will
    be exempt from certain securities laws requirements, including the fact that our auditors are not required to conduct an audit of
    our internal control over financial reporting; however, once we cease to qualify as an EGC, we will no longer be permitted to rely
    on such exemptions and as a result we will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses; and
●
We have identified, in prior years, material weaknesses in our internal
    control over financial reporting and instituted ongoing remediation efforts. If our ongoing remediation efforts are not effective,
    we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial results, or prevent fraud, and investor confidence in our Company
    and the market price of our common shares and Warrants may be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Business
We depend substantially on the success
of our two product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol. We cannot give any assurance that any of our product candidates will receive regulatory
approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized.
We have invested
almost all of our efforts and financial resources in research and development and general and administrative costs of our two product
candidates, Quilience for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness, or EDS, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy and Nolazol,
for the treatment of ADHD. The process to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize pharmaceutical product candidates
is long, complex, costly and inherently uncertain of outcome. We are not permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United
States, European Union, or the EU, or any other jurisdiction until we receive the requisite regulatory approvals. We may be able to generate
pre-approval revenues from compassionate use activities leveraging on an expanded access policy in certain countries around the world.
However, we cannot give any assurance that our current clinical development plan will proceed as planned, or that our product candidates
will receive regulatory approval, or that such regulatory approval, if received, will be within a timeframe that allows us to effectively
compete with our competitors, or be successfully marketed and commercialized.
Our initiation of clinical trials for Quilience
is dependent upon the review and approval of the relevant regulatory agencies and authorities and if we are required to conduct pre-clinical
trials, approval of an NDA or MAA, if any, for Quilience would be delayed and we may require additional capital as a result thereof.
Based in part on the prior
use and FDA approval of mazindol to manage exogenous obesity, we have been able to commence our Phase 2 clinical trials for Quilience
without having to do prior pre-clinical and/or early-stage clinical trials, such as Phase 1 trials. No assurance can be given that the
EMA or FDA will agree to allow us to initiate Phase 3 clinical trials for Quilience without conducting such pre-clinical clinical trials.
If the FDA or EMA, or any other applicable regulatory agency, were to require us to conduct additional pre-clinical trials, our planned
development strategy for Quilience would be materially impacted and approval of an NDA or MAA, if any, for Quilience would be delayed
and we may require additional capital as a result thereof.
3
In addition, we may request a Paediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP,
deferral in order to delay conducting clinical trials for Quilience in children until after we receive an MAA from the EMA for the use
of Quilience in adults. A PIP deferral, as can be agreed upon by the EMA, allows an applicant to delay studies in children until after
there is sufficient data on use in adults; we anticipate that we will be able to receive a PIP deferral from the EMA for Quilience; however,
there is no guarantee that this deferral will be granted, which could impact our planned development process and would make the product
candidate approval process more costly.
The commencement and completion of clinical
trials can be delayed or prevented for a number of reasons.
We may not be able to commence
or complete the clinical trials that would support our submission of an NDA to the FDA or MAA to the EMA. Drug development is a long,
expensive and uncertain process, and delay or failure can occur at any stage of any of our clinical trials. Clinical trials can be delayed
or prevented for a number of reasons, including:
●
difficulties obtaining regulatory approval to commence a clinical trial
    or complying with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or term of a clinical trial;
●
delays in reaching or failing to reach agreement on acceptable terms
    with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation
    and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;
●
insufficient or inadequate supply or quality of a product candidate
    or other materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials;
●
if the FDA or EMA elect to enact policy changes, as a result of COVID-19  or
    otherwise;
●
difficulties obtaining institutional review board, or IRB, approval
    to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site; and
●
challenges recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical
    trials for a variety of reasons, including fears resulting from  COVID-19 or due to government actions enacted and as a
    result of such pandemic, size and nature of patient population, proximity of patients to clinical sites, eligibility criteria for
    the trial, nature of trial protocol, the availability of approved effective treatments for the relevant disease and competition from
    other clinical trial programs for similar indications.
Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated
as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, the
IRBs at the sites where the IRBs are overseeing a trial, a data safety monitoring board overseeing the clinical trial at issue or by
other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:
●
failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance
    with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols;
●
inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA
    or other regulatory authorities;
●
unforeseen safety issues (including those that result from COVID-19
    ) or lack of effectiveness; and
●
lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.
The results of pre-clinical studies, early-stage
clinical trials, data obtained from real-world use, and published third-party studies may not be indicative of results in future clinical
trials and we cannot assure you that any planned or future clinical trials will lead to results sufficient for the necessary regulatory
approvals.
The results of pre-clinical
studies may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials, and the results of any completed clinical trials, including studies
derived from real-world use and studies in published literature, or clinical trials we commence may not be predictive of the results
of later-stage clinical trials. Additionally, interim results during a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Later
clinical trial results may not replicate earlier clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including differences in trial design, different
trial endpoints (or lack of trial endpoints in exploratory studies), subject population, number of subjects, subject selection criteria,
trial duration, drug dosage and formulation and lack of statistical power in the earlier studies. There can be no assurance that any
of our clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product candidates. A number
of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after
achieving promising results in earlier studies, and any such setbacks in our clinical development could have a negative impact on our
business.
4
We may find it difficult to enroll patients
in our clinical trials. Difficulty in enrolling patients could delay or prevent clinical trials of our product candidates.
Identifying and qualifying
patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends
in part on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates, and we may experience delays
in our clinical trials if we encounter difficulties in enrollment. The evolving COVID-19 pandemic has impacted directly or indirectly
the pace of enrollment in our clinical trials as patients may avoid or may not be able to travel to healthcare facilities and physicians'
offices unless due to a health emergency and clinical trial staff can no longer get to the clinic. Additionally, such facilities and
offices have been and may continue to be required to focus limited resources on nonclinical trial matters, including treatment of COVID-19
patients, thereby decreasing availability, in whole or in part, for clinical trial services. See "Risks Related to Our Business
Operations - We face business disruption and related risks resulting from the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which could have a material
adverse effect on our business and results of operations" for additional information.
In addition, as a rare disorder,
there is a limited patient pool from which to draw for our clinical trials for Quilience. Further, the eligibility criteria of our clinical
trials will further limit the pool of available study participants as we will require that patients have specific characteristics that
we can measure or to assure their disease is either severe enough or not too advanced to include them in a study.
Additionally, the process
of finding patients may prove costly. We also may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients to complete
our clinical trials because of the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study, the availability and efficacy of
competing therapies and clinical trials, the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients and the patient
referral practices of physicians. If patients are unwilling to participate in our studies for any reason, the timeline for recruiting
patients, conducting studies and obtaining regulatory approval of our potential product candidates will be delayed.
If we experience delays in
the completion or termination of any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will
be harmed, and our ability to generate product candidate revenue from any of these product candidates could be delayed or prevented.
In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval
process and jeopardize our ability to commence product candidate sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may harm our business,
financial condition and prospects significantly. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement
or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.
Interim topline and preliminary data from
our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to
audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
From time to time, we may
publish interim topline or preliminary data from our clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject
to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become
available. Preliminary or topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being
materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with
caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly
harm our reputation and business prospects.
Changes in methods of product candidate
manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.
As product candidates proceed
through pre-clinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards potential approval and commercialization, it is common that various
aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize
processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause
our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted
with the materials manufactured using altered processes. Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA or EMA notification or
FDA approval. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one
or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence
sales and generate revenues.
5
International expansion of our business
exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the
United States, Switzerland or the EU.
Other than our headquarters
and other operations which are located in Switzerland and our wholly owned U.S. subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation
(as further described below), we currently have limited international operations, but our business strategy incorporates potentially
significant international expansion, particularly in anticipation of approval of our product candidates. We may plan to maintain sales
representatives and conduct physician and patient association outreach activities, as well as clinical trials, outside of the United
States, Switzerland and Europe. If Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4 or any of our other product candidates are approved for commercialization
outside the United States, Switzerland, or the EU, we will likely enter into agreements with third parties to market the drugs in these
additional global territories. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into or maintaining international
business relationships, including:
●
different regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries;
●
differing United States and foreign drug import and export rules, tariffs
    and other trade barriers;
●
reduced protection for intellectual property rights in foreign countries;
●
failure by us to obtain regulatory approvals for the use of our products
    in various countries;
●
different reimbursement systems;
●
economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in
    particular foreign economies and markets;
●
multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy
    regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals,
    permits and licenses;
●
complexities associated with managing multiple payor reimbursement
    regimes, government payors or patient self-pay systems;
●
financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting
    accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our products and exposure to foreign
    currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues;
●
workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common
    than in the United States;
●
production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material
    supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad;
●
regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate
    information and control over sales and activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or
    FCPA, its books and records provisions or its anti-bribery provisions.;
●
potential liability resulting from development work conducted by these
    distributors; and
●
business interruptions resulting from a local or worldwide pandemic,
    such as COVID-19, geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters.
Any of these factors could
significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our results of operations.
6
Even if any of our product candidates receives
marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in
the medical community necessary for commercial success.
The commercial success of
Quilience, Nolazol, and NLS-4 will depend upon the acceptance of each product by the medical community, including physicians, patients
and third-party payors. The degree of market acceptance of any approved product will depend on a number of factors, including:
●
the efficacy and safety of the product;
●
the potential advantages of the product compared to available therapies;
●
the convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative
    treatments;
●
limitations or warnings, including use restrictions contained in the
    product's approved labeling;
●
distribution and use restrictions imposed by the EMA, FDA, or other
    regulatory authority or agreed to by us as part of a mandatory or voluntary risk management plan;
●
availability of alternative treatments, including, in the case of Nolazol,
    a number of competitive products already approved for the treatment of ADHD or expected to be commercially launched in the near future;
●
pricing and cost effectiveness in relation to alternative treatments;
●
if the product is included under physician treatment guidelines as
    a first-, second-, or third-line therapy;
●
the strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;
●
the availability of third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement
    and the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of coverage by third-party payors;
●
the strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;
●
the willingness of patients to pay for drugs out of pocket in the absence
    of third-party coverage; and
●
the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies
    and of physicians to prescribe these therapies.
If Quilience, Nolazol, or
NLS-4 is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, third party payors and patients, we may not generate
sufficient revenue from the product, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community
and third-party payors on the benefits of the product may require significant resources and may never be successful.
In addition, we may choose
to collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales
force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we enter into arrangements with third parties
to perform sales, marketing and distribution services for our products, the resulting revenues or the profitability from these revenues
to us are likely to be lower than if we had sold, marketed and distributed our products ourselves. If we are unable to enter into such
arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive
regulatory approval. Depending on the nature of the third-party relationship, we may have little control over such third parties, and
any of these third parties may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell, market and distribute our products effectively.
If we are not successful in commercializing our product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third
parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.
Even if we are able to commercialize any
product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies,
any of which could harm our business.
Our ability to commercialize
any product candidates successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these products and related
treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government
authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they
will pay for and impact reimbursement levels.
7
Obtaining and maintaining
adequate reimbursement for our products may be difficult. We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain an adequate level of reimbursement
for our products by third party payors. Even if we do obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, third-party payors, such as government
or private healthcare insurers, may carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for,
our drugs. Reimbursement rates from private health insurance companies vary depending on the company, the insurance plan and other factors.
A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have
attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party
payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged
for drugs. We may also be required to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies to justify coverage and reimbursement or the level of
reimbursement relative to other therapies. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited
levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, and the royalties
resulting from the sales of those products may also be adversely impacted.
There may be significant
delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is
approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply
that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and
distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be
made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based
on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices
for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future
relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United
States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for
any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed
to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.
The regulations that govern
marketing approvals, pricing, coverage and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Current and future
legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining
approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be reimbursed. In many countries, the pricing review
period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription drug pricing remains subject
to continuing governmental control, including possible price reductions, even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might
obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch
of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product
in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even
if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. There can be no assurance that our product candidates, if they are approved for
sale in the United States or in other countries, will be considered medically necessary or cost-effective for a specific indication,
or that coverage or an adequate level of reimbursement will be available.
Our product candidates Quilience and Nolazol
contain the active ingredient mazindol, which is a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or CSA.
Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements under the CSA or a change in the DEA scheduling (e.g., from IV to III) or
other applicable federal or state regulations could have an adverse effect on our operations and business.
Controlled substances are
classified by the DEA as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V, or CI, CII, CIII, CIV, and CV, substances, with CI substances considered to present
the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk. The active ingredient of our lead and follow-on product
candidates is mazindol, which is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under the CSA, and regulations of the DEA. Under the
CSA, subject to certain exemptions, every person who manufactures, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance
must register with the DEA.
Although the CSA's
restrictions governing substances in CIV are not as stringent as those for substances in CI, CII or CIII, they could still limit our
ability to market and commercialize Quilience and Nolazol, if approved for marketing. In addition, failure to maintain compliance with
applicable requirements under the CSA, particularly as manifested in loss or diversion of regulated substances, can result in enforcement
action that could include civil penalties, refusal to renew registrations or quotas, revocation of registrations or quotas or criminal
proceedings, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Individual
states also regulate controlled substances, and we along with our contract manufacturers will be subject to state regulation on distribution
of these products.
8
Our market is subject to intense competition,
which may result in others commercializing products before or more successfully than us. If we are unable to compete effectively, Quilience,
Nolazol and NLS-4 may be rendered non-competitive or obsolete, which may adversely affect our operating results.
The development and commercialization
of new products is highly competitive. Our potential competitors include major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies
and biotechnology companies worldwide with respect to Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any future product candidate that we may seek to
develop or commercialize. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing technologies and products that are more effective,
have fewer or more tolerable side effects or are more convenient or less costly than Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any future product
candidate we may develop, which could render any product candidates obsolete and non-competitive. Our competitors also may obtain FDA
or other marketing approvals for their products before we are able to obtain approval for ours, which could result in competitors establishing
a strong market position before we are able to enter the applicable market.
Many of our potential competitors,
alone or with their strategic partners, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing,
pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals and commercializing approved products than we do. There
is a trend toward consolidation in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, and additional mergers and acquisitions in these industries
may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors, which may adversely affect us.
Smaller or early-stage companies
may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These
companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial
sites and patient registration for clinical trials.
In addition, if we enter
the markets of our product candidates, with such entrance remaining subject to various additional regulatory approvals, too late in the
cycle, we may not achieve commercial success, or we may have to reduce our price in order to effectively compete, which would impact
our ability to generate revenues, obtain profitability and adversely affect our operating results.
While orphan drug product candidates are
typically sold at a high price relative to other medications, the market may not be receptive to high pricing of our product candidates.
We are developing certain
product candidates to treat rare CNS disorders with high unmet medical needs, a space where medications are usually sold at high prices
compared with other medications. Accordingly, even if regulatory authorities approve our product candidates, the market may not be receptive
to, and it may be difficult for us to achieve, a per-patient per-year price high enough to allow us to realize a return on our investment.
If product liability lawsuits are brought
against us, we may incur substantial liabilities, even if we have appropriate insurance policies, and we may be required to limit commercialization
of our product candidates.
We are exposed to potential
product liability and professional indemnity risks that are inherent in the research, development, manufacturing, marketing and use of
pharmaceutical products. Currently, we have no products that have been approved for marketing or commercialization; however, the use
of our product candidates in clinical trials, and the sale of these product candidates, if approved, in the future, may expose us to
liability claims. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials,
patients, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies, our collaborators or others using, administering or selling any of our future
approved products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities, even if
we have product liability or such other applicable insurance policies in effect. We may not be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance
for these liabilities at reasonable cost and/or reasonable terms. Excessive insurance costs or uninsured claims would add to our future
operating expenses and adversely affect our financial condition. As a result of such lawsuits and their potential results, we may be
required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result
in:
●
decreased demand for our product candidates;
●
termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;
●
injury to our reputation and negative media attention;
9
●
product recalls or increased warnings on product labels;
●
withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
●
costs of to defend the related litigation;
●
diversion of management and our resources;
●
substantial monetary awards to, or costly settlements with, clinical
    trial participants, patients or other claimants;
●
higher insurance premiums;
●
loss of initiation of investigations by regulators
    or other authorities; and
●
the inability to successfully commercialize our product candidates,
    if approved.
Risks Related to the Regulatory Environment
Obtaining approval of an NDA or a MAA even
after clinical trials that are believed to be successful is an uncertain process.
We are not permitted to market
Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4 in the United States or the EU until we receive regulatory approval of an NDA from the FDA or MAA from the
EMA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from regulatory authorities in such countries. We have not received
regulatory clearance to conduct the additional clinical trials that are necessary to be able to submit an NDA to the FDA for Nolazol.
Similarly, we have not received regulatory clearance in the EU to conduct clinical trials that are necessary to receive approval of a
MAA for Quilience in Europe. As such, we have not submitted an MAA for any of our product candidates.
We may be able make our products
available on a named patient basis and generate pre-approval revenues from compassionate use activities leveraging on an expanded access
policy in certain countries around the world.
Even if we complete our planned
clinical trials and believe the results to be successful, all of which are uncertain, obtaining regulatory approval is an extensive,
lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA and EMA, and other regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of
Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4 for many reasons, including, but not limited to:
●
we may not be able to demonstrate to their satisfaction that the product
    candidate is a safe or effective treatment for a given indication;
●
the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical
    significance or clinical significance required by the regulatory agencies;
●
disagreements regarding the number, design,
    size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials, or with our interpretation of data from pre-clinical studies or clinical
    trials;
●
a lack of acceptance of the accuracy or sufficiency of the data generated at our clinical trial sites to demonstrate, among others,
    that clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks or to support the submission of an NDA or MAA;
●
difficulties scheduling an advisory committee meeting in a timely manner
    or the advisory committee, or such other similar committee, may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend that
    such regulators require, as a condition of approval, additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved
    labeling, or distribution and use restrictions;
10
●
the requirement that we develop a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy,
    or REMS, as a condition of approval, which may or may not be feasible for us;
●
the identification of deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or
    facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we enter into agreements for clinical and commercial supplies;
●
changes in approval policies or the adoption of new regulations by
    such regulators; and
●
we may be unable to be granted a PIP deferral which we intend to request
    from the EMA for delayed clinical trials and subsequent approval in children; this may delay our clinical trial program or approvals
    for adults, or we may have successful clinical trial results for adults but not children (if we were required to conduct pediatric
    studies prior to the receipt of an NDA or MAA for use of our product candidates in adults), or vice versa.
Before we can submit an NDA
to the FDA, we must conduct pivotal trials, in addition to human pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies, that will be substantially
broader than our Phase 2 trial for Nolazol and or Quilience. An NDA must be supported by extensive clinical and pre-clinical data, as
well as extensive information regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the applicable
product candidate. The number and types of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that will be required varies depending on the product
candidate, the disease or condition that the product candidate is designed to target and the regulations applicable to any particular
product candidate. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and we may not be successful in obtaining
approval. The FDA review processes can take years to complete and approval is never guaranteed.
In this respect, we will
also need to agree on a protocol with the FDA for the pivotal trials before commencing those trials. Pivotal trials frequently produce
unsatisfactory results even though prior clinical trials were successful. Therefore, the results of the additional trials that we conduct
may or may not be successful. The FDA may suspend all clinical trials or require that we conduct additional clinical, nonclinical, manufacturing
validation or drug product quality studies and submit those data before it will consider or reconsider the NDA. Depending on the extent
of these or any other studies, approval of any applications that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend
more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered
sufficient by the FDA to approve the NDA. If any of these outcomes occur, we would not receive approval for Quilience or Nolazol at such
time, if any, when we seek FDA approval. We may face similar risks with respect to obtaining regulatory approval from the EMA for Quilience,
and for Nolazol, at such time, if any, when we seek EMA approval. The risks that we face in obtaining applicable approvals from the FDA
and EMA for Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other product candidate that we may seek to develop, may also exist with other regulatory
authorities, such as those in Latin America.
Even if we obtain FDA, EMA
or other regulatory approval for Quilience, Nolazol or NLS-4, the approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions
for certain age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to significant post-marketing studies or risk mitigation
requirements. In addition, even if we obtain a MAA from the EMA for the use of Quilience in adults, there can be no guarantee that we
will receive an MAA for Quilience for the use in children. If we are unable to successfully commercialize Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4,
we may be forced to cease operations.
The results of clinical trials conducted
at clinical sites outside the United States may not be accepted by the FDA and the results of clinical trials conducted at clinical sites
in the United States may not be accepted by international regulatory authorities.
We are conducting our Phase
2 clinical trials in the United States. In future, we are planning to conduct Phase 2b and or Phase 3 clinical trials in the United States
and the EU. Although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of this data is subject
to certain conditions imposed by the FDA. For example, the clinical trial must be well-designed and conducted and performed by qualified
investigators in accordance with ethical principles such as IRB or ethics committee approval and informed consent. The study population
must also adequately represent the U.S. population, and the data must be applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice
in ways that the FDA deems clinically meaningful. Generally, the subject population for any clinical trials conducted outside of the
United States must be representative of the U.S. population. In addition, while these clinical trials are subject to the applicable local
laws, FDA acceptance of the data will be dependent upon its determination that the trials were conducted consistent with all applicable
U.S. laws and regulations. There can be no assurance the FDA or international regulatory authorities will accept data from trials conducted
outside of the United States or inside the United States, as the case may be, as adequate support of a marketing application. If the
FDA or international regulatory authorities do not accept the data from sites in our globally conducted clinical trials, it would likely
result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and could delay or permanently halt the development
of one or more of our product candidates.
11
Our product candidates may cause undesirable
side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential or result
in significant negative consequences following regulatory approval, if obtained.
During the conduct of clinical
trials, patients may experience changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries, discomforts or a fatal outcome. It is possible
that as we develop Quilience and Nolazol, NLS-4, or other product candidates that we may seek to develop, in larger, longer and more
extensive clinical trials as use of our product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries,
discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in earlier clinical trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went
undetected in previous clinical trials, will be reported by subjects. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational
products are tested in larger scale, Phase 2b/Phase 3 clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on
a commercial scale after approval. If additional clinical experience indicates that Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or other product candidates
that we may seek to develop, have side effects or cause serious or life-threatening side effects, the development of the product candidate
may fail or be delayed, or, if the product candidate has received regulatory approval, such approval may be revoked or limited.
Additionally, if any of our
product candidates receives marketing approval, the FDA or EMA could require us to adopt a REMS to ensure that the benefits outweigh
its risks, which may include, among other things, a medication guide outlining the risks of the product for distribution to patients,
a communication plan to health care practitioners, and restrictions on how or where the product can be distributed, dispensed or used.
Furthermore, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4, several potentially significant
negative consequences could result, including:
●
regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals of such a
    product candidate;
●
regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label;
●
regulatory authorities may issue negative publicity regarding the affected
    product, including safety communications;
●
we may be required to change the way the product is distributed, dispensed
    or administered, or conduct additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials;
●
we may need to voluntarily recall our products; and
●
we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients.
Any of these events could
prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could significantly harm our business,
prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
We will need to obtain FDA approval of
any proposed names for our product candidates that gain marketing approval, and any failure or delay associated with such naming approval
may adversely impact our business.
Any name we intend to use
for our product candidates will require approval from the FDA regardless of whether we have secured a formal trademark registration from
the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the U.S. PTO. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product names, including an evaluation
of whether proposed names may be confused with the names of other drug products. The FDA may object to any product name we submit if
it believes the name inappropriately implies medical claims. If the FDA objects to any of our proposed product names, we may be required
to adopt an alternative name for our product candidates, which could result in further evaluation of proposed names with the potential
for additional delays and costs.
Obtaining regulatory approval for clinical
trials of Nolazol in children will be more difficult than obtaining such approvals for adult clinical trials since the requirements for
regulatory approval to conduct pediatric clinical trials are more stringent.
Pediatric drug development
requires additional nonclinical work (such as animal studies in juvenile animals and additional reproductive toxicity work), as well
as staged clinical work in determining safe dosing and monitoring. These additional tasks involve investment of significant additional
resources beyond those needed for approval of the drug for adults. Approval of Nolazol for use in children may be significantly delayed
due to these additional requirements and this may have an adverse effect on the commercial prospects for Nolazol and our ability to generate
product revenues would be delayed, possibly materially. In addition, we do not know if as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic there will
be a smaller pool of children from which we can enroll for our clinical trials. We cannot guarantee that we will receive any regulatory
approvals to commercialize our product candidates in children.
12
Changes in regulatory requirements and
guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, which may result in necessary changes to clinical trial protocols,
which could result in increased costs to us, delay our development timeline or reduce the likelihood of successful completion of our
clinical trials.
Changes in regulatory requirements
and guidance or unanticipated events during our clinical trials may occur, as a result of which we may need to amend clinical trial protocols.
Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for review and approval, which may impact the cost, timing
or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials,
the commercial prospects for Quilience and Nolazol would be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues would be delayed, possibly
materially.
Our development and regulatory strategy
for our product candidates depends in part on published scientific literature and the FDA's prior findings regarding the safety
and efficacy of approved products containing mazindol. If the FDA does not conclude that our product candidates satisfy the requirements
for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory approval pathway, or if the requirements for our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) are
not as we expect, the approval pathway would likely take significantly longer, cost significantly more and entail significantly greater
complications and risks than anticipated and in either case may not be successful.
The Drug Price Competition
and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, added Section 505(b)(2) to the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, or Section 505(b)(2). Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of an NDA where at least some of the information
required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of
reference. We intend to seek FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for Quilience and may seek this regulatory
pathway for other product candidates that we seek to develop.
If the FDA does not allow
us to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway as anticipated, we may need to conduct additional pre-clinical and or clinical
trials, provide additional data and information and meet additional standards for regulatory approval. If this were to occur, the time
and financial resources required to obtain FDA approval, and complications and risks associated with FDA approval, would substantially
increase. We may need to obtain additional funding, which could result in significant dilution to the ownership interests of our then
existing shareholders to the extent we issue equity securities or convertible debt. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain
such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, inability to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway
could result in new competitive product candidates reaching the market faster than our product candidates, which could materially adversely
impact our competitive position and prospects. Even if we are allowed to pursue the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway, we cannot assure
you that our product candidates will receive the requisite approvals for commercialization.
We may seek designations for our product
candidates with the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities that are intended to confer benefits such as a faster development
process or an accelerated regulatory pathway, but there can be no assurance that we will successfully obtain such designations. In addition,
even if one or more of our product candidates are granted such designations, we may not be able to realize the intended benefits of such
designations.
The FDA, and other comparable
regulatory authorities, offer certain designations for product candidates that are intended to encourage the research and development
of pharmaceutical products addressing conditions with significant unmet medical need. These designations may confer benefits such as
additional interaction with regulatory authorities, a potentially accelerated regulatory pathway and priority review. There can be no
assurance that we will successfully obtain such designation for Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4. In addition, while such designations could
expedite the development or approval process, they generally do not change the standards for approval. Even if we obtain such designations
for one or more of our product candidates, there can be no assurance that we will realize their intended benefits.
For example, we may seek
a Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for one or more of our product candidates. A Breakthrough Therapy designation is defined
as a therapy that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other therapies, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease
or condition, if preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the therapy may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies
on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For therapies
that have Breakthrough Therapy designation, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify
the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Therapies
with Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA are also eligible for accelerated approval. Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy
is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets the criteria for Breakthrough
Therapy designation, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough
Therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to therapies
considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one
or more of our product candidates qualify for Breakthrough Therapy designation, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates
no longer meet the conditions for qualification.
13
We may also seek Fast Track
designation from the FDA for some of our product candidates. If a therapy is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening
condition and the therapy demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the therapy sponsor may apply
for Fast Track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, so even if we believe a particular
product candidate is eligible for this designation, there can be no assurance that the FDA would decide to grant it. Even if we do receive
Fast Track designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures,
and receiving a Fast-Track designation does not provide assurance of ultimate FDA approval. The FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation
if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.
We may also seek a priority
medicines scheme, or PRIME, designation for some of our product candidates. PRIME was launched by EMA in 2016 to facilitate the development
of medicines that target an unmet medical need. Through PRIME, the Agency offers early and proactive support to medicine developers with
the aim of optimizing the generation of robust data on a medicine's benefits and risks and enabling accelerated assessment of medicines
applications. The overall goal is to ensure patients benefit as early as possible from therapies that may significantly improve their
quality of life. PRIME focuses on improving the design of clinical trials in order to ensure the efficient generation of the necessary
clinical data for inclusion in a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA.
Even if we obtain regulatory approval for
a product candidate, our products will remain subject to ongoing regulatory oversight.
Even if we obtain any regulatory
approval for our product candidates, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging,
storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information. Any regulatory
approvals that we receive for our product candidates also may be subject to a REMS, limitations on the approved indicated uses for which
the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing,
including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the quality, safety and efficacy of the product. The holder of an approved
marketing application also must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product,
product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review,
in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.
In addition, product manufacturers
and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory
authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, requirements and adherence to commitments made in the
NDA or foreign marketing application. If a regulatory authority discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse
events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or disagrees with the
promotion, marketing or labeling of that product, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions relative to that product, the manufacturing
facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we fail to
comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory authority may:
●
issue an untitled letter or warning letter that we are in violation
    of the law;
●
seek an injunction or impose administrative, civil or criminal penalties
    or monetary fines;
●
suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;
●
suspend any ongoing clinical trials;
●
refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications;
●
restrict the marketing or manufacturing of the product;
●
seize or detain the products or require the withdrawal of the product
    from the market;
●
refuse to permit the import or export of the products; or
●
refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government
    contracts.
Any government investigation
of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.
The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and adversely
affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
14
The FDA and other regulatory authorities
actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses.
If any of our product candidates
are approved and we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses of those products, we may become subject to significant liability.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, if approved.
In particular, while the FDA permits the dissemination of truthful and non-misleading information about an approved product, a manufacturer
may not promote a product for uses that are not approved by the FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product's
approved labeling. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The federal
government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined
several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees, corporate
integrity agreements or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct must be changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully
manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially
adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval
of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product
candidates in other jurisdictions. Our failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates
from being marketed abroad, and any approval we are granted for our product candidates in the United States would not assure approval
of product candidates in foreign jurisdictions.
In order to market any products
outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding
clinical trial design, safety and efficacy. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution
of drugs are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and other regulatory authorities in other countries. These
regulations differ from country to country. Even if we obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction,
such approval does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, but a failure
or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others.
For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions
must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries.
Approval procedures vary
among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including
additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials as investigations conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory
authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement
before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject
to approval. These regulatory procedures can result in substantial delays in such countries. In other countries, product approval depends
on showing superiority to an approved alternative therapy. This can result in significant expenses for conducting complex clinical trials.
Finally, we do not have any
products approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory
approval. If we, or any third parties with whom we work, fail to comply with regulatory requirements in the United States or international
markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market
may be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will likely be harmed. The inability to meet continuously
evolving regulatory standards for approval may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our current product candidates,
which could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.
15
We may be unable to obtain or maintain
orphan drug designation for our product candidates and, even if we obtain such designation, we may not be able to realize the benefits
of such designation, including potential marketing exclusivity of our product candidates, if approved.
Regulatory authorities in
some jurisdictions, including the United States and EU, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as "orphan
drugs." Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease
or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or a patient
population of greater than 200,000 individuals in the United States, but for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of
developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the EU, the European Commission grants orphan drug designation
to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically
debilitating condition affecting not more than five in 10,000 persons in the EU community. Additionally, designation is granted for products
intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition and
when, without incentives, it is unlikely that sales of the drug in the EU would be sufficient to justify the necessary investment in
developing the drug.
The FDA granted orphan drug
designation to mazindol for the treatment of narcolepsy in the United States. We also received orphan drug designation for mazindol in
the EU for the treatment of IH. This designation of a product candidate as an orphan product does not mean that any regulatory agency
will accelerate regulatory review of, or ultimately approve, that product candidate, nor does it limit the ability of any regulatory
agency to grant orphan drug designation to product candidates of other companies that treat the same indications as our product candidates
prior to our product candidates receiving exclusive marketing approval.
Generally, if a product candidate
with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation,
the drug may be entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application
for the same drug for that time period, except in limited circumstances. If another sponsor receives such approval before we do (regardless
of our orphan drug designation), we will be precluded from receiving marketing approval for our product for the applicable exclusivity
period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in the EU, which may be extended by six months and two
years, respectively, in the case of product candidates that have complied with the respective regulatory agency's agreed upon PIP.
The exclusivity period in the EU can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if
the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be revoked if any
regulatory agency determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient
quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
Even if we obtain orphan
drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because
different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA may subsequently approve another
drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the latter drug is not the same drug or is clinically superior in that it is shown
to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. In the EU, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar
medicinal product for the same orphan indication if:
●
the
                                            second applicant can establish in its application that its medicinal product, although similar
                                            to the orphan medicinal product already authorized, is safer, more effective or otherwise
                                            clinically superior;
●
the
                                            holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product consents
                                            to a second orphan medicinal product application; or
●
the
                                            holder of the marketing authorization for the original orphan medicinal product cannot supply
                                            sufficient quantities of orphan medicinal product.
16
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and
Capital Requirements
Our cash on hand and financing arrangements may not be sufficient to fund
our projected operating requirements.
Until we can generate significant
revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding
will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. We believe that our current cash on hand and access to existing financial arrangements
will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least one year from the issuance of the financial statements included
elsewhere in this annual report. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or
development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products.
We believe that our current cash on hand
and access to existing financing arrangements will fund our projected operating requirements through the second quarter of 2024. The
Company has put in place multiple options to raise the funds necessary to support its operations, However, there can be no assurance
that these funds will be available, or if they are available, their availability will be on terms acceptable to the Company or in an
amount sufficient to enable the Company to fully complete its development activities or sustain operations.
We believe that our current cash on hand and access to existing financing
arrangements will fund our projected operating requirements through the second quarter of 2024. We expect that we will be required to
obtain additional liquidity in order to fund our operations through the approval of our lead product candidate. Until we can generate
significant revenues, if ever, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that
funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope
of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products.
We have a limited operating history and
we have incurred significant operating losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable
future.
We are an emerging biopharmaceutical
company with a limited operating history. To date, we have focused almost exclusively on developing product candidates using the active
ingredient mazindol in proprietary formulations. We have funded our operations to date primarily through proceeds from the private placement
of common shares, convertible instruments, related party credit facilities, shareholder loans, an initial public offering of common shares
and Warrants, and drawdowns from a standby equity distribution agreement, or SEDA. We have only a limited operating history upon which
you can evaluate our business and prospects. In addition, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully
overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in
the pharmaceutical industry. To date, although we received an upfront payment of approximately $2.5 million pursuant to the EF License
Agreement (defined below) in 2019, we have not generated revenue from the sale of our product candidates (see "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for additional information). We have incurred losses
in each year since our inception. Our net loss attributable to holders of our common shares for the year ended December 31, 2022 was
approximately $16.0 million and for the year ended December 31, 2021 was approximately $11.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had
an accumulated deficit of approximately $57.7 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection
with our clinical development program and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.
We expect our research and
development expenses to increase in connection with our planned expanded clinical trials. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval
for Quilience, Nolazol, NLS-4, or any other current or future product candidate, we will likely incur significant sales, marketing and
outsourced manufacturing expenses, as well as continued research and development expenses. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional
costs associated with operating as a public company, which we estimate will be at least several hundred thousand dollars annually. As
a result, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Because of the numerous
risks and uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses
or when we will become profitable, if at all.
17
We expect to continue to
incur significant losses until we are able to commercialize our product candidates, which we may not be successful in achieving. We anticipate
that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
●
continue
                                            the research and development of our product candidates;
●
expand
                                            the scope of our current clinical studies for our product candidates;
●
seek
                                            regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete
                                            clinical studies;
●
establish
                                            a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize our product candidates;
●
seek
                                            to identify, assess, acquire, license, and/or develop other product candidates and subsequent
                                            generations of our current product candidates;
●
seek
                                            to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;
●
seek
                                            to attract and retain skilled personnel; and
●
create
                                            additional infrastructure to support our operations as a public company and our product candidate
                                            development and planned future commercialization efforts.
We have not generated revenues from any
product candidate and may never be profitable.
Our ability to become profitable
depends upon our ability to generate revenues. To date, we have not generated any revenue from our pre-clinical and clinical development
stage product candidates, Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4, and we do not know when, or if, we will generate any such revenue. We do not
expect to generate significant revenues unless or until we obtain marketing approval of, and commercialize, Quilience, Nolazol and/or
NLS-4. Our ability to generate future revenues from product candidate sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but
not limited to:
●
obtaining
                                            favorable results from and progress the pre-clinical and clinical development of our product
                                            candidates, namely Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;
●
developing
                                            and obtaining regulatory approval for registration studies protocols for our product candidates,
                                            namely Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;
●
subject
                                            to successful completion of registration and clinical trials of Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4,
                                            applying for and obtaining marketing approval;
●
establishing
                                            and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide
                                            adequate (in amount and quality) products, and at acceptable costs, to support market demand
                                            for our product candidates, if marketing approval is received;
●
identifying,
                                            assessing, acquiring and/or developing new product candidates;
●
accurately
                                            identifying demand for our product candidates;
●
continued
                                            consumer interest in treatments to the symptoms of narcolepsy, IH, ADHD and Long-COVID;
●
obtaining
                                            market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for marketing, as viable treatment
                                            options;
●
negotiating
                                            favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter;
●
obtaining
                                            and maintaining CIV labeling (no FDA imposed boxed warning, commonly referred to as a "Black
                                            Box" warning) of our lead product candidate Quilience and follow-on product candidates,
                                            Nolazol and NLS-4;
●
establishing
                                            and nurturing relationships with the leading prescribers of narcolepsy, ADHD and Long-COVID
                                            prescriptions in the United States; and
●
attracting,
                                            hiring, and retaining qualified personnel.
18
We expect that we will need to raise substantial
additional funding before we can expect to complete the development of Quilience or any other product candidate. This additional financing
may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit
or terminate our product candidate development efforts or other operations.
As of December 31, 2022, our
cash and cash equivalents were approximately $8.9 million, and we had a working capital surplus of $5.9 million and an accumulated deficit
of $58.2 million. Based upon our currently expected level of operating expenditures, we believe that our current cash on hand and access
to existing financial arrangements will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least one year from the issuance
of the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. We expect that we will require substantial additional capital to
commercialize our product candidates and put in place multiple options to raise the funds necessary to support our operations. However,
our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds
sooner than planned. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:
●
our clinical trial results and the costs for conducting pivotal trials;
●
the cost, timing and outcomes of seeking marketing approval of Quilience,
    Nolazol and NLS-4;
●
the cost of filing and prosecuting patent applications and the cost
    of defending our patents;
●
the cost of prosecuting patent infringement actions against third parties;
●
development of other early-stage development product candidates;
●
the costs associated with commercializing Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4
    if we receive marketing approval, including the cost and timing of establishing sales and marketing capabilities to market and sell
    Quilience, Nolazol and NLS-4;
●
subject to receipt of marketing approval, revenue received from sales
    of approved products, if any, in the future;
●
any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;
●
the expenses needed to attract and retain skilled personnel; and
●
the costs associated with being a public company.
Any additional fundraising
efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize
our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable
to us, if at all, during or after the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the
rights of holders of our securities and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such
issuance, may cause the market price of our common shares or our publicly traded Warrants to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness
could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations
on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other
operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through
arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to
relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have
a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our
current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic
considerations.
If we are unable to obtain
funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development
programs or the development or commercialization, if any, of any product candidates or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise
capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations.
19
Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties
We are dependent on a sole manufacturer
for mazindol. Any delay, price increase or unavailability of mazindol could materially adversely affect our ability to conduct clinical
trials and, if this were to occur after we obtained commercialization and marketing approval, could cause us to cease operations.
Currently we rely on a single
manufacturer for mazindol for our clinical trials conducted to date pursuant to purchase orders and do not have any existing contract
with such manufacturer for future supplies. The FDA requires identification of raw material suppliers in applications for approval of
drug products. If mazindol were to be unavailable from the specified manufacturer, FDA approval of a new manufacturer, assuming one is
found, could delay the manufacture of the drug involved or delay any clinical trial we are then conducting or planning to conduct. Either
such occurrence could have an adverse effect on our operations and reputation or could cause us to cease operations.
Furthermore, there is a risk
of a sole approved manufacturer significantly raising prices. If prices for mazindol or other raw materials were to be significantly
increased, our profit margins and sales, if any, would be greatly reduced and, assuming our products were approved for commercialization
or marketing, delay product launches, or delay clinical trials at earlier stages of development. Such price increase occurrences could
be resolved by the successful FDA approval of an alternate supplier; however, such approval process can be lengthy and costly. There
can be no guarantee that a resolution would be reached in the event of a significant price increase by our supplier of mazindol.
We rely on third parties to conduct our
pre-clinical and clinical studies and perform other tasks for us. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual
duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize
our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.
We have relied upon and plan
to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to monitor and manage data for our ongoing pre-clinical and clinical programs. We rely on these
parties for execution of our pre-clinical and clinical studies, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we
are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and
scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs and other vendors
are required to comply with current cGMP, Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, quality system requirements, or QSR, and Good Laboratory Practices,
or GLP, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic
Area, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities
enforce these regulations through periodic inspections of study sponsors, principal investigators, study sites and other contractors.
If we or any of our CROs or vendors fail to comply with applicable regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical studies may
be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical studies
before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory
authority will determine that any of our clinical studies comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical studies must be conducted
with product candidates which are produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat
clinical studies, which would delay the regulatory approval process.
We have no manufacturing capacity and anticipate
reliance on third-party manufacturers for our products.
We do not currently operate
manufacturing facilities for clinical production of Quilience, Nolazol, or NLS-4. We do not intend to develop facilities for the manufacture
of products for clinical trials or commercial purposes in the foreseeable future. We will rely on third-party manufacturers to produce
bulk drug products required for our clinical trials and commercial sales, if any. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers
and, potentially, collaboration partners to manufacture commercial quantities of our drug product candidates if and when approved for
marketing by the applicable regulatory authorities. Our contract manufacturers have not completed process validation for the drug substance
manufacturing process. Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the product and process.
If our contract manufacturers are not approved by the FDA, or other regulatory bodies, our commercial supply of drug substance will be
significantly delayed and may result in significant additional costs. If the FDA does not consider the result of the process validation
or required testing to be satisfactory, regulatory approval and/or commercial supply after launch may be delayed. The FDA and similar
foreign regulatory bodies may also implement new requirements, or change their interpretation and enforcement of existing requirements,
for manufacturers, packaging or testing of products at any time. If we, or our contract manufacturers are unable to comply with such
process validation or other requirements, we may be subject to regulatory, civil actions or penalties which could harm our business.
20
We purchase finished mazindol,
the molecule in both of Quilience and Nolazol, from a single third party, currently under a development agreement with us. In addition,
we do not have an agreement in place for, but we have identified, a secondary fill/finish supplier. There can be no guarantee that we
will enter into an agreement with such fill/finish supplier or that an effort to enter into such an agreement will be on favorable terms.
If we need to identify an additional fill/finish manufacturer, we would not be able to do so without delay and likely significant additional
cost.
Our existing manufacturer
and any future contract manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business. In the event
of a natural disaster, business failure, strike or other difficulty, such as difficulties involving production yields, quality control
and quality assurance, we may be unable to replace a third-party manufacturer in a timely manner and the production of any product candidate
or commercialized drug would be interrupted, resulting in delays and additional costs.
In addition, because the
contract manufacturer of our drug substance is located in the United States, we may face difficulties in importing our drug substances
into Europe as a result of, among other things, import inspections, incomplete or inaccurate import documentation or defective packaging.
We and our collaborators and contract manufacturers
are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing our product candidates. The manufacturing facilities on which we
rely may not continue to meet regulatory requirements and have limited capacity.
Manufacturers and their facilities
are required to comply with extensive regulatory requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform
to cGMPs. These cGMP regulations cover all aspects of manufacturing relating to our product candidates. These regulations govern manufacturing
processes and procedures (including record keeping) and the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the
quality of investigational product candidates and products approved for sale. Poor control of production processes can lead to the introduction
of contaminants or to inadvertent changes in the properties or stability of our product candidates that may not be detectable in final
product testing. We, our collaborators or our contract manufacturers must supply all necessary documentation in support of an NDA or
MAA on a timely basis and must adhere to GLP and cGMP QSR regulations enforced by the FDA and other regulatory authorities through their
facilities inspection program. Some of our contract manufacturers have never produced a commercially approved pharmaceutical product
and therefore have not obtained the requisite regulatory authority approvals to do so. The facilities and quality systems of some or
all of our collaborators and third-party contractors must pass a pre-approval inspection for compliance with the applicable regulations
as a condition of regulatory approval of our product candidates or any of our other potential product candidates. In addition, the regulatory
authorities may, at any time, audit or inspect a manufacturing facility involved with the preparation of our product candidates or our
other potential product candidates or the associated quality systems for compliance with the regulations applicable to the activities
being conducted. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners
for compliance with the regulatory requirements. If these facilities do not pass a pre-approval plant inspection, regulatory approval
of the product candidates may not be granted or may be substantially delayed until any violations are corrected to the satisfaction of
the regulatory authority, if ever. Moreover, if our contract manufacturers fail to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards,
in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, or there are substantial manufacturing errors, this could result in patient injury
or death, product shortages, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other
problems that could seriously harm our business.
Any collaboration arrangements that we
may enter into in the future may not be successful, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our current
and potential future product candidates.
We may seek collaboration
arrangements with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies for the development or commercialization of our current and potential future
product candidates. We may enter into these arrangements on a selective basis depending on the merits of retaining commercialization
rights for ourselves as compared to entering into selective collaboration arrangements with other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies
for each product candidate, both in the United States and internationally. We will face, to the extent that we decide to enter into collaboration
agreements, significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming
to negotiate, document and implement. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative
arrangements should we so choose to enter into such arrangements. The terms of any collaborations or other arrangements that we may establish
may not be favorable to us.
21
Disagreements between parties
to a collaboration arrangement regarding clinical development and commercialization matters can lead to delays in the development process
or commercializing the applicable product candidate and, in some cases, termination of the collaboration arrangement. These disagreements
can be difficult to resolve if neither of the parties has final decision-making authority.
Collaborations with pharmaceutical
or biotechnology companies and other third parties often are terminated or allowed to expire by the other party. Any such termination
or expiration could adversely affect us financially and could harm our business reputation.
Our reliance on third parties requires
us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be
misappropriated or disclosed.
Because we rely on third
parties to develop and manufacture our product candidates, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary
technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research
agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning
research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our
confidential information, such as trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need
to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors,
are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our
proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor's discovery of our trade secrets or other
unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We have been granted several issued patents
and filed multiple patent applications. There can be no assurance that any of our patent applications will result in issued patents.
As a result, our ability to protect our proprietary technology in the marketplace may be limited.
We have been granted issued
patents in countries worldwide. These issued patents cover a range of areas including: the therapeutic use of mazindol for the treatment
of ADHD and combination therapies containing mazindol (add-ons with iron or stimulants) in sleep disorders such as narcolepsy or IH.
We have also filed patent applications in many countries worldwide. Unless and until our pending patent applications are issued, their
protective scope is impossible to determine. It is impossible to predict whether or how many of our patent applications will result in
issued patents. Even if pending applications are issued, they may be issued with coverage significantly narrower than what we currently
seek.
Our proprietary position for our product
candidates currently depends upon patents protecting the method of use, which may not prevent a competitor or other third party from
using the same product candidate for another use.
The primary patent based
intellectual property protection for our product candidates are patents granted on the method of use and formulation. We do not have
patents or patent applications covering our products as a composition of matter (i.e., compound claims).
Composition of matter patent
claims on the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, in pharmaceutical drug products are generally considered to be the favored form
of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, as such patents provide protection without regard to any particular
method of use, manufacture or formulation of the API used. Method of use patent claims protect the use of a product for the specified
method and dosing. These types of patent claims do not prevent a competitor or other third party from making and marketing an identical
API for an indication that is outside the scope of the method claims or from developing a different dosing regimen. Moreover, even if
competitors or other third parties do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications or uses for which we may obtain
patents, physicians may recommend that patients use these products off-label, or patients may do so themselves. Although off-label use
may infringe or contribute to the infringement of method of use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to
prevent or prosecute.
22
Because the patent positions of pharmaceutical
products are complex and uncertain, we cannot predict the scope and extent of patent protection of our issued patents for our product
candidates.
Our issued patents may not
ensure the protection of our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including without limitation the following:
●
any
                                            issued patents may not be broad or strong enough to prevent competition from other drug products
                                            including identical or similar drug products;
●
if
                                            issued patents expire, there would be no protections against competitors making generic equivalents;
●
there
                                            may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability
                                            of a patent claim;
●
there
                                            may be other patents existing, now or in the future, in the patent landscape for Quilience
                                            and Nolazol, or any other product candidates that we seek to commercialize or develop, if
                                            any, that will affect our freedom to operate;
●
if
                                            our patents are challenged, a court could determine that they are not valid or enforceable;
●
a
                                            court could determine that a competitor's technology or product does not infringe our
                                            patents;
●
our
                                            patents could irretrievably lapse due to failure to pay fees or otherwise comply with regulations,
                                            or could be subject to compulsory licensing; and
●
if
                                            we encounter delays in our development or clinical trials, the period of time during which
                                            we could market our products under patent protection would be reduced.
Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection
depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent
agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees
on any issued patent are due to be paid to the U.S. PTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the term of the patent. The
U.S. PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and
other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a
late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment
or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance
events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond
to office actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In
such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may not be able to enforce our intellectual
property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting and defending
patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights
in some countries outside the United States and Switzerland can be less extensive than those in the United States and Switzerland. In
addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as laws in the United States and
Switzerland. Consequently, we may not be able to seek to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside
the United States and Switzerland, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other
jurisdictions. Competitors, for example, may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patents to develop their
own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patents, but enforcement is not as strong
as that in the United States and Switzerland.
23
Many companies have encountered
significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries,
particularly China and certain other developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual
property, particularly those relating to medical devices and biopharmaceutical and biotechnology products, which could make it difficult
for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. To
date, we have not sought to enforce any issued patents in these foreign jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign
jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our
patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third
parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if
any, may not be commercially meaningful. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing
countries. Certain countries in Europe and developing countries, including China and India, have compulsory licensing laws under which
a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies
if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish
the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual
property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we
develop or license.
If we are unable to maintain effective
proprietary rights for our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.
In addition to the protection
afforded by any patents currently issued, historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect
proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable,
and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development
processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be
difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements
with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of
our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security
of our information technology systems. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any
breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.
We cannot provide any assurances
that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements
or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information
and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could
impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain
our trade secrets and intellectual property are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating
any trade secret.
Third parties may initiate legal proceedings
alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material
adverse effect on the success of our business.
Our commercial success depends
upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties.
There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the pharmaceutical industry. While no such litigation has been brought against
us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party's intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that
our product candidates or use of our product candidates do not infringe third-party patents. It is also possible that we have failed
to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain applications
filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in
the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing, which is referred to as the priority
date. Therefore, patent applications covering our product candidates could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally,
pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover
our product candidates.
24
We may become party to, or
threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates,
including inter parties review, interference, or derivation proceedings before the U.S. PTO and similar bodies in other countries. Third
parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing intellectual property rights and intellectual property rights that
may be granted in the future.
If we are found to infringe
a third party's intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing
and marketing our product candidates. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or
at all. Any inability to secure licenses could result in delays in the introduction of our products or lead to prohibition of the manufacture
or sale of products by us. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access
to the same license. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the products subject to the infringing intellectual
property rights. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees if we
are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates
or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the
confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.
We may be subject to claims challenging
the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.
We may be subject to claims
that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor
or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved
in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship.
If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such
as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our
business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction
to management and other employees. In addition, we may receive less revenue from future products if any of our employees successfully
claim for compensation for their work in developing our intellectual property, which in turn could impact our future profitability.
Under applicable employment laws, we may
not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise
of some of our former employees. In addition, employees may be entitled to seek compensation for their inventions irrespective of their
agreements with us.
We generally enter into non-competition
agreements with our employees and certain key consultants. These agreements prohibit our employees and certain key consultants, if they
cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period of time. We may
be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us
to restrict our competitors from benefitting from the expertise our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. Under
Swiss law, a non-compete agreement could be invalidated if, for example, the geographic scope of the non-compete agreement is too broad,
or, alternatively, such an agreement could be deemed by a Swiss court to be an occupation ban. Such actions would make enforcing our
non-competition agreements more challenging and could make it easier for our competitors to employee our previous employees.
In addition, under Swiss
law, if we wish to obtain ownership over inventions developed by our employees, which inventions were developed while performing their
employment activities, but outside the performance of their contractual duties, we are required to compensate the employee for the rights
to their respective inventions. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to obtain any such inventions and the failure to obtain
such ownership rights over employee inventions could have a material adverse effect on our operations and ability to effectively compete.
25
Risks Related to Our Business Operations
We manage our business through a small
number of key employees and consultants.
As of the date of this annual report, our key employees and consultants
include our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Alexander Zwyer, our Chief Scientific Officer, Eric Konofal, and our Chief Medical Officer and
Global Head of Research and Development, Dr. George Apostol. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to recruit, retain, manage
and motivate our employees and key consultants. The loss of the services of our Chief Executive Officer or any of our senior management
or the inability to hire or retain experienced management personnel could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and
harm our operating results.
In addition, laws and regulations on executive compensation, including
legislation in our home country, Switzerland, may restrict our ability to attract, motivate and retain the required level of qualified
personnel. In Switzerland, legislation affecting public companies has been passed that, among other things, (i) imposes an annual binding
shareholders' "say-on-pay" vote with respect to the compensation of the members of (a) the senior management and (b)
the board of directors, (ii) prohibits severance, advances, transaction premiums and similar payments to senior management and directors,
and (iii) requires companies to specify various compensation-related matters in their articles of association, thus requiring them to
be approved by a shareholders' vote.
Because of the specialized
scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific and technical
consultants. In particular, the loss of one or more of our senior management or key consultants could be detrimental to us if we cannot
recruit suitable replacements in a timely manner. We do not currently carry "key person" insurance on the lives of members
of senior management. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical industry is intense. Due to this intense competition,
we may be unable to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement
personnel.
We may be subject, directly or indirectly,
to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable
to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.
If we obtain FDA approval
for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations may be directly or indirectly
through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback
Statute, the federal False Claims Act and physician sunshine laws and regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed
sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government
and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:
●
the
                                            federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly
                                            and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly,
                                            to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable
                                            under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;
●
federal
                                            civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among
                                            other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented,
                                            claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or
                                            fraudulent;
●
the
                                            Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new
                                            federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit
                                            program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
●
HIPAA,
                                            as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act, and its implementing
                                            regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission
                                            of individually identifiable health information;
26
●
the
                                            federal physician sunshine requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care
                                            Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the PPACA, requires
                                            manufacturers of drugs, devices and medical supplies to report annually to the U.S. Department
                                            of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value
                                            to physicians, other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals and ownership and investment
                                            interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members
                                            and applicable group purchasing organizations;
●
state
                                            law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims
                                            laws that may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial
                                            insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical
                                            industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated
                                            by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare
                                            providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers
                                            to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and
                                            other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and state laws governing the privacy
                                            and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each
                                            other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance
                                            efforts; and
●
European
                                            and other foreign law equivalents of each of the laws, including reporting requirements detailing
                                            interactions with and payments to healthcare providers, and the European General Data Protection
                                            Regulation, or GDPR, which became effective in May 2018 and contains new provisions specifically
                                            directed at the processing of health information, higher sanctions and extra-territoriality
                                            measures intended to bring non-EU companies under the regulation, including companies like
                                            us that conduct clinical trials in the EU; we anticipate that over time we may expand our
                                            business operations to include additional operations in the EU and with such expansion, we
                                            would be subject to increased governmental regulation in the EU countries in which we might
                                            operate, including the GDPR.
The scope and enforcement
of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of
the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions
between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements
in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with
current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If
our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other related governmental regulations that may apply to us,
we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, imprisonment,
disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, reputational harm,
additional oversight and reporting obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar settlement to resolve
allegations of non-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other
healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be
subject to similar actions, penalties and sanctions. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare
laws and regulations, as well as responding to possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming
and can divert a company's attention from the business.
Healthcare legislative and regulatory reform
measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our industry is highly regulated
and changes in law may adversely impact our business, operations, or financial results. The PPACA was a sweeping measure intended to,
among other things, expand healthcare coverage within the United States, primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates
on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. We anticipate that the PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform
measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and an additional downward pressure on the
reimbursement our customers may receive for our products. Further, there have been, and there may continue to be, judicial and Congressional
challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA. For example, the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or TCJA, includes a provision repealing
the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage
for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the "individual mandate." Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare
and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. The implementation of cost containment
measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products.
27
In addition, the delivery
of healthcare in the European Union, including the establishment and operation of health services and the pricing and reimbursement of
medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than EU, law and policy. National governments and health service providers
have different priorities and approaches to the delivery of health care and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context.
In general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most EU member states have resulted in restrictions on the pricing and reimbursement
of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-increasing EU and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to
develop and market products, this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval
activities and affect our ability to commercialize any products for which we obtain marketing approval.
We are currently unable to
predict what additional legislation or regulation, if any, relating to the healthcare industry may be enacted in the future or what effect
recently enacted federal legislation or any such additional legislation or regulation would have on our business. The pendency or approval
of such proposals or reforms could result in a decrease in the price of our common shares or Warrants or limit our ability to raise capital
or to enter into collaboration agreements for the further development and potential commercialization of our products.
The use of any of our product candidates
could result in product liability or similar claims that could be expensive, damage our reputation and harm our business.
Our business exposes us to
an inherent risk of potential product liability or similar claims. The pharmaceutical industry has historically been litigious, and we
face financial exposure to product liability or similar claims if the use of any of our products were to cause or contribute to injury
or death. There is also the possibility that defects in the design or manufacture of any of our products might necessitate a product
recall. Although we plan to maintain product liability insurance, the coverage limits of these policies may not be adequate to cover
future claims. In the future, we may be unable to maintain product liability insurance on acceptable terms or at reasonable costs and
such insurance may not provide us with adequate coverage against potential liabilities. A product liability claim, regardless of merit
or ultimate outcome, or any product recall could result in substantial costs to us, damage to our reputation, customer dissatisfaction
and frustration and a substantial diversion of management attention. A successful claim brought against us in excess of, or outside of,
our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Unsuccessful compliance with certain European
privacy regulations could have an adverse effect on our business and reputation.
The collection and use of
personal health data in the EU are governed by the provisions of the Data Protection Directive and the GDPR. These directives impose
several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals,
notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality
of the personal data. The GDPR also extends the geographical scope of EU data protection law to non-EU entities under certain conditions,
tightens existing EU data protection principles and creates new obligations for companies and new rights for individuals. Failure to
comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive, the GDPR, and the related national data protection laws of the EU Member
States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. The GDPR introduces new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial
fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR regulations impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to personal
data that we process and we intend to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with these and/or new data protection rules.
In addition, other jurisdictions, including Switzerland, are currently discussing or implementing regulations similar to GDPR. Changes
to these European privacy regulations (and similar regulations in other jurisdictions) and unsuccessful compliance may be onerous and
adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects, results of operations and reputation.
28
Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Securities
The market price of our common shares and
Warrants may be highly volatile, and you may not be able to resell your shares or Warrants at or above the initial public offering price.
The trading price of each
of our common shares and Warrants is likely to be volatile. The following factors, in addition to other risk factors described in this
section, may have a significant impact on the market price of such securities:
●
unsatisfactory results of clinical trials;
●
announcements of regulatory approval or the failure to obtain it, or
    specific label indications or patient populations for its use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process;
●
announcements of therapeutic innovations or new products by us or our
    competitors;
●
adverse actions taken by regulatory authorities with respect to our
    clinical trials, manufacturing supply chain or sales and marketing activities;
●
changes or developments in laws or regulations applicable to the treatment
    of the symptoms of narcolepsy, ADHD, or any other indication that we may seek to develop, or the use of mazindol to treat any such
    indications;
●
any adverse changes to our relationship with manufacturers or suppliers;
●
any intellectual property infringement actions in which we may become
    involved;
●
announcements concerning our competitors or the pharmaceutical industry
    in general;
●
achievement of expected product sales and profitability or our failure
    to meet expectations;
●
our commencement of, or involvement in, litigation;
●
any major changes in our board of directors or management;
●
our ability to recruit and retain qualified regulatory, research and
    development personnel;
●
legislation in the United States relating to the sale or pricing of
    pharmaceuticals;
●
the depth of the trading market in our common shares and Warrants;
●
economic weakness, including rising or sustained high interest rates
    and high inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;
●
business interruptions resulting from a local or worldwide pandemic,
    pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), geopolitical instability (such as the war in Ukraine), and other conditions beyond our
    control;
●
the granting or exercise of employee stock options or other equity
    awards; and
●
changes in investors' and securities analysts' perception
    of the business risks and conditions of our business.
In addition, the stock market
in general, and Nasdaq in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate
to the operating performance of small companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common
shares and Warrants, regardless of our actual operating performance. Further, a systemic decline in the financial markets and related
factors beyond our control may cause our share price to decline rapidly and unexpectedly.
29
We have identified material weaknesses
in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediations are not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses
in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately
or timely report our financial conditions or results or operations, or prevent fraud, which may adversely affect investor confidence
in our Company and as a result, the market price of our common shares and Warrants.
As a public company, we are
required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and will be required to report any material weaknesses in such internal
control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires that we include a report from management
on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, once we cease to
be an EGC as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the
effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. According to the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a material
weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable
possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If we fail
to remediate the material weaknesses, or are otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, management
could be required to expend significant resources and we could fail to meet our public reporting requirements on a timely basis, and
be subject to fines, penalties, investigations or judgements, all of which could negatively affect investor confidence and adversely
impact our stock price.
As of December 31, 2021,
we have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, relating to a lack of sufficient number of trained professionals
with an appropriate level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge to design and maintain controls over the preparation of financial statements,
and relating to a lack of maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.
During the year ended December
31, 2022, we have taken steps to remediate the material weaknesses and to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including
hiring of additional accounting consultants, including a Chief Financial Officer with U.S. GAAP knowledge and experience to review the
accounting work done by third-party resources and initiating preparation of quarterly financial statements internally to identify and
evaluate accounting treatment of any new activity and publish our half-yearly and yearly financial.
While we believe that these
efforts will improve our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, the implementation
of these measures is ongoing and will require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over
a sustained period of financial reporting cycles. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to
implement, will be sufficient to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.
We continue our commitment
to alleviate all of the remaining issues in our internal control over financial reporting during 2023 with the improved oversight of
our accounting department and our reliance on third-party providers.
The Warrants we issued in our initial public
offering are speculative in nature.
The Warrants we offered and
sold in our initial public offering do not confer any rights of common share ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the
right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire common shares at a fixed price for a limited period of time.
Specifically, holders of the Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the common shares and pay an exercise price of $4.15 per common
share, prior to five years from the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised Warrants will expire and have no further value.
30
If we were to be characterized as a "passive
foreign investment company" for U.S. tax purposes, U.S. holders of our common shares and Warrants could have adverse U.S. income
tax consequences.
In general, we will be treated
as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least
75% of our gross income is "passive income" or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income
or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends,
interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives
rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those
raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets
of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. We do not believe
that we will be deemed a PFIC for 2022. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds the common shares and
Warrants, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. In particular, except with respect to
the Warrants (unless exercised), if the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a "qualified electing fund,"
or QEF, or make a "mark-to-market" election, then "excess distributions" to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized
on the sale or other disposition of the common shares by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer's
holding period for the common shares; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the
first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable
years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest
charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.
In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have
determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers
that have held the common shares during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a
PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can
make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We intend
to make available to U.S. taxpayers upon request the information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a
valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold the common shares are strongly
urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences
to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to the common shares in the event that we are a PFIC. See Item 10.E.
"Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences-Passive Foreign Investment Companies" for additional information.
We have not paid, and do not intend to
pay, dividends on our common shares and, therefore, unless our traded securities appreciate in value, our investors may not benefit from
holding our common shares.
We have never declared or
paid cash dividends on our common shares. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future.
Moreover, Swiss Law imposes certain restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See Item 8.A. "Dividends" for
additional information.
The JOBS Act allows us to postpone the
date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information
we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our Company and adversely affect the market
price of our common shares and Warrants.
For so long as we remain
an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements
that are applicable to public companies that are not EGCs including:
●
the
                                            provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting
                                            firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial
                                            reporting;
●
Section
                                            107 of the JOBS Act, which provides that an EGC can take advantage of the extended transition
                                            period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities
                                            Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This means that an EGC can delay
                                            the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply
                                            to private companies. We are electing to delay such adoption of new or revised accounting
                                            standards. As a result of this adoption, our financial statements may not be comparable to
                                            companies that comply with the public company effective date; and
●
any
                                            rules that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory
                                            audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report on the financial statements.
31
We intend to take advantage
of these exemptions until we are no longer an EGC. We will remain an EGC until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a)
following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross
revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, as defined in the rule under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible
debt during the prior three-year period.
We cannot predict if investors
will find our common shares and Warrants less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares
and Warrants less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for each such traded security, and the trading price
of each may be more volatile and may decline.
The requirements associated with being
a public company require significant company resources and management attention.
We are subject to the reporting
requirements of the Exchange Act, Nasdaq listing requirements and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The Exchange Act
requires that we file periodic reports with respect to our business and financial condition and maintain effective disclosure controls
and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In addition, subsequent rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq may also
impose various additional requirements on public companies. As a result, we will incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses,
particularly after we are no longer an EGC as defined in the JOBS Act. We estimate that these expenses will be in excess of one million
dollars annually. We have made changes to our corporate governance standards, disclosure controls and financial reporting and accounting
systems to meet our reporting obligations. The measures we take, however, may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public
company, which could subject us to delisting of our common shares, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil
litigation.
After we are no longer an
"emerging growth company", we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management efforts toward ensuring
compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.
Risks Related to Swiss Law and Our Operations
in Switzerland
We are a Swiss corporation. The rights
of our shareholders may be different from the rights of shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.
We are a Swiss corporation.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of association and by the laws governing companies, including listed companies, incorporated
in Switzerland. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the
rights and obligations of shareholders and directors of companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In the performance of its
duties, our board of directors is required by Swiss law to consider the interests of our Company, our shareholders, our employees and
other stakeholders, in all cases with due observation of the principles of reasonableness and fairness. It is possible that some of these
parties will have interests that are different from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder. Swiss corporate law limits the
ability of our shareholders to challenge resolutions made or other actions taken by our board of directors in court. Our shareholders
generally are not permitted to file a suit to reverse a decision or an action taken by our board of directors but are instead only permitted
to seek damages for breaches of fiduciary duty. However, if a board resolution has been invalidly formed, anyone, including the shareholders,
may claim that such an invalid resolution shall be declared null and void. As a matter of Swiss law, shareholder claims against a member
of our board of directors for breach of fiduciary duty would have to be brought to the competent court at the legal seat of the Company,
or where the relevant member of our board of directors is domiciled. In addition, under Swiss law, any claims by our shareholders against
us must be brought to the competent court at the legal seat of the Company.
32
Our common shares are issued under the
laws of Switzerland, which may not protect investors in a similar fashion afforded by incorporation in a U.S. state.
We are organized under the
laws of Switzerland. However, there can be no assurance that Swiss law will not change in the future or that it will serve to protect
investors in a similar fashion afforded under corporate law principles in the United States, which could adversely affect the rights
of investors.
Our status as a Swiss corporation may limit
our flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and may cause us to be unable to make distributions without subjecting
our shareholders to Swiss withholding tax.
In accordance with the revision
of the Swiss corporate law, effective January 1, 2023, or the Revision, Swiss law allows our shareholders to implement a so called capital
band (
Kapitalband
) in the articles of association which authorizes the board of directors to increase and/or decrease the share
capital within a certain bandwidth without additional shareholder approval. This authorization is limited to 50% of the existing registered
share capital and the authorization must be renewed by the shareholders every five years. Additionally, subject to specified exceptions,
Swiss law grants pre-emptive subscription rights to existing shareholders to subscribe to any new issuance of shares. Swiss law also
does not provide as much flexibility in the various terms that can attach to different classes of shares as the laws of some other jurisdictions.
Swiss law also reserves for approval by shareholders certain corporate actions over which a board of directors would have authority in
some other jurisdictions. For example, dividends must be approved by shareholders. These Swiss law requirements relating to our capital
management may limit our flexibility, and situations may arise where greater flexibility would have provided substantial benefits to
our shareholders.
Under Swiss law, a Swiss
corporation may pay dividends only if the corporation has sufficient distributable profits from previous fiscal years, or if the
corporation has distributable reserves, each as evidenced by its audited statutory balance sheet. Based on the Revision, a Swiss
corporation may pay interim dividends ("Zwischendividende") if the corporation has sufficient distributable profits
during the current fiscal year. The remaining provisions applicable to the dividends are also applicable to the interim dividends.
Freely distributable reserves are generally booked either as "free reserves" or as "capital contributions"
(apports de capital, contributions received from shareholders) in the "reserve from capital contributions."
Distributions may be made out of issued share capital-the aggregate nominal value of a company's issued shares-only by way of
a capital reduction. As of December 31, 2022, we had CHF 41,962,674 (approximately $45,949,128) of qualifying capital contributions
and CHF 648,578 (approximately $668,555) of registered share capital (consisting of 32,428,893 common shares each with a nominal
value of CHF 0.02 and no preferred shares)) on our audited statutory balance sheet (which audit was performed by our independent
registered public accounting firm), as required pursuant to Swiss law. We will not be able to pay dividends or make other
distributions to shareholders on a Swiss withholding tax-free basis in excess of that amount unless we increase our share capital or
our reserves from capital contributions. We would also be able to pay dividends out of distributable profits or freely distributable
reserves but such dividends would be subject to Swiss withholding taxes. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient
distributable profits, free reserves, reserves from capital contributions or registered share capital to pay a dividend or effect a
capital reduction, that our shareholders will approve dividends or capital reductions proposed by us, or that we will be able to
meet the other legal requirements for dividend payments or distributions as a result of capital reductions.
Generally, Swiss withholding
tax of 35% is due on dividends and similar distributions to our shareholders, regardless of the place of residency of the shareholder,
unless the distribution is made to shareholders out of (i) a reduction of nominal value or (ii) assuming certain conditions are met,
qualifying capital contributions accumulated on or after January 1, 1997. A U.S. holder that qualifies for benefits under the Convention
between United States of America and Switzerland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income, which we refer
to as the "U.S.-Swiss Treaty," may apply for a refund of the tax withheld in excess of the 15% treaty rate (or in excess
of the 5% reduced treaty rate for qualifying corporate shareholders with at least 10% participation in our voting shares, or for a full
refund in the case of qualified pension funds).
There can be no assurance
that we will have sufficient qualifying capital contributions to pay dividends free from Swiss withholding tax, or that Swiss withholding
rules will not be changed in the future. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that the current Swiss law with respect to distributions
out of qualifying capital contributions will not be changed or that a change in Swiss law will not adversely affect us or our shareholders,
in particular as a result of distributions out of qualifying capital contributions becoming subject to additional corporate law or other
restrictions. In addition, over the long term, the amount of par value available to us for nominal value reductions or qualifying capital
contributions available to us to pay out as distributions is limited. If we are unable to make a distribution through a reduction in
nominal value or out of qualifying capital contributions, we may not be able to make distributions without subjecting our shareholders
to Swiss withholding taxes.
33
Our securities are not listed in Switzerland,
our home jurisdiction. As a result, our shareholders will not benefit from certain provisions of Swiss law that are designed to protect
shareholders in a public takeover offer or a change-of-control transaction and may not be protected in the same degree in a public takeover
offer or a change-of-control transaction as are shareholders of certain U.S. companies or in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland.
Because our securities are
listed exclusively on Nasdaq and not in Switzerland, our shareholders will not benefit from the protection afforded by certain provisions
of Swiss law that are designed to protect shareholders in the event of a public takeover offer or a change-of-control transaction. For
example, Article 120 of the Swiss Financial Market Infrastructure Act and its implementing provisions require investors to disclose their
interest in our company if they reach, exceed or fall below certain ownership thresholds. Similarly, the Swiss takeover regime imposes
a duty on any person or group of persons who acquires more than one-third of a company's voting rights to make a mandatory offer
for all of the company's outstanding listed equity securities. In addition, the Swiss takeover regime imposes certain restrictions
and obligations on bidders in a voluntary public takeover offer that are designed to protect shareholders. However, these protections
are applicable only to issuers that list their equity securities in Switzerland and, because our securities are listed exclusively on
Nasdaq, will not be applicable to us. Furthermore, since Swiss law restricts our ability to implement rights plans or U.S.-style "poison
pills," our ability to resist an unsolicited takeover attempt or to protect minority shareholders in the event of a change of control
transaction may be limited. Therefore, our shareholders may not be protected in the same degree in a public takeover offer or a change-of-control
transaction as are shareholders in certain U.S. companies or in a Swiss company listed in Switzerland.
U.S. shareholders may not be able to obtain
judgments or enforce civil liabilities against us or our senior management or members of our board of directors.
We are organized under
the laws of Switzerland and our registered office and domicile is located in Kloten (Zurich), Switzerland. Moreover, a majority of our
directors and senior management are not residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons
are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United
States upon us or upon such persons or to enforce against them judgments obtained in U.S. courts, including judgments in actions predicated
upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. We have been advised by our Swiss counsel that
there is doubt as to the enforceability in Switzerland of original actions, or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts,
of civil liabilities to the extent solely predicated upon the federal and state securities laws of the United States. Original actions
against persons in Switzerland based solely upon the U.S. federal or state securities laws are governed, among other things, by the principles
set forth in the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law. This statute provides that the application of provisions of non-Swiss
law by the courts in Switzerland shall be precluded if the result is incompatible with Swiss public policy. Also, certain mandatory provisions
of Swiss law may be applicable regardless of any other law that would otherwise apply.
Switzerland and the United
States do not have a treaty providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. The recognition
and enforcement of a judgment of the courts of the United States in Switzerland is governed by the principles set forth in the Swiss
Federal Act on Private International Law. This statute provides in principle that a judgment rendered by a non-Swiss court may be recognized
in Switzerland only if:
●
the non-Swiss court had jurisdiction
pursuant to the Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law;
●
the judgment of such non-Swiss
court has become final and non-appealable;
●
the judgment does not contravene
Swiss public policy;
●
the court procedures and the
service of documents leading to the judgment were in accordance with the due process of law; and
●
no proceeding involving the
same position and the same subject matter was first brought in Switzerland, or adjudicated in Switzerland, or was earlier adjudicated
in a third state and this decision is recognizable in Switzerland.
34
Exchange rate fluctuations between the
U.S. dollar and the Swiss Franc may negatively affect our results.
Under our existing agreements,
we make a significant number of payments in U.S. dollars, Swiss Francs and Euro. Since our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, financial
line items are converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates. As a result, changes and fluctuations in currency exchange
rates between the Swiss Franc, Euro the U.S. dollar could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
General Risk Factors
We are a foreign private issuer within
the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public
companies, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.
Our status as a foreign private
issuer exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of Nasdaq, including the proxy rules,
the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination
of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file current reports and financial
statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act
and we are exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the
requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency
and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.
We are required to file an
annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a half-yearly
basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results
and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to
the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result,
you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic
issuer.
Raising additional capital would cause
dilution to our existing shareholders, and may affect the rights of existing shareholders.
In future, we may seek additional
capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing
arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership
interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder.
Future sales of our common shares or of securities convertible into our common shares, or the perception that such sales may occur, could
cause immediate dilution and adversely affect the market price of our common shares and the Warrants.
Failure in our information technology systems,
including by cybersecurity attacks or other data security incidents, could significantly disrupt our operations.
Our operations depend, in
part, on the continued performance of our information technology systems. Our information technology systems are potentially vulnerable
to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptions. Failure of our information technology systems could adversely
affect our business, profitability and financial condition. Although we have information technology security systems, a successful cybersecurity
attack or other data security incident could result in the misappropriation and/or loss of confidential or personal information, create
system interruptions, or deploy malicious software that attacks our systems. It is possible that a cybersecurity attack might not be
noticed for some period of time. The occurrence of a cybersecurity attack or incident could result in business interruptions from the
disruption of our information technology systems, or negative publicity resulting in reputational damage with our shareholders and other
stakeholders and/or increased costs to prevent, respond to or mitigate cybersecurity events. In addition, the unauthorized dissemination
of sensitive personal information or proprietary or confidential information could expose us or other third parties to regulatory fines
or penalties, litigation and potential liability, or otherwise harm our business.
35
We may be subject to securities litigation,
which is expensive and could divert management attention.
In the past, companies that
have experienced volatility in the market price of their shares have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the
target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management's
attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant
liabilities.
Sales of a substantial number of shares
of our common shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.
Sales of a substantial number
of our common shares in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common
shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect
that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common shares. In addition, shares held by our shareholders prior to our initial
public offering may be available for re-sale as the lock up period set forth in certain lock-up agreements executed by certain company
insiders relating to our initial public offering has expired. In addition, shares issued or issuable upon exercise of vested options
and exercised Warrants as of the expiration of the lock-up period are eligible for sale. Sales of shares by these shareholders could
have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares.
If securities or industry analysts do not
publish or cease publishing research reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations
or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares and Warrants, the trading prices of our shares and Warrants and trading
volume of our shares and Warrants could decline.
The trading market for our
common shares and Warrants will be influenced by the research reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our
business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts
will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding
our shares and Warrants, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the trading price of our shares and
Warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our Company or fail to regularly publish reports
on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price of our shares and Warrants and
trading volume of our shares and Warrants to decline.
36
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
NLS was established on June
10, 2015 as a Swiss limited company. Our registered office is located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland.
In 2016, we acquired several
patents from Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, or AP-HP, in France, including for our lead compound mazindol. Since our founding,
we have assembled an experienced leadership team with a track record of developing and repurposing products to treat rare neurological
disorders. Our Chief Executive Officer, Alexander Zwyer, has held a variety of senior leadership roles of increasing responsibility in
the pharmaceutical industry, including global roles in business development, marketing, commercial, operations and general management.
We complement our management team with a group of scientific and clinical advisors that includes internationally recognized North American
and European experts in CNS disorders, including the areas of our current focus, rare hypersomnolence (specifically, narcolepsy) and
complex neurodevelopmental disorders.
Our principal executive offices
are located The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, our general telephone number is (+41) 44 512 21 50 and our internet address
is www.nlspharma.com. The SEC also maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information
regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC are available to the public through the SEC's
website at www.sec.gov. The information contained on our website and the SEC website or available through such websites is not incorporated
by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the references to websites in this annual
report on Form 20-F are inactive textual references only.
We are an "emerging
growth company," as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of
certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies"
such as not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain
an "emerging growth company" for up to five years, or until the earliest of (a) the last day of the first fiscal year in
which our annual gross revenues exceeds $1.235 billion, (b) the date that we become a "large accelerated filer" as defined
in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds
$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (c) the date on which we have issued
more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the preceding three-year period.
We are a foreign private
issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us
from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of Nasdaq, including the proxy rules, the short-swing
profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and
executive compensation. In addition, we are not required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with
the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.
In 2022, 2021 and 2020 our
capital expenditures amounted to $0, $39,560, and $0, respectively. Our current capital expenditures are primarily for software and office
furniture substantially all in Switzerland, and we expect to finance these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.
37
B. Business Overview
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical
company focused on the discovery and development of innovative therapies for patients with rare and complex central nervous system, or
CNS, disorders with unmet medical needs. Our lead compound mazindol, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and partial orexin receptor
2 agonist, in a proprietary ER formulation, is being developed for the treatment of narcolepsy (lead indication), IH (follow-on indication)
and potentially ADHD (back-up indication). We believe that this unique mechanism of action will also enable Mazindol ER to provide potential
therapeutic benefit in other rare and complex CNS disorders. CNS disorders are a diverse group of conditions that include neurological,
psychiatric, and substance use disorders. According to the World Health Organization and based on data from the Global Burden of Disease
Report, CNS disorders result in a socio-economic burden of more than $317 billion annually in the United States alone. Additionally,
CNS disorders were expected to account for approximately 15% of the global disease burden in 2020, the largest of any disease area. However,
treatment options for these conditions are often limited, inadequate or non-existent, and the development of new CNS treatments generally
trails behind other therapeutic areas. We are pursuing the development of the next generation of CNS therapies with high medical impact
to address this critical and growing unmet need. Our dual development strategy is designed to optimize the outcome of our clinical programs
by developing new chemical entities, or NCE's, from known molecules with strong scientific rationale, and also by re-defining previously
approved molecules with well-established tolerability and safety profiles, as determined by applicable regulatory agencies. We believe
that our streamlined clinical development approach has the potential to advance our product candidates rapidly through early-stage clinical
trials, while carrying an overall lower development risk. A lower development risk, we believe, exists with respect to the development
of our lead product candidate, Quilience, and follow-on product candidate, due to their use of mazindol as the active ingredient, which
was previously approved and marketed in the United States, Japan and Europe to manage exogenous obesity (obesity caused by overeating).
Our discovery platform currently focuses on single molecules that operate
through multiple mechanisms designed to target the complexity of the CNS disease state, and, we believe these may potentially offer new
treatment options for patients, including for those patients who are refractory to currently available treatments. We recently announced
pre-clinical results of NLS-4, our next-generation wake-promoting drug candidate, for the chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, associated
with the symptoms of Long-COVID, also known as Chronic Fatigue caused by COVID -19 infection.
Our current focus is in the
therapeutic areas of rare hypersomnia disorders (conditions highlighted by EDS) and complex neurodevelopmental disorders, and includes
our lead product candidate: Quilience, for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, and our follow-on candidate
Nolazol, for the treatment of IH. We initiated our clinical development with a Phase 2 clinical trial in the third quarter of 2021, in
adult patients with narcolepsy. We published positive interim top-line results from our Phase 2 clinical trial in March 2022. As a result,
we intend to apply for expedited development program(s) facilitated by the FDA, such as Breakthrough Therapy and/or Fast Track designations
and by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, such as PRIME. We have completed a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy
of Nolazol in adults with ADHD in the U.S. Although further clinical development of Nolazol in ADHD is on hold, given the positive outcome
of this trial, we may initiate Phase 3 clinical trials after we receive approval to commercialize Quilience. We also intend to seek FDA
and other regulatory approval for Nolazol for use in children with ADHD, which requires additional nonclinical work, as well as staged
clinical work in determining safe dosing and monitoring. In addition, following our current focus on the development of Quilience for
narcolepsy in adults, and if approved for marketing, we intend to seek a label expansion for the treatment of narcolepsy in pediatric
patients, which may require additional pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Quilience and Nolazol both
contain mazindol as the active ingredient in a proprietary controlled release, or CR, formulation developed for a once-a-day dosing.
Mazindol has a well-established safety record from its extended history of clinical use across the United States and several countries
in Europe, where mazindol was previously approved in an immediate release formulation for the short-term management of exogenous obesity.
It was marketed for nearly 30 years, into the early 2000's, before being voluntarily withdrawn from the market for commercial reasons
and is no longer available nor marketed in these regions. In addition to the 30-year period in which it was marketed, mazindol was also
widely used off-label and prescribed under compassionate use for the treatment of narcolepsy for approximately four decades, during which
time it demonstrated a well-tolerated safety profile in patients over long-term, chronic use of the drug. We have entered into an agreement
with Novartis Pharma AG for the exclusive rights to mazindol in the U.S. and intend to use the toxicology, clinical safety and tolerability,
and CMC intellectual property from the mazindol NDA to support a marketing application for Mazindol ER for the treatment of narcolepsy.
38
We believe that our lead
product candidate, Quilience, offers a meaningfully differentiated product profile over current treatment options for the following reasons:
●
Mechanism of action
.
If approved, Quilience would be the only partial orexin 2 receptor agonist approved by the FDA, as well as the only triple monoamine
reuptake inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is caused by a profound loss of orexin producing neurons
and a partial orexin 2 receptor agonist may help to replace the missing endogenous orexin peptide, addressing the underlying orexin deficiency
and reduce disease specific symptoms. In addition, its unique dual mechanism of action as also a monoamine triple reuptake inhibitor
further acts to reduce disease specific symptoms, offering patients a treatment option that may address simultaneously and in concert
the two primary symptoms of narcolepsy.
●
Low potential for abuse and misuse and diversion
. Mazindol
    is a Schedule IV controlled substance as classified by the DEA. The DEA defines Schedule IV controlled substances as those "with
    a low potential for abuse and a low risk of dependence." Unlike sodium oxybate (Xyrem), the top-selling medication for narcolepsy
    in the United States, historically mazindol never required a REMS to manage known or potential serious risks associated with its
    use.
●
Quilience is expected to be administered
    as a monotherapy.
Narcolepsy is a complex spectrum disorder to manage and even with available approved medications, the majority
    of narcolepsy patients often require multiple medications to treat their symptoms. According to the current treatment guidelines
    (initially published in 2007) of the AASM, approved medications for narcolepsy, at best, provide only moderate improvement in narcolepsy
    symptoms and their respective side effects may limit their use. The AASM specifically highlights that future investigations should
    be directed toward development of more effective and better tolerated therapies and primary prevention. The Voice of the Patient
    report from the FDA's patient-focused drug development initiative, published in 2014, concluded that, based on the overall
    benefit-risk assessment of currently approved medications, there is a continued need for additional effective and tolerable treatment
    options for patients with narcolepsy. A retrospective analysis (Nittur et.al, Sleep Med. 2013 Jan;14(1):30-6) showed that mazindol
    has a long-term, favorable benefit/risk ratio in 60% of drug-resistant hypersomniacs, including a clear benefit on the two primary
    symptoms of narcolepsy, EDS and cataplexy.
39
●
Quilience is expected to have minimal drug
    interactions.
Based on the results of five in vitro metabolism studies, Mazindol ER has a very low potential for drug interactions
    In the lab, mazindol did not interact with any of the enzymes that metabolize drugs in humans. Its metabolism was also not influenced
    by any well-known enzyme inhibitors or stimulants. One of its metabolites (representing less than 12% of mazindol) showed some interactions
    with a minor metabolic enzyme named P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and this interaction will be further investigated in humans. Nevertheless,
    mazindol showed significantly less interactions with metabolic enzymes than any other narcolepsy treatment.
●
Quilience is being developed as a once-daily
    oral tablet administered in the morning upon wakening
. Patients have identified a need for treatment options that are easier
    to take, dosed less frequently, do not disrupt night-time sleeping and provide full day coverage of symptoms. We believe that once-daily
    dosing with Quilience may address this need and may help improve patient compliance and adherence with treatment. Quilience utilizes
    our proprietary extended-release formulation and is being designed to optimize its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties
    with a rapid onset of action and prolonged controlled therapeutic effect, allowing for a daily oral dose that effectively provides
    consistent and long-acting symptom control to uniquely meet the needs of patients.
Leveraging our scientific
insights and direct hands-on clinical experience, we are developing compounds that we believe have innovative mechanisms of action with
positive therapeutic profiles and represent a differentiated treatment option to overcome the limitations of the current therapies. For
example, Quilience and Nolazol are agents that differ significantly from available treatments in their apparent dual mechanism of action.
In addition to their action as a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor that blocks serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters,
they also target the orexin pathway as a selective (in relation to the orexin-1 receptor) partial agonist of the OX2R. This activity
could provide cortical regulation of the lower brain, and thereby lead to improved attention and inhibitory control, while also improving
regulation of executive function and inhibitory control which would provide both "top down" and "bottom up" regulation
of the brain. Orexin neurons (located in a part of the brain known as the hypothalamus) are multi-tasking neurons that serve as key modulators
to several vital functions, including sleep-wake states, attention, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and
mood throughout the cerebral cortex, and as such, the orexin system is a central promoter of wakefulness. A drug that targets orexin
could potentially increase arousal in individuals with ADHD, which could be useful in individuals who have a low level of arousal or
motivation, as is not infrequently the case in individuals with ADHD. To the best of our knowledge, no currently available medication
for ADHD or for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy, the two main symptoms associated with narcolepsy, has effects on the orexin system.
In addition to narcolepsy and ADHD, we believe that our product compound, Mazindol ER, may have therapeutic potential across a range
of diverse CNS conditions such as RLS, IH, OSA, Kleine-Levin-syndrome, daytime sleepiness due to myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) and
Prader Willi Syndrome, given the mechanism of action.
Relationship Between Narcolepsy and ADHD
Narcolepsy and psychiatric
disorders have a significant but unrecognized relationship in which the two can coexist. However, narcolepsy is frequently misdiagnosed
initially as a psychiatric condition, contributing to the protracted time for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Narcolepsy is a disabling
neurological condition that carries a high risk for development of social and occupational dysfunction. Deterioration in function associated
with narcolepsy may lead to the secondary development of psychiatric symptoms and inversely, the development of psychiatric symptoms
can lead to the deterioration in function and quality of life. The overlap in treatments may further enhance the difficulty to distinguish
between diagnoses.
ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral
disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity with an estimated prevalence rate of approximately 4-12%
worldwide, as reported by the paper, "Understanding Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from Childhood to Adulthood,"
by Drs. Timothy E. Wilens and Thomas J. Spencer. On the surface, ADHD may appear to be the opposite of narcolepsy; however, there may
actually be significant clinical similarity between the two. Cumulative data about sleep problems in children and adolescents with ADHD
has shown that children with ADHD have had a higher rate of restless sleep, impaired sleep, and daytime sleepiness than children without
ADHD. However, it is unclear whether EDS in ADHD is due to nocturnal sleep disturbances or primary vigilance disorders because shorter
sleep onset latency is assessed by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, or MSLT (an objective physiologic measure of sleepiness), in ADHD,
rather than in the control group irrespective of the presence/absence of sleep disturbances.
40
On the other hand, problems
with sleep may represent an intrinsic component of ADHD. The presence of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with narcolepsy has
been found to be about two-fold higher than in the general control population and adults with narcolepsy have been found to have a much
greater likelihood of having a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood compared to the general control population. Hyperactivity seen in ADHD
may, in fact, be a compensatory response for individuals who are under-aroused or sleepy and ADHD symptoms contribute to poor quality
of life and increased frequency of depressive symptoms, similar to narcolepsy. To the best of our knowledge, almost all of the treatments
used in ADHD have mechanistic overlap with treatments used in narcolepsy for EDS and researchers suggest that the symptoms of EDS, fatigue,
and sleep fragmentation may be the cause for ADHD symptoms, which is consistent with similar findings in other hypersomnia disorders.
Business Strategy
Our goal is to continue building
a differentiated, global biopharmaceutical company that is patient-focused on the development of transformative therapies that address
critical unmet needs in rare and complex CNS and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence (which include
narcolepsy as well as IH) and ADHD. As we navigate the competitive landscape of our industry, while focusing on development of our product
candidates, we also intend to continually seek out-licensing and asset sale transactions that we believe will allow us to drive greater
value for our shareholders. The key elements of our business strategy are to:
●
globally develop Quilience
for narcolepsy in adults (lead project);
●
pursue new indications beyond
narcolepsy (e.g., Quilience in IH) (follow-on projects); and
●
explore expansion of our growing
product pipeline either through in-house innovation or in-licensing.
Our Portfolio and Lead/Follow-On Product Candidates
Quilience for Treatment of EDS and Cataplexy
in Narcolepsy (Lead Product Candidate)
Narcolepsy is a rare chronic
primary sleep disorder characterized by two main symptoms:
●
EDS
: This symptom is
the inability to stay awake or alert throughout the day and, in general, EDS interferes with normal activities on a daily basis, whether
or not a person with narcolepsy has sufficient sleep at night. People with EDS report mental cloudiness, lack of energy and concentration,
memory lapses, depressed mood, and/or extreme exhaustion.
●
Cataplexy
: This symptom
consists of a sudden loss of muscle tone that leads to muscle weakness and a loss of voluntary muscle control, while being fully conscious.
It can cause symptoms ranging from slurred speech to total body collapse, depending on the muscles involved, and is often triggered by
intense emotions such as surprise, laughter, or anger.
Nearly all patients diagnosed
with narcolepsy require lifelong treatment to combat the daily and debilitating symptoms, yet, most continue to suffer because a large
portion remain undiagnosed and/or because of inadequate treatments. One FDA approved medication for both EDS and cataplexy associated
with narcolepsy, sodium oxybate franchise (Xyrem/Xywav), although marketed with significant limitations impeding its use, generated revenues
of over $1.8 billion in 2021 according to Jazz Pharmaceuticals' 2021 full year financial results issued on March 1, 2022. According
to a September 2021 report from Dun & Bradstreet, the narcolepsy market generated $2.68 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach
$6.67 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.6% from 2020 to 2030.
41
As an agonist of the OX2R
and a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, we believe that Quilience reflects a scientifically supported mechanism of action to address
the shortcomings of the approved medications and the unmet needs of patients. Quilience is being designed as an oral, once-daily treatment,
intended for long-term use. Through the use of mazindol in Quilience and the expected benefits of our proprietary controlled-release
formulation, we hope that regulatory agencies will conclude that Quilience has a desirable balance of efficacy, safety and tolerability
to support marketing authorization.
We also anticipate developing
additional mazindol based ER product(s) for broader hypersomnia indications, such as IH, where there is a critical unmet need and no
currently approved treatments available, in addition to other disorders, such as neurocognitive disorders implicated by EDS.
Quilience has been granted
orphan drug designation by both the FDA and European Commission for the treatment of narcolepsy, and if approved for marketing in adults,
this designation is expected to provide 7 years and 10 years of market exclusivity in the United States and Europe, respectively, and
with the potential for additional market exclusivity, if and when further developed and approved in pediatrics (extended for an aggregate
of 7.5 years and 12 years in the United States and Europe, respectively). Additionally, we have been granted formulation patents in several
countries including the U.S., Europe, Canada and South Korea for our proprietary ER formulation, which provide patent protection through
2037.
After obtaining an IND approval mid-2021, we initiated a Phase 2 clinical
trial in the third quarter of 2021 to evaluate Quilience as a once-daily monotherapy for the treatment of EDS and cataplexy, the primary
symptoms of narcolepsy. This proof-of-concept, or PoC, trial was conducted in approximately 20-25 specialized centers across the U.S.
and positive top-line results were announced on September 27, 2022.
As a result of the subsequent open label extension, or OLE, interim
data results discussed more fully below, we intend to pursue an expedited development program with the FDA under the Breakthrough Therapy
and Fast Track designation programs, as well as potentially a similar program, PRIME, with the EMA. Collectively, these programs are designed
to expedite the development and review of drugs intended to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. We believe Quilience
may qualify for these programs based on (i) positive real-world evidence, namely, previous off-label use of Quilience's active molecule,
mazindol, in treating narcolepsy, which was prescribed under France's Authorization Treatment Use program for 17 years in patients
who failed to respond or could not tolerate the available approved treatments, (ii) its dual mechanism of action as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine
reuptake inhibitors, or SNDRI, and partial OX2R agonist, which we believe are crucial in addressing the underlying symptoms of both EDS
and cataplexy, providing a pharmacological profile targeting multiple CNS pathways, and (iii) the limited availability of treatments that
successfully treat both cataplexy and EDS in narcolepsy.
Additionally, we are planning
to leverage the demonstrated biological activity of the active molecule in Quilience to further expedite the clinical development, as
well as drawing on the data from our ADHD program to support our clinical development efforts of Quilience and the FDA's previous
approval of mazindol (in its immediate release form in the pharmaceutical product "Sanorex®,"
as manufactured and distributed by Novartis (through its Sandoz division) as safe in the management of exogenous obesity through the
505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. In March 2021, we entered into a license agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, whereby we obtained, on an
exclusive basis in the U.S., all of the available data referred to and included in the original NDA for Sanorex® (mazindol) submitted
to the FDA in February 1972. The agreement encompasses all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability
and other chemistry manufacturing and controls data, formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active
substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies and periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the agreement, we have obtained
the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all territories outside of the U.S. except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the
Sanorex® NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies in the licensed territories.
42
We believe that previous
off-label use of Quilience's active molecule, mazindol, in treating narcolepsy, which was prescribed under a regulatory authorized
CUP in France for 17 years in patients who failed to respond or could not tolerate the available approved treatments, supports our development
of Quilience. We believe this positive real-world evidence in improving both EDS and reducing cataplexy demonstrates the potential for
Quilience to be a treatment for patients suffering from narcolepsy, and notably, also the potential to provide an alternative treatment
for patients who have not had a successful outcome with approved treatments, such as sodium oxybate, modafinil, methylphenidate-based,
and amphetamine-based products.
In most patients, narcolepsy
is caused by the permanent loss of orexin (also called hypocretin), which has been identified as the major regulator in the brain that
modulates the stability of the sleep-wake cycle. Individuals with narcolepsy often emphasize that their symptoms go beyond falling asleep
during the day and report feeling chronically tired, fatigued, or sleep deprived and also struggle with cognitive difficulties that interfere
with their ability to perform at work or school and devastating cataplexy attacks that can be debilitating and frightening. These impairments
are associated with an increased risk of accidents, trauma, and difficulties in maintaining personal relationships. The economic burden
of narcolepsy is also extensive and people with narcolepsy have above-average rates of health care visits, medication use, and unemployment,
and those employed have lower income levels. According to the Narcolepsy Network, narcolepsy affects an estimated 1 in every 2,000 people
in the United States, which equates to 150,000 to 200,000 patients in the United States and 3 million worldwide; however, it is estimated
that only 25% of those living with narcolepsy have been diagnosed and are receiving treatment. Most people with narcolepsy begin having
symptoms in their teenage years, but the diagnosis is usually not made until adulthood, suggesting that narcolepsy is both an underdiagnosed
and an undertreated disorder. According to the August 2018 National Know Narcolepsy Survey, most narcolepsy patients remain unsatisfied
on current treatments.
While symptomatic improvement
is possible, patients' needs are usually not met and the therapeutic effects of the currently approved treatments remain inadequate
for most patients, including lack of symptom control, variable efficacy, rebound sleepiness and rebound cataplexy, troublesome side effects,
inconvenience, and high potential for abuse. Given the considerable burden of the condition, the adverse effects on the health of narcolepsy
patients, and the limitations of available medications, there is a critical unmet need for additional treatment options. Quilience is
a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, a SNDRI and partial agonist of the OX2R that may mimic the natural sleep-wake process by activating
and further enhancing the brain mechanisms that promote and regulate wakefulness. We believe Quilience may bridge this considerable treatment
gap and that the current narcolepsy landscape may provide an opportunity to establish ourselves as a leader in this space.
Real-World Evidence in Narcolepsy
The use of real-world evidence
may improve the quality and efficiency of clinical development and clinical trial design, with the potential to accelerate the development
of therapies that may provide meaningful benefits to patients. Real-world evidence is the analysis of real-world data, which can originate
from sources such as CUPs, and may provide a more complete picture of patient experience to inform patient-focused drug development,
and support the advancement of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to support a marketing application.
While no longer commercially
available in the United States or Europe, the active molecule in Quilience, mazindol, was previously widely used off-label and for several
decades for the treatment of narcolepsy. Additionally, it was prescribed under a long-term CUP administered and regulated by ANSM ("L'agence
nationale de sécurité du medicament et des produits de santé"), the national agency in France responsible
for overseeing the safety of medicines and health products, helping to address the unmet needs of patients who did not initially respond,
later failed or were unable to tolerate the approved available treatments, such as modafinil, methylphenidate, sodium oxybate, and amphetamine-based
products. This CUP ran for 17 years, ended in 2016 due to unavailability of the product, and more than 200 patients with narcolepsy who
were refractory to available treatments were prescribed mazindol for the treatment of EDS and/or cataplexy.
43
A retrospective, multi-center,
observational study of this real-world data, financed by the French Health Ministry, and conducted in part by certain members of our
team and members of our Scientific Advisory Board (prior to their work with us), was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety
of mazindol in real-world, clinical practice. A total of 94 patients with narcolepsy, and suffering from cataplexy, including adults
and children, with a mean 30 months of treatment exposure were included in the analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of mazindol on
improving EDS. Mazindol noticeably improved EDS (p<0.0001), as measured by the ESS, a validated patient-reported measure of the patients'
recent likelihood of falling asleep in everyday activities and is the same primary outcome measure widely used in other narcolepsy-related
Phase 3 clinical trials. An analysis was also performed assessing the effectiveness of mazindol in controlling cataplexy in 62 patients
and demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of cataplexy episodes (p<0.0001). The ESS score before mazindol
was 18.0 ± 3.1 and decreased to 13.6 ± 5 after mazindol, for a change of -4.2 (p<0.0001). In addition, the change in
weekly cataplexy rate before and after mazindol changed from 4.6 ± 3.1 (before mazindol) to 2.0 ± 2.8 after mazindol (for
a change of -2.7) (p<0.0001).
This retrospective study
with analysis of real-world data, provides positive real-world evidence that the treatment was well-tolerated and effective, in terms
of improvement in EDS and the reduction in cataplexy events, with a conclusion of an overall positive benefit-risk ratio in the majority
of patients. In their report concluding the results of the study (Nittur et.al, Sleep Med. 2013 Jan;14(1):30-6), the researchers found
that Mazindol has a long-term, favorable benefit/risk ratio in 60% of drug-resistant hypersomniacs, including a clear benefit on cataplexy
and that the data, taken altogether, suggest that mazindol has a major effect on sleepiness, possibly greater than that of modafinil
(Provigil).
Narcolepsy Overview and Market Opportunity
Narcolepsy is the inability
to stay awake and arises from the dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and in most individuals is thought to be caused by an immune
system mediated destruction of brain cells that contain orexin. Orexin is a neuropeptide and is critical to the maintenance of wakefulness,
continuity of sleep and coordination of the timing and features of REM sleep. Narcolepsy is often debilitating and incapacitating for
those affected and with no known cure, it usually requires life-long symptomatic treatment. Narcolepsy symptoms significantly interfere
with and cause a negative impact on cognitive, psychological and social functioning and can greatly affect daily activities.
The clinical hallmark of
narcolepsy is EDS, which is present in all narcolepsy patients and is generally the first symptom to occur. EDS manifests as sudden irresistible
bouts of sleep throughout the day, which can strike at any time, leading to inadvertently falling asleep during a variety of situations,
such as while at work or at school, when having a conversation, playing a game, eating a meal, or, most dangerously, when driving or
operating other types of machinery. A prominent and distinctive symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy, which occurs in approximately 70%
of those patients with narcolepsy. Although the severity of cataplexy is variable, it can be very frightening and usually causes additional
disability. In addition to cataplexy, individuals with narcolepsy may also have symptoms indicative of altered REM sleep. REM sleep is
normally characterized by dreaming and muscle paralysis that prevents an individual from acting out their dreams. In narcolepsy however,
REM sleep can occur at any time of day and elements of REM sleep can mix into wake, manifesting as cataplexy, hallucinations that occur
when going to sleep or upon waking, and sleep paralysis, a transitional state between wakefulness and sleep in which one is aware but
cannot move, speak, or react.
Narcolepsy is classified
into two subtypes, narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2. Type 1 is characterized by cataplexy or an undetectable or low level of orexin
in the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. In type 2, patients generally have less severe symptoms and do not experience cataplexy attacks.
The underlying cause of narcolepsy type 2 is unknown and many patients have normal CSF orexin levels; however, 25% of patients with narcolepsy
type 2 do have intermediate CSF orexin levels and these individuals are more likely to develop cataplexy and subsequently be diagnosed
with narcolepsy type 1.
44
Cataplexy is a symptom that
occurs almost exclusively in people with narcolepsy type 1, so its presence strongly suggests this diagnosis. However, cataplexy can
sometimes be subtle or mild, making additional testing sometimes necessary, with the diagnosis depending on ruling out causes of secondary
hypersomnia and performing an overnight sleep test with MSLT. On the MSLT, it takes less than eight minutes on average for people with
narcolepsy type 1 to fall asleep, and REM sleep is observed on at least two naps. People with narcolepsy type 2 show the same results
on MSLT as those with cataplexy.
In addition to EDS, cataplexy
and other symptoms of altered REM sleep, people with narcolepsy type 1 are prone to gain significant weight, which may be due to the
loss of orexin. Soon after narcolepsy onset, children can rapidly gain 5-15 kg (approximately 11 to 33 pounds) and adults with type 1
are often overweight or obese, despite normal caloric intake and activity levels. Given that the active molecule in Quilience was previously
approved for the management of exogenous obesity and its multifunctional mechanism of action targets two pathways known to be implicated
in obesity, Quilience may also help to counter this negative effect of weight gain associated with narcolepsy.
Recently, we received a granted
patent (U.S. Patent No. 11207271), from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office which covers oral formulations containing immediate-release
and sustained-release layers of mazindol and their use in the treatment of attention deficit disorders (ADD or ADHD), related deficit
of alertness or decline in vigilance, or EDS (e.g., narcolepsy, IH).
The patent has a term that
expires no earlier than March 2037. Based on its current clinical development plans to obtain regulatory approval, we intend to list
the patent in FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, or Orange Book, if it receives market approval.
In January 2023, we announced
the new in vitro study results demonstrating the agonist effect of Mazindol ER at the Orexin-2 Receptor (OX2R). Two identical studies
measuring differing concentrations of Mazindol ER confirmed significant OX2R partial agonist activity at 30μM or higher. Notably,
findings show that Mazindol ER showed strong OX2R partial agonist activity by cellular and nuclear receptor functional assays. Results
showed pEC50 (a logarithm measure of drug potency expressing a concentration that is effective in producing 50% of the maximal response)
values of 4.7 to 5 for mazindol on the OX2R, indicating a strong OX2R partial agonist. Additional pre-clinical in vivo studies are currently
underway to confirm OX2R activity. A pilot study in OXR2 KO mice animal model compared favorably with investigational drug, TAK-925,
an orexin 2 receptor agonist. Supplementary studies to further characterize OX2R activity as well as activity at OX1R are planned for
the first half of 2023. NLS Pharmaceutics plans to present the study results at a scientific meeting later this year.
Prevalence
According to the European
Narcolepsy Network, narcolepsy affects only 20 to 40 out of every 100,000 people; however, it is estimated that only one out of four
people living with narcolepsy have been properly diagnosed. Although it usually has an early age of onset during the adolescent years,
a diagnostic delay that often exceeds 10 years from the time of symptom onset suggests that narcolepsy is both under diagnosed and under
treated. This delay may result from several factors, including lack of clinician and patient recognition of the signs and symptoms of
narcolepsy and leading to multiple physician visits before receiving a diagnosis, as well as misdiagnosis of narcolepsy as another condition,
such as epilepsy, depression, or ADHD, which further delays treatment.
Current Treatment Landscape and Treatment
Limitations
Until a cure is available,
the current treatment of narcolepsy focuses on symptom control, with the goal of keeping the patient alert during the day, primarily
by improving EDS and minimizing the occurrence of cataplexy. More than 90% of individuals with narcolepsy require chronic use of medication
to manage symptoms, in order to allow for important everyday activities to be performed safely, such as attending school, going to work
and caring for a child.
45
The current available treatment
options require the careful balancing of the drug's efficacy, convenience of administration, development of drug tolerance, adverse
effects, comorbidities, monitoring for evidence of drug abuse, and new life circumstances, such as school, pregnancy and parenthood.
In narcolepsy, several classes of drugs are used for the treatment of EDS, including a CNS depressive agent, wake-promoting agents, a
histamine 3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, and CII controlled stimulants.
Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) is
the legally manufactured form of gamma hydroxybutyrate, an illicit drug of abuse. It was the first FDA approved treatment for cataplexy
and is also approved for EDS, and as such, is often used as a first-line therapeutic. While it has been reported to have a positive impact
for patients, sodium oxybate also has many challenges with significant limitations that can often impede its use. As a severe CNS depressant
with a rapid onset of sedation with both hypnotic and amnestic effects, it is abused to incapacitate victims for sexual assault. Sodium
oxybate is a CIII controlled drug and with the potential for an adverse outcome, it is further subject to higher CI controls for abuse
and is only available through an FDA imposed restricted-access REMS program. It carries a Black Box warning for respiratory depression
and abuse, which can lead to seizures, decreased consciousness, coma and death, and at doses lower than those used to treat narcolepsy.
The occurrence of experiencing adverse effects is more common with sodium oxybate compared to other medications used in narcolepsy and
adverse effects, even at recommended doses, include nausea, confusion, CNS and respiratory depression, neuropsychiatric depression and
confusion, bed-wetting, sleepwalking, automatic behaviors, and involuntary movements. Sodium oxybate has a short half-life and is administered
in a split dose, once at bedtime and again two and a half to four hours later, which can be difficult for patients to manage. In addition,
generally, an extensive titration period is required, which can take upwards of seven months to achieve a complete optimal response.
Many patients with narcolepsy
have cardiovascular risk concerns, including hypertension, and treatment with sodium oxybate contributes 1,100-1,640 milligrams, or mg,
to an individual's daily sodium intake, in comparison to a total daily intake of 1,500 mg as recommended by the American Heart
Association. Additionally, life-style changes are also often needed when being treated with sodium oxybate, including the avoidance of
alcohol and other medications that may cause sedation and due to its profound sedation and hypotonic effects, a change in living arrangements
may be needed if living alone or the need to seek different and multiple treatment options when becoming a parent. Yet, despite these
severe limitations, sodium oxybate (Xyrem) continues to be the market leader in the United States.
Our Solution: Quilience for Narcolepsy
- A Well-Suited Approach for the Disease Pathology
Narcolepsy is a debilitating
neurological disorder and the currently available treatment options are not considered sufficiently effective for most patients. This
is highlighted by the results of the recent 2018
"Know Narcolepsy Survey,"
conducted by Versta Research, that emphasizes
the continuing and substantial burden of narcolepsy with an astonishing 88% of patients indicating that their current treatments are
not effectively managing their symptoms, while 94% and 93% stated that new treatment options are needed and expressed frustration with
current treatment options, respectively.
Quilience has a mechanism
of action that is distinct from existing and emerging therapies and we believe that, if approved, Quilience may represent a substantial
improvement to existing treatments. Mazindol's mechanism of action, which may restore orexin signaling in the brain and further
enhance monoamine availability in promoting wakefulness and reducing cataplexy has the potential to be a breakthrough treatment and thereby
offering a significant treatment advancement. Furthermore, in November 2019, the Swiss Narcolepsy Network endorsed Quilience as a potential
novel treatment of narcolepsy. The Swiss Narcolepsy Network stated that its decision is based on several decades of highly promising
off-label use and compassionate use of mazindol in patients with narcolepsy.
46
Quilience Label Expansion
Following our current focus
on the development of Quilience for narcolepsy in adults, and if approved for marketing, we intend to seek a label expansion for the
treatment of narcolepsy in pediatric patients, which may require additional nonclinical and clinical studies. We are also aiming to develop
Quilience for the treatment of IH, a rare and chronic hypersomnia disorder for which there is currently no effective or approved treatments
available. Its hallmark symptom is chronic EDS and a craving to sleep during the day, regardless of how many hours slept at night, which
results in such persons taking daytime naps that are usually long and not refreshing. Individuals with IH struggle to wake, despite setting
multiple alarms and may have difficulty rising from bed, called sleep inertia. Sleep inertia also includes feelings of grogginess upon
waking and can result in impaired alertness and interfere with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks. Similar to narcolepsy,
people with IH may also suffer from hallucinations and sleep paralysis when going to bed or upon waking.
The active molecule in Quilience
was also prescribed under compassionate use for the treatment of IH, providing positive real-world evidence of its benefit in improving
EDS specifically in patients with IH. We have received orphan drug designation from both the FDA and the European Commission for the
treatment of IH and this designation is expected to provide us initially with 7 years and 10 years of market exclusivity in the United
States and Europe, respectively. Additionally, the recently granted patent for a proprietary modified-release formulation, provides patent
protection through 2037 in the United States.
Quilience Development Program
We initiated a Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled
clinical trial in adult patients with narcolepsy in the third quarter of 2021 and concluded the trial in the third quarter of 2022. The
primary endpoint of the study was the change from baseline in EDS, as measured by the ESS. The key secondary endpoint is the change from
baseline in the weekly number of cataplexy attacks in the anticipated subset of patients with cataplexy. The trial design is shown below:
The trial was being conducted in 21 clinics in the U.S. and enrolled
67 patients with both narcolepsy Type 1 and Type 2, who received treatment with either 3mg of Quilience (Mazindol ER) once daily or placebo.
Patients in the trial were randomized 1:1 into each treatment arm. All patients who completed the Phase 2 study, named POLARIS, were eligible
to participate in the OLE study and continued once-a-day treatment with Mazindol ER 3 mg for up to six months as monotherapy (no concomitant
wake-promoting or anti-cataplexy treatments were allowed). On January 30, 2023, we announced that 87% of patients who completed the POLARIS
Phase 2 study requested to continue monotherapy treatment with Mazindol ER in the six-month OLE study rather than transition to other
therapies and had achieved its final patient visit.
47
In September 2022, we announced
top-line data relating to our Phase 2 clinical trial for the use of Mazindol ER in patients with narcolepsy. Of the 60 patients targeted
for full enrollment in the U.S. Phase 2 trial (Study NLS-1021), 67 were randomized and completed the study for the final analysis. The
final database included 33 patients on treatment and 34 patients on placebo, with balanced mean baseline ESS scores (17.9 for treatment
and 18.0 for placebo). Approximately one-third of patients enrolled in the interim analysis were diagnosed with narcolepsy type 1, or
NT1, and suffer from both EDS and cataplexy symptoms. Eligible NT1 patients must have moderate to severe disease according to the study
protocol - defined as having more than 3-4 cataplexy attacks per week. Study participants on treatment were required to undergo a 1-2-week
wash out period (depending on prior therapy). After the wash out period, participants are randomized to receive either once-daily treatment
with Mazindol ER 2mg for week 1 and 3mg for weeks 2-4, or placebo for 4 weeks.
For EDS, the trial's primary
endpoint, the ESS least squares, or LS, means change from baseline to each visit and the standard error (SE) of Quilience® (NLS-2)
versus placebo were all statistically significant at week 1 -4.3 (1.13) versus -1.1 (1.06) (p=0.0055), at week 2 -4.7 (1.14) versus -1.3
(1.06) (p=0.0035), at week 3 -5.0 (1.18) versus -1.6 (1.09) (p=0.0045), and at week 4 -5.8 (1.23) versus -2.1 (1.14) (-6.26, -1.15; p=0.0045).
Observed Mean Change from
Baseline in ESS:
The change from baseline
to Week 4 in total number of cataplexy episodes decreased over time in both treatment groups. While the change from Baseline to Week
4 in Total Weekly Cataplexy Episodes was larger in the Mazindol ER group (mean [SD] –14.3 [9.50]) than in the placebo group (–6.1
[6.30]), there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.23) due to smaller sample size (only ~1/3 of the
study population were NT1 patients).
48
Observed Mean Change from
Baseline in Weekly Cataplexy Episodes:
The treatment arms were balanced
in terms of patient demographics, baseline levels, and disease characteristics. Quilience® was well-tolerated and no safety concerns
were identified. No serious adverse events were reported. With regard to the reduction in cataplexy attacks in narcolepsy Type 1 patients
(NT1), a key secondary endpoint, Quilience® consistently outperformed placebo at all time points. In the trial's OLE study, 87% of
patients including those with NT1, elected to rollover and receive Quilience® for up to 6 months as a monotherapy
Mazindol ER was generally
safe and well-tolerated in the recently completed Phase 2 trial. There were 66 patients in the Safety Population (all patients who received
mazindol). Treatment emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, were reported by 48.5% (16/34) of patients receiving Mazindol ER and 23.5% (8/33)
of patients receiving placebo. There were no unexpected adverse events. There were zero severe and zero serious TEAEs reported for either
the placebo or the Mazindol ER groups. In addition, zero patients discontinued Mazindol ER due to TEAEs. The most common TEAEs for the
Mazindol ER group was dry mouth (21.2% [7/34]) followed by nausea (9.1% [3/34]), and decreased appetite (9.1% [3/34]). The most common
TEAEs for the placebo group were split equally among dry mouth (2.9% [1/34]), urinary tract infection, (2.9% [1/34]), and headache (2.9%
[1/34]). Other than an expected reduction in body weight and a moderate increase in heart rate (~11.3 bpm), there were no other significant
ECG, labs, or vital signs changes on mazindol versus placebo.
49
In addition, patients that
participated in our Phase 2 trial were able to participate in our OLE study. The OLE study enabled patients completing the randomized
controlled trial to access treatment with Mazindol ER without any background stimulant and/or anti-cataplexy treatment for up to 6 months.
As of the data collection date for the Phase 2 interim analysis (November 7, 2022), of the 60 patients who completed the randomized controlled
Phase 2 trial, 52 patients (or 87% of completers) elected to roll over into the OLE study. Patients treated with Quilience® in the
randomized Phase 2 trial continued to improve after rolling over into the OLE study. Placebo patients in the randomized Phase 2 trial
who received Quilience® in the OLE study achieved comparable results to treated patients in the Phase 2 trial. Safety and tolerability
of Quilience® were similar between the randomized trial and OLE study.
For patients treated with
Quilience® in the randomized Phase 2 trial, EDS based on the ESS improved by an additional 1.8 points in the OLE study by the fourth
month of treatment (double-blind and OLE treatment combined). At that timepoint, the mean ESS score for these patients reached 9.2, with
lower scores denoting an improvement in the condition (improved wakefulness). Importantly, ESS scores of 10 or below are considered to
be typical scores for patients without narcolepsy. As an extension of the 4-week randomized treatment period in the Phase 2 trial, these
data indicate that maximum efficacy for EDS with Quilience® is reached at approximately 3 months of treatment. Overall, the mean
score for these patients declined by approximately 8.7 points from their baseline levels at the start of the randomized Phase 2 trial
to month 3 in the OLE study.
For patients that received
placebo in the DB Phase 2 trial and rolling over to receive Quilience® in the OLE study, EDS scores declined to levels comparable
to those treated with Quilience® in the randomized trial at Week 4. This effect was maintained through month 3 in the OLE study,
with EDS scores just above the "normal" range.
50
For patients diagnosed with
cataplexy and treated with Quilience® in the randomized Phase 2 trial, the mean number of weekly cataplexy episodes was approximately
8 at the end of the 4-week DB period, down from a baseline level of approximately 17.5 at the beginning of the trial. During the OLE
study, mean weekly cataplexy episodes for these patients declined to 2.1, and remained relatively stable in the 2 to 4 range through
week 12.
Notably, there were patients
diagnosed with Narcolepsy Type I who achieved zero weekly cataplexy episodes in the OLE study, with some of those maintaining this effect
through week 12 and beyond. Below is an example of one of those patients:
Given the success of our
Phase 2 clinical trial, we intend to commence a Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel study in adult patients
with narcolepsy type 1 and type 2, subject to receiving authorization to proceed into Phase 3 development.
Additional clinical studies may be required for regulatory approval
necessary to commercialize Quilience, such as clinical pharmacology studies, and, if needed, we intend to conduct these studies in parallel
with our Phase 3 program, subject to agreement with the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities. On March 29, 2023, we met with
the FDA for a post-Phase 2 meeting. We are awaiting the official meeting minutes from the FDA wherein we will review the proposed regulatory
path. We currently expect to commence a Phase 3 program in mid-2023.
On May 2, 2023, we announced
that the FDA provided authorization to proceed with the Phase 3 clinical program (AMAZE) for Quilience® (Mazindol ER). The AMAZE Program
will encompass two double-blind Phase 3 trials (N=50 each) investigating Mazindol ER versus placebo in adult patients with narcolepsy,
commencing in the third quarter of 2023 at multiple sites in the U.S.
Both phase 3 trials, NLS-1031 and NLS-1032, will measure the weekly
cataplexy episodes as the primary endpoint over eight weeks of treatment. Patients who complete these studies will be offered participation
in a 12-month OLE study (Study NLS-1033). To be eligible for enrollment into the program, patients must be at least 18 years of age and
have been diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy.
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We intend to submit the NDA
for Quilience under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDA. This NDA pathway was created, in part, to help avoid unnecessary duplication of studies,
including preclinical studies, already performed on an existing or previously approved drug. An NDA submitted pursuant to Section 505(b)(2)
is one that relies, at least partially, upon data that a company does not own or have a right of reference to, including published literature.
A 505(b)(2) application may also rely upon the FDA's finding of safety and/or efficacy of a previously approved drug, and as such,
we intend to rely, in part, on the FDA's previous findings of safety of the listed drug. If successful, our preclinical and clinical
programs may potentially be streamlined and/or reduced. To license the innovator data, we entered into an agreement with Novartis in
March 2021 to obtain all preclinical and clinical data for studies previously conducted on mazindol by Novartis. This data may potentially
provide us another avenue to streamline and/or reduce the costs of our preclinical and clinical programs. Our ability to rely on the
FDA's previous findings of safety studies published in the scientific literature, and the extent to which licensed innovator data
may be utilized will depend on our ability to demonstrate a scientific bridge to Quilience. We intend to meet with the FDA, and other
regulatory agencies such as the EMA, to discuss about our proposed development program and obtain further feedback and agreement on the
various program elements required to support approval of Quilience.
We may apply for entrance
into an expedited development program(s) facilitated by the FDA, such as Breakthrough Therapy and/or Fast Track designation. The Breakthrough
Therapy designation program is designed to expedite the development and review of drugs which may demonstrate substantial improvement
over available treatments, and the Fast-Track designation program is designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of
drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need. We believe that Quilience has the potential to meet the requirements
for one or more of these programs and, if granted, one or more of these designations, we anticipate the potential for an expedited development
program to be applied in collaboration with the FDA.
In November 2022, we launched
the Named Patient Program, or NPP, to provide access to Mazindol ER for the treatment of IH where this medication would not otherwise
be available for this indication in certain countries. The NPP for IH was launched in the United Kingdom and we expect to expand to other
countries. We partnered with a third-party pharmaceutical company to expand access, early access and compassionate use programs to provide
treatment of IH with Mazindol ER where it would otherwise not be available.
In January 2023, we announced
a technology patent grant covering Mazindol ER for treatment of ADHD and IH in Hong Kong. This further supports our global strategy with
key patents granted the following major markets: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the U.S., Europe & Canada.
We have successfully launched
NPP and secured additional patent grants, that coupled with successfully entering into other expedited development programs, could allow
Quilience to reach the market and patients sooner.
Compassionate Use Objectives in CDH
1
in Europe
While "compassionate
use" originally was understood to imply that the drug product is supplied for free, there is a growing understanding with policymakers,
payers and patient organizations, that paid-for CUPs are justifiable. In Europe and other regions of the world (excluding the United
States), it is recognized that CUP funding can provide an early source of biopharma revenues and incentivize the increased availability
of potentially transformative treatments, especially for rare disorders and orphan diseases. Given the extensive therapeutic experience
with mazindol, including off-label in narcolepsy patients, we believe that there is ample precedence to justify a funded CUP in selected
European countries for a defined group of patients.
We intend to conduct either
or both a cohort program and a named patient program, or NPP, each of which is highlighted below in a variety of European countries.
Although we have yet to determine which countries, we will initiate CUPs in first, our current plan is to target the following countries
in the following priorities (priority in each wave has yet to be determined):
●
First Wave: United Kingdom,
Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland;
●
Second Wave: Latin America,
the Czech Republic, Denmark and Spain; and
●
Third Wave: China, Germany,
Austria, Japan, Sweden and Taiwan.
[1]
Central Disorders
of Hypersomnolence (including but not limited to narcolepsy type 1 / type 2, IH, etc.)
52
In addition to the potential
benefit of generating revenues before Quilience market authorization from the regulatory agencies, the collection of data within the
CUP is a key potential benefit for the overall Quilience evidence generation strategy, as we believe that a CUP program for Quilience
would:
●
complement the clinical data
package for regulatory submissions;
●
support primary regulatory
approvals with longer-term follow up effectiveness and safety data and patient lived experience evidence;
●
support label expansions in
broader populations than included in the Quilience late state trials (e.g., in juvenile narcolepsy);
●
potentially accelerate regulatory
approval in China if we were to seek regulatory approval for Quilience;
●
enhance the evidence package
for market access and pricing and reimbursement;
●
provide qualitative live-experience
data and information on the unmet needs from the patient (and caregiver) perspective that may contextualize the net therapeutic benefits
offered by Quilience within the narcolepsy management paradigm;
●
bridge patients from the end
of Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials to commercialization (assure continued patient access);
●
allow us to generate hypotheses
for label expansions in broader populations (as compared to clinical trials);
●
allow us to leverage real-world
and patient-centric data collected (board populations, quality of life, satisfaction); and
●
allow us to professionally
address patient and physician requests (formal published policy and process).
In addition to these potential
benefits of a CUP program for Quilience, commercial objectives of such a program would include the ability to (i) generate pre-licensing
revenues in selected countries, (ii) receive post-authorization revenues in non-priority countries for commercial use, (iii) potentially
establish an early market presence with a key opinion lead, and center of excellence strategy and (iv) more rapid revenue uptake (than
a non-CUP program) upon commercial availability (patients already on product and treated).
53
Nolazol for the Treatment of ADHD (Back-up
Program Product Candidate)
Nolazol is a triple monoamine
reuptake inhibitor and orexin receptor-2 partial agonist and its unique pharmacological profile is expected to yield import benefits
compared to existing treatments of ADHD. Enhancing the function of the three neurotransmitters well-known to be implicated in ADHD, norepinephrine,
dopamine and serotonin, along with its activity on the orexin-2 receptor, Nolazol may produce an optimal reduction in ADHD symptoms over
available treatments.
Nolazol is supported by a
positive pilot clinical trial with mazindol in 24 children with ADHD and a positive Phase 2 clinical trial in 85 adults with ADHD. The
Phase 2 clinical trial in adults met all primary and secondary study endpoints and was well-tolerated. A robust effect on ADHD symptoms
was demonstrated with a large placebo-adjusted effect size of 1.09 in the investigator-rated ADHD symptom scores.
Although more than 25 different
products have been approved by the FDA since 1937 for the treatment of ADHD, many of which are no longer available, there still continues
to be a large treatment gap with no optimal treatment currently available. Physicians, patients and their caregivers press for improved
treatment options to address key shortcomings with currently available treatments, including the need for a more tolerable safety profile,
more consistent efficacy with no rebound effect, and the need for lower risk of abuse, dependence, and misuse. Currently, doctors, patients,
and caregivers must choose between treatments that may be effective, but come with significant safety liabilities, such as high potential
for abuse and risk of diversion coupled with tight restrictions on writing and filling prescriptions; or treatments that are unscheduled,
but are also typically less effective. We are seeking to develop Nolazol such that, if approved for marketing, it could be the drug product
to close this treatment gap and address this unmet medical need.
Given the positive outcome
of our Phase 2 trial in ADHD, we may initiate Phase 3 clinical trials if we receive FDA's green light to proceed at a later stage.
ADHD Overview and Market Opportunity
ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental
disorder affecting children, adolescents and adults and is characterized by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
and is associated with clinically significant impairments in executive functioning. In addition, ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed
neurodevelopmental disorders in school-age children and it often persists into adulthood. It is characterized by symptoms of inattention
and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, and affects cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional, and social functioning. An estimated 8.4% of
children and 5% of adults in the United States have a current diagnosis of ADHD, and if left untreated can lead to poor occupational
and psychosocial outcomes. In the United States, the research firm IBISWorld has reported that the ADHD market is currently worth $9.7
billion and projected to reach a market value of $14.4 billion in 2023. Furthermore, based on a report by Grand View Research, Inc.,
ADHD is the 12
th
most prevalent therapeutic indication for dispensed prescriptions and is predicted to grow at a 6.4% compounded
annual growth rate until 2030. Despite their CII classification and black box warnings and safety liabilities, revenues of the market
leader Vyvanse, as reported by Shire, were $2.5 billion in 2019, and revenues of the leading methylphenidate product Concerta (Johnson
& Johnson) were $622 million in 2020, as reported by Johnson & Johnson. Furthermore, based on a report from LifeSci Capital,
it is estimated that CNS stimulants - amphetamine and methylphenidate containing products, represent approximately 90% of all ADHD drug
sales.
Across the lifespan, ADHD
may impede cognitive functioning as well as mental health and development and can have a significant social impact on patient's
lives, causing disruption at school, work, and in relationships and can also be associated with risk-taking or criminal behavior and
other far-reaching effects on wider society. Over the past eight years, ADHD diagnoses have increased 30% in the United States, a trend
indicating the need to focus on the diagnosis and treatment for a growing number of patients.
54
The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, or the CDC, reported that 6.1 million, or 9.4%, of children and adolescents in the United States have ever been diagnosed
with ADHD and 5.4 million, or 8.4%, have a current diagnosis, and 62% take medication, while 47% receive behavioral therapy and 23% receive
no treatment at all. Furthermore, the CDC reported in 2019 that among children aged 2-5 only 18% are receiving ADHD medication, in contrast
to 60-70% of children aged 6-17. Additionally, ADHD is the second most impactful condition affecting children and adolescent health in
the United States, as measured by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Health Index, and children diagnosed with ADHD struggle with paying attention,
controlling impulses and being overly active. Social skills in children with ADHD often are significantly impaired. Problems with inattention
may limit opportunities to acquire social skills or to attend to social cues necessary for effective social interaction, making it difficult
to form friendships. Hyperactive and impulsive behaviors may result in peer rejection. The negative consequences of impaired social function,
such as poor self-esteem, increased risk for depression and anxiety, may be long standing.
Once believed to only affect
children and adolescents, ADHD is now well understood to be a lifespan disorder that persists into adulthood in up to 65% of patients
affecting 1 out of 30 adults worldwide, as disclosed by the ADHD Institute, an educational platform developed and funded by Takeda, and,
based on our own assessments of data from the U.S. census Bureau, there are approximately 11 million adults in the United States with
ADHD. Research firm GlobalData reported that since 2015, the adult ADHD market has become larger and begun growing at a faster rate than
the pediatric ADHD market. Adult ADHD is often characterized by recurrent problems with restlessness, impulsivity, problems with time
management and finances, as well as problems regulating emotions. Rather than being hyperactive like children, adults with ADHD report
experiencing an internal sense of fidgetiness and restlessness and with signs of inattention more apparent through problems communicating
with others. Upon entering the job market, many adults also experience obstacles in employment, and are at increased risk to be terminated
due to repeated tardiness or absenteeism. Such difficulties contribute to poorer employment outcomes and a lower likelihood of being
employed in professional environments. Adults with ADHD often find it difficult to generate effective solutions to social problems and
these deficits in social cognition can increase the likelihood of peer rejection, and social isolation, adding to struggles with depression
and social anxiety.
Throughout an individual's
lifetime, untreated ADHD can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality,
social disability and addictions and ADHD treatment is usually initiated with stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate-based
products. While these drugs may provide a generally effective treatment option for patients, they also have serious safety concerns and
are misused recreationally with both diversion and abuse being a common and significant risk. As a result, they are controlled substances
and classified under the CSA as CII stimulants. Consequently, they all carry an FDA imposed Black Box warning on the drug label to call
attention to these serious or life-threating risks. Further, not all individuals respond optimally to or can tolerate CII stimulants
and their use is contraindicated in numerous patients, including those with tics, anxiety and other certain psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular
concerns, substance use disorder, or stimulant refusal. A few non-stimulant treatment options are available; however, their efficacy
is not as robust, and their tolerability profile is not necessarily improved when compared to CII stimulants. In addition, the few non-stimulant
treatments available are generally considered as second-line treatments and are often used in conjunction with schedule II (CII) simulants
rather than as a therapy that uses one type of treatment, commonly referred to as a monotherapy.
The availability of a treatment
that has robust efficacy on par with CII stimulants and that is well tolerated with lower potential for abuse represents what we believe
is an important unmet need to persons with ADHD. The magnitude of the treatment effect demonstrated in our Phase 2 study is comparable
to what is typically seen with the leading CII stimulants, and, mazindol, the active molecule in Nolazol, is currently a CIV controlled
substance under the CSA, meaning it has an already established low risk of abuse. We believe Nolazol, whose active ingredient is mazindol,
a CIV stimulant, may be the transformative treatment for ADHD that physicians and patients have been waiting for, by providing a treatment
with what we believe will be similar efficacy as CII stimulants, but with a low potential for abuse.
We have a robust method of
use patent for Nolazol for the treatment of ADHD expiring in August 2028 in the United States and in December 2027 in Europe. Additionally,
we have filed an international patent application under the PCT, for a proprietary controlled release formulation, and, if granted, may
provide patent protection through 2037 in the United States.
55
Diagnostics and Patient Sub-Types
Healthcare providers use
the guidelines in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition,
or DSM-5, to help diagnose ADHD and this diagnostic standard helps ensure that people are appropriately diagnosed and treated for ADHD.
The DSM-5 identifies three sub-types and each presentation is distinguished by a distinct set of symptoms that physicians use to diagnose
the condition. The three presentations are: (1) Predominantly Inattentive; (2) Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive; and (3) Combined
Presentation.
The diagnostic evaluation
for ADHD includes a comprehensive medical, developmental, educational, and psychosocial evaluation. This comprehensive evaluation is
necessary to confirm the presence, persistence, pervasiveness, and functional complications of core symptoms, exclude other explanations
for core symptoms and identify coexisting emotional, behavioral, and medical disorders. In order to meet criteria for ADHD, core symptoms
must also impair function in academic, social, or occupational activities.
Two-thirds of individuals
with ADHD have at least one other neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or other CNS disorder, including anxiety, depression, autism, and
sleep disorders. Substance use disorder is a common comorbidity associated with ADHD and may have a direct underpinning in the pathophysiology
of the disease, amplifying the need for treatment options with a lower risk of abuse.
Adults with ADHD, with a
delayed diagnosis in adulthood, are often diagnosed after several attempts to find treatment for comorbid disorders, such as depression,
substance abuse, sleep disturbances, or anxiety. The presentation in adults is typically related to problems with work, disorganization,
and tendency to procrastinate, as well as anxiety, sleep disorders, and impulsivity.
We believe Nolazol could
provide a transformative treatment option for all individuals with ADHD and further could draw substantial market share from patients
who have failed or couldn't tolerate stimulants; current patients, or their parents, with concerns with stimulant use; current
patients seeking the convenience of a CIV product compared to a CII product, allowing for generally no limitations on quantity, the ability
to refill, phone-in prescriptions, and less frequent office visits; individuals where abuse and/or diversion is a prominent concern;
and individuals or parents of individuals diagnosed with ADHD who have avoided treatment due to stimulant concerns and the associated
stigma.
Current Treatment Landscape and Treatment Limitations
Although there is no cure
for ADHD, medications may help to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. The current treatment options for ADHD can be broadly classified
as either amphetamine or methylphenidate-based stimulants or as non-stimulants. Based on data that we have collected, we believe that
stimulants represent a majority of the ADHD drug market in the United States, with a market share of approximately 90%.
Amphetamine and methylphenidate-based
products are all classified under the CSA as CII stimulants, due to their high potential for abuse and the risk of severe psychological
or physical dependence. These drugs are heavily controlled under U.S. federal and state laws, and are subject to criminal sanctions for
abuse, diversion and misuse and require a CII level prescription, and despite being a chronic disorder and need for daily medication,
this limits the quantity to a 30-day supply and is also not refillable. Consequently, all CII stimulants contain Black Box warnings,
similar to narcotics such as fentanyl and oxycodone, which are also CII substances. In addition, CII stimulants have the potential for
numerous adverse effects, as indicated by their warnings of serious cardiovascular reactions such as sudden death, stroke, and heart
attack, psychotic or manic symptoms in patients with no prior history, and are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's
phenomenon. CII stimulants are also sleep-affecting drugs and shorten total sleep time, increase the time it takes to fall asleep, adversely
impact the ability to stay asleep, and increase daytime sleepiness.
56
The long-term use of prescription
stimulants has been widely reported to cause drug tolerance, which is the loss of efficacy over time and requires a complete change in
treatment, or an increased dose of the existing treatment, or the add-on of another medication to the existing treatment in order to
achieve therapeutic effectiveness. This leads to an increased risk of developing serious adverse effects that are unrelated to ADHD.
Another concern in treating patients with CII stimulants is the potential "rebound effect" that occurs when the medication
wears off, resulting in the return of ADHD symptoms and which may also occur in an amplified form. In children especially, this often
triggers increased irritability and/or aggressive behavior and the rebound in children and adults may be exacerbated by multiple drug
administrations, often used to obtain the desired duration of effect or to address drug tolerance. Additionally, studies have highlighted
that primary limitations of CII stimulants are intolerable adverse effects that interfere with patient adherence rates and sub-optimal
efficacy with the onset of drug tolerance.
According to the 2002 practice
parameter for the use of stimulant medications from the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, approximately 30% of patients
do not respond adequately to or have dose-limiting adverse effects with CII stimulants. Additionally, certain patients, or parents of
patients, prefer not to use CII stimulants due to their stigma and known abuse potential. There are a few non-stimulant treatments available,
such as atomoxetine (Strattera), clonidine (Kapvay), and guanfacine (Intuniv), that were developed to address this need; however, their
efficacy is sub-optimal to stimulants and while unscheduled, their overall safety profile does not necessarily provide an improvement
to CII stimulants.
Strattera, a norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitor, was the first non-stimulant treatment option for ADHD and while its initial launch started strong, underscoring the
demand for an alternative to CII stimulants, sales steadily declined as patients and physicians found it to not be nearly as effective
as CII stimulants. It is now considered a second-line treatment and is typically used as an alternative to CII stimulants for patients
who have a substance abuse problem, a family member(s) with a substance abuse problem, tics, or intolerable side effects with CII stimulants.
Strattera carries a Black Box warning for increased risk of suicidal thoughts in children and adolescents and additional warning statements
for liver damage. Moreover, Strattera takes four weeks to reach initial onset of action and six to ten weeks to achieve full clinical
effectiveness, related both to the prolonged titration needed and the delay in the onset of action of the compound. Today Strattera (branded
and generic) has about 3.6% market share, despite initially climbing to nearly 20% following launch on the basis of being an alternative
to CII stimulants.
Clonidine and Guanfacine
are also non-stimulants that are alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists and were both initially approved for managing blood pressure. They
have been approved for use in children and adolescents, generally in conjunction with CII stimulants as an add-on therapy. While they
are used in children and adolescents, there is little study of their efficacy and safety in adults. As a monotherapy, they are usually
reserved for children and adolescents who respond poorly after several trials of stimulants and Strattera, have unacceptable side effects
with stimulants or Strattera, or have significant comorbid conditions limiting the treatment options to these products. These two drugs
have not had significant commercial success, with a combined peak market share of about 5%.
Our Solution: Nolazol - Next-Generation ADHD Therapeutic
We believe a large market
opportunity exists for a non-CII stimulant, such as Nolazol, that uses mazindol controlled release as its active ingredient; mazindol
has been classified as a CIV stimulant, due to its low risk of abuse and tolerance.
57
Given its unique binding
profile (specifically, as an OX2R agonist), in addition to its classification as a CIV stimulant, we believe Nolazol could be transformative
for the ADHD treatment landscape. Nolazol is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and also a partial agonist of the OX2R, which we believe
is an important, unique and differentiating factor relative to other ADHD treatments. In our clinical studies conducted to date, Nolazol
has been well-tolerated and there were no treatment-related serious adverse effects or discontinuations. In terms of abuse potential,
Nolazol has an already established low risk of abuse, as previously determined by the DEA when mazindol, its active ingredient, was scheduled
as a CIV substance, underscoring the awareness and agreement that Nolazol has a lower risk of abuse than CII stimulants. In addition,
based on the current DEA classification of mazindol as a CII stimulant, we expect that Nolazol will continue to be without a Black Box
warning in the U.S., which is another important differentiator relative to both CII stimulants and the current non-stimulants in use
today to treat ADHD.
Our Phase 2 trial showed
significant improvement in ADHD symptoms, met all primary and secondary study endpoints and was well-tolerated and with no clinically
significant adverse effects over placebo. In light of its innovative mechanism of action and low potential for abuse, we believe Nolazol,
if approved for marketing, could represent a highly differentiated alternative to the CII treatments in use today to treat ADHD.
Nolazol Clinical Trial Results
Phase 2 Clinical Trial
We completed a Phase 2 clinical
trial in 2017 in the United States, in which Nolazol was well-tolerated and demonstrated statistically significant improvement over placebo.
The clinical trial met the primary and all secondary endpoints and had a robust effect on ADHD symptoms with a large placebo-adjusted
effect size of 1.09 in the investigator-rated ADHD symptom scores. We believe that the magnitude of this effect is comparable to currently
leading CII stimulants and considerably larger than the available non-stimulant treatment options.
The table below summarizes
the results of our Phase 2 clinical trial in adults in terms of adverse events.
58
Our Phase 2 clinical trial
evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Nolazol in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, parallel
trial in 85 adults with a diagnosis of ADHD. Subjects were administered Nolazol or matching placebo once a day for six weeks, dosed flexibly
(between 1mg/day and 3mg/day) during a three-week double-blind optimization period, followed by a three-week double-blind fixed dosing
period. The figure below provides an overview of the study design.
Efficacy Results
The primary efficacy endpoint
was the change from baseline in the total ADHD-RS score at Week 6, as compared to placebo, and measured by the clinician-administered
ADHD Rating Scale with DSM-5 symptoms, or the ADHD-RS-5. ADHD-RS-5 is a standardized, "gold standard endpoint" validated
test for measuring severity of ADHD symptoms and assessing response to treatment. The scale is based on the ADHD diagnostic criteria
as defined in the DSM-5.
The primary endpoint was
met, showing statistically significant improvement versus placebo, in favor of Nolazol. The LS scores from baseline were -18.9 for Nolazol
and -5.7 for placebo, with a LS mean difference between Nolazol and placebo of -13.2 (95% CI, -18.7, -7.6). The results were found to
be consistent across all sensitivity analyses, establishing that the large placebo-adjusted effect size of 1.09 was not biased by any
of the statistical methods used.
59
In addition, Nolazol provided
a significant reduction in ADHD-RS-5 scores starting as early as Week 1, which was also observed throughout the full treatment period.
After six weeks of treatment, patients treated with Nolazol demonstrated more than three times the improvement in the ADHD-RS-5 total
score symptoms as compared to placebo treated patients. The figures below summarize the results of the primary endpoint observed in our
Phase 2 trial.
A p-value is a conventional
statistical method for measuring the statistical significance of experimental results. A p-value of less than 0.05 is generally considered
to represent statistical significance, meaning that there is a less than 5% likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance.
In the figure above and all subsequent figures where p-values are included, a p-value of less than 0.05 is represented by "*."
P-values of less than 0.01 or less than 0.001 are represented by "**" or "***" respectively, and are considered
to have higher statistical significance.
60
Secondary efficacy endpoints
included patient response to treatment, as measured by the reduction of the ADHD-RS-5 score by at least 30% and by at least 50% from
baseline, and as measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement, or CGI-I. The CGI-I is a standardized and validated assessment
used by the clinician to rate the severity of a patient's illness and improvement over time. There was a significant improvement
in ADHD-RS-DSM5 scores by Week 6 for Nolazol compared with the placebo. At Week 6, 70% of the Nolazol-treated patients, compared with
21% of the placebo-treated patients, had at least a 30% reduction in their ADHD-RS-5 score (p < 0.001), and 55% of the Nolazol-treated
patients, compared with 15.8% of the placebo-treated patients, had at least a 50% reduction in their ADHD-RS-5 score (p = 0.002). There
were significantly more "responders," defined as a ≥ 30% reduction from baseline in ADHD-RS-5 scores, present
in those receiving Nolazol compared with placebo at the first assessment point Week 1, and at each subsequent assessment. Furthermore,
there were significantly more "excellent" responders, defined as a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline in ADHD-RS-5
score, compared with placebo present by Week 2 and at each subsequent assessment point. The excellent response by Week 2 was also evident
in the CGI-I analysis, which indicated significantly more CGI-I responders on Nolazol compared with placebo on Week 2 and at each subsequent
visit (p ≤ 0.003). The sensitivity analyses resulted in a similar magnitude of difference between Nolazol and placebo
for all responder definitions. The figure below summarizes the patient responder results.
Safety and Tolerability
Nolazol was well-tolerated
and there were no deaths or serious adverse events reported and no discontinuations in the Nolazol treated group due to adverse events
or lack of efficacy. Adverse events reported were mild to moderate and the more prevalent reported events in the Nolazol treated group,
as compared to placebo, included constipation, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, middle insomnia and heart rate increased. Relative
to placebo, on Week 6, the Nolazol treated group had a minimal increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure, a small increase in
heart rate, and no significant changes in electrocardiography, or ECG, parameters. There were no remarkable findings on physical examination,
hematology, serum chemistry, or urinalysis values from baseline to Week 6 between Nolazol and placebo groups. Mean weight loss of the
Nolazol group was 1.73 kg, compared to a mean weight increase for the placebo group of 1.07 kg.
61
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
We completed a Phase 1 randomized,
open-label, cross-over clinical trial in the United States in 2016, which characterized the pharmacokinetics and evaluated the safety
and tolerability of Nolazol following a single dose in the fasted and fed state in normal healthy adult subjects. Subjects received a
single, fixed dose of Nolazol under fasted conditions in one dosing period and the same single, fixed dose 30 minutes prior to a high-fat
breakfast in another dosing period. Nolazol demonstrated a predictable, dose-dependent, and linear pharmacokinetics profile. This study
is intended to serve as the basis of our Phase 3 clinical trials, if any, by providing a preliminary understanding of the concentration-time
profile of Nolazol under the fed and fasted conditions.
Food administered 30 minutes
after administration of Nolazol resulted in similar exposure and a slightly lower peak concentration compared to administration in the
fasted state, while the time to reach the peak concentration was similar in the fasted and fed states. These results suggest that our
Phase 3 trials will not need to include dosing restrictions in terms of meal timing relative to dose administration, which is an important
feature for increased compliance in ADHD patients. A definitive food-effect study with the final formulation of Nolazol will be conducted
during the Phase 3 program. The figure below shows the pharmacokinetic curve of Nolazol under the fed and fasted conditions utilized
in this clinical trial.
Nolazol was well-tolerated
and there were no deaths, serious adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events. Adverse events were reported in 30% of the Nolazol-treated
subjects and included dizziness and somnolence and there were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values, ECG, blood pressure,
or heart rate.
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Phase 2 Pediatric Clinical Trial
A Phase 2 open-label pilot
study in France was conducted in 2015 by Eric Konofal, one of our founders and Chief Scientific Officer, and others while at AP-HP. This
study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of mazindol in 24 children, aged 9 - 12 years, and diagnosed with ADHD. All enrolled
patents had a low rate of response to methylphenidate, which is a first-line treatment in children with ADHD. All patients received the
same fixed dose of mazindol daily for seven days, followed by a three-week drug-free safety observation period. The mean change from
baseline in the parent rated and clinician rated ADHD-RS-IV total score after 7 days of treatment was -24.1, with >90% improvement
in ADHD symptoms from baseline (p<0.0001), pointing to a viable long-acting treatment option, assuming it is shown to be safe, as
determined by applicable regulatory agencies. Additionally, the mean change in the parent rated and clinician rated ADHD-RS-IV total
score from end of treatment (Week 1) to the final observation visit (Week 4) demonstrated statistical significance (p<0.0001), indicating
significant alteration in the level of symptomology of ADHD after mazindol withdrawal. The figure below summarizes the results of the
primary endpoint.
Mazindol was well tolerated
in children with ADHD. Adverse events included decreased appetite, headache and abdominal pain and there were no clinically significant
changes in laboratory values, ECG, blood pressure, heart rate, or body weight. This clinical trial provided proof-of concept data, potential
benefit, and supported the advancement into a more expansive Phase 2 trial.
63
Phase 3 Development Strategy
Having successfully met both
the primary and secondary endpoints in our initial Phase 2 trial, we may plan to further the development of Nolazol as a back-up candidate
at a later stage to support filing for marketing and commercialization approval initially in adults in the United States, followed by
children and adolescents.
Our first Phase 3 clinical
trial may target to evaluate doses of Nolazol in approximately 260 adults with ADHD, with subjects randomized to receive Nolazol or placebo
for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint being the change from baseline in the ADHD-RS-5 score, which was the primary endpoint in our Phase
2 trial. Our second Phase 3 clinical trial may target to evaluate doses of Nolazol in children and adolescents, with an embedded placebo-controlled
sub-study in a laboratory classroom setting for the children age group. A laboratory classroom study provides a simulation of a real
academic environment, including the potential for interaction and distraction among children, and allows for assessment by trained observers
over the course of a typical extended school day.
Our Research Pipeline
In addition to our product
candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, we have early and mid-stage compounds that we may seek to further develop in the future. We may seek
to develop these other compounds, comprising of NCEs, as well as repurposed compounds, in order to build a pipeline of product candidates
at various stages of development that further complement our rare hypersomnia and complex neurodevelopmental disorder franchises. Additionally,
we intend to continue to invest in our discovery research and development programs, with the goal of adding what we believe to be promising
new compounds and indications to our product candidate development pipeline.
NLS-4
NLS-4 is a next-generation
selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. We believe that NLS-4 is the only wake-promoting compound without any rebound hypersomnia. This
"hypnolytic effect" of NLS-4 is thought to be due to the compound's ability to prevent increased sleep need following sleep
loss as supported by the recently published pre-clinical results. With the promising results from the cutting-edge preclinical fatigue
study in animals, and the apparent absence of CYP450 enzyme induction, NLS-4 appears to have a superior profile compared to the widely
used drug modafinil, and potentially represents an important milestone in the development of this next generation wake-promoting agent.
We recently announced final
results from a preclinical study for NLS-4. The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of NLS-4 in comparison with modafinil.
NLS-4 is designed to be a more potent next generation modafinil that does not induce the hepatic toxicity associated with long-term modafinil
use. In the study's Long-COVID animal model, NLS-4 improved circadian rhythm dysregulation and CFS in subject animals. Based on the results,
we believe that NLS-4 should improve recovery from CFS in humans at a dose that is four times lower than that used for modafinil.
Based on the results, we
believe that NLS-4 offers promise to become a foundational treatment for the chronic fatigue associated with the symptoms of Long-COVID
(also known as Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, or ME/CFS). We intend to advance the clinical development of NLS-4,
as the unmet medical need for improved fatigue treatments is growing with more patients surviving infection with COVID-19 and its variants.
ME/CFS is a debilitating chronic disease with a worldwide prevalence
of 0.3–0.8%  in the human population. Profound mental and physical fatigue and cognitive impairment are amongst the key symptoms
of ME/CFS. ME/CFS is classified by the World Health Organization as a neurological disease. In a recent study published in the journal,
Clinical Infectious Diseases, a team of researchers examined the risk factors and prevalence and impact of Long-COVID, among a representative
sample of adults in the U.S. and reported that close to 19 million U.S. adults suffer from Long-COVID. According to a 2023 study by
Nature
Reviews Microbiology
, at least 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have Long-COVID, with cases increasing daily.
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Additional Pre-Clinical Compounds
NLS-3
NLS-3 (Levophacetoperane SR)
is a repurposed reverse ester of methylphenidate, a well-documented psychostimulant marketed for treatment of ADHD since the end of the
1950s. Animal experiments and tox studies have demonstrated a very satisfactory safety benefit and more recently, using the behavioral
sensitization test in C57BL/6 mice, it has been reported that NLS-3 (3 mg/kg) vs methylphenidate (6 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg)
was not potentially addictive on this contextual sensitization and cross-sensitization to d-amphetamine test pointing-out this stimulant
as less addictive than marketed Scheduled II drugs in ADHD.
NLS-8
NLS-8 (Melafenoxate) is a
melatonin ML1A receptor agonist, improved scopolamine-induced amnesia. In a preclinical study to test the effects of NLS-8 on memory
in a model of Alzheimer's Disease, the scopolamine-induced amnesia in the novel object recognition test in mice. C57BL/6 male mice,
6 groups (N=16 mice/group), were subjected to two 12-min trials, 90-min apart, in the NOR test: a sample (acquisition) trial during which
they were exposed to two identical objects, and a choice (retention) trial during which they were exposed to two different objects presented,
the familiar object (presented at the sample trial), and the novel object. They received 30 min before the sample trial i.p. injections
of vehicle (control group), of scopolamine, of scopolamine + donepezil (1 mg/kg) or of scopolamine + NLS-8 (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg). Scopolamine
was injected at 1.2 mg/kg. The results of this pre-clinical study showed that NLS-8 improved amnesia induced by scopolamine suggesting
that NLS-8 may improve memory and reduce cognitive symptoms of AD. These effects were significant at doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg and was
close to significant at the dose of 100 mg/kg.
NLS-11
NLS-11 (Benedin) (formerly
SCH-5472) is a norepinephrine and dopamine
reuptake inhibitor and muscarinic M1, M2, M3 receptor antagonist. In
a preclinical study, 57BL/6 male mice, 8 groups (N = 16 mice/group), were subjected to the effect of NLS-11 (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg) and compared
to those of vehicle and of donepezil (2 mg/kg). Long-term episodic memory was tested in the NOR test, using a 3-days interval between
the acquisition session (called sample trial) and the retention session (called choice trial). The results of the study showed NLS-11
improved the recognition of the familiar object, i.e. improved memory and suggest that NLS-11 induced a long-term memory improvement
which was significant and of the same extent to that induced by donepezil. At doses tested, NLS-11 did not reduce exploratory behavior,
contrary to donepezil, suggesting that NLS-11 may induce less side effect than donepezil.
NLS-12
NLS-12 (Oxafuramine) is a
norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and muscarinic M4 receptor antagonist, improved long-term episodic memory in
mice. Donepezil was used as positive control drug. A preclinical study was conducted to observe the effects of NLS-12 on the memory in
the novel object recognition test in mice. The dose-ranging study using C57BL/6 male mice: 8 groups (N = 16 mice/group) were subjected
to the effect of NLS-12 (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) and compared to those of vehicle and of donepezil (2 mg/kg). Long-term episodic memory was tested
in the NOR test, using a 3-days interval between the acquisition session (called sample trial) and the retention session (called choice
trial). NLS-12 dose-dependently improved the recognition of the familiar object, i.e. improved memory. This effect was significant at
8 mg/kg and was not significantly different to that of donepezil. The recognition of the familiar object was not modified by NLS-12 (1
mg/kg) and was improved in a non-significant manner by NLS-12 (4 mg/kg). The results of this pre-clinical study suggest that NLS-12 induced
a long-term memory improvement which was significant and of the same extent to that induced by donepezil.
65
License Agreements
Pegasus Advanced Research SAS License Agreement
In February 2015, Pegasus
Advanced Research, then named NeuroLife-Sciences SAS, or Pegasus, a company owned by certain of our founders, who are also shareholders,
including Eric Konofal, Eric-Jean Desbois, Bruno Figadere and our Chief Executive Officer, Alexander Zwyer, or the Pegasus Founders,
entered into a license agreement with AP-HP, or the AP-HP License Agreement, to obtain a worldwide, sub-licensable license, covering
four different compounds, which included the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD, or the Licensed Compounds. As part of the AP-HP
License Agreement, Pegasus was given an option to purchase the Licensed Compounds. In February 2016, after the AP-HP License Agreement
was assigned and transferred to NLS-1, pursuant to an Assignment and Transfer Agreement, or the ATA, NLS-1 purchased the Licensed Compounds
from AP-HP for an aggregate consideration of approximately 2.65 million euros, including reimbursement of certain expenses. On April
1, 2017 and September 20, 2019, the parties entered into subsequent amendments of the ATA, or the First Amendment to the ATA and the
Second Amendment to the ATA, respectively. Under the Second Amendment to the ATA, NLS agreed to pay Pegasus a royalty of 1.8% of annual
net sales (including sublicensee sales) realized upon the commercialization of products developed on the basis of the Licensed Compounds
during the terms of their respective patents; provided, however, that under certain circumstances, the rate of the royalty payment will
decrease. For instance, if a competing generic product using mazindol for the treatment of ADHD were to become available during the term
of the patents covering the Licensed Compounds, there would be no royalties paid to Pegasus.
Exclusive License Agreement with Eurofarma
In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement, which provides Eurofarma with an exclusive, fee-bearing, non-transferrable (i) distribution right to distribute
Nolazol in Latin America and an (ii) exclusive, fee-bearing, non-transferrable license to our patents and trademarks in connection with
the commercialization, if any, of Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement is in effect until the later of either (i) ten years
from the date of its execution, or until February 2029, or (ii) until the expiration of the last valid patent relating to Nolazol, subject
to early termination under certain circumstances.
Pursuant to the terms of
the EF License Agreement, we are responsible for obtaining regulatory approval to market and commercialize Nolazol in the United States
and Eurofarma shall be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval in South America; provided, however, that Eurofarma shall inform
us of any additional information that regulators in Latin America may require in order to seek marketing authorization which otherwise
may not be required by the FDA, or the Supplemental U.S. Data. Although pursuant to the EF License Agreement we will undertake the efforts
to generate the Supplemental U.S. Data, the parties have agreed to share the costs associated with generating such data. Eurofarma will
be responsible for seeking and covering the costs relating to obtaining the required regulatory approvals in Latin America and, once
approved on a country-by-country basis, for commercializing Nolazol in Latin America. Furthermore, the marketing approvals obtained in
Latin America, if any, shall be owned by Eurofarma until the end of the term of the EF License Agreement.
Upon the execution of the
EF License Agreement, Eurofarma paid us $2.5 million. In accordance with the EF License Agreement, we are eligible to receive milestone
payments as well as royalties from Eurofarma, which consist of the following:
Clinical Milestones
Upon successful completion by us of Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of ADHD in adults in the United States
$
500,000
Upon successful completion by us of Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of ADHD in children in the United States
$
500,000
66
Regulatory Milestones
Upon price approval of the licensed product in Brazil by the relevant agency
$
1,000,000
Upon receipt of marketing approval by the relevant agency of the licensed product in any other country in Latin America
$
1,000,000
Sales Milestones (single payments)
Upon reaching annual net sales of $10 million
$
1,000,000
Upon reaching annual net sales of $50 million
$
2,000,000
Upon reaching annual net sales of $75 million
$
4,000,000
Upon reaching annual net sales of $100 million
$
6,000,000
Royalties
Annual net sales in Latin America
Royalties
in percent of
Net Sales
Under $10 million
7
%
$10 million to less than $20 million
8
%
$20 million to less than $30 million
9
%
$30 million and above
10
%
License Agreement with Novartis
On March 10, 2021, we entered
into a License Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG or Novartis, whereby we obtained, on an exclusive basis in the U.S., all of the available
data referred to and included in the original NDA for Sanorex® (mazindol) submitted to the FDA in February 1972. The agreement encompasses
all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability and other chemistry manufacturing and controls
data, formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies
and periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the Agreement, we have obtained the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all
territories outside of the U.S, except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the Sanorex NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies
in the licensed territories. The Agreement includes the right to sublicense or assign the license to third parties, subject to such third
parties meeting certain obligations. As consideration for the license, we agreed to pay Novartis $250,000 upon the signing of the agreement
with milestone payments due as follows: (i) $750,000 payable following the end of a Phase II meeting with the FDA, with the amount to
be reduced to $375,000 if toxicology studies must be repeated; (ii) $2 million following the earlier of FDA marketing authorization of
Quilience or Nolazol; (iii) 1% of any upfront and milestone payments, if any, from any sublicensees and (iv) $3 million as a one-time
payment upon our product candidate reaching $250 million in cumulative sales.
Intellectual Property
We have developed a robust
patent portfolio in the United States, Europe, and other major countries (e.g., Canada, Australia, China, Japan, and Latin America countries).
Our patent portfolio for Quilience and Nolazol currently includes issued patents in the United States and Europe covering the use of
mazindol for treatment of ADHD and patent applications filed in major countries to protect our proprietary controlled release formulation
(Notice of Allowance recently received for Europe and Canada) for treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy. One of our patents in the United
States covering the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD received patent term adjustment, thereby extending the patent term of such
patent to August 2028. Additionally, we received patent approval in Hong Kong covering the use of mazindol for the treatment of ADHD.
This patent is expected to expire no earlier than 2037. We have successfully launched NPP and secured additional patent grants, that
coupled with successfully entering into other expedited development programs, could allow Quilience to reach the market and patients
sooner.
This further supports our global strategy with key patents granted the following major markets: Hong Kong,
Japan, South Korea, the U.S., Europe & Canada.
67
The following table provides
a description of our key patents and patent applications and is not intended to represent an assessment of claims, limitations or scope
of those patents listed. In some cases, a jurisdiction is listed as both pending and granted for a single patent family. This is due
to pending continuation or divisional applications of the granted case.
Patent Name and Application
    Number
Pending
Jurisdictions
Granted/Allowed
Jurisdictions
Expiry
    Date
Type
Mazindol combination in the treatment of ADHD
PCT/EP2007/053512
United States
China
France
United States
Europe
(AT, BE, BG, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IS, IT, NL, PL, PT,
    RO, SE)
Europe (divisional)
(AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, NL, PL, SE)
Canada
Australia
Israel
New Zealand
Morocco
April 11, 2027
(August 22, 2028 for a U.S. patent receiving patent term adjustment of 499 days)
Method of use, composition (EP)
Lauflumide and the enantiomers thereof, method for preparing same
    and therapeutic uses thereof
PCT/EP2012/050881
France
United States
Europe
(BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, NL)
Canada
Israel
January 20, 2032
Method of use (United States), compound
(ex-U.S.)
Phacetoperane for the treatment of ADHD
PCT/FR2012/052749
United States
France
United States
Europe
(AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, NL, PT, TR)
Japan
China
Israel
Canada
November 29, 2032
Method of use
A mazindol ir/sr multilayer tablet and its use for the treatment
    of ADHD*
PCT/IB2017/000352
*includes narcolepsy and IH
United States
Europe
Australia
Brazil
China
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
Hong Kong
United States
Europe
(AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, PL, SE)
Canada
South Korea
Mexico
Japan
March 8, 2037
(July 16, 2037 for a U.S. patent receiving patent term adjustment
    of 130 days)
Formulation
68
Patent Name and Application
    Number
Pending
Jurisdictions
Granted/Allowed
Jurisdictions
Expiry
    Date
Type
Mazindol treatment for heroin dependence and substance use disorder
    PCT/IB2018/001138
United States
Europe
Canada
Brazil
China
Japan
South Korea
Mexico
September 6, 2038
Method of use
Use of iron for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
in children
PCT/FR2004/001351
United States
Europe
(CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, SE)
Canada
June 1, 2024 (December 8, 2029 for a U.S. patent
    receiving patent term adjustment of 2016 days)
Method of use
Oxafuramine, (1R)-N-ethyl-1-[(2R)-oxolan-2-yl]-2-phenylethanamine,
    hydrochloride and derivatives thereof for treating neurodegenerative diseases with Lewy Body Disease and/or Alzheimer's Disease
EP 21305945.4
Europe
Not Applicable
Compound for use
Melafenoxate, 2-(1-adamantylamino)ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)acetate
    and derivatives thereof for treating circadian rhythm sleep disorders with or without neurodegenerative diseases
EP 21305942.1
Europe
Not Applicable
Compound for use
Benedin, Piperidine, 2-benzhydryl-3-hydroxy-N-methyl-, hydrochloride
    and derivatives thereof for treating neurological diseases associated with sleep disorders, Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
    preferably Kleine-Levin Syndrome
EP 21305946.2
Europe
Not Applicable
Compound for use
Lauflumide and derivatives thereof for treating chronic fatigue
    syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
EP 21305944.7
Europe
Not Applicable
Compound for use
69
In addition to our patents
and patent applications, we also rely on unpatented trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain
our competitive position. We seek to protect our ownership of know-how and trade secrets through an active program of legal mechanism
including invention assignments, confidentiality agreements, material transfer agreements, research collaborations and licenses to protect
our product candidates. For a more comprehensive discussion of the risks related to our intellectual property, please see Item 3.D. "Risk
Factors - Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property."
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical
industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies and intense competition. While we believe that our knowledge, experience
and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition from many different sources, including
major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public
and private research institutions, which may in the future develop products to treat those diseases that we currently or, in the future,
seek to treat. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies
that may become available in the future.
Many of our competitors have
far greater marketing and research capabilities than us. All of these companies and institutions may have product candidates in development
that are or may become superior to Quilience and Nolazol. Our commercial opportunity would be reduced significantly if our competitors
develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, more convenient, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than
either or both of Quilience or Nolazol. Public announcements regarding the development of competing drugs could adversely affect the
commercial potential of either or both of Quilience and Nolazol.
Narcolepsy
We face competition from established pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies that currently market products for the treatment of symptoms in narcolepsy. There is no cure and many patients report that their
medicines do not improve their complete range of symptoms. For the treatment of both EDS and cataplexy, we believe that currently our
only competitors are Jazz Pharmaceuticals (sodium oxybate franchise) and Harmony Biosciences (pitolisant). Although only indicated for
EDS, our competitors also include Novartis (Ritalin), Teva (Modafinil/Armodafinil (Provigil/Nuvigil), Jazz Pharmaceuticals (Sunosi, solriamfetol)
as well as amphetamines, such as Adderall and Dexedrine. Other development stage compounds currently under development include FT-218
(Avadel's once-nightly sodium oxybate), TAK-861 (Takeda's full OXR2-agonist), AXS-12 (Axsome, reboxetine) and other early-stage
OX2R agonist (Orexia, Alkermes, Jazz/Sumitomo).
70
The below table highlights
the limitations of certain drug products approved for use in the United States by the FDA for treatment of EDS or cataplexy.
Product
Cataplexy
    Approval
Risk
    of
Abuse
Diversion
Limitations
Amphetamines
(Adderall, Dexedrine)
No
High: CII
●
"Grandfathered"
approval only (pre-1938 indication) for Immediate Release (IR)
●
Tolerance and
    rebound hypersomnolence
●
Short-acting
Methylphenidate
(Ritalin)
No
High: CII
●
"Grandfathered"
approval only (pre-1938 drug) for IR
●
Tolerance and rebound hypersomnolence
●
Short-acting
Solriamfetol
(Sunosi)
No
Low: CIV
●
Efficacy for controlling
    cataplexy not available
●
Risk for drug induced high-blood
    pressure that can go undetected
Modafinil /Armodafinil
(Provigil/Nuvigil)
No
Low: CIV
●
Potential for serious rash,
    including Stevens-Johnson syndrome
●
Substrate, inducer, and
    inhibitor of CYP450 isoenzymes, which significantly increases the risks for drug-drug interactions
●
Cases
of major fetal congenital malformations
Pitolisant
(Wakix,)
Yes
Not determined
●
Pitolisant
may reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives, and so
●
Unclear efficacy; partially failed Phase 3 program
alternative methods of contraception should be utilized
●
Data suggests it's only effective in 1/3 of patients
Sodium oxybate
(Xyrem/Xywav)
Yes
High:
CIII, CI penalties
    for diversion
●
Very short acting; requiring
    two nighttime doses
●
Can take up to 3+ months
    for response
●
Not effective against EDS,
    so used in combination with stimulants or modafinil
●
Known
as the "date rape drug"
●
Because of the risks of
    depression, abuse, and misuse, Xyrem is available only through a restricted distribution program called the Xyrem REMS Program
●
Xyrem
is a CIII controlled substance as sodium salt of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a Schedule I controlled substance. Abuse or misuse of illicit
GHB is associated with CNS adverse reactions (acting as a CNS depressant), including seizures, respiratory depression, decreased consciousness,
coma, and death
●
Potential life-threatening
    adverse effects
71
ADHD
We face competition from
established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market a range of CII stimulants to treat ADHD. Our primary competitors
include Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. (Vyvanse, Adderall and Mydayis), Neos Therapeutics Ltd. (Adzenys XR-ODT and Contempla XR-ODT),
Eli Lilly & Co. (Strattera), Novartis AG (Focalin) and Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson (Concerta).
The below table provides a more in-depth breakdown of Nolazol against certain competing pharmaceutical products, based on the current
scheduling of mazindol by the DEA.
Research and Development Strategy
We are conducting research
and development activities to expand the commercial potential of both Quilience and Nolazol, while continuing to examine the development
of compounds that could serve as effective treatments for other CNS disorders. We sponsor and conduct clinical research activities with
investigators and institutions to measure key clinical outcomes that are necessary in order for us to be able to file an NDA with the
FDA and equivalent filings with other regulatory authorities. Our research and development efforts are focused primarily in the following
areas and serve as a basis for future development, if any, of a more diverse product pipeline, of which certain product candidate leads,
such as NLS-4 are in preclinical development stages. As we navigate the competitive landscape of our industry, while focusing on development
of our product candidates, we also intend to continually pursue out-licensing agreements and asset sale transactions that we believe
will allow us to drive greater value for our shareholders. Key elements of our research and development strategy include the following:
●
Efficiently advance our lead product candidate, Quilience, and follow-on product candidate, Nolazol, through marketing approval.
We plan to first advance the development of Quilience, followed by the development of NLS-4 (follow on). If successful, we plan to initially file for marketing approval in the United States and potentially also in the EU for Quilience and subsequently develop NLS-4 (NCE) for post-COVID chronic fatigue syndrome for global markets.
72
●
Find partners for out-licensing and asset sale agreements.
While we continue with our goal of progressing our product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, on our own into further clinical development
    in order to initiate commercialization of such product candidates, we may seek to enter into transactions to sell or out-license
    Quilience, Nolazol or certain other product candidates or intellectual property that we develop. This strategy allows us to potentially
    create value for our shareholders ahead of our approval timelines.
●
Reduce clinical and regulatory risk, limit development costs,
    and accelerate time to market.
Our product candidates, Quilience and Nolazol, incorporate a known molecule in a proprietary
    CR formulation. The former immediate release formulation of mazindol has a well-established safety record from its long history of
    clinical use across the United States and several countries in Europe and, as a result thereof, a well-characterized safety profile
    that has allowed us to rapidly begin conducting clinical development of Nolazol and to generate supportive phase 2 data in a study
    conducted in 85 patients with ADHD in the United States in May 2017 and complete a Phase 2 study in patients with narcolepsy in the
    United States. We believe that this strategy also allows us to potentially seek FDA approval using the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway
    for both product candidates.
●
Develop products with differentiated pharmacological profiles
.
    We are developing product candidates with dual mechanisms of action. For example, Quilience and Nolazol utilize a dual mechanism
    of action, resulting in a unique pharmacological profile targeting multiple neuronal pathways that are widely thought to be disrupted
    and lead to the disorders targeted by our product candidates. We believe that products with clearly differentiated features, as compared
    to currently available drug therapies, will be attractive to patients and physicians and will provide us with a competitive commercial
    advantage.
●
Maximize the therapeutic potential
    of our existing targets and product candidates.
Given the central physiological roles played by the distinct targets of our
    lead and follow-on product candidates, we believe that there is significant potential for us to address multiple indications and
    our goal is to expand the therapeutic and commercial potential of our existing product candidates to additional indications. For
    example, we plan to explore the development of Quilience for the treatment of IH, another rare CNS disorder for which Quilience may
    receive orphan drug designation.
●
Deploy our value-driven approach to broaden our product portfolio.
Our team has extensive experience in CNS research and a strong record of publication in peer-reviewed journals and we plan
    to develop additional product candidates to treat indications with a high unmet medical need, and may seek to in-license from or
    collaborate with third parties to develop product candidates that we believe are highly differentiated, promising therapeutic candidates
    that address major unmet clinical needs. Our scientifically rigorous approach to evaluating new opportunities includes a robust asset
    evaluation of key factors, including the unmet medical need, biological rationale, safety profile, as determined by applicable regulatory
    agencies, feasibility of clinical development, potential for accelerated development path, regulatory approval, intellectual property
    position, competitive landscape and commercial potential.
73
Manufacturing and Suppliers
We do not own or operate
manufacturing or distribution facilities for the production of our product candidates and we currently rely, and expect to continue to
rely, on third parties for the manufacturing, packaging, labelling and distribution of our product candidates for pre-clinical and clinical
testing, as well as for future commercial manufacturing, if our product candidates receive marketing approval. We require all of our
contract manufacturing organizations to conduct manufacturing activities in compliance with cGMP requirements and although we rely on
manufacturers, we have engaged with consultants with significant technical, manufacturing, analytical, quality, regulatory, including
cGMP, and project management experience to oversee our third-party manufacturers. This approach allows us to maintain a more efficient
infrastructure while enabling us to focus our expertise on developing and commercializing our product candidates. Reliance on third-party
providers may expose us to more risk than if we were to manufacture product candidates ourselves.
In December 2019, we entered
into an agreement with Cambrex High Point for the production of our drug substance, pursuant to which, upon completion of purchase orders,
Cambrex High Point may manufacture mazindol for us. We obtain our supply of the finalized drug product from another third-party manufacturer,
CoreRx, Inc. with whom we signed an agreement in February 2021. We do not currently have any contracts binding us to use supply or production
services provided for under such agreements. We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities
of our product candidates and their component raw materials for use in our internal research efforts and clinical trials and in relation
to any future commercialization of our product candidates. Our third-party manufacturers are responsible for obtaining the raw materials
necessary to manufacture our product candidates, which we believe are readily available from more than one source. Additional third-party
manufacturers are and will be used to formulate, fill, label, package and distribute investigational drug products and eventually our
products, if and when our product candidates receive approval. This approach allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure while
enabling us to focus our expertise on developing and commercializing our product candidates. We believe that our current supplier and
manufacturers have the capacity to support both clinical supply and commercial-scale production, but we do not have any formal agreements
at this time for such supply and production, and we may also elect to enter into agreements with additional or alternative parties in
the future.
Commercialization, Sales and Marketing
Given our stage of development,
we do not currently have an established internal sales, marketing or distribution infrastructure. If our product candidates are approved
for marketing, we intend to commercialize our product candidates either alone or in partnership with others, where appropriate, to maximize
the value of our product candidates. We expect to build our commercial infrastructure using a focused and efficient approach, initially,
establishing market access, sales and marketing capabilities in a targeted manner that is appropriate for the relevant product opportunity.
We believe that this approach will allow us to effectively reach patients and physicians and to maximize the commercial potential of
our product candidates.
In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement with Eurofarma, a Brazilian pharmaceutical company with a presence in 20 Latin American countries, to develop
and commercialize our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries. Eurofarma operates in the areas of medical prescription,
over-the-counter, generic, hospital, bids, oncology, veterinary and services for third parties' segments. In Brazil, their portfolio
is composed of more than 330 brands, with around 1,000 presentations covering 28 medical specialties and 48 therapeutic classes. See
"License Agreements - Exclusive License Agreement with Eurofarma" above for additional information.
74
C. Organizational Structure
We are a Swiss stock corporation
organized under the laws of Switzerland. Our Swiss enterprise identification number is CHE-447.067.367. Our registered and principal
executive offices are located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, our general telephone number is (41) 44 512 21 50
and our internet address is www.nlspharma.com.
In April 2021, we formed
a wholly owned subsidiary, NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation. We did not have any other subsidiaries as of December 31,
2022.
D. Property, Plant and Equipment
Our principal executive office
is located at The Circle 6, Postfach, 8058 Zurich, Switzerland, and consists of approximately 25 square meters (approximately 270 square
feet) of leased office space under an indefinite term lease that may be terminated by either party with six-months prior notice.
We consider that our current
office space is sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business;
provided, however, that we may require additional space and facilities as our business expands.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND
PROSPECTS
The following discussion
and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.
This discussion and other parts of this annual report contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve
risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these
forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" and elsewhere
in this annual report.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical
company focused on the discovery and development of innovative therapies for patients with rare and complex CNS disorders with unmet
medical needs. Our lead compound mazindol, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and partial orexin receptor 2 agonist, in a proprietary
ER formulation, is being developed for the treatment of narcolepsy (lead indication) and ADHD (follow-on indication). We believe that
this dual mechanism of action will also enable Mazindol ER to provide potential therapeutic benefits in other rare and complex CNS disorders.
CNS disorders are a diverse group of conditions that include neurological, psychiatric, and substance use disorders.
Prior to our initial public
offering in the United States, we primarily financed our operations through the proceeds from our private placements of debt and equity
securities, an upfront payment from our collaboration partner and a Swiss Government COVID-19 loan that was repaid in full prior to our
IPO. We have no products approved for commercialization and have never generated any revenue from product sales. Biopharmaceutical product
development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. It may be several years, if ever, before we
complete pivotal clinical studies and have a product candidate approved for commercialization and we begin to generate revenues and royalties
from product sales. We have also incurred significant operating losses. As of December 31, 2022, we have an accumulated deficit of $58.2
million.
75
COVID-19 Business Update
We have implemented a comprehensive
response strategy designed to manage the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our employees, patients and our business. The prolonged nature
of the pandemic is negatively impacting our business in a varied manner due to the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants and other
variants with increased transmissibility, even in some cases in vaccinated people, including limited access to health care provider offices
and institutions and the willingness of patients or parents of patients to seek treatment or change existing treatments. We expect that
our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may continue to be negatively impacted by the pandemic
on a limited basis that may vary depending on the context. However, we have begun to observe, and expect to continue to observe, a gradual
normalization in patient and healthcare provider practices, as providers and patients have adapted their behaviors and procedures to
the evolving circumstances and as COVID-19 vaccines continue to be administered.
Components of Operating Results
Licensing Agreement
In February 2019, we entered
into the EF License Agreement to develop and commercialize our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma.
The EF License Agreement covers the grant of non-transferable licenses, without the right to sublicense, to Eurofarma to develop and
commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement also specifies our obligation to advance development activities with
respect to Nolazol in the United States. A joint steering committee will oversee the development and regulatory activities directed towards
marketing approval, manufacturing and commercialization phases. We believe that our participation in the joint steering committee is
not of material significance to the licenses in the context of the EF License Agreement on the whole and, as such, management has excluded
these activities in the determination of its performance obligation(s) under the EF License Agreement. The EF License Agreement also
provides that the parties shall enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement during the term of the EF License Agreement.
Under the EF License Agreement,
we received a non-refundable, upfront payment, of $2,500,000 in 2019 and are further eligible to receive non-refundable milestone payments
of up to $16,000,000, based on the achievement of milestones related to regulatory filings, regulatory approvals and the commercialization
of Nolazol. The achievement and timing of the milestones depend on the success of development, approval and sales progress, if any, of
Nolazol in the future. In addition, we are also eligible for tiered royalty payments.
Amounts expected to be recognized
as revenues within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as a current portion of deferred revenues in the balance
sheets in our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within
the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred revenues, net of current portion. As of December 31, 2022,
we have long-term deferred revenues of $2,500,000 which will be recognized when the development services of Nolazol are completed and
the product candidate receives applicable regulatory approval in Latin America that allows Eurofarma to commence commercialization of
Nolazol in accordance with the EF License Agreement.
76
Recent Financing Agreements
ATM Sales Agreement
On March 5, 2022, we entered
into an ATM Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Virtu Americas LLC, or Virtu, as sales agent. Of the $3.9 million eligible to
be sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement, as of May 5, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we sold an aggregate of 22,000 common
shares for gross proceeds of approximately $32,000, respectively. On April 13, 2022, we reduced the amount that may be sold pursuant to
the Sales Agreement to $230,000.
Under the Sales Agreement,
common shares will be offered and sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-262489), declared effective
by the SEC on February 11, 2022. In addition, under the Sales Agreement, sales of our common shares may be made by any method permitted
by law deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.
We will pay Virtu a commission
rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of common shares and have agreed to provide Virtu with customary indemnification
and contribution rights. We will also reimburse Virtu for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales Agreement.
We have no obligation to sell any of the common shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend the offering of our common
shares upon notice and subject to other conditions.
Registered Direct Offering
On April 25, 2022, we closed
a registered direct offering with health-care focused institutional investors for the purchase and sale of (i) 3,015,384 common shares,
at a purchase price of $1.04 per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,184,616 common shares, or the April Pre-Funded
Warrants, at a purchase price of $1.04 minus CHF 0.02 per April Pre-Funded Warrant. The April Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price
of CHF 0.02 per share. The Chairman of our board of directors, Ronald Hafner, agreed to purchase 95,984 of the 3,015,384 common shares
in the offering.
In
addition, pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, the investors received unregistered warrants, or Common Warrants, to purchase
up to an aggregate of 3,150,000 common shares at an exercise of $1.04 per share. The Common Warrants will be exercisable six months after
their issuance and will expire five and a half years following their issuance.
Each
April Pre-Funded Warrant is exercisable for one common share at an exercise price of CHF 0.02 per share. The April Pre-Funded Warrants
are immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the April Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full.
We
also entered into an agreement, or the Placement Agent Agreement, with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as sole placement agent, or the
Placement Agent, dated April 13, 2022, pursuant to which the Placement Agent agreed to serve as the placement agent for the Company in
connection with the registered direct offering. The Company paid the Placement Agent (except with respect to the securities to be purchased
by Mr. Hafner) a cash placement fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offering.
Under
the securities purchase agreement the common shares and April Pre-Funded Warrants were issued pursuant to a prospectus supplement, which
was filed with the SEC in connection with a takedown from our shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-262489), which was
declared effective by the SEC on February 11, 2022.
77
Short-Term Loans
On August 19, 2022, we entered
into a short term note agreement, or the Note Agreement, providing for unsecured loans in the aggregate amount of $1,530,000, or the
Loans, to the Company from certain lenders individually, or the Lenders. The aggregate loan amount was transferred to us on August 24,
2022. Mr. Hafner and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, a member of the Company's board of directors, agreed to lend $350,000 and $80,000, respectively,
with respect to the Loans.
Pursuant to the Note Agreement,
the loans provided by the Lenders bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, which must be paid upon conversion or repayment, and were
due to be repaid within 90 days following the execution of the short term note agreement, or November 17, 2022. In addition, the Loans
could be voluntarily converted into common shares of the Company prior to the maturity date at a 20% discount (i) to any subsequent qualified
equity financing round of at least $6 million in the aggregate or (ii) upon a change of control. As described below, the Loans were converted
into common shares in September 2022.
In addition, pursuant to
the Note Agreement, the Lenders received unregistered warrants to purchase common shares of the Company equal to an aggregate of 10%
of the Loan amount of each Lender, divided by $0.4970, which is the Nasdaq Official Closing Price as determined on the closing date of
the offering, or an aggregate of 307,844 common shares of the Company. Such warrants have an exercise price equal to $0.4970 per share
and will expire 24 months following their issuance.
Private Placements
Effective as of September
30, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,194,802 common shares
at a purchase price of $0.77 per share, and (ii) common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,597,401 common shares at an exercise
of $0.70 per share. The common warrants were exercisable immediately and will have a term of 5 years. Mr. Hafner agreed to purchase 324,675
common shares in the offering and our Chief Medical Officer, Dr. George Apostol, agreed to purchase 1,298,701 common shares in the offering.
We
also entered into an agreement, or the Placement Agent Agreement, with Laidlaw & Company (UK) Ltd. as sole placement agent, or the
Laidlaw Placement Agent pursuant to which the Laidlaw Placement Agent agreed to serve as the placement agent for us in connection with
the September 2022 Private Placement. We paid the Laidlaw Placement Agent a cash placement fee equal to 3.5% of the aggregate gross proceeds
received for the securities sold in the September 2022 Private Placement.
At the closing of the offering,
Lenders with an aggregate principal balance of $1.53 million plus all accrued interest, that were issued in August 2022, elected to convert
into 2,516,429 common shares and the holders received the warrants to purchase up to 1,258,215 common shares with an exercise price of
$0.70, that are exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire five years following the date that the warrants are initially
exercisable, and are otherwise substantially similar to the form of the warrants issued in the September 2022 private placement. We obtained
shareholder approval to increase our authorized share capital, which was required to permit the exercise of the warrants issued to the
Lenders. In addition, a portion of the purchasers of the common warrants with the right to purchase up to 1,298,699 common shares agreed
not to exercise their common warrants until such time as we had increased our authorized share capital. In October 2022, we conducted
an extraordinary general meeting wherein our shareholders approved the increase in authorized share capital.
On December 6, 2022, we entered
into a securities purchase agreement, or the December Purchase Agreement, with funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively,
BVF, providing for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,747,126 common shares, par value CHF 0.02 per share, and (ii)
pre-funded warrants to purchase 5,747,127 common shares, or the December Pre-Funded Warrants, at a purchase price of $0.87 per common
share and $0.87 per December Pre-Funded Warrant, for aggregate gross proceeds of $10 million. The first closing of the offering, or the
First Closing, occurred on December 13, 2022. The December Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of CHF 0.02 per share.
78
In
addition, we and BVF agreed that, until the 30
th
day following receipt of the official written minutes from the end of
the Phase 2 meeting to be held by the Company with the FDA, or the Election Deadline, among other closing conditions, BVF shall have
the right to purchase at a second closing, or the Second Closing, up to $20 million in units, or the Units, with each Unit consisting
of one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as well as receive a warrant, or the Additional Warrants,
to purchase up to 150% of the number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second Closing, at a purchase
price of $1.50 per Unit. The Additional Warrants will have a term of five years, will have an exercise price of $2.03 per share and will
be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares due to its beneficial ownership
limitation.
Pursuant to the December Purchase
Agreement, we agreed to grant BVF the right to participate in future offerings of the Company's securities for a period from the
First Closing until the earlier of (i) the 30-month anniversary of the Initial Closing Date or (ii) until such time that BVF retains beneficial
ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares. In addition, we agreed to grant BVF the right to nominate one
member to the Company's
board of directors
and shall continue to recommend to our shareholders
to elect such member for a period from the First Closing until such time that BVF retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the
issued and outstanding common shares. As of May 5, 2023, BVF has not nominated anyone to serve on the Company's
board
of directors
.
On April 27, 2023, we entered into
an agreement with BVF to clarify the change of control provision in their December Pre-Funded Warrant.
Standby Equity Distribution Agreement
On September 27, 2021, we
entered into the SEDA with YA II PN Ltd., or YA. Pursuant to the SEDA, we will be able to sell up to $20,000,000 of our common shares,
or the Shares, at our sole option, any time during the three-year period following the execution date of the SEDA. Pursuant to the terms
of the SEDA, any Shares sold to YA will be priced at 92% of the market price, which is defined as the lowest daily volume weighted average
price of the Shares during the five consecutive trading days commencing on the trading day immediately following our delivery of an advance
notice to YA. Any sale of Shares pursuant to the SEDA is subject to certain limitations, including that YA is not permitted to purchase
any Shares that would result in it owning more than 9.99% of our Shares.
We are not obligated to utilize
any of the $20,000,000 available under the SEDA and there are no minimum commitments or minimum use penalties. The total amount of funds
that ultimately can be raised under the SEDA over the three-year term will depend on the market price for the Shares and the number of
Shares actually sold. The SEDA does not impose any restrictions on our operating activities. During the term of the SEDA, YA, and its
affiliates, are prohibited from engaging in any short selling or hedging transactions related to the Shares.
In addition, we agreed to
sell YA an aggregate of 1,313,232 Shares at a price per share of $1.90, or collectively referred to as the Equity Investment. The Equity
Investment closed in October 2021, following the execution date of the SEDA.
We have also agreed to pay
YA, or its affiliates, a commitment fee, or the Commitment Fee, equal to $400,000, or 2%, of the aggregate amount available to be sold
under the SEDA. We paid half of the Commitment Fee on the execution date of the SEDA, with the remaining half of the Commitment Fee to
be paid within twelve months from the execution date of the SEDA. We may elect, in our sole discretion, to pay the Commitment Fee in
cash or in Shares.
79
Pursuant to the SEDA, we
are required to register the Shares eligible to be sold pursuant to the SEDA, the Shares comprising the Equity Investment and Commitment
Fee Shares, if any, collectively referred to as the Registrable Shares. We filed registration statements with the SEC registering all
of the Registrable Shares, which were declared effective on November 3, 2021 and January 6, 2022.
On December 14, 2021, we
entered into an amendment, or the Amendment, to the SEDA, we executed with YA, on September 27, 2021, pursuant to which we amended the
maximum advance amount that may be sold pursuant to the SEDA. In that regard, pursuant to the Amendment, we may provide YA an advance
notice equal to the lesser of an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the average of the daily value traded of our common shares
during the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date of an advance notice, or (ii) $4,000,000. In addition, the Amendment
permits us to include a minimum acceptable price, in lieu of the Advance Price (as defined in the SEDA), provided, however that such
minimum acceptable price shall not be more than 85% of the volume weighted average price on the last completed trading day prior to the
time of the delivery of an advance notice.
A. Operating Results
Operating Expenses
Our current operating expenses
consist of two components - research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.
Research and Development Expenses, net
Our research and development
expenses are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of costs of third-party clinical consultants who conduct clinical and pre-clinical
trials on our behalf and expenses related to lab supplies, materials and facility costs.
Clinical trial costs are
a major component of research and development expenses. We accrue and expense clinical trial activities performed by third parties based
upon actual work completed in accordance with agreements established with clinical research organizations and clinical sites. We determine
the actual costs through monitoring patient enrollment and discussions with internal personnel and external service providers as to the
progress or stage of completion of trials or services and the agreed-upon fee to be paid for such services.
Our research and development
expenses have materially increased and will continue to increase in the future as we enter into the Phase 2/3 clinical development stage
of our product candidates and initiate a number of new research initiatives that are complementary to our existing and planned research
initiatives and thereby recruit additional research and development employees.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative
expenses include personnel costs, expenses for outside professional services, and all other general and administrative expenses. Personnel
costs consist of salaries, cash bonuses and benefits. Outside professional services consist of legal fees (including intellectual property
and corporate matters), accounting and audit services, IT and other consulting fees.
Finance Expense and Income
Other expenses include exchange
rate differences and financial expenses related to credit card fees.
Interest expense relates
to interest paid for our financing obligations.
80
Taxation
NLS Pharmaceutics is subject
to corporate Swiss federal, cantonal and communal taxation in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland.
We are entitled under Swiss
laws to carry forward any losses incurred for a period of seven years and can offset our losses carried forward against future taxes.
As of December 31, 2022, we had tax loss carryforwards totaling $32.4 million. There is no certainty that we will make sufficient profits
to be able to utilize these tax loss carryforwards in full. As such, we have recorded a 100% valuation on these tax loss carryforwards.
The effective corporate income
tax rate (federal, cantonal and communal) where we are domiciled is currently 10.6%.
Notwithstanding the corporate
income tax, the corporate capital is taxed at a rate of 0.1% (cantonal and communal tax only, as there is no federal tax on capital).
Value Added Tax, or VAT,
is charged on all qualifying goods and services by VAT-registered businesses. An amount of 7.7% of the value of the goods or services
is added to all sales invoices and is payable to the Swiss tax authorities. Similarly, VAT paid on purchase invoices is reclaimable from
the Swiss tax authorities.
Results of Operations
The numbers below have been
derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere herein. The discussion below should be read along with these financial
statements and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to them.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31,
2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021
For the Year Ended
December 31,
2022
2021
Research and development expenses
$
8,976,643
$
5,919,452
General and administrative expenses
6,505,721
5,941,169
Operating loss
(15,482,364
)
(11,860,621
)
Other income (expense), net
10,045
(17,323
)
Interest expense
(95,211
)
(48,100
)
Interest on related party loans
(5,655
)
(20,034
)
Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes
(922,495
)
-
Net loss
$
(16,495,680
)
$
(11,946,078
)
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development
activities are essential to our business and historically represented the majority of our costs incurred. Costs for certain development
activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information
from the clinical sites and our vendors. In addition to these arrangements, we expect that our total future research and development
costs will increase over current levels in line with strategy to progress the development of our product candidates, as well as discovery
and development of new product candidates.
81
The following table summarizes
our research and development expenses during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
For the Year Ended
December 31,
2022
2021
Pre-clinical development
$
443,357
$
285,594
Clinical development
6,824,928
4,176,002
Clinical manufacturing costs
802,052
933,506
License fee with Novartis
-
250,000
Subcontractors
888,661
413,697
Other
17,645
(139,707
)
Total
$
8,976,643
$
5,919,452
Our research and development
expenses totaled $8,976,643 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $3,057,191, or 51.6%, compared to $5,919,452
for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in expenses was attributable to our execution of the Phase 2a and open label expansion
clinical study in narcolepsy as well as the initiation of drug interaction studies for our lead compound.
General and Administrative Expenses
Our general and administrative expenses totaled $6,505,721 for the
year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $564,552, or 9.5%, compared to $5,941,169 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The increase was attributable to payroll costs associated with hiring of additional management and key employees, insurance costs related
to directors and officers insurance coverage for members of our board of directors and senior management, costs of filing and maintenance
of our new and existing patents and costs related to marketing and investor relations activities following our initial public offering
listing on Nasdaq.
Operating Loss
As a result of the foregoing,
our operating loss totaled $15,482,364 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $3,621,743, or 30.5%, compared
to $11,860,621 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists
of exchange rate differences and financial expenses related to our credit card fees. We recognized other income of $10,045 for the year
ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $27,368, or 158.0%, compared to other expense $17,323 for the year ended December
31, 2021. The change is due to the movements in the exchange rates.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists
of interest on notes payable and interest and imputed interest expenses on the convertible notes payable and certain previously outstanding
convertible loans. Interest expense was $95,211, including $67,008 of imputed interest, for the year ended December 31, 2022 representing
an increase of $47,111, or 97.9%, compared to expense of $48,100, including $41,611 of imputed interest, for the year ended December
31, 2021. The increase was due to the short-term note payable and short-term convertible notes payable for the year ended December 31,
2022 partially offset by the repayment of all previous loans and debts in February 2021.
82
Interest on Related Party Loans
Interest on related party
loans was $5,655 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of $14,379, or 71.8%, compared to $20,034 for the year
ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was due to the repayment of related party debts during these time periods.
Loss on Extinguishment of Convertible Notes
The loss on extinguishment
of convertible notes of $922,495 for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a result of the extinguishment of the short-term convertible
notes with an aggregate principal and interest amount of $1,550,121 in exchange for 2,516,428 common shares with a fair value of $0.77
per share and an aggregate fair value of $1937,650 and additional warrants with a fair value of $534,996.
Net Loss
As a result of the foregoing,
our net loss totaled $16,495,680 for the year ended December 31, 2022, representing an increase of $4,549,602, or 38.1%, compared to
$11,946,078 for the year ended December 31, 2021.
For a comparison of the Year
Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020 See our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the
fiscal year ending December 31, 2021.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
During the year December
31, 2022, we funded our operations with $17,804,246 from the sales of our common shares, pre-funded warrants and warrants, net and the
issuance of convertible notes payable. As of December 31, 2022, we had $8,948,400 in cash and cash equivalents.
The table below summarizes
our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
2022
2021
Net cash used in operating activities
$
(13,879,371
)
$
(14,936,044
)
Net cash used in investing activities
-
(39,560
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
$
17,396,669
)
$
20,337,839
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
(100
)
(24,743
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
$
3,517,198
$
5,337,491
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating
activities was $13,879,371 during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with net cash used in operating activities of $14,936,044
for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change in cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to
our reporting a net loss of $15,985,002 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with a net loss of $11,946,078 for the same period
in 2021, driven by (i) a $3,006,123 increase in research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 and (ii) a $922,495
loss on extinguishment of notes payable.
83
Investing Activities
We had no net cash from or
used in investing activities in 2022. Net cash used in investing activities of $39,560 during the year ended December 31, 2021 was related
to furniture and software purchases.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing
activities of $17,396,669 for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisted of $16,547,137 of net proceeds from the issuance of common
stock, pre-funded warrants and warrants, $1,530,000 in proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes payable and $23,692 from the exercise
of pre-funded warrants offset in part, by payments on the note payable of $704,160.
Net cash provided by financing
activities of $20,337,839 in the year ended December 31, 2021, consisted of $17,744,207 of net proceeds from the completion of the initial
public offering, including common shares and warrants, $1,149,550 from warrant exercises, $3,548,582 in net proceeds from transactions
under the SEDA agreement and $108,610 in proceeds on the bridge loan. These proceeds were offset, in part, by payments in full on the
Swiss government COVID-19 loan, the Second Credit Facility (as defined below), the convertible loans, the bridge loan and shareholder
loans for a total of $2,213,110.
On February 2, 2021, we completed
the closing of our initial public offering of 4,819,277 units at a price of $4.15 per unit. Each unit consisted of one common share and
one Warrant to purchase one common share. The common shares and Warrants were immediately separable from the units and were issued separately.
The common shares and Warrants began trading on Nasdaq on January 29, 2021 under the symbols "NLSP" and "NLSPW,"
respectively. We received net proceeds of $17 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering
expenses. The Warrants are exercisable immediately, expire five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $4.15 per
share. In addition, we granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 722,891 common shares and/or Warrants
to purchase 722,891 common shares, of which the underwriters exercised the option to purchase Warrants to purchase up to 722,891 shares
of common shares. We used the net proceeds from our initial public offering to repay all of our then outstanding loans and notes in full,
including accrued interest.
See "—Recent
Financing Transactions" above for descriptions of our additional financing transactions in 2022 and 2021.
Current Outlook
During 2022, we have financed
our operations primarily through proceeds from sales of our common shares, warrants, the exercise of warrants and the issuance of convertible
notes. We have incurred losses and generated negative cash flows from operations since inception in 2015. To date we have not generated
revenues, and we do not expect to generate any significant revenue from the sale of our product candidates in the near future.
We expect to generate losses
for the foreseeable future, and these losses could increase as we continue product development until we successfully achieve regulatory
approvals for our product candidates and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all the risks pertinent to the
development of new products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors
that may harm our business. We expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company and we anticipate that
we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we need to raise additional capital to fund
our operations and complete our ongoing and planned clinical studies, funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.
84
As of December 31, 2022, our
cash and cash equivalents were $8.9 million. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our projected
operating requirements for a period of at least one year from the issuance of the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual
report
. Additionally,
our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may
currently be unknown to us including:
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure
About Market Risk
We are exposed to market
risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse
changes in financial market prices and rates. Our current investment policy is to invest available cash in bank deposits with banks that
have a credit rating of at least A-. Accordingly, a substantial majority of our cash and cash equivalents is held in deposits that bear
interest. Given the current low rates of interest we receive, we will not be adversely affected if such rates are reduced. Our market
risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our results of operations
and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As discussed above, the vast majority of
our liquid assets is held in U.S. dollars, and a certain portion of our expenses are denominated in CHF or EUR. For instance, during
the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 25% of our expenses were denominated in CHF and 5% in EUR. Changes of 5% and 10% in the
U.S. dollar/CHF exchange rate would have increased/decreased our operating expenses by 1% and 3%, respectively. However, these historical
figures may not be indicative of future exposure, as we expect that the percentage of our CHF denominated expenses will materially decrease
in the near future, therefore reducing our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.
We do not hedge our foreign
currency exchange risk. In the future, we may enter into formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure
from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us
from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.
JOBS Act Accounting Election
Under the JOBS Act, an EGC
can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards
apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards,
and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as public companies that are not EGCs.
Option Plan
On December 14, 2021, the
board of directors, adopted the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021, or the Option Plan. The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract
and motivate management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The board
of directors allocated fifteen percent (15%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan.
C
.
Research and development, patents
and licenses, etc.
For a description of our
research and development programs and the amounts that we have incurred over the last two years pursuant to those programs, please see
"Item 5.A. Operating Results - Operating Expenses - Research and Development Expenses, net" and "Item 5.A. Results
of Operations - Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022, to the year ended December 31, 2021- Research and Development Expenses,
net."
85
D. Trend information
We are not aware of any material
recent trends besides those discussed elsewhere in this annual report.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our management's discussion
and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make judgments
and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the
date of the financial statements, as well as the expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical
experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for
making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results
may differ from these judgments and estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material. We
believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies
relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The EF License Agreement
provides for the development and commercialization of our product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma. The
EF License Agreement is within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 606, "Revenue from Contract with Customers,"
or ASC 606.
Under ASC 606, an entity
recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which
the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized
for arrangements determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised
goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including
whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable
consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we
satisfy each performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect
consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.
As of December 31, 2022,
we have not recognized any revenue from the EF License Agreement as the upfront payment we received has been deferred. We have allocated
the transaction price entirely to the single License Performance Obligation and recorded the $2,500,000 as deferred revenue that is expected
to be recognized upon Brazilian or other Latin American market approval or, in the event marketing approval in the United States and/or
Latin America is not achieved, whether by failure in clinical development or otherwise, when the Company's performance obligations
are contractually complete or the EF License Agreement is terminated.
Pension Obligations
We have a single insurance
collective pension plan that is fully insured and operated by an insurance company which covers the employees. Both we and the participants
provide monthly contributions to the pension plan that are based on the covered salary. A portion of the pension contribution is credited
to employees' savings accounts which earns interest at the rate provided in the plan. The pension plan provides for retirement
benefits as well as benefits on long-term disability and death. The pension plan qualifies as a defined benefit plan in accordance with
U.S. GAAP. As such, the cost of the defined pension arrangement is determined based on actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation assumes
the estimation of discount rates, estimated returns on assets, future salary increases, mortality figures and future pension increases.
Because of the long-term nature of these pension plans, the valuation of these is subject to uncertainties.
86
Income Taxation
We incur tax loss carryforwards
generating deferred tax assets against which a valuation allowance is recorded when it is not more likely than not that the tax benefit
can be realized. Judgment is required in determining the use of tax loss carryforwards. Management's current judgment is that it
is not more likely than not that the tax benefits can be realized and a full valuation allowance is therefore recognized.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A
.
Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets
forth information regarding our directors and senior management and directors as of May 5, 2023:
Name
Age
Position
Initial Year of
Appointment
Directors
Ronald Hafner
(1)(3)
59
Chairman and Director
2015
Alexander Zwyer
54
Chief Executive Officer and Director
2015
Myoung-Ok Kwon
(1)(2)(3)
52
Director
2021
Stig Løkke Pedersen
(2)(3)
61
Director
2021
Gian-Marco Rinaldi
(2)
54
Director
2021
Senior Management
Alexander Zwyer
54
Chief Executive Officer
2015
Chad Hellmann
53
Chief Financial  Officer
2022
George Apostol
50
Chief Medical Officer
2022
(1)
Member of Compensation, Nomination & Governance Committee
(2)
Member of the Audit Committee
(3)
Independent Director (as defined under Nasdaq rules)
In general, members of our
board of directors are elected by our shareholders and elected to serve for a one-year period.
87
Ronald Hafner, Chairman of the Board of Directors
Ronald Hafner
has
been a member of our board of directors and served as Chairman of the board of directors since August 2015. Mr. Hafner has been a partner
at Deloitte Consulting AG since January 2016 and since 2018 he has served as the chairman of Magnetic Rock, a private investment company.
From 2015 to 2016, Mr. Hafner served as an independent director of the Pingar Group Ltd., a private company developing artificial intelligence
software solutions. Prior to serving in these capacities, Mr. Hafner served as the Chief Executive Officer of Infosys Consulting AG.
Prior to Lodestone Management Consultants AG's acquisition by Infosys Ltd. in 2012, Mr. Hafner was Chief Executive Officer and
partner of Lodestone Management Consultants AG, where he was responsible for the company's global operations since founding the
business in 2005. Mr. Hafner has an M.B.A. and master's degree in economics from the University of Basel/Switzerland.
Alexander Zwyer, Chief Executive Officer and
Director
Alexander Zwyer
has
served as our Chief Executive Officer and as a Director since our incorporation in August 2015. Mr. Zwyer has over 25 years of international
business experience. In 2007, prior to, and until founding NLS in 2015, Mr. Zwyer founded a start-up in the high-end luxury food sector
and served as its chief executive officer until 2015 when he successfully sold the company. From 1991 and until 2007, Mr. Zwyer served
in various positions with Viforpharma AG (SWX: VIFN) (then known as Vifor (International) Inc.), most notably serving as Executive Vice
President (chief operating officer), leading the company's global regulatory affairs, medical affairs, sales and marketing as well
as business development teams. Mr. Zwyer speaks seven languages fluently. Mr. Zwyer holds a B.B.A. in business administration from Oekral,
Zurich, Switzerland and an executive M.B.A. from GSBA/Lorange Institute of Business, Zurich, Switzerland and an M.B.A. from University
at Albany SUNY.
Myoung-Ok Kwon, Director
Myoung-Ok Kwon, Ph.D.
became a member of our board of directors in January 2021. Ms. Kwon has 16 years of experience in the healthcare venture capital
and public investments and pharma research fields. Ms. Kwon is Head of Healthcare Investment at PMG Investment Solutions AG, or PMG,
and Asset Manager of the PMG Global Biotech Fund. From 2004 to 2007, Ms. Kwon worked at Novartis AG as a Senior Research Planner and
Scientific Assistant to the Head of Corporate Research. After leaving Novartis AG in 2007, she joined the Zurich-based venture capital
fund Nextech Invest as Managing Partner. She led the investment team from 2007-2012 and made 10 biotech investments in the United States
and Europe. Her board of directors and observer representation included Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: SNSS) (USA) (as an observer)
from 2009 to 2012, MacroGenics Inc. (USA) (as an observer) From 2008 to 2012, TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: MGNX) (USA) from
2011 to 2012, Telormedix SA (Switzerland) (as an observer) from 2008 to 2012, ImVisioN Therapeutics AG (Germany) from 2007 to 2012. She
has been a venture partner of Arcus Ventures, a New York-based venture capital fund, since 2014. She is also the founder of Julier Partners,
a healthcare consulting firm active since 2013 and built up the Biotech Core Value Fund, a Liechtenstein-based fund, as an investment
advisor from 2014-2019. She holds a Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular genetics from the University of Basel and the Friedrich Miescher
Institute, which is part of the Novartis Research Foundation.
Stig Løkke Pedersen, Director
Stig Lokke Pedersen
became
a member of our board of directors in January 2021. Mr. Pedersen has over 35 years of business experience, having held numerous executive
positions and board positions over such period of time. Since 2012, Mr. Pedersen has been a member of the investment board in the Danish
private equity fund Catacap A/S and from 2001 to 2011, Mr. Pedersen served as a member of the executive management team at H. Lundbeck
A/S (Denmark) (Nasdaq Copenhagen: LUN), one of Denmark's largest public companies and a prominent, global CNS specialist pharmaceutical
company. During his time as Chief Commercial Officer at H. Lundbeck A/S (Denmark), Mr. Pedersen was responsible for all business activities
in the group, including operations in more than 60 countries worldwide, a turnover of $3 billion and around 4,500 employees. In addition,
Mr. Pedersen has served on numerous boards since 1992, including Chairman of the board of directors of Nuevolution AB (Nasdaq Sweden:
NUE) from 2001 to 2019 and Chairman of the board of directors of ChemoMetec A/S (Nasdaq Copenhagen: CHEMM) from 2009 to 2013. In addition,
Mr. Pedersen currently sits on the board of directors of nine other companies, including the life science companies Stemform A/S, SSI
Diagnostika A/S, TAP A/S, Moksha8 Ltd., Union Therapeutics A/S and Index Pharmaceuticals AB. Mr. Pedersen earned his MSc. (Econ.) from
Aalborg University in Denmark.
88
Gian-Marco Rinaldi, Director
Gian-Marco Rinaldi
has
served as a Director since June 2021. Mr. Rinaldi has over 25 years of international business experience. Since 2009, Mr. Rinaldi worked
at Equity Partner Finad AG, Multi Family Office as an Advisor on financial matters with focus on Private Equity. From 2007 and until
2009, Mr. Rinaldi served in various positions with Clariden Leu, as a Managing Director. From 1995 and until 2000, Mr. Rinaldi served
as Manager distressed assets in Corporate Banking for UBS. Mr. Rinaldi speaks three languages fluently. Mr. Rinaldi holds a Master of
Advanced Studies at University of Applied Sciences Nordwestschweiz, Switzerland and a Master in law at University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Chad Hellmann, Chief Financial Officer
Chad Hellmann
has
served as Chief Financial Officer and co-portfolio manager at Arcus Ventures since 2014. He also maintains an advisory role at Rosebank
Capital Partners, where he co-created the investment strategy for the long/short fund, which incorporates a liquid private equity approach
for micro and small cap public companies in the biotech and cleantech sectors. From 2004 through 2011, Mr. Hellmann served as Chief Financial
Officer of Cat Trail Management, or CTM, a single-family office and partner in Cat Trail Capital, or CTC, a private equity fund focused
on technology, biotech and cleantech companies both in the private and public markets. While at CTM, he led the firm's private equity
fund investing in both debt and equity instruments, where he managed several investments through the bankruptcy process both as a senior
secured and subordinated unsecured lender. Additionally, in this role, Mr. Hellmann acquired assets in the Chapter 7 process. Prior to
CTC, he founded Bison Ventures, an early-stage venture capital fund focused on investing in media and technology companies. Over the past
15 years, Mr. Hellmann has served on several boards of directors including ET Water, Inc., NuVision, Inc. (Chairman), Vertebron Inc. and
Yachtstore Ltd
.
Mr. Hellmann resigned as Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023.
Dr. George Apostol, Chief Medical Officer
and Global Head of Research and Development
Dr. George Apostol
was appointed the Chief Medical Officer and Global Head of Research and Development in September 2022. From 2020 to 2022, Dr. Apostol
was the Executive Vice President, Head of Global Research and Development of Endo International plc where he led the transformation of
the research and development, or R&D, organization from a generic-focused group into a dynamic specialty-pharmaceutical R&D organization.
From 2020 to 2015, Dr. Apostol, was the Vice President of Global Development of Shire Inc. Dr. Apostol attended Carol Davila Medical
School in Bucharest, Romania where he earned his M.D. degree, and the University of Minnesota, where he earned a Master of Science in
Clinical Research. Following the end of his graduate studies, Dr. Apostol attended a post-doctorate drug development program at Eli Lilly
& Co. in Indianapolis, Indiana. Subsequently, Dr. Apostol attained broad drug development expertise across early, middle and late
phases while working in the global R&D as Global Head of R&D at Endo International plc from May 202 to January 2022; Vice President,
Global Development at Shire from May 2015 to May 2020; Franchise Medical Head, Neuroscience-Europe from January 2014 to May 2015; Global
Program Medical Director, Neuroscience from July 2009 to February 2014 during his tenure at Novartis; and Senior Medical Director, Global
Pharmaceutical R&D from September 2005 to June 2009 at Abbott Laboratories.
89
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships
among any of our senior management and our directors.
Arrangements for Election of Directors
and Members of Senior Management
There are no arrangements
or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our senior management or our directors
were selected.
B
.
Compensation
Compensation
The following table
presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to all of our directors and senior management as a group for the year ended
December 31, 2022. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing
us with services during this period. For the year 2022, pursuant to Swiss law, we are required to provide the compensation report
detailing the compensation (i) in a total amount our members of the board of directors (stating the name and function of the member
concerned) and (ii) in a total amount and the highest amount attributable to the senior management (stating the name and function of
the member concerned) to the general meeting of shareholders.
All amounts reported in the
table below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Salary,
Bonuses
and
Related
Benefits
Pension,
Retirement
and Other
Similar
Benefits
Share
Based
Compensation
All directors and
    senior management as a group, consisting of 8 persons
$
1,928,162
$
164,377
$
22,730
In accordance with Swiss law, we are required to disclose the compensation
granted to the board of directors and the senior management as follows: the total amount for the board of directors and the amount attributable
to each member of the board of directors, stating the name and function of the member concerned, as well as the total amount for the senior
management and the highest amount attributable to a member of the senior management, stating the name and function of the member concerned.
The table below reflects the compensation granted during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022.
90
All amounts reported in the
table below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Salary,
Bonuses
and
Related
Benefits
Pension,
Retirement
and Other
Similar
Benefits
Share Based
Compensation
Ronald Hafner
$
34
$
2
$
-
Alexander Zwyer
$
977
$
89
$
-
Myoung-Ok Kwon
$
28
$
2
$
-
Stig Løkke Pedersen
$
28
$
2
$
-
Chad Hellmann
(1)
$
126
$
-
$
-
George Apostol
$
137
$
17
$
Gian-Marco Rinaldi
$
14
$
1
$
-
(1)
Resigned as Chief Financial Officer on May 1, 2023.
Employment Agreements with Senior Management
We have entered into written employment agreements with our Chief Executive
Officer and Chief Medical Officer, currently our only members of senior management. Our other members of the management team are not engaged
as full-time employees as of December 31, 2022. We have entered into consulting or employment agreements with our other management and
employees. All of these agreements contained provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions.
However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law and, our assignment of inventions agreements
with our senior management contain terms and conditions customary under Swiss law. In addition, our senior management are subject to our
directors' and officers' liability insurance policy, which we obtained prior to the initial public offering. Members of our
senior management are eligible for bonuses each year. The bonuses will be payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set annually
by our board of directors and compensation and governance committee, and, in certain circumstances, upon approval by our shareholders.
C. Board Practices
Board of Directors
Our board of directors is
composed of five directors. Each director is elected for a one-year term. Messrs. Hafner and Zwyer were reappointed at the annual shareholders'
meeting held on May 31, 2022 to serve until the 2023 shareholders' meeting to be held in June 2023.
On May 3, 2023, our board of directors resolved to consider increasing
the size of the board of directors by two seats and seek U.S. based, industry experts as candidates to potentially serve as independent
directors at our next annual general shareholders meeting. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in finding candidates that
meet these requirements or that our shareholders will approve their election to our board of directors.
Swiss law requires that any listed company exceeding two of the three
thresholds specified in art. 727 para.1 no. 2 of the Swiss Code of Obligations, or the CO in two successive financial years shall have
each gender represented by at least 30% on the board of directors and 20% on the senior management team. If a company fails to comply,
it must be disclosed in a statutory remuneration report, including an explanation and a designation of measures to be taken to reconcile
the failed compliance. For our board of directors, this rule will apply, subject to meeting the thresholds required under the CO, from
the business year 2026, whereas for the senior management team from the business year 2031. The triggering thresholds are (i) a balance
sheet total of 20 million CHF, (ii) sales revenue of 40 million CHF and (iii) an average of 250 full-time employees per year.
91
Director Independence
Our board has reviewed the
independence of our directors, applying the Nasdaq independence standards. Based on this review, the board determined that each of Ronald
Hafner, Myoung Ok-Kwon, Stig Lokke Pedersen and Gian-Marco Rinaldi are "independent" within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules.
In making this determination, our board considered the relationships that each of these non-employee directors has with us and all other
facts and circumstances our board deemed relevant in determining their independence. As required under applicable Nasdaq rules, our independent
directors meet on a regular basis as often as necessary to fulfill their responsibilities, including at least annually in executive session
without the presence of non-independent directors and senior management.
Committees of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors has
established two standing committees, the audit committee, and the compensation, nomination and governance committee.
Audit Committee
Under Nasdaq rules, we are
required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three members, all of whom are independent and are financially literate
and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise. We have complied with this requirement in accordance with Nasdaq
Listing Rule 5615(b)(1).
Our audit committee currently
consists of Myoung-Ok Kwon, Stig Løkke Pedersen and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, each of whom meets the requirements for financial literacy
under Nasdaq rules. Ms. Kwon serves as chairperson of the audit committee and our board of directors has determined that Ms. Kwon is
an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by
the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
The audit committee is governed
by a charter that complies with Nasdaq rules. The audit committee has the responsibility to, among other things:
●
consider and make recommendations to the board of directors on our
    financial statements, review and discuss the financial statements with the senior management and the company's external
    independent auditor and present its recommendations with respect to the financial statements to the board of directors prior to the
    approval of the financial statements at the general shareholders' meeting;
●
oversee our independent auditor and engage and determine compensation
    or termination of engagement of our auditor;
●
determine and pre-approve the terms of certain audit and non-audit
    services provided by our auditor;
●
review and monitor, if applicable, legal matters with significant impact
    and findings of regulatory authorities, receive reports regarding irregularities and legal compliance, and make recommendations to
    our board of directors if so required, and oversee our policies and procedures regarding compliance to applicable financial and accounting
    related standards, rules and regulations; and
●
review and assess the independent auditor's report, management
    letters and take notice of all comments of the independent auditor on accounting procedures and systems of control and review the
    independent auditor's reports with senior management.
92
Compensation, Nomination and Governance
Committee
The members of our compensation,
nomination and governance committee are currently Ronald Hafner and Myoung-Ok Kwon with Ronald Hafner serving as chairperson. The compensation,
nomination and governance committee assists our board of directors in overseeing our cash compensation and equity award recommendations
for our senior management along with the rationale for such recommendations, as well as summary information regarding the aggregate compensation
provided to our senior management. Swiss law requires that we adopt a compensation committee, so in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule
5615(a)(3), we follow home country requirements with respect to the compensation committee. In accordance with the Revision, the compensation
of our board of directors and senior management must be presented by the board of directors to our shareholders and our shareholders
must vote on the proposed compensation. In addition, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3), we follow home country requirements
with respect to the nomination and governance committee. With respect to the nomination of persons to our board of directors, our home
country rules do not require us to authorize a committee of our independent directors or alternatively hold a vote consisting of solely
our independent directors in order to determine which persons shall be nominated for election by our shareholders.
As a result, our practice
varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(d) and 5605(e) which set forth certain requirements as to the responsibilities,
composition and independence of compensation committees and the nomination of directors for election by shareholders, respectively. See
"-Differences between Swiss Laws and Nasdaq Requirements."
The members of the compensation,
nomination and governance committee are elected annually by the shareholders' meeting for a period until the completion of the
next annual shareholders' meeting and are eligible for re-election. Each member of the compensation, nomination and governance
committee is elected individually. If there are vacancies on the compensation, nomination and governance committee and the number of
members falls below the minimum of two, the board of directors shall appoint the missing member from among its members for the remaining
term of office.
D. Employees.
As of May 5, 2023, we have two senior management members who are our
only full-time employees. None of our employees is represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe
that we maintain good relations with our employees.
All of our employment and
consulting agreements will include employees' and consultants' undertakings with respect to non-competition and assignment
to us of intellectual property rights developed in the course of employment and confidentiality.
E. Share Ownership.
Option Plan
On December 14, 2021, the
board of directors, adopted the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021. The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract and motivate
management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The board of directors
allocated fifteen percent (15%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan. For more information,
see "Item 7.A. Major Shareholders" below.
93
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY
TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth
information regarding beneficial ownership of our common shares as of May 5, 2023 by:
●
each person, or group of affiliated persons, known to us to be the
    beneficial owner of more than 5% of our voting securities.
●
each of our directors and senior management; and
●
all of our directors and senior management as a group.
Except as indicated in footnotes
to this table, we believe that the shareholder named in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown
to be beneficially owned by it, based on information provided to us by such shareholder. The shareholder listed below does not have any
different voting rights from any of our other shareholders.
No. of Shares
Beneficially
Owned (1)
Percentage
Owned (1)
Holders of more than 5% of our voting securities:
Magnetic Rock Investment AG
(2)
2,845,000
8.7
%
BVF Partners L.P.
(3)
6,859,146
21.1
%
Felix Grisard
(4)
3,242,889
9.9
%
Ronald Hafner*
2,399,491
7.3
%
Directors and senior management who are not 5% holders:
Alexander Zwyer*
1,426,066
4.3
%
Myoung-Ok Kwon, Ph.D.*
24,581
**
Stig Løkke Pedersen*
24,581
**
Chad Hellmann
31,250
**
Gian-Marco Rinaldi*
162,259
George Apostol
1,298,701
All directors and senior management as a group (7 persons)
5,366,929
16.5
%
*
Indicates director of the Company.
**
Less than 1%.
(1)
Beneficial ownership is determined in
accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person, even
if not the record owner, has or shares the underlying benefits of ownership. These benefits include the power to direct the voting or
the disposition of the securities or to receive the economic benefit of ownership of the securities. A person also is considered to be
the "beneficial owner" of securities that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days by option or other agreement.
Beneficial owners include persons who hold their securities through one or more trustees, brokers, agents, legal representatives or other
intermediaries, or through companies in which they have a "controlling interest," which means the direct or indirect power
to direct the management and policies of the entity. The percentages shown are based on 32,428,893, common shares issued and outstanding
as of May 5, 2023.
(2)
Magnetic Rock Investment AG is a private
company owned in equal part by each of the Shareholders, Messrs. Bauer, Stein and Ödman. Ronald Hafner serves on the board of directors.
(3)
Includes pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 1,112,020 common shares
and excludes additional pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 4,635,107 common shares which are subject to a beneficial ownership blocker.
Based solely on the Form 13G filed on December 16, 2022, with respect to securities jointly held by Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology
Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV LLC, each with a principal address of 44 Montgomery Street,
40
th
Floor, San Francisco, California 94104
(4)
Based solely on the Schedule 13G filed
with the SEC on February 24, 2023.
94
Significant Changes in Ownership by Major
Shareholders
During the past three years,
there have been decreases in their relative percentage of ownership of our major shareholders as a result of our initial public offering
and other equity issuances and an addition of a major shareholder due to an investment made in the Company during 2022.
Record Holders
As of the date of this
annual report, there was a total of 25 holders of record of our common shares, of which at least six (6) has, to the best of our knowledge,
a registered address in the United States.
We are not controlled by
another corporation, by any foreign government or by any natural or legal persons except as set forth herein, and there are no arrangements
known to us which would result in a change in control of the Company at a subsequent date.
B. Related Party Transactions
Employment Agreements
We have entered into written
employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Medical Officer. Our other members of management are not engaged as full-time
employees as of December 31, 2022.
All employment agreements
that we enter into contain provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However,
the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law and, our assignment of inventions agreements
with our senior management will contain terms and conditions customary under Swiss law. In addition, our senior management are subject
to our directors and officers insurance policy. Members of our senior management are eligible for bonuses each year. The bonuses will
be payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set annually by the board of directors and compensation, nomination and governance
committee, and, in certain circumstances, upon approval by our shareholders.
Alexander Zwyer Employment Agreement
On April 9, 2021, we entered
into a new employment agreement with Mr. Zwyer, effective as of May 1, 2021, relating to his service as our Chief Executive Officer.
Pursuant to his employment agreement, we have agreed to pay Mr. Zwyer a base annual salary of CHF 410,400, and a bonus payment of up
to CHF 200,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement also provides that either party may terminate
the employment agreement with 12 months' prior notice, and that Mr. Zwyer will be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation
clauses. The employment agreement also provides for standard confidentiality provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
George Apostol Employment Agreement
On September 7, 2022, we entered
into a new employment agreement with Mr. Apostol, effective as of September 7, 2022, relating to his service as our Chief Medical Officer
and Global Head of Research and Development. Pursuant to his employment agreement, we have agreed to pay Mr. Apostol a base annual salary
of CHF 340,000, and a bonus payment of up to CHF 68,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement
also provides that either party may terminate the employment agreement with six months' prior notice, and that Mr. Apostol will
be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation clauses. The employment agreement also provides for standard confidentiality
provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
95
Silvia Panigone Employment Agreement
On September 5, 2022, Ms.
Panigone, agreed to leave her position as Chief Operating Officer effective, November 30, 2022. Dr. Panigone's resignation was
not as a result of any disagreement between Ms. Panigone and the Company, or any matter related to the Company's operations, policies
or practices. Previously, on April 9, 2021, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Panigone, effective as of May 1, 2021, relating
to her service as our Chief Operating Officer. Pursuant to her employment agreement, we agreed to pay Ms. Panigone a base annual salary
of CHF 270,000, and a bonus payment of up to CHF 95,000, subject to the discretion of the board of directors. The employment agreement
also provided that either party may terminate the employment agreement with 6 months' prior notice, and that Ms. Panigone will
be subject to a 12-month non-competition and non-solicitation clauses. The employment agreement also provided for standard confidentiality
provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. Ms. Panigone resigned August 31, 2022 with a final termination date of November
8, 2022. As part of the termination agreement Ms. Panigone executed with the Company, 50,000 options were immediately vested and Ms.
Panigone is entitled to a final severance payment in the amount of CHF 90,000 during the first half of 2023.
Subhasis Roy Consulting Agreement
On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy
resigned as the Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Roy's resignation was not as a result of any disagreement between Mr. Roy
and the Company or any matter related to the Company's operations, policies or practices. Mr. Roy continued to provide transition
services through June 30, 2022. Previously in March 2021, we entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Roy pursuant to which we agreed
to pay Mr. Roy a daily rate of CHF 2,000 for his services. The consulting agreement could be terminated by either party upon 30 days'
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Roy that could not be cured. The consulting agreement contained
customary confidentiality provisions and provided for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. We entered into a new consulting agreement
starting June 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Roy's engagement with the Company. On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy resigned as the Company's
Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Roy continued to provide transition services to the Company through June 30, 2022. Mr. Roy's
resignation was not as a result of any disagreement between Mr. Roy and the Company, or any matter related to the Company's
operations, policies or practices.
Eric Konofal Consulting Agreement
In February 2021, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Eric Konofal, our current Chief Scientific Officer, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Konofal
a daily rate of CHF 2,000 for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days' written notice
or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Konofal that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary
confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. We entered
into a new consulting agreement starting July 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Konofal's engagement with the Company in his current
role.
Carlos Camozzi Consulting Agreement
In March 2021, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Carlos Camozzi, our current Interim Medical Director, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Camozzi
an hourly rate of CHF 230 plus 7.7% VAT for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days'
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Camozzi that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
On September 8, 2022, Mr. Camozzi resigned as our Interim Medical Director. Mr. Camozzi's resignation was not a result of any disagreement
between us and Mr. Camozzi, or any matter related to our operations, policies or practices.
96
Chad Hellmann Consulting Agreement
In June 2022, we entered into
a consulting agreement with Mr. Chad Hellmann, our current Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to which we agreed to pay Mr. Hellmann an
annual rate of $160,000 plus a cash bonus of $56,000 for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon
30 days' written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Hellmann that cannot be cured. The consulting
agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. On May 1, 2023, Mr. Hellman
resigned with a final termination date of May 31, 2023.
Tom Curatolo Consulting Agreement
In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Mr. Curatolo, our current Head of U.S. Commercialization, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay
Mr. Curatolo a monthly retainer of $16,000 per month for his services, and 50,000 options to purchase our common shares. The consulting
agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days' written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach
by Mr. Curatolo that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month
non-solicitation clause.
Marianne Lambertson Consulting Agreement
In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Ms. Marianne Lambertson, our current Head of Corporate Communications & Investor Relations, pursuant
to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Lambertson a monthly retainer of $12,500 for her services. Ms. Lambertson will be eligible for
a one-time cash bonus based on the share value appreciation on 10,000 phantom shares with share appreciation defined as the difference
in the opening share price commencing January 1, 2023 and the closing price ending April 30, 2023. The consulting agreement may be terminated
by either party upon 30 days' written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Ms. Lambertson that cannot
be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause.
Astrid Sommer Consulting Agreement
In December 2022, we entered
into a consulting agreement with Ms. Astrid Sommer, our current Head of Human Resources, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Ms.
Sommer a fixed monthly retainer of CHF 3,500 until the end of June 2023, with an additional per hour rate of CHF 300. The consulting agreement
may be terminated by either party upon 30 days' written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Ms. Sommer
that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation
clause.
Shareholders and Officer and Director Loans
See "Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Short Term Loans" for additional information.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
97
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial
Information.
See "Item 18. Financial
Statements."
Legal Proceedings
From time to time we may
become involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. During the period covered by the financial statements
contained herein, we were not subject to any material legal proceedings that has had a material adverse effect on our financial position.
No assurance can be given that future litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position. When appropriate
in management's estimation, we may record reserves in our financial statements for pending litigation and other claims.
Dividends
We have never declared or
paid any cash dividends on our common shares and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash
dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including
our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our
board of directors may deem relevant.
Under Swiss law, we may only
pay dividends if we have sufficient distributable profits brought forward from the previous business years ("Gewinnvortrag"),
or if we have distributable reserves ("frei verfügbare Reserven"), each as evidenced by our audited stand-alone statutory
balance sheet prepared pursuant to Swiss law, and after allocations to reserves required by Swiss law and the articles of association
have been deducted. Based on the Revision, the shareholders may now resolve to pay an interim dividend ("Zwischendividende")
if we have sufficient distributable profits based on an interim account. The provisions applicable for dividends are also applicable
for the interim dividends.
Under our amended and restated
articles of association and in accordance with Swiss law, only our shareholders have the power to approve the payment of any dividends.
B. Significant Changes.
No significant change, other
than as otherwise described in this annual report, has occurred in our operations since the date of our financial statements included
in this annual report.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING.
A. Offer and Listing Details
Since January 30, 2021, our
common shares and Warrants trade on Nasdaq under the symbols "NLSP" and NLSPW," respectively.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
Our common shares and Warrants
trade on Nasdaq.
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
98
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
A copy of our amended and
restated articles of association is attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this annual report. The information called for by this Item is set forth
in Exhibit 2(d) to this annual report and is incorporated by reference into this annual report.
C. Material Contracts
The following is a summary
of each material contract, other than material contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we are or have been
a party, for the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report:
●
Standby Equity Distribution Agreement dated September 27,
    2021 between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on September 28, 2021).
    See Item 4.B. "Business Overview" for more information about this document.
●
Amendment No. 1 to Standby Equity Distribution Agreement,
    dated December 14, 2021, between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December
    15, 2021). See Item 4.B. "Business Overview" for more information about this document.
●
ATM Sales Agreement, dated March 4, 2022
by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and Virtu Americas LLC. See Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects –
Recent Financing Agreements" for more information about this document.
●
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated
April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and District 2 Capital Fund LP, Armistice Master Capital Fund Ltd, Ronald Hafner,
and Lincoln Park Capital Fund LLC. See Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Recent Financing Agreements"
for more information about this document.
●
Placement Agent Agreement, dated April
13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners. See Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review
and Prospects – Recent Financing Agreements" for more information about this document.
●
Short Term Note Agreement, dated August
19, 2022 by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and Ronald Hafner, Michael Stein, Jürgen Bauer, Maria Nayvalt and Gian-Marco Rinaldi.
See Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Recent Financing Agreements" for more information about
this document.
●
Securities
Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2022 by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and George Apostol, Ronald Hafner, Felix Grisard,
Jurgen Bauer and Maria Nayvalt
.
See Item 5. "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
– Recent Financing Agreements" for more information about this document.
●
Securities Purchase Agreement, dated December 6, 2022 by and between
    NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF. See Item 5. "Operating and Financial
    Review and Prospects – Recent Financing Agreements" for more information about this document.
99
D. Exchange Controls
There are no Swiss governmental
laws, decrees or regulations that restrict, in a manner material to us, the export or import of capital, including any foreign exchange
controls, or that generally affect the remittance of dividends or other payments to non-residents or non-citizens of Switzerland who
hold our common shares.
E. Taxation.
Switzerland Tax Consideration
This summary of material
Swiss tax consequences is based on Swiss law and regulations and the practice of the Swiss tax administration as in effect on the date
hereof, all of which are subject to change (or subject to changes in interpretation), possibly with retroactive effect. The summary does
not purport to take into account the specific circumstances of any particular shareholder or potential investor and does not relate to
persons in the business of buying and selling common shares or other securities. The summary is not intended to be, and should not be
interpreted as, legal or tax advice to any particular potential shareholder/s, and no representation with respect to the tax consequences
to any particular shareholder/s is made.
Current and prospective shareholders
are advised to consult their own tax advisers in light of their particular circumstances as to the Swiss tax laws, regulations and regulatory
practices that could be relevant for them in connection with the acquiring, owning and selling or otherwise disposing of common shares
and receiving dividends and similar cash or in-kind distributions on common shares (including dividends on liquidation proceeds and stock
dividends) or distributions on common shares based upon a capital reduction ("Nennwertrückzahlungen") or reserves paid
out of capital contributions ("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen") and the consequences thereof under the tax laws, regulations
and regulatory practices of Switzerland.
Taxation of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd.
NLS is a Swiss company, subject
to taxation in the Canton of Zurich as from December 10, 2021 onwards (formerly, Canton of Nidwalden). The Company is taxed at a current
effective income tax rate of approximately 18.9% (including direct federal as well as cantonal/communal taxes). In addition, an annual
capital tax rate of approximately 0.16% is levied on the net equity of the Company.
Based on a vote by eligible
Swiss voters in Switzerland on May 19, 2019, Switzerland reformed certain elements of its corporate tax law which impact the taxation
of NLS (including the abolition of the mixed company privilege at cantonal/communal level). These new federal regulations went into effect
as of January 1, 2020. Regarding the implementation of certain measures on the cantonal level, a referendum was put up for a vote in
the Canton of Nidwalden. Following a vote during the year ended December 31, 2020, the referendum passed and took effect in the Canton
of Nidwalden. Transitional measures were implemented for companies that were previously under the abolished mixed company regime at cantonal/communal
levels to prevent over-taxation on hidden reserves generated under said regime. NLS applied for the special tax rate solution that provides
for a separate taxation over five years of the portion of the profit based on realization of hidden reserves and goodwill which were
previously not taxed under the mixed company regime. After the company changed its registered office, the same transitional measure has
been applied for and granted in the canton of Zurich.
100
Swiss Federal Withholding Tax on Dividends
and other Distributions
Dividend payments and similar
cash or in-kind distributions on the common shares (including dividends on liquidation proceeds and stock dividends) that the Company
makes to shareholders are subject to Swiss federal withholding tax ("Verrechnungssteuer") at a rate of 35% on the gross amount
of the dividend. The Company is required to withhold the Swiss federal withholding tax from the dividend and remit it to the Swiss Federal
Tax Administration. Distributions based upon a capital reduction ("Nennwertrückzahlungen") and reserves paid out of
capital contribution reserves ("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen") are not subject to Swiss federal withholding tax.
The redemption of common
shares in the Company may under certain circumstances (in particular, if the common shares in the Company are redeemed for subsequent
cancellation) be taxed as a partial liquidation for Swiss federal withholding tax purposes, with the consequence that the difference
between the repurchase price and the nominal value of the shares ("Nennwertprinzip") plus capital contribution reserves ("Reserven
aus Kapitaleinlagen") is subject to Swiss federal withholding tax.
The Swiss federal withholding
tax is refundable or creditable in full to a Swiss tax resident corporate and individual shareholder as well as to a non-Swiss tax resident
corporate or individual shareholder who holds the common shares as part of a trade or business carried on in Switzerland through a permanent
establishment or fixed place of business situated for tax purposes in Switzerland, if such person is the beneficial owner of the distribution
and, in the case of a Swiss tax resident individual who holds the common shares as part of his private assets, duly reports the gross
distribution received in his individual income tax return or, in the case of a person who holds the common shares as part of a trade
or business carried on in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated for tax purposes in Switzerland,
recognizes the gross dividend distribution for tax purposes as earnings in the income statements and reports the annual profit in the
Swiss income tax return.
If a shareholder who is not
a Swiss resident for tax purposes and does not hold the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in Switzerland
through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes in Switzerland, receives a distribution from
the Company, the shareholder may be entitled to a full or partial refund or credit of Swiss federal withholding tax incurred on a taxable
distribution if the country in which such shareholder is resident for tax purposes has entered into a treaty for the avoidance of double
taxation with Switzerland and the further prerequisites of the treaty for a refund have been met. Shareholders not resident in Switzerland
should be aware that the procedures for claiming treaty benefits (and the time required for obtaining a refund or credit) may differ
from country to country.
Individual and Corporate Income Tax on Dividends
Swiss resident individuals
holding the common shares as part of their private assets who receive dividends and similar distributions (including stock dividends
and liquidation proceeds), which are not repayments of the nominal value ("Nennwertrückzahlungen") of the common shares
or reserves paid out of capital contributions ("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen") are required to report such payments in their
individual income tax returns and are liable to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal income taxes on any net taxable income for the relevant
tax period. Furthermore, for the purpose of the Direct Federal Tax, dividends, shares in profits, liquidation proceeds and pecuniary
benefits from shares (including bonus shares) are included in the tax base for only 70% of their value ("Teilbesteuerung"),
if the investment amounts to at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company. All Swiss cantons have introduced partial taxation
measures at cantonal and communal levels.
101
Swiss resident individuals
as well as non-Swiss resident individual taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in
Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to
recognize dividends, distributions based upon a capital reduction ("Nennwertrückzahlungen") and reserves paid out of
capital contributions ("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen') in their income statements for the relevant tax period and are liable
to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal individual or corporate income taxes, as the case may be, on any net taxable earnings accumulated
(including the payment of dividends) for such period. Furthermore, for the purpose of the Direct Federal Tax, dividends, shares in profits,
liquidation proceeds and pecuniary benefits from shares (including bonus shares) are included in the tax base for only 70% ("Teilbesteuerung"),
if the investment is held in connection with the conduct of a trade or business or qualifies as an opted business asset ("gewillkürtes
Geschäftsvermögen") according to Swiss tax law and amounts to at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company. All
cantons have introduced partial taxation measures at cantonal and communal levels.
Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business
through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to recognize dividends,
distributions based upon a capital reduction ("Nennwertrückzahlungen") and reserves paid out of capital contributions
("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen") in their income statements for the relevant tax period and are liable to Swiss federal,
cantonal and communal corporate income taxes on any net taxable earnings accumulated for such period. Swiss resident corporate taxpayers
as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares in connection with the conduct of a trade or business through
a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland may be eligible for participation relief 
("Beteiligungsabzug") in respect of dividends and distributions based upon a capital reduction ("Nennwertrückzahlungen")
and reserves paid out of capital contributions ("Reserven aus Kapitaleinlagen") if the common shares held by them as part
of a Swiss business have an aggregate market value of at least CHF 1 million or represent at least 10% of the nominal share capital of
the Company or give entitlement to at least 10% of the profits and reserves of the Company, respectively.
Recipients of dividends and
similar distributions on the common shares (including stock dividends and liquidation proceeds) who neither are residents of Switzerland
nor during the current taxation year have engaged in a trade or business in Switzerland and who are not subject to taxation in Switzerland
for any other reason are not subject to Swiss federal, cantonal or communal individual or corporate income taxes in respect of dividend
payments and similar distributions because of the mere holding of the common shares.
Wealth and Annual Capital Tax on Holding of
Common Shares or Warrants
Swiss resident individuals
and non-Swiss resident individuals holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in
Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are required to
report their common shares as part of their wealth and will be subject to cantonal and communal wealth tax to the extent the aggregate
taxable net wealth is allocable to Switzerland.
Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers and non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade
or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, will
be subject to cantonal and communal annual capital tax on the taxable capital to the extent the aggregate taxable capital is allocable
to Switzerland.
Individuals and corporate
taxpayers not resident in Switzerland for tax purposes and not holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct
of a trade or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland,
are not subject to wealth or annual capital tax in Switzerland because of the mere holding of the common shares and/or Warrants.
102
Capital Gains on Disposal of Common Shares
or Warrants
Swiss resident individuals
who sell or otherwise dispose of the common shares and/or Warrants realize a tax-free capital gain, or a non-tax deductible capital loss,
as the case may be, provided that they hold the common shares, as part of their private assets. Under certain circumstances, the sale
proceeds may be requalified into taxable investment income (e.g., if the taxpayer is deemed to be a professional securities dealer).
Capital gains realized on
the sale of the common shares and/or Warrants held by Swiss resident individuals, as well as non-Swiss resident individuals and corporate
taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in Switzerland through a permanent
establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, will be subject to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal
individual tax, as the case may be. This also applies to Swiss resident individuals who, for individual income tax purposes, are deemed
to be professional securities dealers for reasons of, inter alia, frequent dealing and debt-financed purchases. Capital gains realized
by resident individuals who hold the common shares as business assets might be entitled to reductions or partial taxations similar to
those mentioned above for dividends ("Teilbesteuerung") if certain conditions are met (e.g., holding period of at least one
year and participation of at least 10% of nominal share capital of the Company).
Swiss resident corporate
taxpayers as well as non-Swiss resident corporate taxpayers holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct
of a trade or business, through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are
required to recognize such capital gain in their income statements for the relevant tax period. Corporate taxpayers may qualify for participation
relief on capital gains ("Beteiligungsabzug"), if the common shares sold during the tax period represent at least 10% of
the Company's share capital or if the common shares sold give entitlement to at least 10% of the Company's profits and reserves
and were held for at least one year. The tax relief applies to the difference between the sale proceeds of common shares by the Company
and the acquisition costs of the participation ("Gestehungskosten").
Individuals and corporations
not resident in Switzerland for tax purposes and not holding the common shares and/or Warrants in connection with the conduct of a trade
or business in Switzerland through a permanent establishment or fixed place of business situated, for tax purposes, in Switzerland, are
not subject to Swiss federal, cantonal and communal individual income or corporate income tax, as the case may be, on capital gains realized
on the sale of the common shares and/or Warrants.
Gift and Inheritance Tax
Transfers of common shares
and/or Warrants may be subject to cantonal and/or communal inheritance or gift taxes if the deceased or the donor or the recipient were
resident in a Canton levying such taxes.
Swiss Issuance Stamp Duty
The Company is subject to
paying to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration a 1% Swiss federal issuance stamp tax ("Emissionsabgabe") on any increase
of the nominal share capital of the Company (including capital surplus) or any other equity contributions received by the Company (with
or without issuance of shares). Certain costs incurred in connection with the issuance of shares (if any) may be deductible. There are
several exemptions from issuance stamp tax that may apply under certain circumstances (e.g., certain intercompany reorganizations).
Swiss Securities Transfer Tax
The purchase or sale (or
other financial transfer) of the common shares, whether by Swiss residents or non-Swiss residents, may be subject to Swiss securities
transfer tax of up to 0.15%, calculated on the purchase price or the proceeds if the purchase or sale occurs through or with a bank or
other securities dealer in Switzerland as defined in the Swiss Federal Stamp Duty Act as an intermediary or party to the transaction
unless an exemption applies.
103
Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters
On November 19, 2014, Switzerland
signed the multilateral competent authority agreement on the automatic exchange of financial account information, which is intended to
ensure the uniform implementation of automatic exchange of information, or the AEOI.
The AEOI is being introduced
in Switzerland through bilateral agreements or multilateral agreements. Switzerland has concluded a multilateral agreement with the EU
on the AEOI in tax matters, or the AEOI Agreement. This AEOI Agreement entered into force as of January 1, 2017 and applies to all 28
member states as well as Gibraltar. Furthermore, on January 1, 2017, the multilateral competent authority agreement on the automatic
exchange of financial account information and, based on such agreement, a number of bilateral AEOI agreements with other jurisdictions
entered into force. The Federal Act on the International Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters, or the AEOI Act, which is
the primary legal basis for the implementation of the AEOI standard in Switzerland, entered into force on January 1, 2017 as well.
Based on such multilateral
agreements and bilateral agreements and the implementing laws of Switzerland, Switzerland collects data in respect of financial assets,
which may include Shares, held in, and income derived thereon and credited to, accounts or deposits with a paying agent in Switzerland
for the benefit of individuals resident in an EU member state or in a treaty state since 2017, and exchanges it since 2018. Switzerland
has signed and is expected to sign further bi- or multilateral AEOI in tax matter agreements with other countries, which entered into
force on January 1, 2018 or January 1, 2019 or will enter into force at a later date.
A list of such multilateral
agreements and bilateral agreements of Switzerland in effect or signed and becoming effective can be found on the website of the State
Secretariat for International Finance, or SIF.
On February 27, 2019, the
Federal Council initiated the consultation on the revision of the AEOI Act and AEOI Ordinance. The consultation proposal takes account
of recommendations from the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. They concern, among other things,
certain due diligence and registration obligations, the maintenance of a document retention obligation for reporting Swiss financial
institutions, as well as definitions thereunder. Some exceptions have also been removed or adapted. The amendments to the AEOI Act and
AEOI Ordinance entered into force on January 1, 2021. Further revisions of the AEOI Act and the AEOI Ordinance concerning the Common
Reporting Standard are expected to be implemented in the upcoming years based on recommendations of the OECD published in October 2022.
Swiss Facilitation of the Implementation of
the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Switzerland has concluded
an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to facilitate the implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or the FATCA.
The agreement ensures that the accounts held by U.S. persons with Swiss financial institutions are disclosed to the U.S. tax authorities
either with the consent of the account holder or by means of group requests within the scope of administrative assistance. Information
will not be transferred automatically in the absence of consent, and instead will be exchanged only within the scope of administrative
assistance on the basis of the double taxation agreement between the U.S. and Switzerland. On October 8, 2014, the Swiss Federal Council
approved a mandate for negotiations with the U.S. on changing the current direct-notification-based regime to a regime where the relevant
information is sent to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration, which in turn provides the information to the U.S. tax authorities. It is
uncertain at this point when a corresponding agreement will be available.
104
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
for U.S. Holders
EACH PROSPECTIVE SHAREHOLDER SHOULD CONSULT
ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE PARTICULAR SWISS TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, HOLDING AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON SHARES, INCLUDING
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAWS.
THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY IS
INCLUDED HEREIN FOR GENERAL INFORMATION AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED TO BE, LEGAL OR TAX ADVICE. EACH U.S.
HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT WITH HIS OR HER OWN TAX ADVISOR AS TO THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP
AND SALE OF COMMON SHARES, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN OR OTHER TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE TAX
LAWS.
Subject to the limitations
described in the next paragraph, the following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to a "U.S.
Holder" arising from the purchase, ownership and sale of the common shares. For this purpose, a "U.S. Holder" is a
holder of common shares or Warrants that is: (1) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, including an alien individual
who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States or meets the substantial presence residency test under U.S. federal income tax
laws; (2) a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) or a partnership (other than a partnership
that is not treated as a U.S. person under any applicable U.S. Treasury regulations) created or organized under the laws of the United
States or the District of Columbia or any political subdivision thereof; (3) an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income
for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of source; (4) a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary
supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions of
the trust; or (5) a trust that has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person to the extent provided in U.S. Treasury
regulations.
This summary is for general
information purposes only and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the U.S. federal income tax considerations
that may be relevant to a decision to purchase our common shares or Warrants. This summary generally considers only U.S. Holders that
will own our common shares or Warrants as capital assets. Except to the limited extent discussed below, this summary does not consider
the U.S. federal tax consequences to a person that is not a U.S. Holder, nor does it describe the rules applicable to determine a taxpayer's
status as a U.S. Holder. This summary is based on the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, final,
temporary and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, (including
with respect to the TCJA), and the U.S./Switzerland Income Tax Treaty, all as in effect as of the date hereof and all of which are subject
to change, possibly on a retroactive basis, and all of which are open to differing interpretations. We will not seek a ruling from the
IRS with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our common shares by U.S. Holders and, therefore, can provide
no assurances that the IRS will agree with the conclusions set forth below.
This discussion does not
address all of the aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular U.S. holder based on such holder's
particular circumstances and in particular does not discuss any estate, gift, generation-skipping, transfer, state, local, excise or
foreign tax considerations. In addition, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a U.S. Holder who
is: (1) a bank, life insurance company, regulated investment company, or other financial institution or "financial services entity;"
(2) a broker or dealer in securities or foreign currency; (3) a person who acquired our common shares or Warrants in connection with
employment or other performance of services; (4) a U.S. Holder that is subject to the U.S. alternative minimum tax; (5) a U.S. Holder
that holds our common shares or Warrants as a hedge or as part of a hedging, straddle, conversion or constructive sale transaction or
other risk-reduction transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (6) a tax-exempt entity; (7) real estate investment trusts or
grantor trusts; (8) a U.S. Holder that expatriates out of the United States or a former long-term resident of the United States; or (9)
a person having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar. This discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment
of a U.S. Holder that owns, directly or constructively, at any time, common shares representing 10% or more of our voting power. Additionally,
the U.S. federal income tax treatment of partnerships (or other pass-through entities) or persons who hold common shares through a partnership
or other pass-through entity are not addressed.
Each prospective investor
is advised to consult his or her own tax adviser for the specific tax consequences to that investor of purchasing, holding or disposing
of our common shares, including the effects of applicable state, local, foreign or other tax laws and possible changes in the tax laws.
105
Exercise or Expiry of Warrants
No gain or loss will be realized
on the exercise of a Warrant. When a Warrant is exercised, the U.S. Holder's cost of the common share acquired thereby will be
equal to the U.S. Holder's adjusted cost basis of the Warrant plus the exercise price paid for the common share. The expiry of
an unexercised Warrant will generally give rise to a capital loss equal to the adjusted cost basis to the U.S. Holder of the expired
Warrant. The holding period of the common share acquired through the exercise of a Warrant includes the holding period of the Warrant.
See "Passive Foreign Investment Companies," for the impact of the exercise of a Warrant on taxation of a U.S. Holder if we
are a PFIC.
Taxation of Dividends Paid on Common Shares
We do not intend to pay dividends
in the foreseeable future. In the event that we do pay dividends, and subject to the discussion under the heading "Passive Foreign
Investment Companies" below and the discussion of "qualified dividend income" below, a U.S. Holder, other than certain
U.S. Holders that are U.S. corporations, will be required to include in gross income as ordinary income the amount of any distribution
paid on common shares (including the amount of any Swiss tax withheld on the date of the distribution), to the extent that such distribution
does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of a
distribution which exceeds our earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing the U.S. Holder's
tax basis for the common shares to the extent thereof, and then capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings
and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles and, therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that the entire amount of any distribution
generally will be reported as dividend income.
In general, preferential
tax rates for "qualified dividend income" and long-term capital gains are applicable for U.S. Holders that are individuals,
estates or trusts. For this purpose, "qualified dividend income" means, inter alia, dividends received from a "qualified
foreign corporation." A "qualified foreign corporation" is a corporation that is entitled to the benefits of a comprehensive
tax treaty with the United States which includes an exchange of information program. The IRS has stated that the Switzerland/U.S. Tax
Treaty satisfies this requirement and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty.
In addition, our dividends
will be qualified dividend income if our common shares are readily tradable on Nasdaq or another established securities market in the
United States. Dividends will not qualify for the preferential rate if we are treated, in the year the dividend is paid or in the prior
year, as a PFIC, as described below under "Passive Foreign Investment Companies." A U.S. Holder will not be entitled to the
preferential rate: (1) if the U.S. Holder has not held our common shares for at least 61 days of the 121-day period beginning on the
date which is 60 days before the ex-dividend date, or (2) to the extent the U.S. Holder is under an obligation to make related payments
on substantially similar property. Any days during which the U.S. Holder has diminished its risk of loss on our common shares are not
counted towards meeting the 61-day holding period. Finally, U.S. Holders who elect to treat the dividend income as "investment
income" pursuant to Code section 163(d)(4) will not be eligible for the preferential rate of taxation.
The amount of a distribution
with respect to our common shares will be measured by the amount of the fair market value of any property distributed, and for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, the amount of any Swiss taxes withheld therefrom. Cash distributions paid by us in CHF will be included in the income
of U.S. Holders at a U.S. dollar amount based upon the spot rate of exchange in effect on the date the dividend is includible in the
income of the U.S. Holder, and U.S. Holders will have a tax basis in such CHF for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to such U.S.
dollar value. If the U.S. Holder subsequently converts the CHF into U.S. dollars or otherwise disposes of it, any subsequent gain or
loss in respect of such CHF arising from exchange rate fluctuations will be U.S. source ordinary exchange gain or loss.
Except as described below
in "Passive Foreign Investment Companies," ownership of the Warrants has no tax impact on U.S. Holders since holders of the
Warrants do not receive distributions unless and until the Warrants are exercised and common shares are purchased. As described below,
if we are a PFIC, ownership of the Warrants may impact the holding period of PFIC shares and impact elections under the PFIC tax rules.
106
Taxation of the Disposition of Common Shares
and Warrants
Except as provided under
the PFIC rules described below under "Passive Foreign Investment Companies," upon the sale, exchange or other disposition
of our common shares or the Warrants, a U.S. Holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between
such U.S. Holder's tax basis for the common shares and Warrants in U.S. dollars and the amount realized on the disposition in U.S.
dollar (or its U.S. dollar equivalent determined by reference to the spot rate of exchange on the date of disposition, if the amount
realized is denominated in a foreign currency). The gain or loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of common shares
and Warrants will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder has a holding period of more than one year at the time of the
disposition. Individuals who recognize long-term capital gains may be taxed on such gains at reduced rates of tax. The deduction of capital
losses is subject to various limitations.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies
Special U.S. federal income
tax laws apply to U.S. taxpayers who own shares and warrants of a corporation that is a PFIC. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal
income tax purposes for any taxable year that either:
●
75% or more of our gross income (including our pro rata share of gross
    income for any company, in which we are considered to own 25% or more of the shares by value), in a taxable year is passive; or
●
At least 50% of our assets, averaged over the year and generally determined
    based upon fair market value (including our pro rata share of the assets of any company in which we are considered to own 25% or
    more of the shares by value) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income.
For this purpose, passive
income generally consists of dividends, interest, rents, royalties, annuities and income from certain commodities transactions and from
notional principal contracts. Cash is treated as generating passive income.
We do not believe that we
will be a PFIC for the current taxable year although we have not determined whether we will be a PFIC in the future. The tests for determining
PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to
this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of our common shares. Accordingly, there can
be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC.
If we currently are or become
a PFIC, each U.S. Holder who has not elected to mark the shares to market (as discussed below), would, upon receipt of certain distributions
by us and upon disposition of our common shares and Warrants at a gain: (1) have such distribution or gain allocated ratably over the
U.S. Holder's holding period for the common shares, as the case may be; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and
any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount
allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of
taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable
to each such other taxable year. In addition, when shares and warrants of a PFIC are acquired by reason of death from a decedent that
was a U.S. Holder, the tax basis of such shares would not receive a step-up to fair market value as of the date of the decedent's
death, but instead would be equal to the decedent's basis if lower, unless all gain were recognized by the decedent. Indirect investments
in a PFIC may also be subject to these special U.S. federal income tax rules.
107
A U.S. Holder of our Warrants
is taxed in a manner similar to a U.S. holder of common shares if the holder realizes gain on the sale of the Warrants. If the holder
of the Warrants exercises the Warrants to purchase common shares, the holding period over which any income realized is allocated includes
the holding period of the Warrants. The U.S. Warrant holder is treated as a holder of PFIC stock taxable under the ordinary income allocation
and interest charge regime described above.
The PFIC rules described
above would not apply to a U.S. Holder who makes a QEF election for all taxable years that such U.S. Holder has held the common shares
while we are a PFIC, provided that we comply with specified reporting requirements. A U.S. Holder of our Warrants may not make a QEF
election regarding our Warrants. Instead, each U.S. Holder who has made such a QEF election is required for each taxable year that we
are a PFIC to include in income such U.S. Holder's pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and such U.S. Holder's
pro rata share of our net capital gains as long-term capital gain, regardless of whether we make any distributions of such earnings or
gain. In general, a QEF election is effective only if we make available certain required information. The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder
basis and generally may be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. We do not intend to notify U.S. Holders if we believe we will be
treated as a PFIC for any tax year. In addition, we do not intend to furnish U.S. Holders annually with information needed in order to
complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC.
Therefore, the QEF election will not be available with respect to our common shares.
In addition, except with
respect to the Warrants (unless exercised), the PFIC rules described above would not apply if we were a PFIC and a U.S. Holder made a
mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder of our common shares which are regularly traded on a qualifying exchange, including Nasdaq, can
elect to mark the common shares to market annually, recognizing as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference
as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the common shares and the U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis
in the common shares. Losses are allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included income by the U.S. Holder
under the election for prior taxable years.
U.S. Holders who hold our
common shares and Warrants during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC.
U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules.
Tax on Net Investment Income
U.S. Holders who are individuals,
estates or trusts will generally be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on their net investment income (including dividends on and gains
from the sale or other disposition of our common shares), or in the case of estates and trusts on their net investment income that is
not distributed. In each case, the 3.8% Medicare tax applies only to the extent the U.S. Holder's total adjusted income exceeds
applicable thresholds.
Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. Holders of Common
Shares and Warrants
Except as provided below,
an individual, corporation, estate or trust that is not a U.S. Holder referred to below as a non-U.S. Holder, generally will not be subject
to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the payment of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, our common shares.
A non-U.S. Holder may be
subject to U.S. federal income tax on a dividend paid on our common shares (but not Warrants) or gain from the disposition of our common
shares and Warrants if: (1) such item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the
United States and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed place of business
in the United States; or (2) in the case of a disposition of our common shares and Warrants, the individual non-U.S. Holder is present
in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and other specified conditions are met.
108
In general, non-U.S. Holders
will not be subject to backup withholding with respect to the payment of dividends on our common shares if payment is made through a
paying agent, or office of a foreign broker outside the United States. However, if payment is made in the United States or by a U.S.
related person, non-U.S. Holders may be subject to backup withholding, unless the non-U.S. Holder provides an applicable IRS Form W-8
(or a substantially similar form) certifying its foreign status, or otherwise establishes an exemption.
The amount of any backup
withholding from a payment to a non-U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against such holder's U.S. federal income tax liability
and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Information Reporting and Withholding
A U.S. Holder may be subject
to backup withholding at a rate of 24% with respect to cash dividends and proceeds from a disposition of common shares. In general, backup
withholding will apply only if a U.S. Holder fails to comply with specified identification procedures. Backup withholding will not apply
with respect to payments made to designated exempt recipients, such as corporations and tax-exempt organizations. Backup withholding
is not an additional tax and may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a U.S. Holder, provided that
the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Pursuant to recently enacted
legislation, a U.S. Holder with interests in "specified foreign financial assets" (including, among other assets, our common
shares, unless such common shares are held on such U.S. Holder's behalf through a financial institution) may be required to file
an information report with the IRS if the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000
at any time during the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as may be prescribed by applicable IRS guidance); and may be required
to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts if the aggregate value of the foreign financial accounts exceeds $10,000 at any
time during the calendar year. You should consult your own tax advisor as to the possible obligation to file such information report.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to certain
information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file
reports with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers that file electronically
with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC will also available to the public through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
As a foreign private issuer,
we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors
and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the
Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements
with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However,
we will file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual
report containing financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, and may submit to the SEC, on a Form
6-K, unaudited half-yearly financial information.
We maintain a corporate website
https://nlspharma.com/. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website and the other websites referenced above
do not constitute a part of this annual report. We have included these website addresses in this annual report solely as inactive textual
references.
109
I. Subsidiary Information.
Our wholly owned subsidiary,
NLS Pharmaceutics Inc., a Delaware corporation was incorporated on April 27, 2021.
J. Annual Report to Security Holders.
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES
ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to market
risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse
changes in financial market prices and rates. Our current investment policy is to invest available cash in bank deposits with banks that
have a credit rating of at least A-. Accordingly, a substantial majority of our cash and cash equivalents is held in deposits that bear
interest. Given the current low rates of interest we receive, we will not be adversely affected if such rates are reduced. Our market
risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our results of operations
and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As discussed above, the vast majority of
our liquid assets is held in USD, and a certain portion of our expenses are denominated in CHF or EUR. For instance, during the year
ended December 31, 2021, approximately 25% of our expenses were denominated in CHF and approximately 5% in EUR. Changes of 5% and 10%
in the USD/CHF exchange rate would have increased/decreased our operating expenses by 1% and 3%, respectively. However, these historical
figures may not be indicative of future exposure, as we expect that the percentage of our CHF denominated expenses will materially decrease
in the near future, therefore reducing our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.
We do not hedge our foreign
currency exchange risk. In the future, we may enter into formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure
from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us
from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN
EQUITY SECURITIES
A. Debt Securities.
Not applicable.
B. Warrants and rights.
Not applicable.
C. Other Securities.
Not applicable.
D
.
American Depositary Shares.
Not applicable.
110
PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND
DELINQUENCIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS
OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
E. Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls
and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange
Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management,
including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, with the
participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls
and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. As of December
31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of our material weaknesses in our internal control over
financial reporting.
(b) Management's Annual Report on Internal
Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible
for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined
in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company's principal
executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by a company's board of
directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the
preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those
policies and procedures that:
●
pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately
    and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company's assets;
●
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary
    to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company's
    receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the company's management and directors;
    and
●
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection
    of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations,
internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to
future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance
with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
111
As described in Item 3.D.
"Risk Factors," as of December 31, 2022, we have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating
to the continued reliance of an outsourced accounting service provider and a lack of sufficient internal number of additionally trained
professionals with an appropriate level of U.S. GAAP accounting knowledge to design and maintain controls over the preparation of financial
statements and relating to a lack of maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.
Under the supervision of
and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management assessed the effectiveness
of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded
that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022. The identified weaknesses include failing
to properly document the required dual approval and multiple approval signatures for expenses greater than $250,000, reliance on a third-party
accounting service provider creating gaps in internal control compliance which were not communicated to management and incidences in
the lack of supportive documentation for expense reimbursement.
(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public
Accounting Firm
This annual report does not
include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting
due to an exemption for EGCs provided in the JOBS Act.
(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial
Reporting
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we have taken steps to remediate
the material weaknesses and to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting, including hiring of additional accounting consultants,
including a Chief Financial Officer with U.S. GAAP knowledge and experience to review the accounting work done by third-party resources
and initiating preparation of quarterly financial statements internally to identify and evaluate accounting treatment of any new activity
and publish our half-yearly and yearly financial statements. Commencing February 1, 2023, we initiated a restructuring of the accounting
department in coordination with our Audit Committee to finalize and alleviate the remaining weaknesses identified in the internal control
over financial reporting procedures.
While we believe that these efforts will improve our internal control over
financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, the implementation of these measures is ongoing and will
require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting
cycles. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to establish
and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. [RESERVED.]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has
determined that Myoung-Ok Kwon, a member of our audit committee is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the rules under
the Exchange Act, and is independent in accordance with applicable Exchange Act rules and Nasdaq rules.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Pursuant to Swiss law, we
adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which covers a broad range of matters including the handling of conflicts of interest,
compliance issues and other corporate policies such as insider trading and equal opportunity and non-discrimination standards. Our code
of business conduct and ethics is applicable to all our directors, senior management and employees. We have published our code of business
conduct and ethics on our website,
www.nlspharma.com
. If we make any amendment to the code of business conduct and ethics or grant
any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on
our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC including the instructions to Item 16.B. of Form 20-F.
112
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table provides
information regarding fees billed by Marcum LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers AG for all services, including audit services, for each of
the last two fiscal years:
Year Ended
December 31,
2022
2021
Audit fees
(1)
$
330,015
$
311,496
Audit-related fees
(2)
-
-
Tax fees
(3)
-
-
All other fees
(4)
-
-
Total
$
330,015
$
311,496
(1)
Consists of fees billed for the audit of our annual financial statements,
    review of financial statements included in our initial public offering prospectus and services that are normally provided by the
    auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
(2)
Consists of assurance and related services that are reasonable related
    to the performance of the audit and review of our financial statements and are not included in "audit fees" in this table.
(3)
Consists of fees billed for professional services relating to tax compliance,
    tax planning and tax advice.
(4)
There were no other fees.
Pre-Approval of Auditors' Compensation
Our audit committee has a
pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm to perform certain audit and non-audit services.
Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit
committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit services, audit-related
services and tax services that may be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. If a type of service, that is to
be provided by our auditors, has not received such general pre-approval, it will require specific pre-approval by our audit committee.
The policy prohibits retention of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined
in applicable SEC rules.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS
FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY
THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING
ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
113
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Differences between Swiss Laws and Nasdaq
Requirements
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as
well as related rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, require foreign private issuers, such as us, to comply with various corporate
governance practices. In addition, we are required to comply with Nasdaq. Under those rules, we may elect to follow certain corporate
governance practices permitted under the Swiss law in lieu of compliance with corresponding corporate governance requirements otherwise
imposed by Nasdaq rules for U.S. domestic registrants.
In accordance with Swiss
law and practice and subject to the exemption set forth in Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq rules, as a foreign private issuer, we have elected
to rely on home country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than the Nasdaq rules, with respect to the following
requirements:
●
Composition of the board of directors
. Swiss law does not require
    that a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors. Our board of directors therefore may include fewer independent
    directors than would be required if we were subject to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(1). In addition, we will not be subject to Nasdaq
    Listing Rule 5605(b)(2), which requires that independent directors must regularly have scheduled meetings at which only independent
    directors are present.
●
Quorum
. In accordance with Swiss law
    and generally accepted business practices, our articles of association do not provide quorum requirements generally applicable to
    general meetings of shareholders. Our practice thus varies from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(c), which requires an
    issuer to provide in its bylaws for a generally applicable quorum, and that such quorum may not be less than one-third of the outstanding
    voting stock.
According to Swiss law, for the approval
    of the management report and the annual financial statements, the Company's auditor must be present at such a general meeting
    of shareholders, unless the general meeting of shareholders waives such attendance by unanimous decision.
●
Proxy Solicitations
. There are currently three types of institutional
    proxies under Swiss Law: (i) the independent proxy, (ii) the board proxy and (iii) the custodian proxy. According to the Revision,
    the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors or a custodian thereof is not permitted and only independent proxies are permitted
    for listed companies. The independent proxy has to be elected by the general meeting of shareholders, must only vote pursuant to
    the specific instructions of the shareholders and must abstain from voting in the absence of specific instructions. However, Swiss
    law does not have a regulatory regime for the solicitation of proxies and company solicitation of proxies is prohibited for public
    companies in Switzerland; thus our practice will vary from the requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(b), which sets forth certain
    requirements regarding the solicitation of proxies.
●
Share Issuances
. Pursuant to Swiss law, prior to our initial
    public offering, we opted out of shareholder approval requirements by way of including authorized and conditional share capital for
    the issuance of securities in connection with certain events such as the acquisition of stock or assets of another company, the establishment
    of or amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of the Company and certain private placements.
    Due to the Revision, we implemented the capital band (
Kapitalband
) in lieu of the existing authorized capital. To this extent,
    our practice varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635, which generally requires an issuer to obtain shareholder approval
    for the issuance of securities in connection with such events.
114
●
Compensation, Nomination and Governance
                                                         Committee
. The Revision requires that we adopt a compensation committee, so in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3),
                                                         we will follow home country requirements with respect to the compensation committee. Under home country rules, the general meeting
                                                         of shareholders has the authority to set up the basic principles of the compensation committee's responsibilities in a
                                                         company's articles of association. In addition, the shareholders may decide to include in the articles of association a list
                                                         of concrete responsibilities of the compensation committee. Unless the articles of association list concrete responsibilities of the
                                                         compensation committee, the determination of the concrete responsibilities falls within the competence of the board of directors.
                                                         Furthermore, the general meeting of shareholders must vote on the compensation report and the total of the remunerations of the
                                                         board of directors, senior management and advisory committee. According to the doctrine, the strategic planning of the remuneration
                                                         system and policy as well as the determination of the remuneration procedure is the inalienable task of the board of directors,
                                                         unless a list of concrete responsibilities is included in the articles of association of the Company. Apart from that, the board of
                                                         directors has the authority to determine whether the compensation committee shall have the decision-making power with regard to the
                                                         individual salaries or whether it shall have only a request right to the board of directors.
Furthermore, pursuant to Swiss law, both
    the number of committee members (the minimum and maximum number of compensation committee members) and the identity of the compensation
    committee members is determined by our shareholders. Our home country rules also do not require us to authorize a committee of our
    independent directors or alternatively hold a vote consisting of solely our independent directors in order to determine which persons
    shall be nominated for election by our shareholders. Our practice will therefore vary from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule
    5605(d), which sets forth certain requirements as to the responsibilities, composition and independence of compensation committees,
    and from the independent director oversight of director nominations requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(e). Furthermore, we
    will be subject to the "Say on Pay" Rule in accordance with the Revision. This means that the compensation of our board
    of directors and senior management must be presented by the board of directors to our shareholders and our shareholders must vote
    on the proposed compensation. Furthermore, pursuant to the Revision, severance, certain compensations in connection with non-competes,
    advances, transaction premiums and similar payments to senior management and director are prohibited.
●
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
. Pursuant to Swiss law,
    we adopted a code of business conduct and ethics applicable to all of our directors, senior management and employees, which may not
    comply with the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5610.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT
INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
115
PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide
financial statements and related information pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The consolidated financial statements and the
related notes required by this Item are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
The following documents are filed as part of the
annual report.
Exhibit
Number
Exhibit Description
1.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Association of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to form 6-K (File No. 221460911) filed on December 14, 2022).
2.1*
Description of Securities
4.1
Standby Equity Distribution Agreement dated September 27, 2021 between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on September 28, 2021).
4.2
Amendment No. 1 to Standby Equity Distribution Agreement, dated December 14, 2021, between YA II PN Ltd. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December 15, 2021).
4.3
Share Option Plan Regulation 2021 (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on December 22, 2021).
4.4
At-the-Market Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with Virtu Americas LLC, dated March 3, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 1.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed on March 4, 2022).
4.5
Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).
4.6
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).
4.7
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and the purchasers named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).
4.8
Placement Agent Agreement, dated April 13, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).
4.9
Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 6-K File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).
4.10
Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed April 14, 2022).
4.11
Form of Short Term Note Agreement (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed August 23, 2022).
4.12
Form of Common Warrant (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed October 3, 2022).
4.13
Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2022, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and the purchasers named therein (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed October 3, 2022).
4.14
Securities Purchase Agreement, by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and
funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF,
dated December 6, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 99.3 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-39957) filed December 8, 2022).
4.15
License Agreement dated February 2019 between Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A. and the Company (filed as Exhibit 10.14 to form F-1 (File No. 333-236797) filed on February 28, 2020).
4.16
License Agreement by and between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and Novartis Pharma AG, dated March 10, 2021 (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to annual report on form 20-F filed on May 14, 2021).
4.17*
Amendment No. 1
to Pre-Funded Warrant dated April 26, 2023 between NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. and the pre-funded warrant holders named therein.
8.1
Listing of Subsidiaries (filed as Exhibit 8.1 to Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on May 14, 2021).
12.1*
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
12.2*
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
13.1**
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith.
13.2**
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, furnished herewith.
15.1*
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers AG.
101*
The following financial information from the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Balance Sheets; (ii) Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss; (iii) Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Deficit; (iv) Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to the financial statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail.
104*
Cover
Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
*
Filed herewith
**
Furnished herewith
116
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets
all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report
on Form 20-F filed on its behalf.
NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd.
Date May 5, 2023
By:
/s/ Alexander Zwyer
Alexander Zwyer
Chief Executive Officer
By:
/s/ Chad
    Hellmann
Chad Hellmann
Chief Financial Officer
117
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND 2020
F-
1
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID
1358
)
F-3
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
F-4
Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
F-5
Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
F-6
Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
F-7
Notes to Financial Statements
F-9
F-
2
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED ACCOUNTING
FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets
of NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related statements of operations and
comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial
statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the
results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial
statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal
securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these financial statements
in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform,
an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal
control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control
over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to
assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that
respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well
as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/
PricewaterhouseCoopers AG
Zurich, Switzerland
May 5, 2023
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2021.
F-
3
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
2022
2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$
8,948,400
$
5,431,202
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (Note 3)
297,998
291,954
Total current assets
9,246,398
5,723,156
Property and equipment (Note 4)
18,102
29,510
Other assets
12,143
12,044
Total assets
$
9,276,643
$
5,764,710
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable, including related party of $
53,365
and $
62,231
, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively
$
2,373,276
$
1,737,013
Other accrued liabilities, including related party of $
4,107
and $
6,877
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (Note 5)
986,437
666,449
Total current liabilities
3,359,713
2,403,462
Deferred revenues (Note 8)
2,499,969
2,499,969
Accrued pension liability (Note 9)
136,122
318,891
Total liabilities
5,995,804
5,222,322
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' equity:
Common shares, CHF
0.02
($
0.02
) par value,
32,428,893
and
16,223,389
registered shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
668,555
344,445
Treasury shares
-
(
29,497
)
Additional paid-in capital
60,864,530
42,084,954
Accumulated deficit
(
58,201,455
)
(
41,705,775
)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(
50,791
)
(
151,739
)
Total shareholders' equity
3,280,839
542,388
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
$
9,276,643
$
5,764,710
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.
F-
4
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
For the Years Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Operating expenses:
Research and development
$
8,976,643
$
5,919,452
$
99,580
General and administrative
6,505,721
5,941,169
2,199,790
Total operating expenses
15,482,364
11,860,621
2,299,370
Operating loss
(
15,482,364
)
(
11,860,621
)
(
2,299,370
)
Other income (expense), net
10,045
(
17,323
)
(
328,365
)
Interest expense
(
95,211
)
(
48,100
)
(
86,792
)
Interest on related party loans
(
5,655
)
(
20,034
)
(
146,908
)
Loss on extinguishment of convertible notes
(
922,495
)
-
-
Net loss
(
16,495,680
)
(
11,946,078
)
(
2,861,435
)
Other comprehensive loss:
Defined pension plan adjustments
100,948
(
132,358
)
(
683
)
Comprehensive loss
$
(
16,394,732
)
$
(
12,078,436
)
$
(
2,862,118
)
Basic and diluted net loss per common share
$
(
0.84
)
$
(
1.00
)
$
(
0.41
)
Weighted average common shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per common share
19,682,643
11,901,636
6, 960,000
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.
F-
5
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022, 2021 AND
2020
Common Shares
Treasury
Additional Paid in
Retained
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Shares
Amount
Shares
Capital
Earnings
Loss
Total
BALANCE, JANURARY 1, 2020
6,960,000
$
145,319
$
-
$
20,600,871
$
(
26,898,262
)
$
(
18,698
)
$
(
6,170,950
)
Debt discount on convertible loans
-
-
-
24,911
-
-
24,911
Debt discount on related party convertible loan
-
-
-
24,100
-
-
24,100
Defined pension plan adjustments
-
-
-
-
-
(
683
)
(
683
)
Net loss
-
-
-
-
(
2,861,435
)
-
(
2,861,435
)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2020
6,960,000
145,139
-
20,649,882
(
29,759,697
)
(
19,381
)
(
8,984,057
)
Issuance of common shares in initial public offering, net
4,819,277
108,347
-
9,946,310
-
-
10,054,657
Issuance of warrants
-
-
-
6,742,638
-
-
6,742,638
Issuance of common shares to consultant
12,048
268
-
49,732
-
-
50,000
Warrant exercises
277,000
5,540
-
1,144,010
-
-
1,149,550
Issuance of common shares in equity transactions
1,313,232
28,269
26,816
3,493,496
-
-
3,548,581
Issuance of common shares for partial commitment fee
26,203
569
-
58,886
-
-
59,455
Capital increase for financing transactions
2,815,629
56,313
(
56,313
)
-
-
-
-
Defined pension plan adjustments
-
-
-
-
-
(
132,358
)
(
132,358
)
Net loss
-
-
-
-
(
11,946,078
)
-
(
11,946,078
)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2021
16,223,389
344,445
(
29,497
)
42,084,954
(
41,705,775
)
(
151,739
)
542,388
Issuance of common shares in registered direct offering, net
1,562,531
31,251
29,057
1,851,205
-
-
1,911,513
Issuance of warrants, net
-
-
-
2,047,208
-
-
2,047,208
Issuance of pre-funded warrants, net
-
-
-
5,348,882
-
-
5,348,882
Issuance of common shares in At-The-Market ("ATM") financing
-
-
440
30,553
-
-
30,993
Issuance of treasury shares
5,809,243
116,184
(
116,184
)
-
-
-
-
Exercise of pre-funded warrants
-
-
23,692
-
-
-
23,692
Issuance of common shares in private placement offerings, net
6,317,301
126,346
92,492
7,056,711
-
-
7,275,549
Conversion of convertible notes payable
2,516,429
50,329
-
2,422,287
-
-
2,472,616
Stock-based compensation
-
-
-
22,730
-
-
22,730
Defined pension plan adjustments
-
-
-
-
-
100,948
100,948
Net loss
-
-
-
-
(
16,495,680
)
(
16,495,680
)
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 2022
32,428,893
$
668,555
$
-
$
60,864,530
$
(
58,201,455
)
$
(
50,791
)
$
3,280,839
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.
F-
6
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net loss
$
(
16,495,680
)
$
(
11,946,078
)
$
(
2,861,435
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Periodic pension costs
(
34,142
)
47,183
20,085
Depreciation expense
11,408
10,050
-
Stock-based compensation
22,730
-
-
Provision of doubtful accounts
-
77,714
-
Amortization of debt discounts
67,008
41,611
72,188
Loss on conversion of convertible notes payable
922,495
-
-
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
698,116
(
188,954
)
(
3,477
)
Other receivables, net - related parties
-
(
21,804
)
(
13,482
)
Accounts payable
636,263
(
2,269,460
)
1,497,123
Interest payable
20,121
(
313,342
)
137,826
Other accrued liabilities
319,989
(
334,045
)
446,129
Other long term liabilities
(
47,679
)
(
38,919
)
(
24,343
)
Net cash used in operating activities
(
13,879,371
)
(
14,936,044
)
(
729,386
)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases of property and equipment
-
(
39,560
)
-
Net cash used in investing activities
-
(
39,560
)
-
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in initial public offering, net
-
11,001,569
-
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in ATM financing
30,993
-
-
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in registered direct offerings, net
1,911,513
-
-
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in private placement offerings, net
7,275,549
Proceeds from the issuance of pre-funded warrants, net
5,348,882
-
-
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable
1,530,000
-
-
Exercise of pre-funded warrants
23,692
-
-
Payments on note payable
(
704,160
)
Proceeds from the issuance of warrants, net
1,980,200
6,742,638
-
Exercise of warrants
-
1,149,550
-
Proceeds from bridge loan
-
108,610
-
Payment on Swiss government loan
-
(
277,537
)
-
Payment on second credit facility
-
(
150,000
)
-
Payment on convertible loans
-
(
420,020
)
-
Payment on convertible loans – related party
-
(
111,730
)
-
Payment on bridge loan
-
(
670,380
)
-
F-
7
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Payment of shareholder loans
-
(
583,443
)
-
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares in equity transactions, net
-
3,548,582
-
Proceeds from convertible loans
-
-
249,306
Proceeds from convertible loan – related party
-
-
113,130
Proceeds from Swiss government loan
-
-
262,137
Proceeds from Bridge loan
-
-
565,650
Deferred offering costs
-
-
(
686,701
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
17,396,669
20,337,839
503,522
Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents
(
100
)
(
24,744
)
99,308
Change in cash and cash equivalents
3,517,198
5,337,491
(
126,556
)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of period
5,431,202
93,711
220,267
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of period
$
8,948,400
$
5,431,202
$
93,711
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Cash paid for interest
$
13,248
$
339,932
$
-
Issuance of note payable for prepaid insurance
$
704,160
-
-
Deferred financing costs transferred to additional paid in capital
$
-
$
946,912
$
-
Issuance of common shares to consultant for payment of expenses
$
-
$
50,000
$
-
Issuance of common shares to Yorkville for partial payment of commitment fees
$
-
$
59,455
$
Debt discount on convertible loans
$
67,008
$
-
$
39,496
Debt discount on convertible loan – related party
$
-
$
-
$
30,030
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these financial statements.
F-
8
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1
Background:
NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd. (Nasdaq: NLSP, NLSPW)
(the "Company") is an emerging biopharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery and development of life-improving drug
therapies to treat rare and complex central nervous system disorders, including narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and other rare sleep
disorders, and of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ("ADHD"). The Company's
lead product candidates are Quilience, to treat narcolepsy (type 1 and type 2), and Nolazol, to treat ADHD.
On February 2, 2021, the Company completed the
closing of its initial public offering (the "Initial Public Offering") of
4,819,277
units at a price of $
4.15
per unit.
Each
unit consisted of one common share and one warrant to purchase one common share (the "Warrants").
The common shares and Warrants
were immediately separable from the units and were issued separately. The common shares and Warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Capital
Market on January 29, 2021 under the symbols "NLSP" and "NLSPW," respectively. The Company received net proceeds
of $
17
million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. The Warrants are exercisable
immediately, expire five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $
4.15
per share. In addition, the Company granted
the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional
722,891
common shares and/or Warrants to purchase
722,891
common shares
at the public offering price of $
0.01
per Warrant, of which the underwriters exercised its option to purchase Warrants to purchase up
to
722,891
common shares. These Warrants were issued in the Company's Initial Public Offering and therefore have the same exercise
price of $
4.15
per share.
Going Concern
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an accumulated
deficit of approximately $
58.2
million and the Company incurred an operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately
$
16.3
million. To date, the Company has dedicated most of its financial resources to research and development, clinical studies associated
with its ongoing biopharmaceutical business and general and administrative expenses.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company's cash
and cash equivalents were $
8.9
million. The Company expects that its existing cash and cash equivalents and access to existing financing
arrangements will be sufficient to fund operations for a period of at least one year from the issuance of these financial statements.
The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the next few years and will need additional
funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's
ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year from the issuance of these financial statements. Additionally, the Company's
operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to the Company including:
●
the impact of the novel strain of coronavirus ("COVID-19") on the Company's planned
    clinical trials, operations and financial condition;
●
the progress and costs of the Company's pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and other research
    and development activities;
●
the scope, prioritization and number of the Company's clinical trials and other research and
    development programs;
●
any cost that the Company may incur under in- and out-licensing arrangements relating to its product
    candidate that it may enter into in the future;
●
the costs and timing of obtaining regulatory approval for the Company's product candidates;
●
the costs of filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patent claims and other intellectual property
    rights;
●
the costs of, and timing for, strengthening the Company's manufacturing agreements for production
    of sufficient clinical and commercial quantities of its product candidates;
●
the potential costs of contracting with third parties to provide marketing and distribution services
    for the Company or for building such capacities internally; and
●
the costs of acquiring or undertaking the development and commercialization efforts for additional
    therapeutic applications of the Company's product candidates and the magnitude of the Company's general and administrative
    expenses.
F-
9
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
As a result, the Company will require additional
capital to finance expenditures related to the manufacture of the Company's product candidates for use in clinical trials, conducting
clinical trials and general and administration expenses.
The Company has put in place multiple options
to raise the funds necessary to support its operations, including access to $
18.5
million of funding through a Standby Equity Distribution
Agreement (the "SEDA") executed with YA II PN, Ltd. ("YA"), and $
230,000
of potential funding via an ATM agreement
with Virtu Americas LLC ("Virtu").
The Company has access to the funds under SEDA with some limitations, including YA's
ownership cannot exceed a maximum of 9.99% of the outstanding common shares and the Company cannot issue common shares to YA in excess
of the common shares registered on its registration statement.
Additionally, in December 2022,
the Company entered
a securities purchase agreement with BVF Partners L.P, ("BVF") whereby the Company and BVF agreed that, until the 30
th
day
following receipt of the official written minutes from the end of the Phase 2 meeting to be held by the Company with the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (the "Election Deadline"), among other closing conditions, BVF shall have the right to purchase at a
second closing (the "Second Closing") up to $20 million in units (the "Units"), with each Unit consisting of
one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as well as receive a warrant to purchase up to 150% of the
number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second Closing, at a purchase price of $1.50 per Unit, it being
understood that the Company cannot issue fractional shares. The warrants will have a term of five years, will have an exercise price
of $2.03 per share and will be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares
due to its beneficial ownership limitation of a maximum of 9.99%. The Second Closing is at the discretion of BVF.
There can be no assurance that these funds will
be available, or if they are available, that their availability will be on terms acceptable to the Company or in an amount sufficient
to enable the Company to fully complete its development activities or sustain operations. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient
additional funds, it will have to develop and implement a plan to further extend payables and indebtedness, reduce overhead, or scale
back its current business plan until sufficient additional capital is raised to support further operations or force the Company to grant
rights to develop and commercialize product candidates that it would otherwise prefer to develop and commercialize on its own.
Accordingly, the accompanying financial statements
have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"),
which contemplate continuation of the Company as a going concern for a period within one year from the issuance of these audited interim
condensed financial statements and the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The carrying
amounts of assets and liabilities presented in these financial statements do not necessarily purport to represent realizable or settlement
values. These financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Note 2
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying financial statements have been
prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S.
GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (''ASC'') and Accounting Standards Updates (''ASU'')
of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (''FASB'').
F-
10
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the financial statements in
conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported of assets and liabilities
at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ
from those estimates and be based on events different from those assumptions. As part of these financial statements, the Company's
significant estimates include the valuation allowance related to the Company's deferred tax assets.
JOBS Act Accounting Election
The Company is an "emerging growth company"
("EGC") as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act"). Under the JOBS Act, an
EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those
standards apply to private companies. The Company intends to take advantage of the exemptions until it is no longer an EGC.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments
with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company deposits its cash primarily
in checking, money market accounts, as well as certificates of deposit. The Company generally does not enter into investments for trading
or speculative purposes rather to preserve its capital for the purpose of funding operations.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost,
net of accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the
estimated useful lives of the assets. The useful lives of property and equipment are five years for furniture and fixtures and three
years for software.
Upon retirement or sale, the cost of disposed
assets and their related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet. Any resulting net gains or losses on dispositions
of property and equipment are included as a component of operating expenses within the Company's statements of operating and comprehensive
loss. Repair and maintenance costs that do not significantly add value to the property and equipment, or prolong its life, are charged
to operating expense as incurred.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject
the Company to concentration of credit risk include cash. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, substantially all of the cash balances are deposited
in one banking institution. At various times, the Company has deposits in financial institutions which are in excess of federally insured
limits.
Functional Currency
The Company has operations in Switzerland and
the United States. The Company's functional currency is the U.S. dollar ("USD"). The results of its non-USD based operations
are translated to USD at the average exchange rates during the year. The Company's assets and liabilities are translated using
the current exchange rate as of the balance sheet date and shareholders' equity is translated using historical rates. Foreign exchange
transaction gains and losses are included in other income/expense in the Company's results of operations.
Revenue Recognition
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has not
recognized any revenue from its exclusive license agreement (the "EF License Agreement"), as the upfront payment the Company
received has been deferred. The EF License Agreement is to develop and commercialize its product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American
countries with Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A ("Eurofarma"), a Brazilian pharmaceutical company. The EF License Agreement is
within the scope of ASC 606, "
Revenue from Contract with Customers
" ("ASC 606").
F-
11
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when
its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to
receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined
to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services
in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are
distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration;
(iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies
each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect
consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.
Performance obligations are promised goods or
services in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit
from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately
identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers
factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of the customer to develop the intellectual
property on its own or whether the required expertise is readily available and whether the goods or services are integral to or dependent
on other goods or services in the contract.
The Company estimates the transaction price based
on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include
fixed consideration or variable consideration. At the inception of each arrangement that includes variable consideration, the Company
evaluates the amount of potential payments and the likelihood that the payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most
likely amount method or expected amount method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method best predicts the
amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration which is included in the transaction price may be constrained and
is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative
revenue recognized will not occur in a future period.
The Company allocates the transaction price based
on the estimated stand-alone selling price of each of the performance obligations. The Company must develop assumptions that require
judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in a contract with a customer. The Company
utilizes key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price for service obligations, which may include other comparable transactions,
pricing considered in negotiating the transaction and the estimated costs. Additionally, in determining the stand-alone selling price
for material rights, the Company may reference comparable transactions, clinical trial success probabilities, and develop estimates of
option exercise likelihood. Any variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligations in a contract
when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated
are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for the satisfaction of each performance obligation.
The consideration allocated to each performance
obligation is recognized as revenue when control is transferred for the related goods or services. For performance obligations which
consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to
determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate
method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress at each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure
of performance and related revenue recognition.
Development and regulatory milestone payments
are assessed under the most likely amount method and constrained if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would occur. Milestone
payments that are not within the Company's control or the licensee's control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered
probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability
of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction
price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect license revenues in the period of adjustment.
To date, the Company has not recognized any consideration related to the achievement of development, regulatory, or commercial milestone
revenue resulting from the EF License Agreement.
F-
12
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For revenue related to sales-based royalties
received from licensees, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, where the license is deemed to be the predominant
item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the
performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the
Company has not recognized any consideration related to sales-based royalty revenue resulting from any of the Company's license
agreement.
To the extent the Company receives payments,
including non-refundable payments, in excess of the recognized revenue, such excess is recorded as deferred revenue until the Company
performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company's right to consideration
is unconditional.
Research and Development
Costs for research and development ("R&D")
of products, including vendor expenses and supplies and consultant fees, are expensed as incurred. Clinical trial and other development
costs incurred by third parties are expensed as the contracted work is performed. Where contingent milestone payments are due to third
parties under research and development arrangements, the obligations are recorded when the milestone results are probable of being achieved.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses include personnel
costs, expenses for outside professional services, and all other allocated expenses. Personnel costs consist of salaries, cash bonuses
and benefits. Outside professional services consist of legal fees (including intellectual property and corporate matters), accounting
and audit services, IT and other consulting fees.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures and discloses fair value
in accordance with ASC 820, "
Fair Value,"
which defines fair value, establishes a framework and gives guidance regarding
the methods used for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is an exit price, representing
the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants
at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market
participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions there exists a three-tier fair-value
hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
Level 1 - unadjusted quoted prices are available
in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted
prices in active markets that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with
observable market data.
Level 3 - pricing inputs are unobservable for
the non-financial asset or liability and only used when there is little, if any, market activity for the non-financial asset or liability
at the measurement date. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Fair
value is determined using comparable market transactions and other valuation methodologies, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit,
market and/or other risk factors.
This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable
market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value.
The Company's cash and cash equivalents
are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy described above. The carrying value of the Company's
accounts payable and accruals approximates its fair value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities.
Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discount
Debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt
liability are presented on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt
discounts, and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method.
F-
13
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the
asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences
of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or in the Company's tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined
based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in
the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision
for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and,
to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the
deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for
recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax
planning strategies.
Due to the fact that the Company has a history
of generating losses, and expects to generate losses in the foreseeable future, a full valuation allowance has been recorded.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions
in accordance with an amendment to ASC Topic 740-10, "
Income Taxes
(
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes),"
which clarified the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. This amendment provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax
position can be recognized in the financial statements only if the position is "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained were
it to be challenged by a taxing authority. The assessment of the tax position is based solely on the technical merits of the position,
without regard to the likelihood that the tax position may be challenged. If an uncertain tax position meets the "more-likely-than-not"
threshold, the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than
50
% likely to be recognized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority
is recorded.
Employee Benefits (including Post Retirement Benefits)
The Company operates the mandatory pension plan
for its employees in Switzerland. The plan is generally funded through payments to insurance companies or trustee-administered funds.
The Company has a pension plan designed to pay pensions based on accumulated contributions on individual savings accounts. However, this
plan is classified as a defined benefit plan under ASC 960
"Plan Accounting – Defined Benefit Pension Plans
."
The net defined benefit liability is the present
value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date minus the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation
is in all material cases calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method, which reflects services
rendered by employees to the date of valuation, incorporates assumptions concerning employees' projected salaries, pension increases
as well as discount rates of highly liquid corporate bonds which have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related liability.
Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability,
which comprise actuarial gains and losses, and the return on plan assets (excluding interest), are recognized immediately in Other Comprehensive
Loss. Past service costs, including curtailment gains or losses, are recognized immediately as an allocation between research and development
and general and administrative expenses within the operating results. Settlement gains or losses are recognized in either research and
development and/or general and administrative expenses within the operating results. The Company determines the net interest expense
(income) on the net defined benefit liability for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation
at the beginning of the annual period or in case of any significant events between measurement dates to the then-net defined benefit
liability, taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability during the period as a result of contributions and benefit
payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in the statement of operations and
comprehensive loss.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures all stock-based awards granted
based on the fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense with respect to those awards over the requisite
service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Generally, the Company issues awards with only service-based
vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. The Company recognizes forfeitures related
to stock-based compensation awards as they occur and reverses any previously recognized compensation cost associated with forfeited awards
in the period the forfeiture occurs.
F-
14
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company classifies stock-based compensation
expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipients'
payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipients' service payments are classified.
The fair value of each stock option is estimated
on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model ("Black-Scholes"). Black-Scholes requires a number of assumptions,
of which the most significant are share price, expected volatility, expected option term (the time from the grant date until the options
are exercised or expire), risk-free rate and expected dividend rate. The grant date fair value of a common share is determined by the
board of directors (the "Board of Directors") considering, among other factors, the assistance of a valuation specialist and
management. The grant date fair value of a common share is determined using the valuation methodologies, which utilize certain assumptions,
including probability weighting of events, volatility, time to liquidation, risk-free interest rate and discount for lack of marketability.
Earnings per Share
Basic net loss per common share is computed by
dividing the net loss applicable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted
loss per common share is computed similar to basic loss per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional
potential common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares
were dilutive. Potential common shares are excluded from the computation for a period in which a net loss is reported or if their effect
is anti-dilutive. The Company's potential common shares consist of warrants, convertible promissory notes and convertible loans
with their potential dilutive effect considered using the treasury stock method. For the year ended December 31, 2022,
13,297,916
common
shares from warrants were excluded from the computation. For the year ended December 31, 2021,
5,409,746
, shares from warrants and
1,474,853
treasury shares were excluded from the computation, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020,
50,205
shares related to warrants
and the convertible loans that were excluded from the computation.
Treasury Shares
Treasury shares are purchased at cost and recognized
as a deduction from equity. Income or loss from subsequent sales is presented in equity.
Segment Reporting
The Company manages its operations as a single
segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company's singular focus is on developing
therapeutics for the treatment of neurobehavioral and neurocognitive disorders. All of the Company's tangible assets are held in
Switzerland.
Recently Issued
Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective
The Company has implemented all new accounting
pronouncements that are in effect and that may impact its consolidated financial statements and does not believe that there are any other
new accounting pronouncements that have been issued that might have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
F-
15
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 3
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets:
The Company's prepaid expenses and other
current assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31,
2022
2021
Vendor prepayments
$
65,739
$
37,538
VAT recoverable and other current assets
41,243
38,551
Prepaid insurance
36,496
187,446
Prepaid expenses
154,520
28,419
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets
$
297,998
$
291,954
Note 4
Property and Equipment, net:
The following table shows the property and equipment
consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31,
2022
2021
Cost
Furniture and fixtures
$
13,341
$
13,341
Software
26,219
26,219
Total cost
39,560
39,560
Accumulated depreciation
(
21,458
)
(
10,050
)
Total property and equipment, net
$
18,102
$
29,510
Deprecation and related amortization expense was
$
11,408
and $
10,050
for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Note 5
Other Accrued Liabilities:
Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31,
2022
2021
Professional consultants' expenses
$
285,398
$
244,245
Vendor liabilities
13,000
16,954
Related party expenses
4,107
6,877
Accrued board fees
149,496
137,002
Accrued Bonus
510,678
-
Accrued commitment fee
-
200,000
Other accrued expenses
23,758
61,371
Total other accrued liabilities
$
986,437
$
666,449
F-
16
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 6
Note Payable
In January 2022, the Company entered into a note
payable of $
704,160
for payment of its directors' and officers' insurance policy. The note payable had a term of 10 months
and has a
3.90
% stated interest rate. As of December 31, 2022, the note payable was paid in full.
Note 7
Short-term Convertible Notes
On August 19, 2022, the
Company entered into a short-term note agreement providing for unsecured loans in the aggregate amount of $
1,530,000
to the Company from
certain individual lenders. Ronald Hafner, the Company's Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Gian-Marco Rinaldi, a member of
the Company's Board of Directors, agreed to lend $
350,000
and $
80,000
, respectively, with respect to the offering.
Pursuant to the note
agreement, the interest rate was
10
% per annum, which was required to be paid upon conversion or repayment, and were due to be repaid
within 90 days following the execution of the note agreement, or November 17, 2022. In addition, the notes were able to be voluntarily
converted into common shares of the Company prior to the maturity date at a
20
% discount (i) to any subsequent qualified equity financing
round of at least $
6
million in the aggregate or (ii) upon a change of control. Management determined that no separate accounting or bifurcation
was required for this conversion feature as it doesn't meet the definition of a derivative because the net settlement criterion
is not met.
In
addition, pursuant to the note agreement, the noteholders received unregistered warrants to purchase common shares of the Company equal
to an aggregate of
10
% of the note amount of each noteholder, divided by $
0.4970
, which was the closing price as determined on the closing
date of the issuance of the notes, or an aggregate of
307,844
common shares. The warrants have an exercise price equal to $
0.4970
per
share and will expire 24 months following their issuance. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities
from Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging"
, and the Company determined that equity classification
was appropriate
.
The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $
67,008
was accounted for as debt
discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the note term.
On October 7, 2022, the
Company and the noteholders agreed to convert the notes concurrently with the Company's October 2022 financing. The total principal
balance plus all accrued interest were converted into
2,516,429
common shares. Additionally, the noteholders received additional warrants
to purchase up to
1,258,215
common shares with an exercise price of $
0.70
, that are exercisable six months after their issuance and will
expire
five years
following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable. The common shares and the additional warrants issued
had an aggregate fair value of $
2,472,616
resulting in a $
922,495
loss on conversion of the notes.
Note 8
Deferred Revenues:
In February 2019, the Company entered into the
EF License Agreement, to develop and commercialize its product candidate, Nolazol, in Latin American countries with Eurofarma, a Brazilian
pharmaceutical company. The EF License Agreement covers the grant of non-transferable licenses, without the right to sublicense, to Eurofarma
to develop and commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. The EF License Agreement also specifies the Company's obligation to advance
ongoing development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States. A joint steering committee will oversee the development and
regulatory activities directed towards marketing approval, manufacturing and commercialization phases. The Company believes its participation
in the joint steering committee is not of material significance to the licenses in the context of the EF License Agreement on the whole
and, as such, management has excluded these activities in the determination of its performance obligation(s) under the EF License Agreement.
F-
17
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The EF License Agreement provides that the parties
shall enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement during the term of the EF License Agreement.
Under the EF License Agreement, the Company received
a non-refundable, upfront payment, of $
2,500,000
and is further eligible to receive non-refundable milestone payments of up to $
16,000,000
,
based on the achievement of milestones related to regulatory filings, regulatory approvals and the commercialization of Nolazol. The achievement
and timing of the milestones depend on the success of development, approval and sales progress, if any, of Nolazol in the future. In addition,
the Company is also eligible for tiered royalty payments.
The Company identified the licenses granted to
Eurofarma and its obligation to advance development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States as the material promises under
the EF License Agreement. For purposes of identifying the Company's performance obligations under the EF License Agreement, management
believes that while the exclusive licenses were granted to Eurofarma at the outset of the EF License Agreement, the grant of those licenses
does not singularly result in the transfer of the Company's broader obligation to Eurofarma under the EF License Agreement.
The Company is obligated under the EF License
Agreement to advance its development activities in the United States and those activities precede Eurofarma's necessary regulatory
approvals for commercialization of Nolazol, in Latin American countries. The Company intends to apply its proprietary know-how to the
ongoing development activities in the United States involving its intellectual property relating to Nolazol. These development activities
are specific to the Company and the Company believes they are not capable of being distinct in the context of the EF License Agreement
on the whole.
The licenses provided to Eurofarma are not transferable
and without the right to sublicense therefore Eurofarma is not presently able to monetize its investment in Nolazol as clinical development
in the United States or any Latin American countries has yet to be completed and Eurofarma has yet to seek or obtain regulatory approval
in any Latin American country. The licenses to Eurofarma represent rights to use the Company's intellectual property with respect
to Nolazol for which revenue is recognized at a point in time which is when Eurofarma is able to use and benefit from the licenses. The
licenses are considered of limited value without the Company's development activities with respect to Nolazol in the United States.
As such, the licenses are not capable of being distinct until after successful clinal development and regulatory approval and alone do
not have standalone functionality to Eurofarma. Management has determined that the licenses, while capable of being distinct, are not
distinct as they do not have stand-alone value to Eurofarma without the Company's planned development activities in the United States
and the approval for sale in Latin America.
Bundled together with the Company's development
activities of Nolazol in the United States, the licenses granted under the EF License Agreement will enable Eurofarma to seek regulatory
approvals and ultimately seek to commercialize Nolazol in Latin America. Therefore, management believes the licenses bundled together
with the Company's development activities in the United States constitute a single distinct performance obligation under the EF
License Agreement for accounting purposes, or (the "License Performance Obligation").
The Company has initially estimated a total transaction
price of $
2,500,000
, consisting of the fixed upfront payment determined to be an advance on the License Performance Obligation. Upon execution
of the EF License Agreement and as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, variable consideration consisting of milestone payments has been constrained
and excluded from the transaction price given the significant uncertainty of achievement of the development and regulatory milestones.
The Company has allocated the transaction price
entirely to the single License Performance Obligation and recorded the $
2,500,000
as deferred revenue that is expected to be recognized
upon Brazilian or other Latin American market approval or, in the event marketing approval in the United States and/or Latin America is
not achieved, whether by failure in clinical development or otherwise, when the Company's performance obligations are contractually
complete or the EF License Agreement is terminated.
F-
18
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within
the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as a current portion of deferred revenue in the accompanying condensed balance
sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as deferred
revenue, net of current portion. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has long-term deferred revenues of $
2,500,000
, which will
be recognized when the development services of Nolazol are completed and the product candidate receives applicable regulatory approval
in Latin America that allows Eurofarma to commence commercialization of Nolazol in accordance with the EF License Agreement.
Note 9
Pension Liability:
The Company joined a collective pension plan operated
by an insurance company as of 2016 which covers the employees in Switzerland.
Both the Company and the participants provide
monthly contributions to the pension plan which are based on the covered salary. The respective saving parts of premiums are credited
to employees' accounts. In addition, interest is credited to employees' accounts at the rate provided in the plan. The pension
plan provides for retirement benefits as well as benefits on long-term disability and death.
The following table provides information on the
pension plan for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:
2022
2021
2020
Service cost
$
39,667
$
48,641
$
25,206
Interest cost
2,743
732
2,992
Expected return on assets
(
12,196
)
(
6,314
)
(
4,249
)
Effect of settlement, curtailment, plan amendment
(
72,600
)
-
(
5,810
)
Actuarial loss outside corridor recognized
3,091
983
-
Past service cost recognized in year
2,855
-
-
Administrative expenses
2,298
3,141
1,946
Net periodic pension cost
$
(
34,142
)
$
47,183
$
20,085
The reconciliation of the projected benefit obligation
and the changes to the fair value of the plan assets of the pension plan are shown in the following table:
2022
2021
Projected benefit obligation, beginning of period
$
927,369
$
273,675
Service cost
39,667
48,641
Interest cost
2,743
732
Transfers-in and (-out), net
(
209,035
)
442,557
Actuarial (gain)/ loss
(
152,048
)
167,864
Currency conversion adjustments
(
23,959
)
(
6,100
)
Projected benefit obligation, end of period
$
584,737
$
927,369
Plan assets, beginning of period
$
608,478
$
95,406
Actual return on plan assets
(
51,764
)
70,634
Employer contributions
37,468
34,062
Participant contributions
20,608
20,738
Transfers-in and (-out), net
(
150,129
)
392,021
Administration expenses
(
2,299
)
(
3,141
)
Currency conversion adjustments
(
13,747
)
(
1,242
)
Plan assets, end of period
$
448,615
$
608,478
Accrued pension liability
$
136,122
$
318,891
F-
19
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company
recorded an accrued pension liability of $
136,122
and $
318,891
, respectively, as non-current liabilities.
The pension assets are measured at fair value
and are invested in a collective pension foundation with pooled investments. Plan assets mainly consist of cash and cash equivalents,
equity funds, equity securities, corporate bonds, government bonds, and real estate funds classified as Level 1 and Level 2 under the
fair value hierarchy.
The Company records net gains/losses, consisting
of actuarial gains/losses, curtailment gains/losses and differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets, in other comprehensive
income/loss. Such net gains/losses are amortized to the statements of operations to the extent that they exceed
10
% of the greater of
projected benefit obligations or pension assets. The Company further records prior service costs/credits from plan amendments in other
comprehensive income/loss in the period of the respective plan amendment and amortizes such amounts to the statement of operations over
the future service period of the plan participants. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amortization was $
0
. As of December
31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated other comprehensive loss includes unrecognized pension costs of $
50,792
and $
151,739
, respectively,
consisting of net losses.
The following table shows the components of unrecognized
pension cost in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic pension cost:
2022
2021
Net loss, beginning of period
$
151,739
$
19,381
Other gain/loss during the period
(
88,088
)
103,544
Other prior year gain/loss recognized in period
(
3,091
)
(
983
)
Effect of settlement, curtailment
(
6,913
)
-
Amortization of pension related net loss
-
-
Net loss, end of period
53,647
121,942
Prior service cost, beginning of period
-
-
Amortization of prior service cost
(
2,856
)
29,797
Prior service cost end of period
(
2,856
)
29,797
Total unrecognized pension cost, end of period
$
50,791
$
151,739
The weighted average of the key assumptions used
to compute the benefit obligations were as follows:
2022
2021
Discount rate
2.25
%
0.30
%
Rate of increase in compensation level
0.25
%
0.00
%
Interest credit rate on savings accounts
2.25
%
1.00
%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
2.95
%
2.00
%
Inflation rate
0.85
%
0.60
%
The assumption of the expected long-term rate
of return on plan assets was based on the long-term historical rates of returns for the different investment categories which were adjusted,
where appropriate, to reflect financial market developments.
The accumulated benefit obligation as of December
31, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $
584,737
and $
927,369
, respectively.
The investment risk is borne by the insurer and
the reinsurer respectively, and the investment decision is taken by the board of trustees of the collective insurance.
F-
20
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 10
Commitments and Contingencies:
Commitments
On March 10, 2021, the Company entered into a
License Agreement with Novartis Pharma AG ("Novartis"), whereby the Company obtained, on an exclusive basis in the U.S., all
of the available data referred to and included in the original new drug application ("NDA")
for Sanorex® (mazindol) submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") in February 1972. The agreement encompasses
all preclinical and clinical studies, data used for manufacturing including stability and other chemistry manufacturing and controls data,
formulation data and know-how for all products containing mazindol as an active substance, and all post-marketing clinical studies and
periodic safety reports from 1973 onwards. Under the Agreement, the Company has obtained the same rights on a non-exclusive basis in all
territories outside of the U.S. except for Japan, with the right to cross-reference the Sanorex NDA with non-U.S. regulatory agencies
in the licensed territories. The Agreement includes the right to sublicense or assign the license to third parties, subject to such third
parties meeting certain obligations. As consideration for the license, the Company paid Novartis $
250,000
upon the signing of the agreement
with milestone payments due as follows:
(i) $750,000 payable following the end of a Phase II meeting with the FDA, with the amount to
be reduced to $375,000 if toxicology studies must be repeated; (ii) $2 million following the earlier of FDA marketing authorization of
Quilience or Nolazol; (iii) 1% of any upfront and milestone payments, if any, from any sublicensees and (iv) $3 million as a one-time
payment upon the Company's product candidate reaching $250 million in cumulative sales.
Litigation
The Company may become involved in miscellaneous
litigation and legal actions, including product liability, consumer, commercial, tax and governmental matters, which can arise from time
to time in the ordinary course of the Company's business. Litigation and legal actions are inherently unpredictable, and excessive
verdicts can result in such situations. The Company is not currently involved in any such matters.
COVID-19
The Company
has implemented a comprehensive response strategy designed to manage the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its employees, patients
and its business. The prolonged nature of the pandemic is negatively impacting the Company's business in a varied manner due to
the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants and other variants with increased transmissibility, even in some cases in vaccinated people,
limited access to health care provider offices and institutions and the willingness of patients or parents of patients to seek treatment.
The Company expects that its business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may continue to be negatively impacted
by the pandemic on a limited basis that may vary depending on the context. However, the Company has begun to observe, and expect to continue
to observe, a gradual normalization in patient and healthcare provider practices, as providers and patients have adapted their behaviors
and procedures to the evolving circumstances and as COVID-19 vaccines continue to be administered. The extent of the impact on the Company's
clinical development and regulatory efforts, its corporate development objectives and the value of market for its common shares will depend
on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence at this time. Such developments include continued
spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in the U.S., Switzerland and other countries and the potential emergency of other SARS-CoV-2
variants that may prove especially contagious or virulent, the ultimate duration and severity of the pandemic, governmental "stay-at-home"
orders and travel restrictions, quarantines, social distancing and business closure requirements in the U.S., Switzerland and other countries,
and the effectiveness of vaccination programs and other actions taken globally to contain and treat the disease.
Note 11
Share Capital and Public Offerings:
Common Shares:
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had
32,428,893
registered and
issued common shares.
On December 13, 2022,
the Company closed on a securities purchase agreement with funds affiliated with BVF Partners L.P., or collectively, BVF, providing for
the issuance in a private placement offering of (i)
5,747,126
common shares at a purchase price of $
0.87
per share and (ii) pre-funded
warrants to purchase
5,747,127
common shares at $
0.87
minus $
0.02
(CHF
0.02
) per pre-funded warrant.
F-
21
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company engaged Laidlaw
& Company (UK) Ltd. ("Laidlaw") to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with the above-described
offering. The Company agreed to pay Laidlaw a cash placement fee of $
700,000
and warrants of
5
% of the aggregate gross proceeds received
for the securities sold in the offering.
In addition, the Company
and BVF agreed that, until the Election Deadline, among other closing conditions, BVF shall have the right to purchase at the Second Closing
up to $
20
million in Units, with each Unit consisting of one common share and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase one common share, as
well as receive warrants to purchase up to
150
% of the number of common shares and/or pre-funded warrant shares purchased in the Second
Closing, at a purchase price of $
1.50
per Unit, it being understood that the Company cannot issue fractional shares. The warrants will
have a term of five years, will have an exercise price of $
2.03
per share and will be exercisable for pre-funded warrants if, at their
expiration, BVF will be unable to purchase common shares due to its beneficial ownership limitation.
Pursuant to the purchase
agreement, the Company agreed to grant BVF the right to participate in future offerings of the Company's securities for a period
from the first closing (the "First Closing") until the earlier of (i) the 30-month anniversary of the initial closing date
or (ii) until such time that BVF retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares. on the same
terms, conditions and price provided for in the subsequent financing or the right to purchase a comparable security with a beneficial
ownership limitation. In addition, the Company agreed to grant BVF the right to nominate one member to the Company's Board of Directors
and shall continue to recommend to its shareholders to elect such member for a period from the First Closing until such time that BVF
retains beneficial ownership of less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding common shares.
On October 7, 2022,
the
Company closed on a securities purchase agreement for the issuance in a private placement offering of (i) 5,194,802 common shares at a
purchase price of $0.77 per share, and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,597,401 common shares at an exercise of $0.70
per share. The Company's Chairman of the Board of Directors, Ronald Hafner, purchased 324,675 common shares in the offering and
the Company's Chief Medical Officer, George Apostol, purchased 1,298,701 common shares in the offering.
The Company engaged Laidlaw
to serve as the placement agent for the Company in connection with the above-described offering. The Company agreed to pay Laidlaw a cash
placement fee equal to
3.5
% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offering.
At the closing of the
offering, the Company's existing convertible short-term notes, with an aggregate principal balance of $
1,530,000
plus all accrued
interest, that were issued in August 2022, were automatically converted into
2,516,429
common shares and the holders received warrants
to purchase up to
1,258,215
common shares with an exercise price of $
0.70
, that are exercisable six months after their issuance and will
expire five years following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable, and are otherwise substantially similar to the form
of the common warrants.
On April 25, 2022, the
Company closed a registered direct offering with health-care focused institutional investors alongside participation from Mr. Hafner,
for the purchase and sale of (i)
3,015,384
common shares, at a purchase price of $
1.04
per share, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase
up to
1,184,616
common shares at a purchase price of $
1.04
minus CHF
0.02
per pre-funded warrant. Mr. Ronald Hafner, purchased
95,984
of the
3,015,384
common shares in the offering.
In a concurrent private placement, the Company
issued the investors, who also participated in the registered direct offering, warrants to purchase up to
3,150,000
common shares. The
warrants have an exercise price of $
1.04
per common share, are exercisable six months following the date of issuance and expire 5 years
following the initial exercise date. Pursuant to the terms of the securities purchase agreement, dated April 13, 2022, between the Company
and the investors, the Company agreed to register and create the common shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants issued as part
of the concurrent private placement. The common shares will first need to be created based on Swiss law upon the exercise of the respective
warrants by the investors.
F-
22
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company also entered
into an agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as sole placement agent (the "Placement Agent") dated April 13, 2022,
pursuant to which the Placement Agent agreed to serve as the Company's placement agent in connection with the registered direct
offering and concurrent private placement. The Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent (except with respect to the securities to be
purchased by Mr. Hafner) a cash placement fee equal to
7.0
% of the aggregate gross proceeds received for the securities sold in the offerings.
On March 5, 2022,
the
Company entered into an ATM Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Virtu, as sales agent. Pursuant to the terms of the
Sales Agreement, the Company may issue and sell from time to time its common shares through Virtu, acting as its sales agent, or directly
to Virtu, acting as principal. On March 31, 2022, the Company sold 22,000 common shares through the Sales Agreement for approximately
$31,000, net. Pursuant to the Company's prospectus supplement filed on April 13, 2022, the Company may issue and sell its common
shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $230,000 pursuant to the Sales Agreement.
Under the Sales Agreement,
common shares will be offered and sold pursuant to the Company's shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-262489),
declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 11, 2022. In addition, under the Sales Agreement, sales of common
shares may be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
The Company will pay
Virtu a commission rate of up to
3.0
% of the gross proceeds from each sale of Shares and has agreed to provide Virtu with customary indemnification
and contribution rights. The Company will also reimburse Virtu for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Sales
Agreement.
The Company has no obligation
to sell any of the common shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend the offering of its common shares upon notice and
subject to other conditions.
Warrants:
On December 13, 2022, concurrent with the offering
with BVF, the Company issued Laidlaw warrants to purchase up to
574,712
common shares at an exercise price of $
2.03
. The warrants have
an exercise price of $
2.03
per common share and expire
5
years following the initial exercise date. The warrants were evaluated under
ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging"
, and
the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $
272,892
was allocated
from the total net proceeds of the offering.
On October 7, 2022, in a concurrent private placement,
the Company issued investors who participated in the offering warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of
2,597,400
common shares at an
exercise of $
0.70
per share. The warrants will be exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire
five years
following the
date that the warrants are initially exercisable. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities
from Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging,"
and the Company determined that equity classification
was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $
806,510
was allocated from the total net proceeds of the offering.
On August 19, 2022, concurrent with the issuance
of short-term convertible notes payable, the Company issued the noteholders warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of
307,844
common
shares at an exercise price of $
0.50
per share. The warrants will be exercisable immediately and will have a term of
2
years. The warrants
were evaluated under ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and
Hedging"
, and the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued
of $
67,008
was accounted for as debt discount. On October 7, 2022, upon conversion of the notes payable, the Company issued the noteholders
additional warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of
1,258,214
common shares at an exercise price of $
0.70
per share. The warrants will
be exercisable six months after their issuance and will expire
five years
following the date that the warrants are initially exercisable.
The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives
and Hedging"
, and the Company determined that equity classification was appropriate. The fair value of the warrants issued of
$
534,966
was included in the loss on conversion of convertible notes payable.
F-
23
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
On April 25, 2022, in a concurrent private placement,
the Company issued investors, who also participated in the registered direct offering, warrants to purchase up to
3,150,000
common shares.
The warrants have an exercise price of $
1.04
per common share, are exercisable six months following the date of issuance and expire
5
years following the initial exercise date. The warrants were evaluated under ASC Topic 480,
"Distinguishing Liabilities from
Equity" and ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging"
, and the Company determined that equity classification was
appropriate. The relative fair value of the warrants issued of $
1,477,835
was allocated from the total net proceeds of the common shares
issuance on a relative basis to the common shares and warrants.
The following table summarizes
the common share warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Balance at January 1, 2022
5,409,746
Issuances
14,819,913
Exercises
(
1,184,616
)
Balance at December 31, 2022
19,045,043
The intrinsic value of
exercisable but unexercised in-the-money common share warrants at December 31, 2022 was $
10,605,284
.
Treasury Shares:
In the second half of
2021, the Company created treasury shares from its authorized capital in order to use them for the SEDA, as discussed above. On December
31, 2021, the Company held
1,474,853
treasury shares for financing arrangements (2022: no such treasury shares were held).
Option Plan
On December 14, 2021, the Board of Directors adopted
the Share Option Plan Regulation 2021 (the "Option Plan"). The purpose of the Option Plan is to retain, attract and motivate
management, employees, directors and consultants by providing them with options to purchase our common shares. The Board of Directors
allocated fifteen percent (
15
%) of our fully diluted shares to awards that may be made pursuant to the Option Plan.
The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions
of the awards to be granted under the Option Plan are determined by the Board of Directors, except that no stock option may be issued
with an exercise price less than the fair market value of the common shares at the date of the grant or have a term in excess of
ten years
.
Options granted under the Option Plan are exercisable in whole or in part at any time subsequent to vesting.
The following table summarizes total stock option
activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Number of
Options
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2021
-
-
Granted
1,333,123
$
1.23
Exercised
-
-
Expired/cancelled
-
-
Balance at December 31, 2022
1,333,123
$
1.23
Options vested and exercisable
50,000
Options expected to vest
1,283,123
The weighted average
remaining contractual life of each of the options outstanding, options vested and exercisable and options expected to vest at December
31, 2022 was
9.9
years.
F-
24
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table summarizes unvested stock
option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Non-Vested
Options
Weighted
Average
Grant date
Fair Value
Balance at December 31, 2021
-
-
Granted
1,333,123
-
Vested
(
50,000
)
$
0.22
Forfeited
-
Balance at December 31, 2022
1,283,123
$
0.25
The aggregate intrinsic
value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company's
common shares for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company's common shares. The share
price as of December 31, 2022 was $
1.29
and the aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding and expected to vest each year was $
154,270
.
The intrinsic value of exercisable options was
nil
as the exercise price was greater than the share price.
Stock-based
compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $
22,730
.
As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based
compensation expense relating to unvested stock options was $
306,508
. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average
period of
2.25
years.
Note 12
Income Taxes
:
The Company has Swiss tax loss carryforwards of
$32.4 million as of December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021: $23.6 million) of which $15.5 million will expire within the next five years,
and $16.9 million will expire between 2028 - 2029.
The significant components of net deferred taxes
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown in the following table:
2022
2021
Deferred tax assets:
Net benefit from tax loss carryforwards
$
3,485,242
$
2,504,647
Deferred revenues
264,997
264,997
Other, net
-
(
24,086
)
Valuation allowance
(
3,750,239
)
(
2,745,558
)
Net deferred taxes
$
-
$
-
The Company recorded a valuation allowance in
2022 and 2021 to reduce the net deferred taxes, as the Company deemed it to be more likely than not that the future deferred tax assets
would not be realized in the future based on the lack of sufficient positive evidence in the jurisdictions related to the realization
of the deferred tax assets.
The effective tax rate was
0
% for the years ended
December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The following table shows the income taxes in 2022, 2021 and 2020:
2022
2021
2020
Current tax
$
-
$
-
$
-
Deferred income tax (benefit)
(
1,004,681
)
(
1,119,614
)
(
384,488
)
(
1,004,681
)
(
1,119,614
)
(
384,488
)
Change in valuation allowance
1,004,681
1,119,614
384,488
Total income tax expense
$
-
$
-
$
-
F-
25
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company files income tax returns in Switzerland.
The Company's income tax position in Switzerland is finally assessed up to the year ended December 31, 2020, so the years ended
December 31, 2021 and 2022 are open for examination. Currently the Company does not have any open tax assessments. The following table
shows the reconciliation between expected and effective tax rate:
2022
2021
2020
Statutory tax rate
10.6
%
10.6
%
9.0
%
Effect of temporary differences
(
4.8
%)
(
3.6
%)
3.9
%
Change in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets
(
5.8
%)
(
7.0
%)
(
12.9
%)
Effective tax rate
0.0
%
0.0
%
0.0
%
The Company had generated approximately $
9,700,000
of net operating losses ("NOLs") prior to the reorganization in 2019 in which the Company's preliminary analysis indicates
that such NOLs would not be subject to significant limitations pursuant to applicable income tax regulations. The temporary differences
relate to the conversion to U.S. GAAP from local Swiss GAAP, mainly in the areas of debt, intangible amortization and deferring financing
costs.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no
unrecognized tax benefits.
If such matters were to arise, the Company would recognize interest and
penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.
The Company did not incur any material interest or penalties in
connection with income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Note 13
Related party consulting agreements:
The Company entered into consulting agreements
with several of its management.
In October 2019, the Company entered into a collaboration
agreement with Adya Consulting, a company founded and managed by the Company's then Chief Operating Officer, Silvia Panigone. Pursuant
to the collaboration agreement, the Company agreed to pay Adya Consulting a one-time fee of CHF
2,500
($
2,705
) for due diligence activities
as well as a success fee of
5
% for raising funds. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded fees to Adya Consulting of
$
102,264
included in research and development expenses, respectively, on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss. Effective
May 1, 2021, Ms. Panigone had entered into an employment agreement with the Company. On September 5, 2022, the Company and Ms. Panigone
agreed that she would leave her position as Chief Operating Officer on November 30, 2022.
In January 2017, and as subsequently amended in
October 2020, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with CHG BioVenture SA, an entity controlled by Mr. Hervé Girsault,
the Company's current Head of Business Development. Pursuant to the consulting agreement, the Company agreed to pay CHG BioVenture
SA a monthly fee of CHF
17,500
, as well as an opportunity to a bonus of up to
15
% of the annual fee, subject to the Company's discretion.
In addition, the Company has agreed to pay CHG BioVenture SA a
1
% fee tied to the net proceeds actually received by the Company in certain
transactions, such as, but not limited to, an M&A transaction. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party for any
reason at the end of each calendar quarter with three months' prior written notice, or immediately if Mr. Girsault breaches the
confidentiality provision. The consulting agreement also provides for a 24-month non-competition clause. The consulting agreement also
provides for standard confidentiality provisions as well as reimbursement for certain expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2022,
2021 and 2020, the Company recorded fees to CHG BioVenture SA of $
131,941
, $
158,945
and $
285,859
, respectively, included in general and
administrative expenses on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
The Company has entered into a new consulting
agreement starting May 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Girsault's engagement with the Company in his current role. Pursuant
to the new agreements,
the Company has agreed to pay CHG BioVenture SA a monthly fee CHF 4'375 ($4,733) plus 7.7% VAT for his services.
In addition, CHG BioVenture SA is eligible for a 1% success fee payment in the event of closing of a partnering agreement in China.
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26
NLS PHARMACEUTICS LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In March 2021, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Subhasis Roy, the Company's current Interim Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to
pay Mr. Roy a daily rate of CHF
2,000
for his services. The consulting agreement could be terminated by either party upon 30 days'
written notice or immediately by the Company in the event of a material breach by Mr. Roy that could not be cured. The consulting agreement
contained customary confidentiality provisions and provided for an 18-month non-solicitation clause. For the years ended December 31,
2022 and 2021, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Roy of $
49,480
and $
101,717
, respectively, included in general and administrative expenses
on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss. The Company entered into a new consulting agreement starting June 1, 2021 for the
continuation of Mr. Roy's engagement with the Company. On May 31, 2022, Mr. Roy resigned as the Company's Interim Chief Financial
Officer. Mr. Roy continued to provide transition services to the Company through June 30, 2022.
In February 2021, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Eric Konofal, the Company's current Chief Scientific Officer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Konofal a daily rate of CHF
2,000
for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days' written
notice or immediately by the Company in the event of a material breach by Mr. Konofal that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Konofal of $
201,053
and $
174,997
, respectively, included
in research and development expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss. The Company entered into a new consulting agreement
starting July 1, 2021 for the continuation of Mr. Konofal's engagement with the Company in his current role.
In March 2021, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Carlos Camozzi, the Company's current Interim Medical Director, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Camozzi an hourly rate of CHF
230
plus
7.7
% VAT for his services. The consulting agreement may be terminated by either party upon 30 days'
written notice or immediately by us in the event of a material breach by Mr. Camozzi that cannot be cured. The consulting agreement contains
customary confidentiality provisions and provides for an 18-month non-solicitation clause as well as reimbursement for certain expenses.
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Camozzi of $
100,841
and $
126,326
, respectively, included
in research and development expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.
In June 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Chad Hellmann, the Company's current Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Mr.
Hellmann an annual salary of $
160,000
for his services. Additionally, Mr. Hellmann will be eligible for a bonus of up to $
56,000
and he
received
147,485
options under the Option Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Hellmann of $
93,331
,
included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.
In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Ms. Marianne Lambertson, the Company's current Head of Corporate Communications & Investor Relations, pursuant
to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Lambertson a monthly retainer of $
12,500
for her services. Additionally, Ms. Lambertson will be
eligible for a one-time cash bonus based on the share value appreciation on
10,000
phantom shares with share appreciation defined as the
difference in the opening share price commencing January 1, 2023 and the closing price ending April 30, 2023. For the year ended December
31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Ms. Lambertson of $
12,500
included in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating
and comprehensive loss.
In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Ms. Astrid Sommer, the Company's Head of Human Resources, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay Ms. Sommer
a fixed monthly retainer of $
4,756
(CHF
4,400
) with an additional per hour rate of $
270
(CHF
250
) for hours exceeding
20
hours per month.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Ms. Sommer of $
4,042
(CHF
3,740
) included in general and administrative
expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.
In December 2022, the Company entered into a consulting
agreement with Mr. Thomas Curatolo, the Company's current Head of U.S. Commercialization, pursuant to which the Company agreed to
pay Mr. Curatolo a monthly retainer of $
16,000
per month for his services. Additionally, Mr. Curatolo is eligible to receive a
50,000
option award under the Option Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded fees to Mr. Curatolo of $
16,000
included
in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operating and comprehensive loss.
Note 14
Subsequent Events
:
Management has evaluated subsequent events that
have occurred through the date these financial statements were issued. There were no events that require adjustment to or disclosure in
the Company's financial statements.
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