<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div>
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Registration No.&#160;333-_______</div>

<div>
<hr style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; HEIGHT: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; BORDER-TOP: black 4px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" align="center">
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">UNITED STATES<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">FORM S-8<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>REGISTRATION STATEMENT<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div>
<hr style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; WIDTH: 10%; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" align="center" noshade>
</div>

<div><br>
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div>
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z017b1c3e3d8b4fcc9bfd4cd01e272443" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Delaware<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>(State or other jurisdiction of<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>incorporation or organization)</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">38-3161171</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(I.R.S. Employer</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Identification Number)</font></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">One Dauch Drive<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>Detroit, Michigan 48211<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>(313)&#160;758-2000<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>(Address of Registrant&#8217;s principal executive offices)</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Amended and Restated American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>(Full title of the plan)</u></font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">David E. Barnes</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Vice President &amp; General Counsel</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">One Dauch Drive</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Detroit, Michigan 48211</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">(313)&#160;758-2000</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font><font style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(Name, address and telephone number of agent for ser</font>vice)</font></div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <br>
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">
<hr style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; WIDTH: 10%; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" align="center" noshade>
Copies to:<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">John J. Cannon, III, Esq.</div>

Shearman &amp; Sterling LLP<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>599 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br>
</font>(212) 848-8159</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non&#8209;accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.&#160; See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer&#8221; and &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; in Rule&#160;12b-2 of the Exchange Act.&#160; (Check one):</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div>
<table style="WIDTH: 70%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z0f666881cc4a4b5eaf017a0cfd07804c" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 40%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Large accelerated filer</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#9746;</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 2%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 52%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Accelerated Filer</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#9744;</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 40%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#9744;</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 2%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 52%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Smaller reporting company</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#9744;</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 40%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 2%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 52%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Emerging growth company</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 3%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#9744;</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.&#160; &#9744;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
<hr style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 4px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; HEIGHT: 10px; COLOR: #ffffff; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" align="center">
</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">&#160;</div>
</div>

<div><br>
</div>

<table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" id="za42653e92b854c14b5a476f98457938f" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: #000000 4px double; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" colspan="5">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 32%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Title of Securities to be Registered</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.47%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Amount to be Registered </font>(1)</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.48%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Share</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.47%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.48%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Amount of Registration Fee</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 32%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Common Stock, par value&#160; $0.01</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.47%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4,200,000</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.48%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">$13.59(2)</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.47%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">$57,078,000(3)</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 17.48%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">$6,615.34</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<div><br>
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z7fcfcc3640e04fc5bbf7b2d49f737ce1" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 31.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right">(1)</td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Pursuant to Rule 416(a) and Rule 416(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>Securities Act</u></font>&#8221;), this Registration Statement shall also cover any additional shares of the Registrant&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (&#8220;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>Common Stock</u></font>&#8221;) in respect of the securities identified in the above table as a result of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transactions.&#160; Pursuant to Rule 416(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement also covers an indeterminate amount of interests to be offered or sold pursuant to the Amended and Restated American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the &#8220;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>Plan</u></font>&#8221;).</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="zeb2ad16d74d44302b8a48c348e9793ce" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 31.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right">(2)</td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Share, estimated in accordance with Rule 457(c) and 457(h) under the Securities Act for purposes of calculating the registration fee, is $13.59, which was determined based on the average of the high and the low prices of Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on August 29, 2017.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="zf6235aebc8cf4d14aacaa52e7f4fffb7" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 31.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right">(3)</td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(a) under the Securities Act.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Part I</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The information required by Item&#160;1 and Item&#160;2 of Part I of Form S-8 is omitted from this filing in accordance with Rule 428 under the Securities Act and the introductory note to Part I of Form S-8.&#160; The documents containing the information specified in Part I will be delivered to the participants in the Plans covered by this Registration Statement as required by Rule 428(b)(1) under the Securities Act.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Part II</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="zf8e34668f7474966ac306bc93c2cb86b" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; align: right">Item&#160;3.</td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Incorporation of Documents by Reference.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The following documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>Commission</u></font>&#8221;) are incorporated as of their respective dates in this Registration Statement by reference:</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">the Registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on&#160;Form 10-K&#160;for the fiscal year ended December&#160;31, 2016 (filed February&#160;10, 2017);</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Reports on&#160;Form 10-Q&#160;for the periods ended on March 31, 2017 (filed May 05, 2017) and June 30, 2017 (filed July 28, 2017);</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">the Registrant&#8217;s Current Reports on&#160;Form&#160;8-K&#160;filed February 23, 2017, March 06, 2017, March 06, 2017, March 07, 2017, March 09, 2017, March 23, 2017, March 29, 2017,&#160;April 03, 2017, April 05, 2017, April 06, 2017, April 12, 2017, May&#160;5, 2017,&#160; May 17, 2017, and July 28, 2017;</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">the description of the Registrant&#8217;s Common Stock which is contained in the registration statement on&#160;Form S-3ASR&#160;dated March 30, 2017 (Commission File No.&#160;333-217033), including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description; and</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form 424B3, filed March 06, 2017.</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">All other documents subsequently filed by the Registrant pursuant to Section&#160;13(a), 13(c), 14 and 15(d) of the <font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the &#8220;</font><font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><u>Exchange Act</u></font><font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">&#8221;) </font>prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement that indicates that all securities offered have been sold or which deregisters all securities then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement and to be a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents.&#160; Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this Registration Statement to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement.&#160; Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this Registration Statement.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z3db1a930167846cc9ae7581394389329" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> 4.</font></td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Description of Securities.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Not applicable.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="zd60826b135544528be09d71ce200b423" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> 5.</font></td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Interests of Named Experts and Counsel.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Not applicable.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z0e590024023142a5a551bf9dfeac49f4" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"> 6.</font></td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Indemnification of Directors and Officers.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Section 145 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as amended, provides that under certain circumstances a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation or is or was serving at its request in such capacity in another corporation or business association, against expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person&#8217;s conduct was unlawful.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Article Sixth of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (the &#8220;Certificate of Incorporation&#8221;) provides for the indemnification of the Registrant&#8217;s directors and officers. The Certificate of Incorporation provides that a director will not be personally liable for monetary damages to the Registrant or its stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under Delaware Law. The Certificate of Incorporation also provides that each current or former director, officer, employee or agent of the Registrant, or each such person who is or was serving or who had agreed to serve at the request of the Registrant as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including the heirs, executors, administrators or estate of such person), will be indemnified by the Registrant to the full extent permitted by Delaware Law, as the same exists or may in the future be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Registrant to provide broader indemnification rights than said law permitted the Registrant to provide prior to such amendment). The Certificate of Incorporation also specifically authorizes the Registrant to enter into agreements with any person providing for indemnification greater or different than that provided by the Certificate of Incorporation.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z2e61ff3fa43a44ad8b0328c2fe2f22f1" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item 7.</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: left">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Exemption from Registration Claimed.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Not applicable.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z7f81976a84f8469b9e15c9d1e38aa083" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">&#160;8.</font></td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Exhibits.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">See attached Exhibit list.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<table style="WIDTH: 100%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="z445e71d2e11d42bab52be05a667cd6f7" class="DSPFListTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 72pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; align: right"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Item</font><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">&#160;9.</font></td>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: auto; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Undertakings.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(1)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 72pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(i)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 72pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(ii)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement; and</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 72pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(iii)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; <font style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">provided</font>,<font style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> however</font>, that paragraphs (i) and (ii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div><br>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(2)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <font style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">bona fide</font> offering thereof.</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div><br>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(3)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</font></div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div><br>
</div>
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <font style="FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">bona fide</font> offering thereof.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant further undertakes that, insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.&#160; In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div><br>
&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">SIGNATURES</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">The Registrant</font>.&#160; Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit, Michigan on this 1st day of September, 2017.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>
<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" id="z07f7095204784cecb6da83c83157f1dd" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" colspan="3">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">AMERICAN AXLE &amp; MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" colspan="2">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">By:</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">/s/ Christopher J. May&#160;&#160; </td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Name:</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Christopher J. May</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 6%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Title:</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 34%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Vice President &amp; Chief Financial Officer</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; WIDTH: 10%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>
</table>

<div><br>
&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div><br>
</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><a name="POWEROFATTORNEY"><!--Anchor--></a>POWER OF ATTORNEY</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each of whom may act alone, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement on Form S-8, and to sign any related registration statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on the 1st day of September, 2017.</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>
<table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" id="z6241ef898ea1498095e32f3b103a6a7c" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Signature</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Title</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/David C. Dauch</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">David C. Dauch</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Chairman of the Board &amp; Chief Executive Officer/Director </div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer)</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Christopher J. May</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Christopher J. May</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Vice President &amp; Chief Financial Officer </div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(Principal Financial Officer) (Principal Accounting Officer)</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Elizabeth A. Chappell</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Elizabeth A. Chappell</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Loren S. Easton</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Loren S. Easton</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/William L. Kozyra</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">William L. Kozyra</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Peter D. Lyons</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Peter D. Lyons</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" id="za55f5a1922df4f8cbc76f2aed082d71a" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/James A. McCaslin</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">James A. McCaslin</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/William P. Miller II</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">William P. Miller II</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Kevin S. Penn</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Kevin S. Penn</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/John F. Smith</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">John F. Smith</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/George Thanopoulos</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">George Thanopoulos</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: bottom; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">/s/Samuel Valenti III</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 45%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Samuel Valenti III</div>
</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 5%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">&#160;</td>
<td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Director</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="MARGIN-TOP: 10pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both" id="DSPFPageBreakArea">
<div style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: always" id="DSPFPageBreak">
<hr style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 4px 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; CLEAR: both; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px" noshade>
</div>
</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Exhibit Index</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">The following exhibits are filed as part of this Registration Statement:</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<table style="WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="zb627d4edfc74436f98fac1c15fe560cf" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Exhibit No.</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Description of Document</div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1062231/000106223116000124/aamh_by-laws07282016.htm">3.1</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1062231/000106223116000124/aamh_by-laws07282016.htm">Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc., as amended to date (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.03 of the Registrant&#8217;s Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 2016)</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex0302.txt">3.2</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex0302.txt">Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex0401.htm">4.1</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex0401.htm">Amended and Restated American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex05.htm">5</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex05.htm">Opinion of Shearman &amp; Sterling LLP regarding the validity of the securities being registered*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex05.htm">23.1</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex05.htm">Consent of Shearman &amp; Sterling LLP (included in Exhibit 5)*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2302.htm">23.2</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2302.htm">Consent of Deloitte &amp; Touche LLP*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2303.htm">23.3</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2303.htm">Consent of Deloitte &amp; Touche LLP*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2304.htm">23.4</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="ss57181_ex2304.htm">Consent of KPMG LLP*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 12%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="#POWEROFATTORNEY">24</a></div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 88%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="#POWEROFATTORNEY">Power of Attorney (included as part of the signature pages to this Registration Statement)*</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <br>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<table style="WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" id="za06c0f396fe34a2295e63e57d627e2a9" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">* Filed herewith</div>
</td>
<td style="WIDTH: 50%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">&#160;</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 100%; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top" colspan="2">&#160;</td>
</tr>
</table>

<div><br>
</div>

<br>
</div>

<div>&#160;</div>

<div>
<hr style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000; HEIGHT: 2px; COLOR: #000000; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" align="center" noshade>
</div>
</body>
</html>
[{"type": "S-8", "sequence": "1", "filename": "ss57181_s8.htm", "description": "REGISTRATION STATEMENT", "secsgml_size_bytes": 79738}]
{"company-data": {"conformed-name": "AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS INC", "cik": "0001062231", "assigned-sic": "3714", "irs-number": "383161171", "state-of-incorporation": "DE", "fiscal-year-end": "1231"}, "filing-values": {"form-type": "S-8", "act": "33", "file-number": "333-220300", "film-number": "171066081"}, "business-address": {"street1": "ONE DAUCH DRIVE", "city": "DETROIT", "state": "MI", "zip": "48211-1198", "phone": "3137583600"}, "mail-address": {"street1": "ONE DAUCH DRIVE", "city": "DETROIT", "state": "MI", "zip": "48211-1198"}}
Registration No. 333-_______
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM S-8
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
38-3161171
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
One Dauch Drive
Detroit, Michigan 48211
(313) 758-2000
(Address of Registrant's principal executive offices)
Amended and Restated American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan
(Full title of the plan)
David E. Barnes
Vice President & General Counsel
American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
One Dauch Drive
Detroit, Michigan 48211
(313) 758-2000
(Name, address and telephone number of agent for ser
vice)
Copies to:
John J. Cannon, III, Esq.
Shearman & Sterling LLP
599 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022
(212) 848-8159
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
☒
Accelerated Filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
Title of Securities to be Registered
Amount to be Registered
(1)
Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Share
Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price
Amount of Registration Fee
Common Stock, par value  $0.01
4,200,000
$13.59(2)
$57,078,000(3)
$6,615.34
(1)
Pursuant to Rule 416(a) and Rule 416(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "
Securities Act
"), this Registration Statement shall also cover any additional shares of the Registrant's common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("
Common Stock
") in respect of the securities identified in the above table as a result of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transactions.  Pursuant to Rule 416(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement also covers an indeterminate amount of interests to be offered or sold pursuant to the Amended and Restated American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "
Plan
").
(2)
The Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Share, estimated in accordance with Rule 457(c) and 457(h) under the Securities Act for purposes of calculating the registration fee, is $13.59, which was determined based on the average of the high and the low prices of Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on August 29, 2017.
(3)
Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(a) under the Securities Act.
Part I
INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS
The information required by Item 1 and Item 2 of Part I of Form S-8 is omitted from this filing in accordance with Rule 428 under the Securities Act and the introductory note to Part I of Form S-8.  The documents containing the information specified in Part I will be delivered to the participants in the Plans covered by this Registration Statement as required by Rule 428(b)(1) under the Securities Act.
Part II
INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Item 3.
Incorporation of Documents by Reference.
The following documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "
Commission
") are incorporated as of their respective dates in this Registration Statement by reference:
(a)
the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 (filed February 10, 2017);
(b)
the Registrant's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended on March 31, 2017 (filed May 05, 2017) and June 30, 2017 (filed July 28, 2017);
(c)
the Registrant's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed February 23, 2017, March 06, 2017, March 06, 2017, March 07, 2017, March 09, 2017, March 23, 2017, March 29, 2017, April 03, 2017, April 05, 2017, April 06, 2017, April 12, 2017, May 5, 2017,  May 17, 2017, and July 28, 2017;
(d)
the description of the Registrant's Common Stock which is contained in the registration statement on Form S-3ASR dated March 30, 2017 (Commission File No. 333-217033), including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description; and
(e)
the Registrant's Current Report on Form 424B3, filed March 06, 2017.
All other documents subsequently filed by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 and 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "
Exchange Act
")
prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement that indicates that all securities offered have been sold or which deregisters all securities then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement and to be a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents.  Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this Registration Statement to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement.  Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this Registration Statement.
Item
4.
Description of Securities.
Not applicable.
Item
5.
Interests of Named Experts and Counsel.
Not applicable.
Item
6.
Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Section 145 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as amended, provides that under certain circumstances a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation or is or was serving at its request in such capacity in another corporation or business association, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful.
Article Sixth of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (the "Certificate of Incorporation") provides for the indemnification of the Registrant's directors and officers. The Certificate of Incorporation provides that a director will not be personally liable for monetary damages to the Registrant or its stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under Delaware Law. The Certificate of Incorporation also provides that each current or former director, officer, employee or agent of the Registrant, or each such person who is or was serving or who had agreed to serve at the request of the Registrant as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including the heirs, executors, administrators or estate of such person), will be indemnified by the Registrant to the full extent permitted by Delaware Law, as the same exists or may in the future be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Registrant to provide broader indemnification rights than said law permitted the Registrant to provide prior to such amendment). The Certificate of Incorporation also specifically authorizes the Registrant to enter into agreements with any person providing for indemnification greater or different than that provided by the Certificate of Incorporation.
Item 7.
Exemption from Registration Claimed.
Not applicable.
Item
8.
Exhibits.
See attached Exhibit list.
Item
9.
Undertakings.
(1)
To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i)
To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
(ii)
To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement; and
(iii)
To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;
provided
,
however
, that paragraphs (i) and (ii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.
(2)
That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide
offering thereof.
(3)
To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide
offering thereof.
The undersigned Registrant further undertakes that, insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.  In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
SIGNATURES
The Registrant
.  Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Detroit, Michigan on this 1st day of September, 2017.
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
By:
/s/ Christopher J. May
Name:
Christopher J. May
Title:
Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Christopher J. May and David E. Barnes his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each of whom may act alone, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement on Form S-8, and to sign any related registration statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on the 1st day of September, 2017.
Signature
Title
/s/David C. Dauch
David C. Dauch
Chairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer/Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/Christopher J. May
Christopher J. May
Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer) (Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/Elizabeth A. Chappell
Elizabeth A. Chappell
Director
/s/Loren S. Easton
Loren S. Easton
Director
/s/William L. Kozyra
William L. Kozyra
Director
/s/Peter D. Lyons
Peter D. Lyons
Director
/s/James A. McCaslin
James A. McCaslin
Director
/s/William P. Miller II
William P. Miller II
Director
/s/Kevin S. Penn
Kevin S. Penn
Director
/s/John F. Smith
John F. Smith
Director
/s/George Thanopoulos
George Thanopoulos
Director
/s/Samuel Valenti III
Samuel Valenti III
Director
Exhibit Index
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Registration Statement:
Exhibit No.
Description of Document
3.1
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc., as amended to date (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.03 of the Registrant's Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 2016)
3.2
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.*
4.1
Amended and Restated American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan*
5
Opinion of Shearman & Sterling LLP regarding the validity of the securities being registered*
23.1
Consent of Shearman & Sterling LLP (included in Exhibit 5)*
23.2
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP*
23.3
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP*
23.4
Consent of KPMG LLP*
24
Power of Attorney (included as part of the signature pages to this Registration Statement)*
* Filed herewith