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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 17, 2019</p>
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Registration No.&#160;333-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-top:Double 2.25pt;padding-top:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;">UNITED STATES</font></p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:11pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:12pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">FORM S-8 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:16pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">REGISTRATION STATEMENT </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;font-size:11pt;font-family:Times New Roman;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">UNDER </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;font-size:11pt;font-family:Times New Roman;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:24pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ATYR PHARMA, INC. </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Delaware</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">20-3435077</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(State or other jurisdiction of</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">incorporation or organization)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(I.R.S. Employer<br />Identification No.)</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite #250 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">San Diego, CA 92121</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Address of Principal Executive Offices) </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ATYR PHARMA, INC. 2015 STOCK OPTION AND INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ATYR PHARMA, INC. 2015 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ATYR PHARMA, INC. NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT FOR NON-PLAN INDUCEMENT GRANT&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"> <font style="font-size:8pt;font-weight:normal;">(Full title of the plans)</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">President, Chief Executive Officer and Director </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite #250 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">San Diego, CA 92121 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Name and address of agent for service) </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(858) 731-8389 </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160; </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer,&nbsp;&nbsp;a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company,&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:4pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:4pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Large&#160;accelerated&#160;filer</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Times New Roman'">&#9744;</font></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Accelerated&#160;filer</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:4pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:4pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:4pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Non-accelerated filer</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Times New Roman'">&#9746;</font><font style="font-family:Times New Roman;">&#160;</font></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Smaller&#160;reporting&#160;company</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Emerging growth&#160;company</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Times New Roman'">&#9746;</font></p></td>
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</table></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.&nbsp;&nbsp;<font style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'Times New Roman'">&#9746;</font></font></p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_19"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<hr style="page-break-after:always;width:100%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_17"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU2"></a><font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE </font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:4pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<tr>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:1.3%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.92%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:1.22%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:2pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:100%;">
<p style="border-top:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:1pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Title&#160;of&#160;securities</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">to&#160;be&#160;registered</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Amount</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">to&#160;be</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">registered(1)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Proposed</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">maximum<br />offering&#160;price<br />per&#160;share</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Proposed</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">maximum</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">aggregate</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">offering&#160;price</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Amount&#160;of<br />registration&#160;fee</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Common stock, $0.001 par value per share</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">1,223,163 (2)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.4743<font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;"> </font>(3)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 580,146.21</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:5.1pt;;margin-right:0.85%;text-indent:-5.1pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 70.31</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Common stock, $0.001 par value per share</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">305,790 (4)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.4743<font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;"> </font>(3)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 145,036.20</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:5.1pt;;margin-right:0.85%;text-indent:-5.1pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 17.58</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Common stock, $0.001 par value per share</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">200,000 (5)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.8151<font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;"> </font>(6)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 163,020.00</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:5.1pt;;margin-right:0.85%;text-indent:-5.1pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 19.76</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Common stock, $0.001 par value per share</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">1,000,000 (7)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.4743<font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;"> </font>(3)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;474300.00</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:5.1pt;;margin-right:0.85%;text-indent:-5.1pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 57.49</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:43.88%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Total</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td colspan="3" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:14.2%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">2,728,953</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.62%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.08%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">N/A</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.9%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:13.82%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;1,362,502.41</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:0.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000; border-left:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:12.94%; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:5.1pt;;margin-right:0.85%;text-indent:-5.1pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 165.14</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:100%;">
<p style="text-align:right;border-top:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:1pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11" valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:100%;">
<p style="border-top:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:1pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(1)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of common stock which become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or any other similar transaction effected without the receipt of consideration which results in an increase in the number of our outstanding shares of common stock of aTyr Pharma, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;). Pursuant to Rule 416(c) under the Securities Act, this registration statement shall also cover an indeterminate amount of interests to be offered or sold pursuant to the Company&#8217;s 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the &#8220;ESPP&#8221;). </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"> (2)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Represents 1,223,163 shares of common stock that were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the Company&#8217;s 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (as subsequently amended, the &#8220;2015 Plan&#8221;) on January 1, 2019, pursuant to an &#8220;evergreen&#8221; provision contained in the 2015 Plan.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the provision contained in the 2015 Plan, each January 1st until January 1, 2019, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan is automatically increased by the lesser of (i) 1,840,000 shares, (ii) 4% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or (iii) such lesser amount of shares as determined by the Company&#8217;s board of directors. </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(3)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457 of the Securities Act, and based on the average of the high and low sales prices of the registrant&#8217;s common stock, as quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market, on May 15, 2019.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(4)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Represents 305,790 shares of common stock that were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP on January 1, 2019, pursuant to an &#8220;evergreen&#8221; provision contained in the ESPP.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pursuant to the provision contained in the ESPP, each January 1st until January 1, 2019, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP is automatically increased by the lesser of 1% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser amount of shares as determined by the Company&#8217;s board of directors.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(5)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Represents 200,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of a non-qualified stock option award granted to Jill M. Broadfoot on July 30, 2018 as an inducement material to her acceptance of employment with the Company as the Company&#8217;s Chief Financial Officer (the &#8220;Inducement Award&#8221;).&nbsp;&nbsp;The Inducement Award was approved by the Company&#8217;s board of directors in compliance with and in reliance on Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The Inducement Award was granted outside of the 2015 Plan.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(6)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(h) of the Securities Act and based upon the exercise price of the options that are subject to the Inducement Award.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(7)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:96%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;color:#000000;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Represents 1,000,000 additional shares of common stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2015 Plan, as approved by the Company&#8217;s stockholders at its annual meeting on May 8, 2019 (the &#8220;Annual Meeting&#8221;).&nbsp;&nbsp;At the Annual Meeting, the Company&#8217;s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan to increase the aggregate number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan by 1,000,000 shares to 7,833,336 shares of common stock.</p></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Proposed sales to take place as soon after the effective date of the registration statement as awards are granted, exercised or distributed under the 2015 Plan, ESPP or Inducement Award, as applicable. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
<p style="margin-top:12pt; clear:both;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_18"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<hr style="page-break-after:always;width:100%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_17"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU3"></a><font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">PART I</font></p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The information called for in Part&#160;I of Form S-8 to be contained in the Section&#160;10(a) prospectus is not being filed with or included in this registration statement (by incorporation by reference or otherwise) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<font style="text-decoration:underline;">Commission</font>&#8221;). The documents containing the information specified in Part I of Form S-8 will be delivered to the participants in the equity benefit plans covered by this Registration Statement.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:24pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">PART II </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;3. <font style="text-decoration:underline;">Incorporation of Documents by Reference</font>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The following documents filed with the Commission by the registrant are incorporated by reference into this registration statement: </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<div align="left">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4.16%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(a)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.84%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019009381/life-10k_20181231.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">The registrant&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018</font></a>;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4.16%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(b)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.84%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019019133/life-10q_20190331.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">The registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019</font></a>;</p></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4.16%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(c)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.84%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The registrant&#8217;s Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019002427/life-8k_20190207.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">February 8, 2019</font></a>, <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019002427/life-8k_20190207.htm"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019011319/life-8k_20190410.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Apri1 11, 2019</font></a> and <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019002427/life-8k_20190207.htm"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019011319/life-8k_20190410.htm"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019018543/life-8k_20190508.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">May 10, 2019</font></a>;</p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4.16%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(d)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.84%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019009824/life-def14a_20190508.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">The information specifically incorporated by reference into the registrant&#8217;s Annual Report from the registrant&#8217;s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which was filed with the Commission on March 28, 2019</font>; and</a></p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:4.16%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(e)</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000119312515173955/d917258d8a12b.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">The description of the registrant&#8217;s common stock contained in the registrant&#8217;s registration statement on Form 8-A (Registration No.&#160;001-37378) filed with the Commission on May 6, 2015 under Section&#160;12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description</font>. </a></p></td>
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<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">All documents subsequently filed by the registrant pursuant to Section&#160;13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to the registration statement which indicates that all of the shares of common stock registered hereunder have been sold or which deregisters all of such shares then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this registration statement and to be a part hereof from the respective dates of filing of such documents, except as to any portion of any future annual or quarterly report to stockholders or document or current report furnished under current Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K that is not deemed filed under such provisions. Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this registration statement to the extent that a statement contained herein, or in any other subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such earlier statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Under no circumstances will any information filed under current items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K be deemed incorporated herein by reference unless such Form 8-K expressly provides to the contrary. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;4. <font style="text-decoration:underline;">Description of Securities</font>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Not applicable. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;5. <font style="text-decoration:underline;">Interests of Named Experts and Counsel</font>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">None. </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<hr style="page-break-after:always;width:100%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_17"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU4"></a><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;6. </font><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Indemnification of Directors and Officers</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">. </font></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Section&#160;145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the &#8220;DGCL&#8221;) authorizes a corporation to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities arising out of actions, suits and proceedings to which they are made or threatened to be made a party by reason of the fact that they have served or are currently serving as a director or officer to a corporation. The indemnity may cover expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the director or officer in connection with any such action, suit or proceeding. Section&#160;145 permits corporations to pay expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees) incurred by directors and officers in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding. In addition, Section&#160;145 provides that a corporation has the power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of its directors and officers against any liability asserted against them and incurred by them in their capacity as a director or officer, or arising out of their status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify the director or officer against such liability under Section&#160;145. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The registrant has adopted provisions in the registrant&#8217;s certificate of incorporation and bylaws that limit or eliminate the personal liability of the registrant&#8217;s directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended. Consequently, a director or officer will not be personally liable to the registrant or its stockholders for monetary damages or breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability for: </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">any breach of the director&#8217;s duty of loyalty to the registrant or its stockholders; </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">any unlawful payments related to dividends or unlawful stock purchases, redemptions or other distributions; or </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. </p></td>
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<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">These limitations of liability do not alter director liability under the federal securities laws and do not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as an injunction or rescission. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">In addition, the registrant&#8217;s bylaws provide that: </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:3.12%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">the registrant will indemnify its directors, officers and, in the discretion of its board of directors, certain employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended; and </p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:3.12%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#8226;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;width:95.82%;">
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">the registrant will advance reasonable expenses, including attorneys&#8217; fees, to its directors and, in the discretion of its board of directors, to its officers and certain employees, in connection with legal proceedings relating to their service for or on behalf of the registrant, subject to limited exceptions. </p></td>
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<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and intends to enter into such agreements with certain of its executive officers. These agreements provide that the registrant will indemnify each of its directors, certain of its executive officers and, at times, their affiliates to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. The registrant will advance expenses, including attorneys&#8217; fees (but excluding judgments, fines and settlement amounts), to each indemnified director, executive officer or affiliate in connection with any proceeding in which indemnification is available and the registrant will indemnify its directors and officers for any action or proceeding arising out of that person&#8217;s services as a director or officer brought on behalf of the registrant or in furtherance of the registrant&#8217;s rights. Additionally, certain of the registrant&#8217;s directors may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance provided by their affiliates, which indemnification relates to and might apply to the same proceedings arising out of such director&#8217;s services as a director referenced herein. Nonetheless, the registrant has agreed in the indemnification agreements that the registrant&#8217;s obligations to those same directors are primary and any obligation of the affiliates of those directors to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the expenses or liabilities incurred by those directors are secondary. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">The registrant also maintains general liability insurance which covers certain liabilities of its directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;). </p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_17"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU5"></a><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;7. </font><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Exemption from Registration Claimed</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">. </font></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Not applicable. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;8. <font style="text-decoration:underline;">Exhibits</font>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">See the Exhibit&#160;Index on the page immediately preceding the signatures for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-8, which Exhibit&#160;Index is incorporated herein by reference. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Item&#160;9. <font style="text-decoration:underline;">Undertakings</font>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(a)&#160;The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes: </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(i) To include any prospectus required by Section&#160;10(a)(3) of the Securities Act; </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &#8220;Calculation of Registration Fee&#8221; table in the effective registration statement; </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Provided, however<font style="font-style:normal;">, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this section shall not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section&#160;13 or Section&#160;15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement. </font></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section&#160;13(a) or Section&#160;15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section&#160;15(d) of the&nbsp;&nbsp;Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. </p>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_textHF_105_17"></a>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU6"></a><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(h) Insofar as indemnification for l</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">iabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exch</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses </font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"> registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securiti</font><font style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">es Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. </font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU7"></a><font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">EXHIBIT INDEX </font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Description</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;4.1</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000119312515166665/d819057dex32.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant</font> (1)</a></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;4.2</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000119312515148013/d819057dex34.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant</font></a> (2)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;4.3</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000119312515148013/d819057dex41.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Specimen Common Stock Certificate</font></a> (3)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;5.1*</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="life-ex51_8.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP</font></a></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">23.1*</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="life-ex231_20.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</font></a></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">23.3*</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="life-ex51_8.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Consent of Goodwin Procter LLP</font></a> (included in Exhibit 5.1)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">24.1*</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="#POWEROFATTORNEY"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">Power of Attorney</font></a> (included on signature page)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">99.1</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459019018543/life-ex101_14.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended</font></a> (4)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">99.2</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000119312515148013/d819057dex1014.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan</font></a> (5)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">99.3</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1339970/000156459016029228/life-ex101_362.htm"><font style="text-decoration:underline;">aTyr Phama, Inc. Non-Qualified Option Agreement for Non-Plan Inducement Grant</font> (6)</a></p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">*</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed herewith. </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(1)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_cp_text_1_16"></a><a name="_cp_text_1_16"></a>Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant&#8217;s Amendment No.&#160;2 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on May&#160;1, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference. </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(2)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed as Exhibit 3.4 to the Registrant&#8217;s Amendment No.&#160;1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April&#160;27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference. </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(3)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant&#8217;s Amendment No.&#160;1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April&#160;27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference. </p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(4)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant&#8217;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:468pt;;">
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(5)</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant&#8217;s Amendment No.&#160;1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April&#160;27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(6)</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 14, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<hr style="page-break-after:always;width:100%;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="_AEIOULastRenderedPageBreakAEIOU8"></a><font style="font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">SIGNATURES</font></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:4pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Diego, State of California, this 17th day of May, 2019. </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">ATYR PHARMA, INC.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:7pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">By:</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">/s/ Sanjay S. Shukla</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">President, Chief Executive Officer and Director </p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"><a name="POWEROFATTORNEY"></a>POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">We, the undersigned officers and directors of aTyr Pharma, Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S. and Jill M. Broadfoot, and each of them singly (with full power to each of them to act alone), our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution in each of them for him and in his name, place and stead, and in any and all capacities, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement on Form S-8, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as full to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-top:8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-indent:0%;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated below. </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<tr>
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<p style="text-align:center;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Signature</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Title</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">
<p style="text-align:center;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-weight:bold;font-size:8pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Date</p></td>
</tr>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">/s/ Sanjay S. Shukla</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">President, Chief Executive Officer and Director</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Principal Executive Officer)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">/s/ Jill M. Broadfoot</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Principal Financial and Accounting Officer</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Jill M. Broadfoot</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;&#160;/s/ John K. Clarke&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Chairman of the Board and Director</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">John K. Clarke</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;"> &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;/s/ James C. Blair&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Director</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">James C. Blair, Ph.D.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td colspan="2" valign="middle"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-bottom:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-bottom:solid 0.75pt transparent;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-bottom:solid 0.75pt transparent;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Director</p></td>
<td valign="bottom"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-bottom:solid 0.75pt transparent;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-bottom:solid 0.75pt transparent;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
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<tr>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt; border-top:solid 0.75pt #000000;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">Jeffrey S. Hatfield</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:3.95pt;">
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:3pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:3pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:3pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<tr>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
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</tr>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">May 17, 2019</p></td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">John D. Mendlein, Ph.D.</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:10pt;;text-indent:-10pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:6pt;">&nbsp;</p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
<p style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:Solid 0.75pt #000000;padding-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-left:0pt;;text-indent:0pt;;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:none;font-variant: normal;">/s/ Paul Schimmel &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td>
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<td valign="top"  style="padding-left:0pt;padding-Right:0pt;padding-Top:0pt;padding-Bottom:0pt;">
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[{"type": "S-8", "sequence": "1", "filename": "life-s8.htm", "description": "S-8", "secsgml_size_bytes": 168675}]
{"company-data": {"conformed-name": "aTYR PHARMA INC", "cik": "0001339970", "assigned-sic": "2836", "irs-number": "203435077", "state-of-incorporation": "DE", "fiscal-year-end": "1231"}, "filing-values": {"form-type": "S-8", "act": "33", "file-number": "333-231594", "film-number": "19837329"}, "business-address": {"street1": "3545 JOHN HOPKINS COURT, STE #250", "city": "SAN DIEGO", "state": "CA", "zip": "92121", "phone": "858-731-8389"}, "mail-address": {"street1": "3545 JOHN HOPKINS COURT, STE #250", "city": "SAN DIEGO", "state": "CA", "zip": "92121"}}
life-s8.htm
As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 17, 2019
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM S-8
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
ATYR PHARMA, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
20-3435077
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite #250
San Diego, CA 92121
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
ATYR PHARMA, INC. 2015 STOCK OPTION AND INCENTIVE PLAN, AS AMENDED
ATYR PHARMA, INC. 2015 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
ATYR PHARMA, INC. NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT FOR NON-PLAN INDUCEMENT GRANT
(Full title of the plans)
Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite #250
San Diego, CA 92121
(Name and address of agent for service)
(858) 731-8389
(Telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer,  a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer,"  "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company," in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
☐
Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☒
Smaller reporting company
☒
Emerging growth company
☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.
☒
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
Title of securities
to be registered
Amount
to be
registered(1)
Proposed
maximum
offering price
per share
Proposed
maximum
aggregate
offering price
Amount of
registration fee
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share
1,223,163 (2)
$       0.4743
(3)
$     580,146.21
$             70.31
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share
305,790 (4)
$       0.4743
(3)
$     145,036.20
$             17.58
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share
200,000 (5)
$       0.8151
(6)
$     163,020.00
$             19.76
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share
1,000,000 (7)
$       0.4743
(3)
$      474300.00
$             57.49
Total
2,728,953
N/A
$  1,362,502.41
$           165.14
(1)
Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of common stock which become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or any other similar transaction effected without the receipt of consideration which results in an increase in the number of our outstanding shares of common stock of aTyr Pharma, Inc. (the "Company"). Pursuant to Rule 416(c) under the Securities Act, this registration statement shall also cover an indeterminate amount of interests to be offered or sold pursuant to the Company's 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP").
(2)
Represents 1,223,163 shares of common stock that were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the Company's 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (as subsequently amended, the "2015 Plan") on January 1, 2019, pursuant to an "evergreen" provision contained in the 2015 Plan.  Pursuant to the provision contained in the 2015 Plan, each January 1st until January 1, 2019, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan is automatically increased by the lesser of (i) 1,840,000 shares, (ii) 4% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or (iii) such lesser amount of shares as determined by the Company's board of directors.
(3)
Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457 of the Securities Act, and based on the average of the high and low sales prices of the registrant's common stock, as quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market, on May 15, 2019.
(4)
Represents 305,790 shares of common stock that were automatically added to the shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP on January 1, 2019, pursuant to an "evergreen" provision contained in the ESPP.  Pursuant to the provision contained in the ESPP, each January 1st until January 1, 2019, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP is automatically increased by the lesser of 1% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser amount of shares as determined by the Company's board of directors.
(5)
Represents 200,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of a non-qualified stock option award granted to Jill M. Broadfoot on July 30, 2018 as an inducement material to her acceptance of employment with the Company as the Company's Chief Financial Officer (the "Inducement Award").  The Inducement Award was approved by the Company's board of directors in compliance with and in reliance on Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The Inducement Award was granted outside of the 2015 Plan.
(6)
Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(h) of the Securities Act and based upon the exercise price of the options that are subject to the Inducement Award.
(7)
Represents 1,000,000 additional shares of common stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2015 Plan, as approved by the Company's stockholders at its annual meeting on May 8, 2019 (the "Annual Meeting").  At the Annual Meeting, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan to increase the aggregate number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan by 1,000,000 shares to 7,833,336 shares of common stock.
Proposed sales to take place as soon after the effective date of the registration statement as awards are granted, exercised or distributed under the 2015 Plan, ESPP or Inducement Award, as applicable.
PART I
INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS
The information called for in Part I of Form S-8 to be contained in the Section 10(a) prospectus is not being filed with or included in this registration statement (by incorporation by reference or otherwise) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "
Commission
"). The documents containing the information specified in Part I of Form S-8 will be delivered to the participants in the equity benefit plans covered by this Registration Statement.
PART II
INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Item 3.
Incorporation of Documents by Reference
.
The following documents filed with the Commission by the registrant are incorporated by reference into this registration statement:
(a)
The registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018
;
(b)
The registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019
;
(c)
The registrant's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on
February 8, 2019
,
Apri1 11, 2019
and
May 10, 2019
;
(d)
The information specifically incorporated by reference into the registrant's Annual Report from the registrant's definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A, which was filed with the Commission on March 28, 2019
; and
(e)
The description of the registrant's common stock contained in the registrant's registration statement on Form 8-A (Registration No. 001-37378) filed with the Commission on May 6, 2015 under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description
.
All documents subsequently filed by the registrant pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to the registration statement which indicates that all of the shares of common stock registered hereunder have been sold or which deregisters all of such shares then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this registration statement and to be a part hereof from the respective dates of filing of such documents, except as to any portion of any future annual or quarterly report to stockholders or document or current report furnished under current Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K that is not deemed filed under such provisions. Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this registration statement to the extent that a statement contained herein, or in any other subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such earlier statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this registration statement.
Under no circumstances will any information filed under current items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K be deemed incorporated herein by reference unless such Form 8-K expressly provides to the contrary.
Item 4.
Description of Securities
.
Not applicable.
Item 5.
Interests of Named Experts and Counsel
.
None.
Item 6.
Indemnification of Directors and Officers
.
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") authorizes a corporation to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities arising out of actions, suits and proceedings to which they are made or threatened to be made a party by reason of the fact that they have served or are currently serving as a director or officer to a corporation. The indemnity may cover expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the director or officer in connection with any such action, suit or proceeding. Section 145 permits corporations to pay expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred by directors and officers in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding. In addition, Section 145 provides that a corporation has the power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of its directors and officers against any liability asserted against them and incurred by them in their capacity as a director or officer, or arising out of their status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify the director or officer against such liability under Section 145.
The registrant has adopted provisions in the registrant's certificate of incorporation and bylaws that limit or eliminate the personal liability of the registrant's directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended. Consequently, a director or officer will not be personally liable to the registrant or its stockholders for monetary damages or breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability for:
•
any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the registrant or its stockholders;
•
any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•
any unlawful payments related to dividends or unlawful stock purchases, redemptions or other distributions; or
•
any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
These limitations of liability do not alter director liability under the federal securities laws and do not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as an injunction or rescission.
In addition, the registrant's bylaws provide that:
•
the registrant will indemnify its directors, officers and, in the discretion of its board of directors, certain employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended; and
•
the registrant will advance reasonable expenses, including attorneys' fees, to its directors and, in the discretion of its board of directors, to its officers and certain employees, in connection with legal proceedings relating to their service for or on behalf of the registrant, subject to limited exceptions.
The registrant has entered into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and intends to enter into such agreements with certain of its executive officers. These agreements provide that the registrant will indemnify each of its directors, certain of its executive officers and, at times, their affiliates to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. The registrant will advance expenses, including attorneys' fees (but excluding judgments, fines and settlement amounts), to each indemnified director, executive officer or affiliate in connection with any proceeding in which indemnification is available and the registrant will indemnify its directors and officers for any action or proceeding arising out of that person's services as a director or officer brought on behalf of the registrant or in furtherance of the registrant's rights. Additionally, certain of the registrant's directors may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance provided by their affiliates, which indemnification relates to and might apply to the same proceedings arising out of such director's services as a director referenced herein. Nonetheless, the registrant has agreed in the indemnification agreements that the registrant's obligations to those same directors are primary and any obligation of the affiliates of those directors to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the expenses or liabilities incurred by those directors are secondary.
The registrant also maintains general liability insurance which covers certain liabilities of its directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act").
Item 7.
Exemption from Registration Claimed
.
Not applicable.
Item 8.
Exhibits
.
See the Exhibit Index on the page immediately preceding the signatures for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement on Form S-8, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9.
Undertakings
.
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the "Calculation of Registration Fee" table in the effective registration statement;
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;
Provided, however
, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this section shall not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan's annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the  Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(h) Insofar as indemnification for l
iabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exch
ange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses
incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the
registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securiti
es Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
No.
Description
4.1
Form of Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant
(1)
4.2
Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant
(2)
4.3
Specimen Common Stock Certificate
(3)
5.1*
Opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP
23.1*
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
23.3*
Consent of Goodwin Procter LLP
(included in Exhibit 5.1)
24.1*
Power of Attorney
(included on signature page)
99.1
2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended
(4)
99.2
2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
(5)
99.3
aTyr Phama, Inc. Non-Qualified Option Agreement for Non-Plan Inducement Grant
(6)
*
Filed herewith.
(1)
Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on May 1, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.
(2)
Filed as Exhibit 3.4 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April 27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.
(3)
Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April 27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.
(4)
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(5)
Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on April 27, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference.
(6)
Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 14, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Diego, State of California, this 17th day of May, 2019.
ATYR PHARMA, INC.
By:
/s/ Sanjay S. Shukla
Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES
We, the undersigned officers and directors of aTyr Pharma, Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S. and Jill M. Broadfoot, and each of them singly (with full power to each of them to act alone), our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution in each of them for him and in his name, place and stead, and in any and all capacities, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement on Form S-8, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as full to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated below.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Sanjay S. Shukla
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
May 17, 2019
Sanjay S. Shukla, M.D., M.S.
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jill M. Broadfoot
Principal Financial and Accounting Officer
May 17, 2019
Jill M. Broadfoot
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ John K. Clarke
Chairman of the Board and Director
May 17, 2019
John K. Clarke
/s/ James C. Blair
Director
May 17, 2019
James C. Blair, Ph.D.
Director
May 17, 2019
Jeffrey S. Hatfield
/s/ Timothy P. Coughlin
Director
May 17, 2019
Timonthy P. Coughlin
/s/ John D. Mendlein
Director
May 17, 2019
John D. Mendlein, Ph.D.
/s/ Paul Schimmel
Director
May 17, 2019
Paul Schimmel, Ph.D.