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ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุณูˆู ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุณุนุฉ
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ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุณุนุฉ ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† loadุŒ stress ูˆ strain ุฅูŠุด
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ loadุŸ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงู„ ูˆ stressุŒ ุงู„ุถุบุท ูˆ strainุŒ
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ุงู„ุดุฏุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุดุฏุŸ ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„a load when
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engineering engineers design a machine or a
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structure they need to know what forces will be
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exerted on it ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ุจุฏู‡ู… ูŠุตู…ู… ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุฃูˆ
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ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ุจุชุทู„ุนูˆุง ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู‡ุง applied
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ุฃูˆ exerted ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู† ุญุทุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุจุชุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ
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put pressure on it in engineering forces are
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called loadsููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ
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ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฃุญู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ usually
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several different loads will act on or apply force
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to ุนุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชูŠุฌูŠ
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ุจุชูุฑุถ ุญุงู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
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the components in the machine or the members part
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of a structure a component or member which is
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designed to carry or bear a load called load
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bearing components or members ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ load bearing
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงูŠุด
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ุจูŠุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ุจู†ุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฃูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„
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generation ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ุชุฎุทูŠุท ู…ุง ุณูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู…
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ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู†ูŠุฑ ูŠุชุฎุทูŠุท ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูˆูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุชุญู…ูŠุท
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ูˆุชุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„
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ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„
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ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„
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ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชู…ุธุจูˆุทุŒ ุฅู„ู‡ุง magnitudeูˆุงู„ู‡ุง direction ุงูˆ
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phase ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ูˆ .. ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ..
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ูƒู†ุง ุจู†ุดุชุบู„ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡
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ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุงุด ุงู„ูˆุงูู‚ูŠ horizontal ุงูˆ
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vertical ุงู„ weight ู…ุซู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุงูŠุด
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุจุนุช ูˆูŠู†ุŸ vertical ูู‡ุฐู‡ .. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู…
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ููŠุด ู‚ูˆุฉ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุฌุงูŠุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุŸูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญูƒูŠู†ุง
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุญุณุจ ู„ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ magnitude ูˆ ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ phase load is therefore a vector a quantity or
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vector ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงูŠุด ู…ุชุฌู‡ุฉ that is a measurement
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with both magnitude and direction ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู‡ุง ุงุชุฌุงู‡
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ูˆ ุจุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงูˆ ุจุงู„ู‡ุง ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู†
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ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ุจุนุฏ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ู…ุณู„ู…ุงุช ุจุชุตูŠุฑุฅู†ู‡ ุจุชุชูƒู„ู…
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ุนู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ู†ูุณ ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ magnitude this
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is different to a scalar quantity which has a
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magnitude only ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ scalar quantity ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุจุณ
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magnitude ูˆู…ุง ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู…ุด ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ู‡ูŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจ ..
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ุจ .. ู„ูˆ ุฑูˆุญุชูˆุง ู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุจุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฑูˆุญุชูˆุง
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ู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ plastic ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ
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ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ apply force ุฃูˆ ุจุชุดุฏ ุนุดุงู† ุชุดูˆู ุงูŠุด
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ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ .. ุงูˆ ุงู„ quality of the productุจุดูˆููˆุง ู‚ุฏุงุด
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ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชุญู…ู„ ู‚ุฏุงุด ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุดุฏ ู‡ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฑุฌุน ู‡ุงูŠ .. ู‡ุงูŠ
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ูุญุต ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ
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ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ูุญุต ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ stress and strain ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ุณู…ุน ุฅูŠุด ุงู„
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stress ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช ู…ุณูƒุช ุดูƒูˆุด ูˆ ุฏุฌูŠุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูˆ ุฌูŠุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฏุฌูŠุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชู†ุชูŠู†ุŸู‡ู„ุงุญุธ .. ู‡ู„ุงุญุธ .. ุฃูŠูˆุฉุŒ
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ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ุชุชุญู…ู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ุชุชูุดูุดุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุงู„ .. ุงู„
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.. ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุญู…ู„ ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง
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ุฌู„ุช ูƒู„ ู…ุง .. ููŠ example ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุถุฑุจูˆู‡ุงุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช
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cable ุฃูˆ ุญุจู„ ูˆ ุณุญุจุช ููŠู‡ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†
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ุงู„ุญุฌู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุชุจุนู‡ุŒ ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุดูŠู„ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู‚ูŠู„ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ูˆ
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ ุจู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุญุจู„ุทุจ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุงุŸ ุทุจ
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ุฅู† ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุฃูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุดุŸ
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ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุฌูŠู‡ู†ุง ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ stress
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ุงู„ stress ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉthe extract below
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is from an engineering textbook ู…ู† ูƒุชุงุจ ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุฃูŠุด
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ุจุชุญูƒูŠู‡ุง in a test a thick cable is used to pick up
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a heavy object ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒุงุจู„ ุณู…ูŠูƒ ุงุญู†ุง ุณุญุจู†ุง ููŠู‡ ุดูŠุก
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ูˆุฒู†ู‡ ุซู‚ูŠู„the cable stretches slightly ุนุงุฏุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง
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ุฃูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ apply force ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ stretching
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ุจู…ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุช ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ูˆ ุญุทูŠุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ
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ุชุฌูŠู‡ ู„ูŠุด ุจู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ุจูŠุฌูˆุต ู„ุชุญุช ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุฌูˆู‡
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ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠุณุฉ ุจุชุญุณูŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ุจุณ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุญุงุฌุฉ ุถุนูŠูุฉ
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ุฅูŠุด ุจู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุจูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ุนู„ู‰ ุญุจู„ ุญุทูŠุชู‡
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ูˆ ุดุฏูŠุชู‡ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงุดุฏู‡ ูˆ ุนู„ู‚ุชุด ููŠู‡ ุงูŠุด ู‡ู„ุงุญุธ ููŠู‡ุŸ ู‡ูŠู†ุฒู„
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุต ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงุดุฏู‡ ู…ุงุดุฏูˆุฏ ุงูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุŸ ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุดุฏ
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.. ุตุงุฑู„ู‡ ุดุฏ ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุชุจุนู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ..
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ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุชุจุนู‡ .. ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุชุจุนู‡ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุตุงุฑ
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deformedุทูŠุจ the cable stretches slightly but lifts
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the weight ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุดูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆุฒู† a second test is done
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using a thinner cable thinner cable ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ
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ูƒุงุจู„ ุฃุฑูุน one with only half the cross-sectional
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area of the thick cable ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุง ู†ุต ุงู„ุณู…ูƒ ุชุจุนู‡
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this time the cable stretches then break ุงู„ูƒุงุจู„
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ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑุŸ ุจู…ุท ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุจู†ู‚ุทุนwhy did the
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thinner cable failุŸ ู„ูŠุด ู‡ูˆุŸ ูุดู„ ุงู„ุงู† not due to a
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higher load as the weight was the same ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„
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load ุชุจุนุชูŠ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ุชุจุนูŠ ู…ุง ุชุบูŠุฑุด ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู†ุงุดุจู†ู‚ูˆู„
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the failure was due to stress ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฃูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ุณุจุจ
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ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ู„ stress ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ stress is force per unit
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area ุงู„ stress ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
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ุฃูŠุดุŸู‚ูˆุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ and is measured in
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newton per square meter or pascals ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡
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newton per square meter ุงูˆ pascals the thinner
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cable was therefore stressed twice as much as the
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thick cable ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุทู„ุน ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุทู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ proportional ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฒุงุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ
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ู†ู‚ุตุชู„ู„ู†ุต ูุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุชุจุน ุงู„ stress ุงุถุงุนู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ as the same load was concentrated into
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the cross-sectional area that was fifty percent
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smaller ุงู„ุงู† concentrated ุงูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุŸ focusedุฃูˆ
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ุชุฑูƒุฒุช focus ุชุฑูƒุฒุช ูˆู‡ูŠ concentrated ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุช ุนู„ูŠู†ุง fail, failure, stressed,
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concentrated ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง exerted ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุด
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applied ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ุง loads ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง act onุชุชูุงุนู„ ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง carry ุฃูˆ pair ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก load bearing ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ู‡ุงูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ magnitude ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„
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quantity ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ scalar quantity ุทูŠุจ ู†ูƒู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง why did the ticker cable stretch but
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not break when the objects are stretched they
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deform ุงู„ deformation ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุงุŸุจุชุดูˆู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุทูˆู„ ู‡ูŠุชุดูˆู‡ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠุฑูุน ูƒู…ุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุจุทูˆู„ ูˆ ุจุฑูุน
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ุดูˆูŠุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃุจุณุท ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุฌูŠ ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ุฎุฏู†ุง
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ู…ุบูŠุทุฉ ุฎุฏุช ู…ุบูŠุทุฉ ูˆ ุณุญุจุชูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุณูˆูŠ ู…ุนุงูƒุŸ ุชุชู…ุฏุฏ ..
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ุชุชู…ุฏุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุจุชู…ุทุจ ุชุณูˆูŠ ู…ุนุงูƒ ู„ูˆ ุฑุงุฎุฏุชูŠู‡ุง ุจุชุฑุฌุน
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ู„ุฅูŠุดุŸู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญุฌู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ู‡ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง
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ูƒู…ุงู† ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ elasticity ุงู„ุงู†
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elasticity ู„ูˆ ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุงู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุชูƒู„ู…
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ุนู„ู‰ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช Layden ูˆ ู…ุถุทูŠุชุŒ ุจุฑุฌุน ุงู„ factor ุชุจุนู‡
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ุจุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉุทูŠุจ in test the cable
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extended it increased in length extension can be
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measured as a change in an object length compared
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to its original length ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ change ู„ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ .. ู‡ุฐูŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ .. ู‚ุฏุงุดุฉ ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ
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ู„ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ .. ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ
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strainุงู„ู€ strain ู‡ูˆ ุจุฌูŠุณ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆููŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน
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ู„ู‡ ู‡ุชุทู„ุน ุฅูŠุงู‡ according to a law called young's
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modulus of elasticity stress is proportional to
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strain ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ stress ุงุญู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ู„ุงุญุธ ููŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ
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ุจูŠู†ู‡ ุจูŠู† ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ strain ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏู‰ in other
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words a percentage increase in the stress will
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cause the same percentage increase in the strain
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ูŠุนู†ูŠุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุทุฑุฏูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจุฒูˆุฏ ุงู„ stress ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
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ุงู„ strain ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ however this is only true up to
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a point called limit of proportionality ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุทุฑุฏูŠุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง linear
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region linear ู„ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฅู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจุฒูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุฒูŠุฏ
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ linear
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ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฑุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ outside ุงู„ limit of
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proportionality ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุชุจุทูŠ
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linear ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ non-linear ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ stress
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ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุฑุงูู‚ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ straight ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู…ุง
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ุชุญุตู„ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ non-linear relationship
142
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ non-linear regionุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุถุบูˆุทุฉ ุจุดูƒู„
143
00:11:38,340 --> 00:11:43,740
ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณุชุตุจุญ ู…ุถุบูˆุทุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฃุนุถุงุก.
144
00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:53,480
ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ stress and strain were
145
00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:58,120
therefore become disproportionate ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุด
146
00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:02,520
ุทุฑุฏูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ..ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ุณุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ
147
00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:08,120
ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ..ููŠุด ุฅุดูŠ ุจุญูƒู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง
148
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..ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃุนุทูŠูƒูˆุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ ุญุฏ ููŠูƒูˆุง ..ุงุฎุฏุชูˆุง
149
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ุจุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ diode ุงู„ diode
150
00:12:19,510 --> 00:12:26,750
ู…ุงุด ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุŸ ุงุชู†ุงู‚ุดุŸ ู„ุฃ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ diet ุงูŠุด
151
00:12:26,750 --> 00:12:31,090
ุจุชู„ุงุญุธู‰ุŸ ุงูˆ ุงู„ transistor ุงูˆ ุงูŠ ุงุดู‰ ุงู„ transistor
152
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ุงุฑ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุงู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจุฒูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ
153
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ุชุจุน ุงู„ base ุชูŠุงุฑ ุชุจุน ุงู„ collector ุงูŠุด ุจุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุŸ ู„ุฃ
154
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ุจุฒูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู‰ .. ุจุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุงู†
155
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ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุงู†ุฒูŠุณุชุฑ ุงูˆู„ุง ููŠ curve ุนู†ุฏู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ
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ุงู„ VB ุฃูˆ CE ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ IC ูƒูˆูŠุณ ุงู„ IC ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ
157
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ุชุจุน ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ collector ุตุญ ุงู†ุง ุฌุงูŠุจู„ูƒูˆุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุง
158
00:13:09,950 --> 00:13:17,860
ุฎู„ุงุต ุจู„ุงุด ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุนู†ู‡ุงุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ููŠ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ ..
159
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ุจุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุจุฒูˆุฏ ุชุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†
160
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ุงุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ู„ูˆ ุฌุจุช cable ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ .. ุงูˆ ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„
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ู…ุทุงุท ุญุงุฌุฉ ู…ุทุงุทุฉ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูˆู‡ุง ู…ู† ุญุจู„ ู…ุทุงุทุทุจุน ุงู„ู†ุทุŒ ุทุจุน
162
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ุบูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุญู…ู„ ููŠู‡ ูˆุฒู† ู…ุนูŠู†ุŒ ุญู„ุงุญุธ ุฅูŠุด ุจู…ุท
163
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ู…ุนูŠ ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ุถู„ูŠุชู†ูŠ ุฃุฒูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฒุงู†
164
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ุจู„ุงุญุธ ุฅูŠุด .. ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠุช ูˆุฒู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุจู„ุงุญุธุŸ ุงู„
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.. ุจู…ุท ู…ุทุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ุชุดูˆู‚ ุงู‡ ุจุณ ุงูˆู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ
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ู„ุญุฏ ุฏูŠ ุญุฏ ู…ุนูŠู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏ ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูุด ู†ุณุจุฉ
167
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ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุจุทู„ุช
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00:14:06,380 --> 00:14:12,060
ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ type of loads ูˆ ุงู„
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description ุชุจุนู‡ู… ุงูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ dead loadูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู„
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life load ู‡ุฏู‰ ูู‰ ุงู„ appendix ุงูŠุด ุงู„ dead loadุŸ
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ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุง ุทุงู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‰ ู…ุจู†ู‰ ู‡ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ ู‡ุฏู‰ ู„ูˆ ู…ุงููŠุด ูู‰
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ุญุฏู‡ ูู‰ู‡ ุถุบุท ู„ู„ุฅูŠุด ู„ู„ุณู‚ู ูู‰ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุญูŠุทุงู† ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡
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ุถุบุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถุบุท ุจุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุงู„ .. ุงู„ุฃูˆุฒุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุจุชุชุบูŠุฑุด ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ ุจุณ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุชุจุนูƒู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง
175
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ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุŸ ุจุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ
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ุบูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุชุจุนูƒู… ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ life
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load ูู‡ู…ุชูˆุง ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ life loadุŸ ุจุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡
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dead loadุŒ ุงู„ dead load ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ
179
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ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ู‡ุฐุง a load whose magnitude can be different
180
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at different time usually imposed on put on or
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machine ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง static loads ุงูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ููŠู‡
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loads they stay ูŠุนู†ูŠ the same remain still still
183
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ุงูŠุด ุชุงุจุชุฉ ุงู„ loads ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุถู„ ุชุงุจุชุฉ ุงูˆ ุณุงูƒู†ุฉุฏู‡
184
00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:32,200
ุจู†ุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง
185
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ุงุชุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ
186
00:15:38,780 --> 00:15:45,900
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ุŸ ุฎููŠูุŒ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ
187
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:52,590
ุนู„ูŠู‡ุจุชุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุซู„ุง ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
188
00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:57,030
ุนู†ุฏู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุชุชุบูŠุฑุด ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู„ุง ุฃุจูŠุถ ูˆู„ุง ุฃุณูˆุฏ ูˆู„ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ
189
00:15:57,030 --> 00:16:03,630
ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ ู†ูุณู‡ ู„ูˆ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฑูŠุญ ุงู„ุฑูŠุญ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆุฉ
190
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ุงู„ุฑูŠุญ ู‡ูŠ dynamic ูˆู„ุง staticุŸdynamic ุชุชุบูŠุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุณุจ
191
00:16:11,020 --> 00:16:15,520
ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ูู‡ุฐู‡ dynamic load
192
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ุจู†ุนุชุจุฑู‡ุง ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ static
193
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load ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุญุงุฌุชูŠู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
194
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point load ูˆ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ uniformly distributed load ุงู„
195
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point load ู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุง ุงุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉูŠุนู†ูŠ
196
00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:36,960
ุจุงุฌูŠ ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูˆ ุจุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุชุจุนู‡ุง ู‡ุงุช ุงูŠุด ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
197
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load which is concentrated that is which act on a
198
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smaller area ุจุงุฌูŠ ุน ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆ ุจุณูˆูŠู‡ุง ุงู„
199
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:48,480
distributed weight ุงูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ูˆุฒุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰
200
00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:53,980
ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูู‡ุงุช ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงูŠุด distribute weight
201
00:16:53,980 --> 00:17:01,170
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุงู†ุง ุฌูŠุช ุทุฑู‚ุช ู‡ูˆุงูŠุง ู‡ุงู†ุงู„ู€ force ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‰
202
00:17:01,170 --> 00:17:05,350
ูˆูŠู†ุฌุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ู‡ุงุช ุจุณ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุฌุจุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆูˆุฒุนุช ุญุทูŠุช
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ุฎุดุจุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุตุฑุช ุงุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒูƒู„ ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู†ู‡ุง
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distributed uniformly distributed weight a load
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which is spread evenly ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุด ู‡ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง
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ุจุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠูุงู†ุง .. ุงูŠูˆุฉ ูุงู†ุง ุจุงุฌูŠ ุจุนุฑู ููŠู‡ุง
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ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุนุดุงู† ุชุนุฑููˆู‡ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูุญุฉ video
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ุจุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ loads ุฃู†ูˆุงุนู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูุฑุฌูŠูƒูˆุง ูˆ ุจุนุทูŠูƒูˆุง
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examples ูˆ ุจุชูƒู„ู… ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ stress ูˆ ุงู„ strain
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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูุญุฉ ุงู„ video ู‡ุชูุฑุฌูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
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ู…ุทู„ุจุงุช ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
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ุงู„ุญูŠู† ู‡ุชุดูˆููŠ .. ู…ุด ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุงุชุณู†ู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ุชุดูˆููŠ
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ูˆูŠู† ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฅู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ุง replace the underlying words
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and expressions with alternative words and
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expressions from a and appendix ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ page 106
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุดูุชูˆู‡ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…
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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง if you look at objects around
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you it's difficult to find something that could
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not be smashed with a hammer ู„ูˆ ุทู„ุนุช ุญูˆุงู„ูŠูƒูŠ ู…ุด
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ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑูŠุด ุชูƒุณุฑูŠู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุดูƒูˆุด ุตุญุŸ ูƒู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ
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ุจุชุชูƒุณุฑ ุจุงู„ุดูƒูˆุด ุงุณุฃู„ ุฃุฎูˆุงุชูƒ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู„ูƒ ู…ุงููŠุด
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ุดูŠ ู…ุชูƒุณุฑุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…ุทูŠุจ but if you lay the hammer down
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carefully on any of these objects ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุด force
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with ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุงุŸ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ู†ุฒู„ุช ุงู„ุดูƒูˆุด ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุฅูŠุด
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ุจุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ forceุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ force ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
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ุฅูŠุด ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุงุŸ load load ู…ุธุจูˆุท which is put on them
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ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ put onุŸexerted ุฃูˆ imposed on ุงู„ impose
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงูˆ exerted ุงู†ุง ูุฑุฏุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…
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would not be sufficient to cause even the
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slightest damage this comparison illustrate the
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difference between them ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑุงุช
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ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ู…ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ moving force which
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combine mass and momentุŸ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„
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moving forceุŸ ุงู„ moving force ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„
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dynamic force ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุชุญุฑูƒ apply a shock ุงูŠุด
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ุงู„ุดูƒุŸ ุงู„ impulse ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ impulse ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
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ุนู† ุงูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ shock ุงู„ุงุณู… ุงูŠุดุŸ impulse
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ุฃุญู†ุง ุจู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ุจูˆู„ุฒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู†ุง
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ู„ูˆ ุงู„ system ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงุนุทูŠู‡ุง ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุดุงุฑู‡ุงู† ุงู„
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magnitude ุชุจุนู‡ุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุจุณ at time zero ู…ุซู„ุงูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ููŠ .. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุณ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุชุนุทูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง
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ุงู„ุดุงู‚ุŒ ุงู„ุญูŠู† ู„ู…ุง ุญุฏ ูŠุฎุจุทูƒ ู‡ูˆูŠุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุดุงู‚ ูˆ ุฃู†ุช
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ุณุงู‡ุฑุŒ ุจูŠุฌูŠุจ ูˆุฎุจุทูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ูˆ ู„ุง ุจุณ ู‡ูˆูŠุง ูˆ ุจุณุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุฒูŠ ู†ุฎุฒุฉ ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ู…ูˆู‚ูุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุงู‚ุŒ ู„ุฃ ู‡ูŠ
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ุจุทู„ุช ุดุงู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ุงู„ุดูƒ ุงู†ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง
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ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูƒ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ moving
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force ู‡ุฐู‡ ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง dynamic load ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู…ุจูˆุฑุฒ
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ุงู„ุงู† still force ุงูŠุด ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง static load which
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consists only of an object own mass ุงูŠุด ุงู„ own
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mass ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ self weightself weight ุงู„ on mass
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง between the two situation ุงูŠุด
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the size of the load ุงูŠุด ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ magnitude ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู‡ูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุง load placed on the service is
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dramatically different ุงูŠุด placed on exerted ุงูˆ
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imposed on ู‡ูŠ
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ put onุฃูˆ applied on ุฃูˆ applied to ู†ูุณ
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ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุจุณ ุงุญู†ุง ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ the above comparison
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illustrated another difference in the way services
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are pressured ุงูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ pressuredุŸ ุงูŠุด ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุงุŸ
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loaded when a hammer is laid horizontally on the
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surface its weight is spread over relatively large
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area ู„ูˆ ุงู†ุช ุญุทูŠุชูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ horizontal ุงูŠุด
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ู‡ุชู„ุงุญุธู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุงูˆ ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุชุจุนู‡ ู‡ูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง it is therefore applied spread out
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force ุงูŠุด ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงุฎุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉuniformly distributed load
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ุงู„ uniformly distributed load ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุŸ ุฃู†ุง ูˆุฒุนุช
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ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุŒ uniform ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุฅูŠุดุŸ
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ู…ู†ุชุถู…
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by contrast ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถ when a hammer hits
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something only the edge of the hammer head comes
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into contact with the surface ู„ู…ุง ุญุทูŠุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ
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ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุดูƒูˆุด ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุชุจุนู‡ ุชูˆุฒุน ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ู‡ ู„ู…ุง
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ุฃุฌูŠ ุฃุถุฑุจ ุงูŠุด ุจุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง in contact with the surface the force
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therefore is focused ุงูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง concentratedin
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a small area applying ุฅูŠุดุŸ localized pressure
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point load ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ point loadุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ
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ููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ uniformly spread load ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู…ุชูˆุฒุน
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ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠู† ุจุฏูƒ ุชููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
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ุงู„ dynamic ุฅูŠุด ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุŸ dynamic load moving
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stillุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ static loadุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุบู„
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ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ point loadุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุจูŠุฌูŠ ููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
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00:23:34,820 --> 00:23:38,580
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ uniformlyุŒ distributed load ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ overุŒ
284
00:23:38,580 --> 00:23:42,460
ุจุชูˆุฒุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุงุŒ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…
285
00:23:42,460 --> 00:23:48,370
ุงู„ู…ูุฑุถุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุงุงู„ุงู† ุงุชุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏู‰
286
00:23:48,370 --> 00:23:52,490
ุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุชุงู†ู‰ complete the technical checklist
287
00:23:52,490 --> 00:23:59,510
based on ุงู„ a ุงู„ุงู† ู…ูˆุฒุนุชู‡ู… ุงูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุญุทูŠู† ุงู„ a
288
00:23:59,510 --> 00:24:04,650
ูˆ ุงู„ b ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูุญู‡ ุงู„ุชุงู†ู‰ ุญุทูŠู† ุงูŠุด ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‰
289
00:24:04,650 --> 00:24:08,510
ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ุงู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ู†ุถู„ ู†ุฑูˆุญ ูˆ ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ุญุทูŠุชู‡ู… ุงูŠุด ูƒู„
290
00:24:08,510 --> 00:24:12,190
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‰ which components need
291
00:24:12,190 --> 00:24:16,190
to carry load determine what which components are
292
00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:23,440
ุฅูŠุด ุณู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ bearing .. bearing ุฅูŠุดุŸ load ุงู„ู„ูŠ
293
00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:27,360
ุณู…ู†ู‡ุงู‡ู†ุง which components need to carry load
294
00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:31,740
ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ bearing load ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู† ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏูŠ what
295
00:24:31,740 --> 00:24:35,560
type of load will be carried out carried by each
296
00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:39,840
part with which load will remain constant and
297
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:42,980
which will differ depending on the use of
298
00:24:42,980 --> 00:24:46,500
circumstances ุทู„ุน ู‡ู†ุง analyzing the type of the
299
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:54,480
load that will ุงูŠุด ุงูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุงact on exerted on ุฃูˆ
300
00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:59,380
impose on on each part ุฃุณุณ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„
301
00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:07,140
load ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ููŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู„ dead
302
00:25:07,140 --> 00:25:12,170
load ูˆ ุงู„ life load ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ dead ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุงุŸุงู„ู„ูŠ
303
00:25:12,170 --> 00:25:16,670
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ structure ุงู„ู…ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ life ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู†ุช
304
00:25:16,670 --> 00:25:23,690
ุจุชุชุบูŠุฑู‡ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุชุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุน
305
00:25:23,690 --> 00:25:27,730
ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช what amount of load will be exerted in
306
00:25:27,730 --> 00:25:33,590
newtons calculate ุงูŠุด the magnitude of the load as
307
00:25:35,150 --> 00:25:39,330
Scalar quantity ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู‡ูŠ
308
00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:44,270
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† scalar quantity ู„ู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ vector ู‡ูˆ
309
00:25:44,270 --> 00:25:50,110
ุนู†ุฏู‡ scalar quantity ุฒุงุฆุฏ direction ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง in
310
00:25:50,110 --> 00:25:55,350
what direction will the load act evaluate the load
311
00:25:55,350 --> 00:26:01,640
as ู„ุณู‡ ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠู‡ vector quantitiesFor the
312
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:06,960
materials used, how concentrated can the maximum
313
00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,060
load be without putting the components under too
314
00:26:10,060 --> 00:26:13,960
much pressure? Determine the maximum level of
315
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,080
stress that can be carried by materials without
316
00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:23,130
causing them to be overloadedover stress ู‡ุฐุง
317
00:26:23,130 --> 00:26:27,370
stress ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ force per unit area ูˆ over
318
00:26:27,370 --> 00:26:32,510
stress ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุชูˆุตู„ ู„ break down ุงูˆ ุชูˆุตู„ ู„
319
00:26:32,510 --> 00:26:37,610
deformation how much deformation can be expected
320
00:26:37,610 --> 00:26:41,390
calculate the percentage of strain ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„
321
00:26:41,390 --> 00:26:47,760
deformation ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุฃูŠุด ุงู„ strainif
322
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,940
something breaks will the assembly collapse
323
00:26:50,940 --> 00:26:58,440
dangerously or in a controlled relatively safe way
324
00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:03,140
assist the consequence if a component collapse
325
00:27:03,140 --> 00:27:08,640
fail fail determining the potential dangers of the
326
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:09,820
failure