old_contents: import requests
  import time
  import urlparse
  
  from paypal import exceptions
  
  
  def post(url, params):
      """
      Make a POST request to the URL using the key-value pairs.  Return
      a set of key-value pairs.
  
      :url: URL to post to
      :params: Dict of parameters to include in post payload
      """
      for k in params.keys():
          if type(params[k]) == unicode:
              params[k] = params[k].encode('utf-8')
  
      # PayPal is not expecting urlencoding (e.g. %, +), therefore don't use
      # urllib.urlencode().
      payload = '&'.join(['%s=%s' % (key, val) for (key, val) in params.items()])
  
      start_time = time.time()
      response = requests.post(
          url, payload,
          headers={'content-type': 'text/namevalue; charset=utf-8'})
      if response.status_code != requests.codes.ok:
          raise exceptions.PayPalError("Unable to communicate with PayPal")
  
      # Convert response into a simple key-value format
      pairs = {}
      for key, values in urlparse.parse_qs(response.content).items():
          pairs[key] = values[0]
  
      # Add audit information
      pairs['_raw_request'] = payload
      pairs['_raw_response'] = response.content
      pairs['_response_time'] = (time.time() - start_time) * 1000.0
  
      return pairs
  
new_contents: import requests
  import time
  import urlparse
  import urllib
  
  from paypal import exceptions
  
  
  def post(url, params):
      """
      Make a POST request to the URL using the key-value pairs.  Return
      a set of key-value pairs.
  
      :url: URL to post to
      :params: Dict of parameters to include in post payload
      """
  
      # Ensure all values are bytestrings before passing to urllib
      for k in params.keys():
          if type(params[k]) == unicode:
              params[k] = params[k].encode('utf-8')
      payload = urllib.urlencode(params.items())
  
      start_time = time.time()
      response = requests.post(
          url, payload,
          headers={'content-type': 'text/namevalue; charset=utf-8'})
      if response.status_code != requests.codes.ok:
          raise exceptions.PayPalError("Unable to communicate with PayPal")
  
      # Convert response into a simple key-value format
      pairs = {}
      for key, values in urlparse.parse_qs(response.content).items():
          pairs[key.decode('utf-8')] = values[0].decode('utf-8')
  
      # Add audit information
      pairs['_raw_request'] = payload
      pairs['_raw_response'] = response.content
      pairs['_response_time'] = (time.time() - start_time) * 1000.0
  
      return pairs
  
subject: Revert back to using urllib to encode params