old_contents: from six import PY3, binary_type, text_type
  
  from cryptography.hazmat.bindings.openssl.binding import Binding
  binding = Binding()
  ffi = binding.ffi
  lib = binding.lib
  
  def exception_from_error_queue(exceptionType):
      def text(charp):
          return native(ffi.string(charp))
  
      errors = []
      while True:
          error = lib.ERR_get_error()
          if error == 0:
              break
          errors.append((
                  text(lib.ERR_lib_error_string(error)),
                  text(lib.ERR_func_error_string(error)),
                  text(lib.ERR_reason_error_string(error))))
  
      raise exceptionType(errors)
  
  
  
  def native(s):
      """
      Convert :py:class:`bytes` or :py:class:`unicode` to the native
      :py:class:`str` type, using UTF-8 encoding if conversion is necessary.
  
      :raise UnicodeError: The input string is not UTF-8 decodeable.
  
      :raise TypeError: The input is neither :py:class:`bytes` nor
          :py:class:`unicode`.
      """
      if not isinstance(s, (binary_type, text_type)):
          raise TypeError("%r is neither bytes nor unicode" % s)
      if PY3:
          if isinstance(s, binary_type):
              return s.decode("utf-8")
      else:
          if isinstance(s, text_type):
              return s.encode("utf-8")
      return s
  
  
  
  if PY3:
      def byte_string(s):
          return s.encode("charmap")
  else:
      def byte_string(s):
          return s
  
new_contents: from six import PY3, binary_type, text_type
  
  from cryptography.hazmat.bindings.openssl.binding import Binding
  binding = Binding()
  ffi = binding.ffi
  lib = binding.lib
  
  def exception_from_error_queue(exceptionType):
      def text(charp):
          if not charp:
              return ""
          return native(ffi.string(charp))
  
      errors = []
      while True:
          error = lib.ERR_get_error()
          if error == 0:
              break
          errors.append((
                  text(lib.ERR_lib_error_string(error)),
                  text(lib.ERR_func_error_string(error)),
                  text(lib.ERR_reason_error_string(error))))
  
      raise exceptionType(errors)
  
  
  
  def native(s):
      """
      Convert :py:class:`bytes` or :py:class:`unicode` to the native
      :py:class:`str` type, using UTF-8 encoding if conversion is necessary.
  
      :raise UnicodeError: The input string is not UTF-8 decodeable.
  
      :raise TypeError: The input is neither :py:class:`bytes` nor
          :py:class:`unicode`.
      """
      if not isinstance(s, (binary_type, text_type)):
          raise TypeError("%r is neither bytes nor unicode" % s)
      if PY3:
          if isinstance(s, binary_type):
              return s.decode("utf-8")
      else:
          if isinstance(s, text_type):
              return s.encode("utf-8")
      return s
  
  
  
  if PY3:
      def byte_string(s):
          return s.encode("charmap")
  else:
      def byte_string(s):
          return s
  
subject: Handle when an OpenSSL error doesn't contain a reason