text: Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa.Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.It is considered part of the Maghreb region of North Africa.It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south.Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, more than 200 times as large as the continent's smallest country, The Gambia.With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world.The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.Algeria produced and is linked to many civilizations, empires and dynasties, including Numidians, Mauretanians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Mauro-Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Ifranids, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids and the Zayyanids.Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria.The Spanish expansionism led to the establishment of the Regency of Algiers in 1516, a state that attracted people from all over the Mediterranean, making its capital Algiers one of the largest, wealthiest, and most cosmopolitan cities in the world.Its decline in the 19th century resulted in its invasion by the French in 1830.The conquest and pacification of the country that ensued lasted until 1903 and led to Algeria becoming an integral part of France in 1848 and home to over a million European settlers.