text: This has been used by charities that give small gifts to potential donors hoping to induce reciprocity.Another method is to announce publicly that someone has given a large donation.The tendency to reciprocate can even generalize, so people become more helpful toward others after being helped.On the other hand, people will avoid or even retaliate against those perceived not to be cooperating.People sometimes mistakenly fail to help when they intended to, or their helping may not be noticed, which may cause unintended conflicts.As such, it may be an optimal strategy to be slightly forgiving of and have a slightly generous interpretation of non-cooperation.People are more likely to cooperate on a task if they can communicate with one another first.This may be due to better cooperativeness assessments or promises exchange.They are more cooperative if they can gradually build trust instead of being asked to give extensive help immediately.Direct reciprocity and cooperation in a group can be increased by changing the focus and incentives from intra-group competition to larger-scale competitions, such as between groups or against the general population.Thus, giving grades and promotions based only on an individual's performance relative to a small local group, as is common, may reduce cooperative behaviors in the group.Indirect reciprocity.Because people avoid poor reciprocators and cheaters, a person's reputation is important.A person esteemed for their reciprocity is more likely to receive assistance, even from individuals they haven't directly interacted with before.Strong reciprocity.This form of reciprocity is expressed by people who invest more resources in cooperation and punishment than what is deemed optimal based on established theories of altruism.Pseudo-reciprocity.