x="Hello, worls"
#print(x[2])
#print(x[-1])
for a in x:
    print(a)

#finding length
print(len(x))

#in-method
print("llo" in x)
#slicing-method
#print(x[:5])
#print(x[5:])
#print(x[2:6])
print(x[-1])
print(x[-5:-2])
print(x[-2:])
print(x[:-5])
#upper
print(x.upper())
#lower
print(x.lower())
y="how are you    "
print(y)
print(y.strip())
print(y.replace("o","k"))
print(y.split(","))
#concatenation
z="gud"
print(x+" "+y+"@"+z)