"""
--- Day 20: Particle Swarm ---

Suddenly, the GPU contacts you, asking for help. Someone has asked it to simulate too many particles, and it won't be
able to finish them all in time to render the next frame at this rate.

It transmits to you a buffer (your puzzle input) listing each particle in order (starting with particle 0, then particle
1, particle 2, and so on). For each particle, it provides the X, Y, and Z coordinates for the particle's position (p),
velocity (v), and acceleration (a), each in the format <X,Y,Z>.

Each tick, all particles are updated simultaneously. A particle's properties are updated in the following order:

Increase the X velocity by the X acceleration.
Increase the Y velocity by the Y acceleration.
Increase the Z velocity by the Z acceleration.
Increase the X position by the X velocity.
Increase the Y position by the Y velocity.
Increase the Z position by the Z velocity.

Because of seemingly tenuous rationale involving z-buffering, the GPU would like to know which particle will stay
closest to position <0,0,0> in the long term. Measure this using the Manhattan distance, which in this situation is
simply the sum of the absolute values of a particle's X, Y, and Z position.

For example, suppose you are only given two particles, both of which stay entirely on the X-axis (for simplicity).
Drawing the current states of particles 0 and 1 (in that order) with an adjacent a number line and diagram of current X
positions (marked in parentheses), the following would take place:

p=< 3,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>    -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3  4
p=< 4,0,0>, v=< 0,0,0>, a=<-2,0,0>                         (0)(1)

p=< 4,0,0>, v=< 1,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>    -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3  4
p=< 2,0,0>, v=<-2,0,0>, a=<-2,0,0>                      (1)   (0)

p=< 4,0,0>, v=< 0,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>    -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3  4
p=<-2,0,0>, v=<-4,0,0>, a=<-2,0,0>          (1)               (0)

p=< 3,0,0>, v=<-1,0,0>, a=<-1,0,0>    -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3  4
p=<-8,0,0>, v=<-6,0,0>, a=<-2,0,0>                         (0)

At this point, particle 1 will never be closer to <0,0,0> than particle 0, and so, in the long run, particle 0 will stay
closest.

Which particle will stay closest to position <0,0,0> in the long term?

Your puzzle answer was 170.

--- Part Two ---

To simplify the problem further, the GPU would like to remove any particles that collide. Particles collide if their
positions ever exactly match. Because particles are updated simultaneously, more than two particles can collide at the
same time and place. Once particles collide, they are removed and cannot collide with anything else after that tick.

For example:

p=<-6,0,0>, v=< 3,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>
p=<-4,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>    -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3
p=<-2,0,0>, v=< 1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>    (0)   (1)   (2)            (3)
p=< 3,0,0>, v=<-1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>

p=<-3,0,0>, v=< 3,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>
p=<-2,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>    -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3
p=<-1,0,0>, v=< 1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>             (0)(1)(2)      (3)
p=< 2,0,0>, v=<-1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>

p=< 0,0,0>, v=< 3,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>
p=< 0,0,0>, v=< 2,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>    -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3
p=< 0,0,0>, v=< 1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>                       X (3)
p=< 1,0,0>, v=<-1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>

------destroyed by collision------
------destroyed by collision------    -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1  0  1  2  3
------destroyed by collision------                      (3)
p=< 0,0,0>, v=<-1,0,0>, a=< 0,0,0>

In this example, particles 0, 1, and 2 are simultaneously destroyed at the time and place marked X. On the next tick,
particle 3 passes through unharmed.

How many particles are left after all collisions are resolved?

Your puzzle answer was 571.

Both parts of this puzzle are complete! They provide two gold stars: **
"""

import re
from collections import namedtuple, defaultdict

Particle = namedtuple("Particle", "index, position, velocity, acceleration")


def find_closest_to_zero(particles, iterations=1_000):
    for i in range(iterations):
        particles = tick(particles)

    return min(
        _find_closest_to_zero(particles).items(),
        key=lambda item: item[1])[0].index


def left_after_collisions(particles, iterations=1_000):
    for i in range(iterations):
        particles = tick_with_collisions(particles)

    return len(particles)


def _find_closest_to_zero(particles):
    return {particle: manhatan_distance(particle) for particle in particles}


def manhatan_distance(particle):
    return sum(map(abs, particle.position))


def tick_with_collisions(particles):
    particles = tick(particles)

    positions = defaultdict(list)
    for particle in particles:
        positions[particle.position].append(particle)

    return [
        particles[0]
        for position, particles
        in positions.items()
        if len(particles) == 1
    ]


def tick(particles):
    return list(map(_tick_single, particles))


def _tick_single(particle):
    vx, vy, vz = particle.velocity
    ax, ay, az = particle.acceleration
    x, y, z = particle.position

    vx, vy, vz = vx + ax, vy + ay, vz + az

    return Particle(
        particle.index,
        (x + vx, y + vy, z + vz),
        (vx, vy, vz),
        particle.acceleration)


def parser(particles):
    coordinates_pattern = re.compile(r"\w=<\s*(-?\d+),(-?\d+),(-?\d+)>")

    def parse_coordinates(coordinates):
        x, y, z = coordinates_pattern.match(coordinates).groups()
        return tuple(map(int, [x, y, z]))

    result = []

    for particle_idx in range(len(particles)):
        particle = particles[particle_idx]
        position, velocity, acceleration = particle.split(", ")

        result.append(Particle(
            particle_idx,
            parse_coordinates(position),
            parse_coordinates(velocity),
            parse_coordinates(acceleration)))

    return result


if __name__ == "__main__":
    with open("_20_particle_swarm.txt") as file:
        puzzle = [line.strip() for line in file.readlines()]
        particles = parser(puzzle)
        print(f"part 1: {find_closest_to_zero(particles)}")
        print(f"part 2: {left_after_collisions(particles)}")
