import sys

class Output:
    def __init__(self):
        self.text=""
    def write(self,string):
        self.text+=string
    def wrirelines(self,lines):
        for line in lines:self.write(line)

class Input:
    def __init__(self,input=""):
        self.text=input
    def read(self,size=None):
        if size ==None:
            res,self.text=self.text,""
        else:
            res,self.text=self.text[:size],self.text[size:]
        return res

    def readline(self):
        eoln=self.text.find('\n')
        if eoln==-1:
            res,self.text=self.text,""
        else:
            res,self.text=self.text[:eoln+1],self.text[eoln+1:]
        return res


def  redirect(function,pargs,kargs,input):
    savestreams=sys.stdin,sys.stdout
    sys.stdin=Input(input)
    sys.stdout=Output()

    try:
        result=function(*pargs,**kargs)
        output=sys.stdout.text
    finally:
        sys.stdin,sys.stdout=savestreams
    return (result,output)