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license: gemma
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---
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license: gemma
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base_model: google/gemma-2-9b-it
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datasets:
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- gcelikmasat-work/BPMN-IT-Dataset
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language:
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- en
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- bpmn
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- business-process-modeling
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- process-modeling
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- instruction-tuning
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- lora
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- peft
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- dot
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- graphviz
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- llama-factory
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- gemma2
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model-index:
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- name: Gemma2-9B-BPMG-IT
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results:
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- task:
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type: text-generation
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name: BPMN Model Generation from Text
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dataset:
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type: gcelikmasat-work/BPMN-IT-Dataset
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name: BPMN-IT (stratified 180-instance benchmark across 15 business domains, seed split)
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metrics:
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- type: bleu
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value: 82.98
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name: BLEU
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- type: rouge
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value: 94.61
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name: ROUGE-L
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- type: meteor
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value: 92.67
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name: METEOR
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- type: relative-graph-edit-distance
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value: 97.78
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name: R-GED Accuracy (%)
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---
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# Gemma2-9B-BPMG-IT
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Gemma2-9B-BPMG-IT is an instruction-tuned language model that converts natural-language business process descriptions into BPMN models rendered in [Graphviz DOT](https://graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html). It is a LoRA adaptation of [`google/gemma-2-9b-it`](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2-9b-it), trained on a cleaned subset of the [MaD dataset](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10191898) for the paper:
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> **Generating Business Process Models with Open Source Large Language Models using Instruction Tuning.**
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> Gökberk Çelikmasat, Atay Özgövde, Fatma Başak Aydemir.
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> *International Conference on Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (PROFES 2025)*, Springer LNCS, pp. 269–284.
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> DOI: [10.1007/978-3-032-12089-2_17](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12089-2_17)
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This model is the subject of our PROFES 2025 conference paper, in which we introduced the instruction-tuning approach and evaluated it against open-weight and proprietary baselines on textual and structural metrics. It is also the **BPMG-IT** baseline in our subsequent journal paper:
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> **InstruBPM: Instruction-Tuning Open-Weight Language Models for BPMN Model Generation.**
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> Çelikmasat, Özgövde, Aydemir. *Software and Systems Modeling*, under review, 2026.
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> arXiv: [2512.12063](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12063)
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For new projects we recommend the successor model, [`gcelikmasat-work/Qwen3_4B_BPMN_IT`](https://huggingface.co/gcelikmasat-work/Qwen3_4B_BPMN_IT), which matches this model's accuracy with roughly **half** the parameter count (4B vs. 9B) and ships with quantized and merge-scale variants for deployment trade-offs.
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## Results
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Evaluated on the 180-instance stratified benchmark used in the InstruBPM journal paper (Table 2), this model attains:
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| Metric | Score |
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| ------------- | -----: |
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| BLEU | 82.98 |
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| ROUGE-L | 94.61 |
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| METEOR | 92.67 |
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| R-GED Acc. | 97.78 |
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These scores are very close to those of the newer 4B Qwen3 successor (which reaches 83.06 / 94.43 / 92.82 / 99.44 on the same benchmark), while requiring more than twice the memory and compute at inference time.
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## Intended use
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Generate first-draft BPMN models from textual process descriptions to accelerate early-stage modeling. Intended as an assistant for business process modelers and analysts; human review remains recommended, particularly for gateway logic and activity labels.
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## Supported BPMN subset
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The model generates BPMN process fragments in DOT notation covering: start events, end events, tasks (activities), sequence flows, and AND/XOR gateways (splits and joins). It does **not** generate pools, lanes, message flows, data objects, intermediate/boundary events, sub-processes, or annotations.
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## How to use
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```python
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from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
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import torch
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model_id = "gcelikmasat-work/gemma-2-9b-it-BPMN"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
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model_id, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto"
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)
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instruction = (
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"You are an expert in BPMN modeling and DOT language. Your task is to "
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"convert detailed textual descriptions of business processes into accurate "
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"BPMN model codes written in DOT language. Label all nodes with their "
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"activity names. Represent all connections between nodes without labeling "
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"the connections. Represent each node and its connections accurately, "
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"ensuring all decision points and flows are included and connected. "
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"Now, generate BPMN business process model code in DOT language for the "
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"following textual description of a business process: "
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)
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description = (
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"The process begins when the customer submits an application. After submission, "
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"the application is reviewed by the credit officer. If the application is approved, "
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"the loan is disbursed. Otherwise, a rejection letter is sent. The process ends."
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)
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# Gemma 2 uses a single user turn without a separate system role
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messages = [{"role": "user", "content": instruction + description}]
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prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
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inputs = tokenizer([prompt], return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
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with torch.no_grad():
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out = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=2048, temperature=0.1, top_p=1.0, do_sample=True)
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dot_code = tokenizer.decode(out[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[-1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
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print(dot_code)
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```
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## Training
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Trained with LLaMA-Factory using LoRA on Gemma-2 9B Instruct. Detailed hyperparameters are reported in the PROFES 2025 paper. Training data: 21.5k cleaned instruction–input–output triples from MaD, split 80/10/10 for train/validation/test. The full splits are available at [`gcelikmasat-work/BPMN-IT-Dataset`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/gcelikmasat-work/BPMN-IT-Dataset).
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## Limitations
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- **Scope.** Control-flow slice of BPMN only (tasks, events, sequence flows, AND/XOR gateways). No pools, lanes, message flows, data objects, or sub-processes.
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- **Language.** English only.
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- **Parameter efficiency.** At 9B parameters, this model is roughly twice the size of the Qwen3-4B successor for comparable accuracy. For deployment-constrained settings, the 4B successor is preferred.
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- **Semantic equivalence.** Structural similarity does not imply semantic equivalence, especially when input descriptions are ambiguous.
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## Citation
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If you use this model, please cite the PROFES 2025 paper:
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{celikmasat2025bpmg,
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title = {Generating Business Process Models with Open Source Large Language Models using Instruction Tuning},
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author = {{\c{C}}elikmasat, G{\"o}kberk and {\"O}zg{\"o}vde, Atay and Aydemir, Fatma Ba{\c{s}}ak},
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booktitle = {Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (PROFES 2025)},
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series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
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pages = {269--284},
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year = {2025},
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publisher = {Springer},
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doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-12089-2_17},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12089-2_17}
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}
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```
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If you are comparing against this model as a baseline in a follow-up study, please also cite the journal extension:
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```bibtex
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@article{celikmasat2026instrubpm,
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title = {InstruBPM: Instruction-Tuning Open-Weight Language Models for BPMN Model Generation},
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author = {{\c{C}}elikmasat, G{\"o}kberk and {\"O}zg{\"o}vde, Atay and Aydemir, Fatma Ba{\c{s}}ak},
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journal = {Software and Systems Modeling},
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year = {2026},
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note = {Under review. arXiv:2512.12063},
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url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12063}
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}
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```
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Please also cite the source dataset:
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{li2023mad,
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title = {{MaD}: A Dataset for Interview-based {BPM} in Business Process Management},
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author = {Li, Xiang and Ni, Lijuan and Li, Ran and Liu, Jiafei and Zhang, Ming},
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booktitle = {2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)},
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pages = {1--8},
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year = {2023},
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publisher = {IEEE}
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}
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```
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## License
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Released under the [Gemma license](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms), inherited from the base model ([`google/gemma-2-9b-it`](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2-9b-it)). Use is subject to Google's Gemma Prohibited Use Policy. The training data is distributed separately under the terms of the MaD dataset.
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