---
license: agpl-3.0
datasets:
- Helsinki-NLP/opus-100
language:
- 'no'
- sv
- da
base_model:
- vesteinn/ScandiBERT
pipeline_tag: text-classification
citation: >
  @misc{vésteinn_snæbjarnarson_2023,
    author       = { Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson },
    title        = { ScandiBERT (Revision 0f86e40) },
    year         = 2023,
    url          = { https://huggingface.co/vesteinn/ScandiBERT },
    doi          = { 10.57967/hf/0382 },
    publisher    = { Hugging Face }
  |

  @inproceedings{zhang-etal-2020-improving,
    title = "Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation",
    author = "Zhang, Biao  and
      Williams, Philip  and
      Titov, Ivan  and
      Sennrich, Rico",
    editor = "Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Schluter, Natalie  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.148",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.148",
    pages = "1628--1639",
  |

  @inproceedings{snaebjarnarson-etal-2023-transfer,
    title = "{T}ransfer to a Low-Resource Language via Close Relatives: The Case Study on Faroese",
    author = "Snæbjarnarson, Vésteinn  and
      Simonsen, Annika  and
      Glavaš, Goran  and
      Vulić, Ivan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)",
    month = "may 22--24",
    year = "2023",
    address = "Tórshavn, Faroe Islands",
    publisher = {Link{\"o}ping University Electronic Press, Sweden},
  |

  @inproceedings{fedorova-etal-2025-multi,
    title = "Multi-label {S}candinavian Language Identification ({SLIDE})",
    author = "Fedorova, Mariia  and
      Frydenberg, Jonas Sebulon  and
      Handford, Victoria  and
      Lang{\o}, Victoria Ovedie Chruickshank  and
      Willoch, Solveig Helene  and
      Midtgaard, Marthe L{\o}ken  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      M{\ae}hlum, Petter  and
      Samuel, David",
    editor = "Holdt, {\v{S}}pela Arhar  and
      Ilinykh, Nikolai  and
      Scalvini, Barbara  and
      Bruton, Micaella  and
      Debess, Iben Nyholm  and
      Tudor, Crina Madalina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Resources and Representations for Under-Resourced Languages and Domains (RESOURCEFUL-2025)",
    month = mar,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Tallinn, Estonia",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Library, Estonia",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.resourceful-1.33/",
    pages = "179--189",
    ISBN = "978-9908-53-121-2",
    |

    @inproceedings{tiedemann-2012-parallel,
    title = "Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in {OPUS}",
    author = {Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}'12)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/463_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "2214--2218",
    |

    @inproceedings{haas-derczynski-2021-discriminating,
    title = "Discriminating Between Similar {N}ordic Languages",
    author = "Haas, Ren{\'e}  and
      Derczynski, Leon",
    editor = {Zampieri, Marcos  and
      Nakov, Preslav  and
      Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Nikola  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg  and
      Scherrer, Yves  and
      Jauhiainen, Tommi},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects",
    month = apr,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Kiyv, Ukraine",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.vardial-1.8/",
    pages = "67--75",
    abstract = "Automatic language identification is a challenging problem. Discriminating between closely related languages is especially difficult. This paper presents a machine learning approach for automatic language identification for the Nordic languages, which often suffer miscategorisation by existing state-of-the-art tools. Concretely we will focus on discrimination between six Nordic languages: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Norwegian (Bokm{\r{a}}l), Faroese and Icelandic."

---
**Note: This hybrid program is intended to be used in [its corresponding Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ianro04/ScandiProb).**

ScandiProb is an intentionally data-constrained, multi-label language ID hybrid text classifier for Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish, based on ScandiBERT.
It was done as an undergraduate final project for a Spring 2026 NLP course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. It is licensed under [AGPL-3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html).

The full program utilizes a fine-tuned ScandiBERT, trained on limited amounts of OPUS-100, and combined with regex-enforced heuristics.
Achieves ~93% macro-F1 score on OPUS-100 test set and ~84% macro-F1 score against the comprehensive SLIDE eval set, with a fraction of the training data used in SLIDE.

([GitHub](https://github.com/cloudeerie/scandiprob) | [Kaggle Notebooks](https://www.kaggle.com/code/cloudeerie/scandiprob/) | [Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ianro04/ScandiProb))