Spaces:
Runtime error
Runtime error
File size: 59,564 Bytes
0bec42c f2a4a11 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 0bec42c 149efe8 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 | [
{
"year": 1000,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Norse explorer Leif Erikson lands in Vinland (North America), hinting at trans-Atlantic reach before Columbus.",
"event_ko": "๋
ธ๋ฅด๋ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ดํ ์๋ฆญ์์ด ๋น๋๋(๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด)์ ๋๋ฌํด ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ์ด์ ๋์์ ํก๋จ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1040,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Bi Sheng in Song-dynasty China invents movable-type porcelain printing, foreshadowing a print revolution.",
"event_ko": "์ก๋๋ผ ๋น์
ฉ์ด ๋์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํด ์ธ์ ํ๋ช
์ ์๋ง์ ์ด๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1054,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The EastโWest Schism splits Latin and Byzantine churches, reshaping medieval religious power.",
"event_ko": "๋ยท์(๊ฐํจ๋ฆญยท์ ๊ตํ) ๋๋ถ์ด์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ค์ธ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต ํจ๊ถ ๊ตฌ๋๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1066,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Norman Duke William conquers England at Hastings, forging Anglo-Norman rule.",
"event_ko": "๋
ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋ ๊ณต ์๋ฆฌ์์ด ํค์ด์คํ
์ค ์ ํฌ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํด ์๊ธ๋๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1096,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The First Crusade launches, sending European armies to the Levant and igniting centuries of holy wars.",
"event_ko": "์ 1์ฐจ ์ญ์๊ตฐ์ด ์ถ์ ํด ์ ๋ฝยท์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์์ธ๊ธฐ ์ข
๊ต ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1122,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy, balancing papal and imperial authority.",
"event_ko": "๋ณด๋ฆ์ค ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ตํฉ๊ณผ ํฉ์ ๊ฐ ์์๊ถ ๋ถ์์ด ์ข
๊ฒฐ๋ผ ๊ถ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1154,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "German and Baltic towns begin forming the Hanseatic League, boosting North-European trade.",
"event_ko": "๋
์ผยท๋ฐํธ ํด์ญ ๋์๋ค์ด ํ์๋๋งน ๊ฒฐ์ฑ์ ์์ํด ๋ถ์ ๋ฝ ๊ต์ญ์ ํ์ฑํํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1206,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Temรผjin is proclaimed Genghis Khan, uniting Mongol tribes and launching a vast Eurasian empire.",
"event_ko": "ํ
๋ฌด์ง์ด ์นญ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์นธ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋๋์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ํต์ผํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1215,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Englandโs King John seals Magna Carta, limiting royal power and affirming baronial rights.",
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ ์กด ์์ด ๋ํ์ฅ์ ์น์ธํด ์๊ถ์ ์ ํํ๊ณ ๊ท์กฑ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1258,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate and shifting Islamic power centers.",
"event_ko": "๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐ๊ทธ๋ค๋๋ฅผ ํจ๋ฝํด ์๋ฐ์ค ์์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ณ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ถ๋ ฅ ์งํ์ด ๋ณํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1271,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Venetian merchant Marco Polo departs for Asia, opening legendary Silk-Road trade narratives.",
"event_ko": "๋ฒ ๋ค์น์ ์์ธ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ ํด๋ก๊ฐ ์์์๋ก ๋ ๋ ๋น๋จ๊ธธ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1291,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Three alpine cantons swear the Federal Charter, founding the Swiss Confederation.",
"event_ko": "์ํ์ค์ ์ธ ์นธํค์ด ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํด ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชจํ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1299,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Osman I establishes the Ottoman beylik, seed of a future transcontinental empire.",
"event_ko": "์ค์ค๋ง 1์ธ๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ง ๋ถ์กฑ๊ตญ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1303,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A Florentine currency crisis hits major banks after Edward I defaults on war loans.",
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ ์๋์๋ 1์ธ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ฌด ๋ถ์ดํ์ผ๋ก ํผ๋ ์ฒด ์ํ๊ถ์ ํตํ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1315,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Great Famine begins across Northern Europe, causing economic contraction and population loss.",
"event_ko": "๋ถ์ ๋ฝ ๋๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ์์๋์ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1337,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Hundred Yearsโ War erupts between England and France over dynastic claims.",
"event_ko": "์์ ๊ณ์น ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋
์ ์์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1345,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Bardi and Peruzzi banks of Florence collapse, shaking medieval European finance.",
"event_ko": "ํผ๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ยทํ๋ฃจ์น ์ํ์ด ํ์ฐํด ์ค์ธ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ธ์ต๋ง์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1347,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Black Death arrives in Europe via Mediterranean ports, wiping out trade hubs and labor.",
"event_ko": "ํ์ฌ๋ณ์ด ์ง์คํด ํญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋ฅํด ๋ฌด์ญ ์ค์ฌ์ง์ ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ์ ํ๊ดดํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1368,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Zhu Yuanzhang founds Chinaโs Ming dynasty, ending Mongol Yuan rule.",
"event_ko": "์ฃผ์์ฅ์ด ๋ช
๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ตญํด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์๋ด๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1378,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Western Schism begins as rival popes in Rome and Avignon split Catholic allegiance.",
"event_ko": "๋ก๋ง์ ์๋น๋ฝ์ ๊ตํฉ์ด ๋ณ๋ฆฝํด ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ตํ ๋๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒช๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1381,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Peasantsโ Revolt erupts in England against poll tax burdens and wage controls.",
"event_ko": "์๊ตญ์์ ๋ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ธ๋์ธ์ ์๊ธ ์ต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ ๋๋ฏผ ๋ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1405,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Chinese admiral Zheng He launches the first treasure fleet, expanding Indian-Ocean commerce.",
"event_ko": "์ค๊ตญ ์ ํ ํจ๋๊ฐ ์ฒซ ์์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ๋์ ๊ต์ญ๋ง์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ํ์ฅํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1415,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Henry Vโs army wins at Agincourt, reinforcing English claims in France.",
"event_ko": "ํจ๋ฆฌ 5์ธ๊ฐ ์์์ฟ ๋ฅด ์ ํฌ์์ ๋์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด ํ๋์ค ๋ด ์๊ตญ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1431,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Joan of Arc is executed in Rouen, galvanizing French resistance in the Hundred Yearsโ War.",
"event_ko": "์๋ค๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฃจ์์์ ์ฒํ๋ผ ํ๋์ค์ ๋ฐฑ๋
์ ์ ํญ์ ์ ๋์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ํค๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1439,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Johannes Gutenberg perfects metal movable-type printing in Mainz, sparking Europeโs print era.",
"event_ko": "์ํ๋ค์ค ๊ตฌํ
๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ธ์ธ ์์ ๊ธ์ ํ์ ์ธ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํด ์ ๋ฝ ์ธ์ ํ๋ช
์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1450,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Medici Bank reaches its zenith, dominating European finance from Florence.",
"event_ko": "ํผ๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฉ๋์น ์ํ์ด ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ๋ผ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ธ์ต์ ์ข์ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1453,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Ottomans capture Constantinople, ending Byzantium and shifting trade routes westward.",
"event_ko": "์ค์ค๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ด ์ฝ์คํํฐ๋
ธํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ํจ๋ฝํด ๋๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ก๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1469,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unites Spainโs two strongest crowns.",
"event_ko": "์๋ผ๊ณค์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ์นด์คํฐ์ผ์ ์ด์ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํผํด ์คํ์ธ ํตํฉ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1472,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Monte dei Paschi di Siena is founded, becoming the worldโs oldest surviving bank.",
"event_ko": "๋ชฌํ
๋ฐ์ด ํ์คํค ๋ ์์๋ ์ํ์ด ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ผ ํ์กด ์ธ๊ณ ์ต๊ณ ๋ น ์ํ์ด ๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1494,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Treaty of Tordesillas divides newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, formalizing colonial spheres.",
"event_ko": "ํ ๋ฅด๋ฐ์์ผ์ค ์กฐ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋๋ฅ ์ํ ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ ํด ์๋ฏผ์ง ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1492,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Christopher Columbusโs voyage to the Americas opens the way for European colonial empires and global trade expansion:contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.",
"event_ko": "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํญํด๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ค๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ ํ์ฅ์ ๊ธธ์ ์ด์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1588,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "England defeats the Spanish Armada, marking the decline of Spainโs dominance and the rise of British naval power:contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.",
"event_ko": "1588๋
์๊ธ๋๋๊ฐ ์์คํ๋ ๋ฌด์ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํํ์ฌ ์์คํ๋ ํจ๊ถ์ ์ ํด์ ์๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์์ ์๋ ธ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1648,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ends the Thirty Yearsโ War, establishing the modern system of sovereign states and curtailing Habsburg hegemony in Europe.",
"event_ko": "1648๋
๋ฒ ์คํธํ๋ ์กฐ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 30๋
์ ์์ด ์ข
๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ๊ทผ๋ ์ฃผ๊ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ํจ๊ถ์ด ์ต์ ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1688,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England ensures a constitutional monarchy and ushers in an era of political stability that allows Britainโs rise as a global power.",
"event_ko": "1688๋
์๊ตญ์ ๋ช
์ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์
ํ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋๊ณ ์๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ์์ ์ ํ ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1707,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Acts of Union 1707 unite England and Scotland into Great Britain, laying the foundation for a unified British state that will dominate world affairs.",
"event_ko": "1707๋
์ฐํฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋๊ฐ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ํตํฉ๋์ด ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋์์ ๋จ์ผ ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1720,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The South Sea Bubble bursts in Britain (alongside Franceโs Mississippi Bubble), collapsing stock prices and ruining investors:contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.",
"event_ko": "1720๋
์๊ตญ์์ ๋จํดํ์ฌ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋๊ณ ๋์์ ํ๋์ค์์๋ ๋ฏธ์์ํผ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ํฐ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์๋ง์ ํฌ์์๊ฐ ํ์ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1757,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "At the 1757 Battle of Plassey, Britain secures control over Bengal in India, a key step in establishing the British Raj and expanding its colonial hegemony.",
"event_ko": "1757๋
ํ๋ผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํต์น๊ถ์ ํ๋ณดํ์ฌ ์ธ๋์์ ์๊ตญ๋ น ๋ผ์ง์ ํ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1763,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "An Amsterdam banking crisis in 1763 follows the Seven Yearsโ War, as major lenders collapse and panic spreads to Germany and Scandinavia:contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.",
"event_ko": "1763๋
7๋
์ ์ ํ์ ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์์คํ
๋ฅด๋ด์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ํ๋ค์ด ํ์ฐํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์, ๊ทธ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ์ค์นธ๋๋๋น์๊น์ง ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1769,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A speculative frenzy in Indiaโs Bengal region ends with a crash in 1769 (the Bengal Bubble), devastating local trade and credit:contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.",
"event_ko": "1769๋
์ธ๋ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง์ญ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ดํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋ ๊ฑฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ (๋ฒต๊ณจ ๊ฑฐํ)๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ์ง์ญ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ต์ด ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์
์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1771,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Richard Arkwright opens Cromford Mill, the first water-powered cotton spinning mill, kickstarting the Industrial Revolution:contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.",
"event_ko": "1771๋
๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ์ํฌ๋ผ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์๊ตญ ํฌ๋กฌํผ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ์๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ๊ฐ๋๋๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์
ํ๋ช
์ด ์์๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1772,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A British credit crisis begins with bank failures in London and Amsterdam, spreading panic across Europe:contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}.",
"event_ko": "1772๋
๋ฐ๋๊ณผ ์์คํ
๋ฅด๋ด์์ ๋ํ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์๋ ๊ธ์ต ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1776,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "American colonies declare independence from Britain, inspiring global movements for self-governance:contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}.",
"event_ko": "1776๋
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์๋ฏผ์ง๊ฐ ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ธํ์ฌ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์์น์ ๊ณตํ ์ด๋
์ ํ๋ช
์ ์์ง์์ ๊ณ ์ทจํ๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Financing the American Revolutionary War strains European powers; Franceโs 1.3 billion livre support for the rebels helps push the French monarchy toward bankruptcy:contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}.",
"event_ko": "1776๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์๊ธ ์กฐ๋ฌ๋ก ํ๋์ค๊ฐ 13์ต ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ฅด์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์์ฒญ๋ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋ ์์ ํ๋์ค ์์ค์ ์ฌ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์์ผฐ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1785,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1785 hits the early United States, as a post-war credit contraction leads to a sharp economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}.",
"event_ko": "1785๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ดํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ ์์ถ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ ์ด์
์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1789,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The French Revolution erupts in 1789, overthrowing the monarchy and challenging the old aristocratic order across Europe.",
"event_ko": "1789๋
ํ๋์ค ํ๋ช
์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํด ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ด ์์ ์ ์ ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋์ ํ๋ ํ๋ช
์ด๋
์ ํ์ฐ์์ผฐ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1792,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A financial panic strikes in 1792; U.S. Treasury Secretary Hamilton intervenes to stabilize credit in the young American economy:contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}.",
"event_ko": "1792๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ํด๋ฐํด์ด ์์ฅ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฒซ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1797,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1797 spreads in Britain and the U.S. amid war-driven debt and speculation, causing bank runs and a credit collapse:contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}.",
"event_ko": "1797๋
์๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ด๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ดํ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ํ์ฐ๋์ด ์ํ๋ค์ ๋ฑ
ํฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์ ์ฉ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1805,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Britainโs decisive naval victory over France at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 secures British naval supremacy and frustrates Napoleonโs plans to invade England.",
"event_ko": "1805๋
ํธ๋ผํ๊ฐ ํด์ ์์ ์๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ํด๋ ์น์ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํํ์ฌ ์๊ตญ์ ํด์ ํจ๊ถ์ ๊ตณํ๊ณ ๋ํด๋ ์น์ ์๊ตญ ์นจ๊ณต ์ผ๋ง์ ์ข์ ์์ผฐ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1807,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "U.S. President Thomas Jeffersonโs Embargo Act of 1807 stops foreign trade, plunging the American economy, especially port cities, into a severe depression.",
"event_ko": "1807๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ํผ์จ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์๊ตญยทํ๋์ค์์ ๊ต์ญ์ ๊ธ์งํ๋ ๊ธ์์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จํ(1807๋
์์ถ์
๊ธ์ง๋ฒ)ํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํญ๊ตฌ ๋์๋ค์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1813,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Denmark declares state bankruptcy in 1813 after war expenses, illustrating the sovereign debt crises of the Napoleonic era:contentReference[oaicite:20]{index=20}.",
"event_ko": "1813๋
๋ํด๋ ์น ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ์ ์
ํ๋ก ๋ด๋งํฌ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์๋์ ๋น๋ฐํ ์ฃผ๊ถ ์ฑ๋ฌด ์๊ธฐ์ ํ ์ฌ๋ก์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1815,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Congress of Vienna reorganizes Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, establishing a balance of power that ushers in a century of relative peace:contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}.",
"event_ko": "1815๋
๋น ํ์๊ฐ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์ฌํธํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ณ 1์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋์ ํํ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1818,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22}.",
"event_ko": "1918๋
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ค์ด 1921๋
๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฒช์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1819,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1819, the first major U.S. economic depression after the War of 1812, leads to bank failures and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:23]{index=23}.",
"event_ko": "1819๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณตํฉ(1819๋
๊ณตํฉ)์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ ํ์ฐ๊ณผ ์ค์
์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1821,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Spainโs New World empire collapses as Mexico and others in Latin America gain independence, ending Spanish colonial hegemony in the Americas:contentReference[oaicite:24]{index=24}.",
"event_ko": "1821๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ฑ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์์คํ๋์ ์ ๋๋ฅ ์ ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์์ ์์คํ๋ ํจ๊ถ์ด ์ข
์ธ์ ๊ณ ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1823,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United States proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization in the Americas and asserting a hemispheric influence.",
"event_ko": "1823๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋จผ๋ก ๋
ํธ๋ฆฐ์ ์ ํฌํ์ฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ์ง ๊ฐ์ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฒ๋ช
ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1825,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England:contentReference[oaicite:25]{index=25}.",
"event_ko": "1825๋
์๊ตญ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ถ ๊ณผ์ด ๋์ ์๋์ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ ๋์ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ(1825๋
๊ณตํฉ)๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๋ค์์ ์ํ์ด ๋์ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1837,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1837 triggers a collapse in U.S. banks and a five-year depression in the American economy:contentReference[oaicite:26]{index=26}.",
"event_ko": "1837๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ
์คํจ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ก ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ(1837๋
๊ณตํฉ)๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๊ณ 5๋
์ ๊ฑธ์น ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1847,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A financial panic in 1847 follows the end of Britainโs railway boom, causing a credit crunch and economic slump:contentReference[oaicite:27]{index=27}.",
"event_ko": "1847๋
์๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ ํฌ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๊บผ์ง๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์(1847๋
๊ณตํฉ)ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋น์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1848,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Revolutionary uprisings across Europe in 1848 shake the continentโs old regimes with demands for liberal reforms and national self-determination.",
"event_ko": "1848๋
์ ๋ฝ ๊ฐ์ง์์ ๋์๋ค๋ฐ์ ํ๋ช
์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๋คํ๋ค์์ผ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ง์๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1854,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1854 interrupts the expansion of the 1850s, as declining international demand and monetary tightening slow the U.S. economy.",
"event_ko": "1854๋
๊ตญ์ ์์ ๋ํ์ ํตํ ๊ธด์ถ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํํดํ์ฌ 1850๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1857,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1857, a global financial crash originating in the U.S., leads to widespread bank failures and an economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:28]{index=28}.",
"event_ko": "1857๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์๋ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ(1857๋
๊ณตํฉ)์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๊ณ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "Following a brief boom, the global Panic of 1857 ends years of expansion, with the failure of banks and collapse of grain prices affecting both the U.S. and Europe.",
"event_ko": "1857๋
์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ ์ดํ ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋
๊ฐ ํธํฉ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ ํด๊ณ ์ ๋ํ๋ ์ด์
์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1865,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A crash in 1865 devastates the economy of colonial India following speculative excess during the American Civil War boom:contentReference[oaicite:29]{index=29}.",
"event_ko": "1865๋
๋จ๋ถ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ์ธ๋ ๋ญ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ณผ์ด๋์๋ ๋ฉดํ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์์ฅ์ด ๋ถ๊ดดํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ง๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ํ์ด ํ์ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1866,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The collapse of Overend, Gurney & Co. in 1866 sparks an international financial panic, prompting lender-of-last-resort interventions:contentReference[oaicite:30]{index=30}.",
"event_ko": "1866๋
์๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธ์ต์ฌ ์ค๋ฒ๋ ๋๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฐํ์ฌ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต์์ฅ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ์๊ณ , ์๋์ํ์ด ์ตํ์ ๋๋ถ์๋ก ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์๊ธฐ ๋์์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1868,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Japanโs Meiji Restoration in 1868 begins the rapid modernization and emergence of Japan as an industrial and military power in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1868๋
์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒํฉ ์ค์ฌ ํต์น๊ฐ ๋ถํํ๊ณ ๊ธ์ํ ๊ทผ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ถ์ง๋์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์์์์ ์ ํฅ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1869,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Speculators Jay Gould and James Fiskโs attempt to corner the U.S. gold market ends in \"Black Friday\" panic when prices collapse.",
"event_ko": "1869๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ด ๊ตด๋์ ์ ์์ค ํผ์คํฌ๊ฐ ๊ธ ์์ฅ์ ๋งค์ ํ๋ ค๋ค \"๊ฒ์ ๊ธ์์ผ\" ์ฌํ๋ก ๊ธ๊ฐ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ํฐ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1871,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Prussiaโs victory in the Franco-Prussian War leads to the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, creating a new great power in Europe.",
"event_ko": "1871๋
ํ๋ก์ด์ผ-ํ๋์ค ์ ์์์ ํ๋ก์ด์ผ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ฌ์ ์์ ๋
์ผ ์ ๊ตญ์ด ์ ํฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ ํ๋๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ณํํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1873,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A major stock market panic in 1873 triggers the Long Depression, a prolonged worldwide economic downturn:contentReference[oaicite:31]{index=31}.",
"event_ko": "1873๋
๋น์๋ ์ฆ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋ ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ๋ฒ์ ธ 1870๋
๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ(์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถํฉ)์ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1873 in the U.S. and Europe marks the start of a worldwide depression (โLong Depressionโ) lasting over two decades:contentReference[oaicite:32]{index=32}.",
"event_ko": "1873๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋์ ์ํ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์์ญ ๋
๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋ช์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1875,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Andrew Carnegie opens the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, launching large-scale steel production and the age of heavy engineering:contentReference[oaicite:33]{index=33}.",
"event_ko": "1875๋
์ค๋๋ฃจ ์นด๋ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ์๋๊ฑฐ ํฐ์จ ์ ์ฒ ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ฐ์ฒ ์์ฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด์๊ณ ์ค๊ณต์
๋ฐ์ ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1882,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 triggers a French banking crisis after the collapse of an investment bank involved in speculative ventures.",
"event_ko": "1882๋
ํ๋์ค์์ ๋ํ ํฌ์์ํ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์(ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ค)๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดดํ์ฌ ๋ฒจ ์ํฌํฌ๊ธฐ ํ๋์ค ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1884,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1884 hits U.S. financial markets, temporarily halting the economic recovery during the Long Depression:contentReference[oaicite:34]{index=34}.",
"event_ko": "1884๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฆ๊ถํฌ์์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ค์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์์ง ํ๋ณต ์ค์ด๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถํฉ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ํ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํํด๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1885,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "European powers formalize the \"Scramble for Africa\" at the 1884โ85 Berlin Conference, establishing colonial spheres of influence across the continent.",
"event_ko": "1884-85๋
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํ์์์ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด๊ฐ์ด ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถํ ์ ๊ณต์ํํ์ฌ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ ์ ์ญ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง๋ก ๋๋์ด ๊ฐ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1890,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Londonโs Baring Brothers bank nearly collapses in 1890 due to Argentine debt exposure, sparking an international financial crisis averted by Bank of England intervention.",
"event_ko": "1890๋
์๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ง์ค ์ํ์ด ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ ๋ถ์ค๋ก ํ์ฐ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋์ํ์ ๊ฐ์
์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ค๋ก ์์ต๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1893,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1893 causes a severe recession in the United States, with the collapse of railroads and banks and high unemployment:contentReference[oaicite:35]{index=35}.",
"event_ko": "1893๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ ๋์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์ต ๊ณตํฉ(1893๋
๊ณตํฉ)์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ๊ณผ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ค์
์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋น์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1899,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Europeโs new common currency, the euro, debuts in 1999, uniting 11 nations under one monetary system and reshaping international finance.",
"event_ko": "1999๋
์ ๋ฝ 11๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋จ์ผ ํตํ ์ ๋กํ๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ํตํ ๋๋งน์ ์ถ๋ฒ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ 2์ ๊ธฐ์ถํตํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1901,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A stock frenzy surrounding the Northern Pacific Railway leads to the Panic of 1901 on Wall Street, one of the first 20th-century stock market crashes.",
"event_ko": "1901๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋
ธ๋ํผ์ํฝ ์ฒ ๋ ์ง๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ฑ๋ฝํ๋ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1901๋
๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1905,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Japanโs victory in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War signals the rise of a non-Western power and the weakening of Czarist Russiaโs influence in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1905๋
๋ฌ์ผ ์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตฌ ์ด๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฉํํ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ฅด ๋ฌ์์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1907,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Panic of 1907 sees a run on banks in the U.S., leading to a stock market crash and the creation of the Federal Reserve System as a response:contentReference[oaicite:36]{index=36}.",
"event_ko": "1907๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ค์ ๋ฑ
ํฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์(1907๋
๊ณตํฉ)ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๊ณ , ์ดํ ์ฐ์ค ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1911,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 topples Chinaโs Qing Dynasty, ending thousands of years of imperial rule and leading to the founding of the Republic of China.",
"event_ko": "1911๋
์ ํดํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ 2์ฒ ๋
์ด์ ์ด์ด์ง ์ ๊ตญ ํต์น๊ฐ ์ข
๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์คํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1913,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The U.S. Federal Reserve Act is signed, establishing a central bank (Federal Reserve) amid a financial recession to stabilize the economy:contentReference[oaicite:37]{index=37}.",
"event_ko": "1913๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค๋น๋ฒ์ ํต๊ณผ์์ผ ์ค์์ํ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค๋น์ ๋(์ฐ์ค)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น์ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด ์์์ ๊ธ์ต ์์ ์ ๋๋ชจํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1914,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "World War I erupts, shattering the century-long international order established after the Napoleonic Wars:contentReference[oaicite:38]{index=38}.",
"event_ko": "1914๋
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ์ง์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 forces the closure of stock markets (Financial Crisis of 1914) as investors panic and gold hoarding ensues.",
"event_ko": "1914๋
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ๊ณ ๊ธ์ต์์ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฅ์ณ ์ฃผ์๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๊ธ๋ณธ์๋ฅผ ์ผ์ ์ค์งํ๊ณ ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1917,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Russiaโs Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 establishes the first communist state, withdrawing Russia from WWI and igniting a global ideological struggle.",
"event_ko": "1917๋
๋ฌ์์์์ ๋ณผ์
ฐ๋นํค ํ๋ช
์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ๊ณต์ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ(์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ)๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋๋ฉด์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ด๋
์ ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1918,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A post-World War I recession (1918โ1921) strikes as wartime demand ends and economies struggle to retool for peace:contentReference[oaicite:39]{index=39}.",
"event_ko": "1918๋
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ค์ด 1921๋
๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฒช์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1920,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1920โ21 recession, triggered by tight monetary policy after World War I, causes sharp deflation and unemployment in the U.S.:contentReference[oaicite:40]{index=40}.",
"event_ko": "1920๋
~21๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ธด์ถ ์ ์ฑ
๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ด์ด ์ง์ ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ด ๊ธ๋ฑํ๋ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1923,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Germany experiences hyperinflation in 1923, rendering its currency nearly worthless and destabilizing the post-WWI European economy.",
"event_ko": "1923๋
๋
์ผ์์ ํ์ดํผ์ธํ๋ ์ด์
์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํํ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ฌํ ํผ๋์ด ์ด๋๋์ด ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ ธ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1929,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929 wipes out billions in wealth and sparks the Great Depression, a decade-long global economic collapse:contentReference[oaicite:41]{index=41}.",
"event_ko": "1929๋
์๊ฐ ์ฃผ์์์ฅ ๋ถ๊ดด(๋๊ณตํฉ์ ์์)๋ก ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐํ์๊ณ , ์ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ 10๋
๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1933,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt takes the U.S. off the gold standard in 1933 and declares a bank holiday to halt bank runs during the Great Depression.",
"event_ko": "1933๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ค๋ฒจํธ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๊ธ๋ณธ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์งํ๊ณ ์ํ ํด์
๋ น์ ๋ด๋ ค ๋๊ณตํฉ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ด์ ๋ฑ
ํฌ๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ฑ ๊ธ์ต ์์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จํํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1937,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The โRoosevelt Recessionโ of 1937โ38 interrupts the New Deal recovery, with U.S. industrial output falling and unemployment rising again:contentReference[oaicite:42]{index=42}.",
"event_ko": "1937๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ํ ์ค ์ ๋ถ ์ง์ถ ์ถ์์ ๊ธด์ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋ฑ์ธ๊ฐ ๊บพ์ฌ 1937-38๋
์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ(๋ฃจ์ฆ๋ฒจํธ ๋ถํฉ)์ด ๋ค์ ์ฐพ์์ ์ฐ์
์์ฐ์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ค์
์ด ์ฌ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1939,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Nazi Germanyโs invasion of Poland in 1939 sparks World War II as Britain and France declare war on Germany, marking the start of the deadliest conflict in history.",
"event_ko": "1939๋
๋์น ๋
์ผ์ ํด๋๋ ์นจ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค๊ฐ ๋
์ผ์ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ณ ํ์๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฐธํนํ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ ์์ด ์์๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1941,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brings the United States into World War II, decisively turning the conflict into a truly global war.",
"event_ko": "1941๋
12์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ง์ฃผ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ต ๊ณต๊ฒฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ ์ฐธ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์์ด ์ง์ ํ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฌ์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1944,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Allied nations sign the Bretton Woods Agreement, creating the IMF and World Bank and shaping a new international financial order:contentReference[oaicite:43]{index=43}.",
"event_ko": "1944๋
๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ํ์์์ ๊ตญ์ ํตํ๊ธฐ๊ธ(IMF)๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ์ํ์ด ์ฐฝ์ค๋๊ณ ์ ํ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ค์ฌ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต์ง์๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1945,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "World War II ends with the United States emerging as a leading superpower, ushering in an American-led global order:contentReference[oaicite:44]{index=44}.",
"event_ko": "1945๋
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ์ข
์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ๋์ ์ธ ์ด๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ง์๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The end of World War II leads to demobilization and brief economic turmoil as millions of soldiers return to civilian life.",
"event_ko": "1945๋
์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ์์ฐ์
์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ฒ๋ง ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํผ๋๊ณผ ์ค์
์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ ๊ณง ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก์ ์ ํ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1947,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Bell Labs invents the transistor, revolutionizing electronics and ushering in the modern Information Age:contentReference[oaicite:45]{index=45}.",
"event_ko": "1947๋
๋ฒจ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ํธ๋์ง์คํฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ช
๋์ด ์ ์๊ณตํ์ ํ๋ช
์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ณดํ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United States launches the Marshall Plan in 1947, pumping billions into Europeโs reconstruction and solidifying U.S. economic leadership in the West.",
"event_ko": "1947๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ง์
ํ๋์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์์ ๋ฝ์ ์ ํ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ง๋ํ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์๋ฐฉ ์ง์์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋๊ถ์ ํ๊ณ ํ ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1948,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
"event_ko": "1948-49๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์์ผ๋, 1950๋
ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ณต๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1949,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Mao Zedong proclaims the Peopleโs Republic of China, creating a socialist state that soon begins to emerge as a global power:contentReference[oaicite:46]{index=46}.",
"event_ko": "1949๋
๋ง์ค์ฉ๋ฅ์ด ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์๋ฆฝ์ ์ ํฌํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก ์ฌํธํ์๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ดํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1948โ49 hits the United States as postwar consumer demand cools and factories retool from wartime production, raising unemployment until the Korean War stimulates recovery.",
"event_ko": "1948-49๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์์ผ๋, 1950๋
ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ํน์๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ณต๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1950,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Korean War erupts in 1950 as North Korea invades South Korea, leading to a U.S.-led UN intervention and a proxy conflict of the Cold War.",
"event_ko": "1950๋
๋ถํ์ ๋จ์นจ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตญ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ์๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ์
ํ๊ณ ์ดํ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1953,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1953โ54 follows the Korean War, as U.S. defense spending drops and unemployment climbs.",
"event_ko": "1953๋
ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ข
์ ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ์ง์ถ ๊ฐ์์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก 1953-54๋
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํํด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ด ์์นํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1956,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The 1956 Suez Crisis sees Britain and Franceโs failed attempt to seize the Suez Canal, marking the end of Britainโs role as a global imperial power.",
"event_ko": "1956๋
์ด์งํธ์ ์์์ฆ ์ดํ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ ์๊ตญยทํ๋์คยท์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ๊ตฐ์ฌ๊ฐ์
ํ์ผ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ ๊ตฐํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ๋์ค์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ์ํ ์ฝํ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1957,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Treaty of Rome is signed in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community and marking a milestone in postwar economic integration.",
"event_ko": "1957๋
3์ ๋ก๋ง ์กฐ์ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด(EEC)๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฒํ์ฌ ์ ํ ์์ ๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ ํตํฉ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1958,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1958 recession hits the United States, marked by a sharp downturn in industrial production and the highest unemployment since the 1930s.",
"event_ko": "1958๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์กฐ์
์์ฐ ๊ธ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ค์
๋ฅ ๊ธ๋ฑ์ ๋๋ฐํ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ 1930๋
๋ ๋๊ณตํฉ ์ดํ ์ต์
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1960,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A brief recession in 1960โ61 slows growth in the U.S., contributing to John F. Kennedyโs narrow election victory.",
"event_ko": "1960๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ํฌ์ ์์ถ๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ ํด ๋์ ์์ ์กด F. ์ผ๋ค๋์ ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1962,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States and Soviet Union come perilously close to nuclear war, before a negotiated withdrawal defuses the situation.",
"event_ko": "1962๋
์ฟ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๋ จ์ด ํต์ ์ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ํ์์ ํตํด ์๋ จ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฒ ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํด์๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ธด์ฅ ์ํ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1969,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The U.S. Apollo 11 mission lands the first humans on the Moon in 1969, showcasing American technological prowess at the height of the Cold War space race.",
"event_ko": "1969๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ํด๋ก 11ํธ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต์ด๋ก ๋ฌ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1970,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A mild recession in 1969โ1970 hits the U.S. as the Vietnam War spending peaks and the Federal Reserve tightens credit to combat inflation.",
"event_ko": "1969-70๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋น์ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๊ธด์ถ ํตํ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์๋งํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1971,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "K-Wave",
"event_en": "Intel releases the 4004 microprocessor, integrating a computer CPU on one chip and launching the digital revolution:contentReference[oaicite:47]{index=47}.",
"event_ko": "1971๋
์ธํ
์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ์์
์ฉ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋กํ๋ก์ธ์ 4004๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ปดํจํฐ ์ค์์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋จ์ผ ์นฉ์ ์ง์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์งํธ ํ๋ช
์ ์๋ง์ ์ด์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "U.S. President Nixon ends the dollarโs convertibility to gold, effectively collapsing the Bretton Woods monetary system (\"Nixon Shock\"):contentReference[oaicite:48]{index=48}.",
"event_ko": "1971๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์จ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๊ธ์ ํํ์ ์ค์ง(๋์จ ์ผํฌ)ํ์ฌ ๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋๊ณ ๋ณ๋ํ์จ ์๋๋ก ์ ํ๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1973,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "OPECโs oil embargo quadruples oil prices, igniting a global energy crisis and stagflation that end the postwar economic boom:contentReference[oaicite:49]{index=49}.",
"event_ko": "1973๋
์๋์ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ์์ ๊ธ์์กฐ์น๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๋ฐฐ ๊ธ๋ฑํ๊ณ ์คํ๊ทธํ๋ ์ด์
์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ ์ง์๋ ๊ณ ๋์ฑ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The 1973โ75 recession, triggered by the oil shock and end of Bretton Woods, causes stagflation in many Western economies:contentReference[oaicite:50]{index=50}.",
"event_ko": "1973๋
์์ ํ๋๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ ํผ์ฐ์ฆ ์ฒด์ ๋ถ๊ดด ํ์ ์ฆ์ผ๋ก 1973-75๋
์ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์คํ๊ทธํ๋ ์ด์
๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถํฉ์ด ๋ฅ์ณค๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1978,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "China (under Deng Xiaoping) begins โreform and openingโ in 1978, transforming its economy and reshaping global trade dynamics:contentReference[oaicite:51]{index=51}.",
"event_ko": "1978๋
๋ฉ์ค์คํ ์ง๊ถํ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์์ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์์ฅ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก ์ ํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ฒด์ ์ ํธ์
๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1979,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The year 1979 sees a strategic upheaval: Iranโs Islamic Revolution ousts a key U.S. ally in the Middle East, and the Soviet Unionโs invasion of Afghanistan that year exacerbates Cold War tensions in Asia.",
"event_ko": "1979๋
์ด๋์์ ์ด์ฌ๋ ํ๋ช
์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๋ ๋๋งน ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํด ์๋ จ์ด ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ์นจ๊ณตํ์ฌ ๋์ ์ด ์ 3์ธ๊ณ๋ก ํ์ฐ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The 1979 Iranian Revolution triggers a second oil shock; oil prices double, contributing to global inflation and a new recession in the early 1980s.",
"event_ko": "1979๋
์ด๋ ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์์ ์์ฐ์ด ์ฐจ์ง์ ๋น์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ค์ผ ์ผํฌ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฐจ ํญ๋ฑํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ๋ ์ด์
์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ณ 1980๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ถํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1981,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The early 1980s recession (1981โ82), induced by anti-inflation interest rate hikes, drives global unemployment to postwar highs.",
"event_ko": "1981-82๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์ด๋๋ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ '๋ณผ์ปค ๋ถํฉ'์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ์ ํ ์ต๊ณ ์์ค์ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1985,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Major economies sign the Plaza Accord in 1985 to depreciate the U.S. dollar and correct trade imbalances, marking a rare coordinated currency intervention.",
"event_ko": "1985๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์ 5๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ํ๋ผ์ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ฌ ํ์จ์ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ํ ๋๋ฌธ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํตํ ๊ฐ์
์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1987,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "โBlack Mondayโ sees stock markets crash worldwide as the Dow Jones plunges 22% in a day, erasing trillions in market value:contentReference[oaicite:52]{index=52}.",
"event_ko": "1987๋
\"๋ธ๋ ๋จผ๋ฐ์ด\" ์ฃผ์ ๋ํญ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ์ํด ๋ค์ฐ์ง์๊ฐ ํ๋ฃจ 22% ๊ธ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฆ์์์ ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ด์ก์ด ์ฆ๋ฐํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1989,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolizes the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and accelerates the end of the Cold War division of Europe.",
"event_ko": "1989๋
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ๋์ ๋ฝ ๊ณต์ฐ ์ ๊ถ๋ค์ด ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ๋์ ์๋์ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ถ๋จ ์ง์๊ฐ ๊ธ์ํ ์ข
์๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1991,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The Soviet Union dissolves, ending the Cold War and leaving the United States as the worldโs sole superpower:contentReference[oaicite:53]{index=53}.",
"event_ko": "1991๋
์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ํด์ฒด๋์ด ๋์ ์ด ์ข
๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์ผ์ ์ด๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "A recession in 1990โ91 strikes the U.S. and other nations, ending the long 1980s boom amid high oil prices and credit constraints.",
"event_ko": "1990-91๋
๊ฑธํ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ ธ 1980๋
๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํธํฉ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1994,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Mexicoโs Peso Crisis in 1994 sees a sudden devaluation of the peso, requiring a $50ย billion U.S.-IMF bailout to prevent global contagion.",
"event_ko": "1994๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ๊ฐ ํ์ ๊ฐ์น ํญ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์๊ธฐ์ ๋น ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ IMF๊ฐ 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ์ ๊ณตํด ์ ํฅ์์ฅ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก์ ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ธ์ ๋ง์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1997,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Asian Financial Crisis erupts, causing currencies and markets across East Asia to collapse and requiring international bailouts:contentReference[oaicite:54]{index=54}.",
"event_ko": "1997๋
์์์ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐํธํ ํญ๋ฝ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํตํยท์ฆ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดดํ๊ณ IMF ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1998,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Russiaโs government defaults in 1998 amid a ruble collapse and low oil prices, triggering global market panic and the collapse of hedge fund LTCM.",
"event_ko": "1998๋
๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ผํ ๋ฆฌ์(์ฑ๋ฌด ๋ถ์ดํ)๊ณผ ๋ฃจ๋ธํ ํ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ฅ์ด ์๋์น๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํค์งํ๋ LTCM์ด ํ์ฐ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 1999,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The Euro currency launches in 1999, uniting 11 European nations in a monetary union and creating the second-largest reserve currency globally.",
"event_ko": "1999๋
์ ๋ฝ 11๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋จ์ผ ํตํ ์ ๋กํ๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ํตํ ๋๋งน์ ์ถ๋ฒ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ 2์ ๊ธฐ์ถํตํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ ๊ธ์ต ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2001,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Al-Qaedaโs September 11 attacks on the U.S. kill nearly 3,000 people and prompt the U.S.-led global \"War on Terror\":contentReference[oaicite:55]{index=55}.",
"event_ko": "2001๋
9์ 11์ผ ์์นด์๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ
๋ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 3์ฒ ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ฌ์์ ์ ์์ ์ฐฉ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ณด ์ง์๊ฐ ์ฌํธ๋์๋ค."
},
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The Dot-com bubble bursts in 2000, leading to an early-2000s recession as technology stocks crash and investment dries up:contentReference[oaicite:56]{index=56}.",
"event_ko": "2000๋
๋ ์ด ๋ท์ปด ๋ฒ๋ธ ๋ถ๊ดด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์
ํฌ์๊ฐ ์์ถ๋์ด 2001๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ ์ง๊ตญ๋ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2008,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "A U.S. subprime mortgage bubble bursts in 2008, triggering a global financial crisis and the deepest recession since the 1930s:contentReference[oaicite:57]{index=57}.",
"event_ko": "2008๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์๋ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง ๊ฑฐํ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ฉฐ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ 1930๋
๋ ์ด๋ ์ต์
์ ๋ถํฉ์ ๋น ์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2010,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "The European sovereign debt crisis peaks around 2010 as Greece and other eurozone countries face debt defaults, testing the resilience of the euro:contentReference[oaicite:58]{index=58}.",
"event_ko": "2010๋
๊ฒฝ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค, ์์ผ๋๋ ๋ฑ ๋จ์ ๋ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ถ์ฑ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ต๊ณ ์กฐ์ ๋ฌํด EU์ IMF๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ต์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ , ์ ๋ก์กด ํตํ ์ฒด์ ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ์ํ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2011,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Arab Spring uprisings spread across the Middle East in 2011, toppling longtime rulers in countries like Egypt and Libya and destabilizing the regional order.",
"event_ko": "2011๋
์ค๋๊ณผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ '์๋์ ๋ด' ์๋ฏผ ๋ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ด์งํธยท๋ฆฌ๋น์ ๋ฑ์์ ๋
์ฌ ์ ๊ถ์ด ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ญ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2014,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Finance",
"event_en": "Global oil prices collapse in 2014 after a supply glut, causing financial stress in oil-exporting nations and a sharp investment downturn in the energy sector.",
"event_ko": "2014๋
์ธ๊ณ ์์ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ณผ์๊ณผ OPEC์ ๊ฐ์ฐ ๋ฏธํฉ์๋ก ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋์ง ์
๊ณ์ ๋์ฐ์ด ์์ถํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2016,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union (Brexit) in 2016, reflecting rising nationalism and challenging the post-Cold War international order.",
"event_ko": "2016๋
์๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผํฌํ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ(EU) ํํด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ (๋ธ๋ ์ํธ)ํ์ฌ ์๊ตฌ ํตํฉ ์ง์์ ๊ท ์ด์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2018,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "A U.S.โChina trade war erupts in 2018 as the worldโs two largest economies impose tariffs on each other, indicating intensifying great-power economic rivalry.",
"event_ko": "2018๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์์ด ์์๋์ด ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋๊ตญ์ด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ฉฐ ํจ๊ถ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ์ผ๊น์ง ํ๋๋์๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2020,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Business",
"event_en": "The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a sudden global recession in 2020, as lockdowns and supply shocks cause output to plunge:contentReference[oaicite:59]{index=59}.",
"event_ko": "2020๋
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ด์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น๊ฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์์ถ๋์ด ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก์๋ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค."
}
]
},
{
"year": 2022,
"events": [
{
"cycle": "Hegemony",
"event_en": "Russia invades Ukraine in 2022, leading to sweeping Western sanctions against Russia and a realignment of global geopolitical and energy relationships.",
"event_ko": "2022๋
๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋๋ฌ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ์๋์ง ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง๊ณผ ์๋ณด ์งํ์ ์ค๋ํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค."
}
]
}
]
|