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In 1997, several Georgian soldiers suffered radiation poisoning and burns. They were eventually traced back to training sources left abandoned, forgotten, and unlabeled after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. One was a caesium-137 pellet in a pocket of a shared jacket that released about 130,000 times the level of b... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Trace concentrations of unstable isotopes of some mononuclidic elements are found in natural samples. For example, beryllium-10 (Be), with a half-life of 1.4 million years, is produced by cosmic rays in the Earth's upper atmosphere; iodine-129 (I), with a half-life of 15.7 million years, is produced by various cosmogen... | 0 | Isotopes |
In archaeological studies, stable isotope ratios have been used to track diet within the time span formation of analyzed tissues (10–15 years for bone collagen and intra-annual periods for tooth enamel bioapatite) from individuals; "recipes" of foodstuffs (ceramic vessel residues); locations of cultivation and types of... | 0 | Isotopes |
Nitrogen isotopes indicate the trophic level position of organisms (reflective of the time the tissue samples were taken). There is a larger enrichment component with δN because its retention is higher than that of N. This can be seen by analyzing the waste of organisms. Cattle urine has shown that there is a depletion... | 0 | Isotopes |
A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, for example, carbon-13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, whereas the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of ... | 0 | Isotopes |
NAIL-MS (short for nucleic acid isotope labeling coupled mass spectrometry) is a technique based on mass spectrometry used for the investigation of nucleic acids and its modifications. It enables a variety of experiment designs to study the underlying mechanism of RNA biology in vivo. For example, the dynamic behaviour... | 0 | Isotopes |
A compound tagged by replacing specific atoms with the corresponding isotopes can facilitate the following mass spectrometry methods:
# Metabolic flux analysis (MFA)
# Stable isotopically labeled internal standards for quantitative analysis | 0 | Isotopes |
Fission chain reactions occur because of interactions between neutrons and fissile isotopes (such as U). The chain reaction requires both the release of neutrons from fissile isotopes undergoing nuclear fission and the subsequent absorption of some of these neutrons in fissile isotopes. When an atom undergoes nuclear f... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
During the Cold War, the governments of the U.S., the USSR, Great Britain, and China attempted to educate their citizens about surviving a nuclear attack by providing procedures on minimizing short-term exposure to fallout. This effort commonly became known as Civil Defense.
Fallout protection is almost exclusively con... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) describes the global annual average relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) ratios in natural meteoric waters. The GMWL was first developed in 1961 by Harmon Craig, and has subsequently been widely used to track water masses in environmental geoch... | 0 | Isotopes |
Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as uranium or plutonium into two lighter nuclei, which are called fission products. Yield refers to the fraction of a fission product produced per fission.
Yield can be broken down by:
# Individual isotope
# Chemical element spanning several isotopes of different mass number ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
In the event of a large-scale nuclear exchange, the effects would be drastic on the environment as well as directly to the human population. Within direct blast zones everything would be vaporized and destroyed. Cities damaged but not completely destroyed would lose their water system due to the loss of power and suppl... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
The Chernobyl accident released a large amount of caesium isotopes which were dispersed over a wide area. Cs is an isotope which is of long-term concern as it remains in the top layers of soil. Plants with shallow root systems tend to absorb it for many years. Hence grass and mushrooms can carry a considerable amount ... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
For fission of uranium-235, the predominant radioactive fission products include isotopes of iodine, caesium, strontium, xenon and barium. The threat becomes smaller with the passage of time. Locations where radiation fields once posed immediate mortal threats, such as much of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on day o... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Xe has not been detected in Venus's atmosphere. Xe has an upper limit of 10 parts per billion by volume. The absence of data on the abundance of Xe precludes us from evaluating if the abundance of Xe is close to solar values or if there is Xe paradox on Venus. The lack also prevents us from checking if the isotopic com... | 0 | Isotopes |
On Mars, Xe isotopes in the present atmosphere are mass fractionated relative to their primordial composition from in situ measurement of the Curiosity Rover at Gale Crater, Mars. Paleo-atmospheric Xe trapped in the Martian regolith breccia NWA 11220 is mass-dependently fractionated relative to solar Xe by ~16.2‰. The ... | 0 | Isotopes |
The compounds used as isotopic references have a relatively complex history. The broad evolution of reference materials for the hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and sulfur stable isotope systems are shown in Figure 1. Materials with red text define the primary reference commonly reported in scientific publications and materia... | 0 | Isotopes |
The stable isotope composition of amino acids refers to the abundance of heavy and light non-radioactive isotopes of carbon (C and C), nitrogen (N and N), and other elements within these molecules. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are synthesized from alpha-keto acid precursors that are in turn int... | 0 | Isotopes |
Cadmium is a strong neutron poison and in fact control rods are often made out of cadmium, making the accumulation of cadmium in fuel of particular concern for the maintenance of stable neutron economy. Cadmium is also a chemically poisonous heavy metal, but given the number of neutron absorptions required for transmut... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
In April 2011, elevated levels of caesium-137 were also being found in the environment after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disasters in Japan. In July 2011, meat from 11 cows shipped to Tokyo from Fukushima Prefecture was found to have 1,530 to 3,200 becquerels per kilogram of Cs, considerably exceeding the Japanese le... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
For isotopes of elements like carbon and sulfur, the difference in kinetic parameters is too small, and the measurement precision too low, to measure an isotope effect by directly comparing the rates of the monoisotopic and rare isotope substrates. Instead, the two are mixed together using the natural abundance of stab... | 0 | Isotopes |
An isotope of an element contains the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different mass number than the element found on the periodic table. Isotopes with a large variation in nucleon number will decay into more stable nuclei, and are known as radionuclides or radioisotopes.
The fie... | 0 | Isotopes |
The PRoduction of high purity Isotopes by mass Separation for Medical APplication (PRISMAP) is the European medical radionuclide programme, with the goal to provide a sustainable source of high-purity radioisotopes for medicine. The programme brings together 23 beneficiaries from 13 countries, to create a single entry ... | 0 | Isotopes |
udQM could be possibly formed during a supernova core collapse from conversion of superheavy nuclei. In this environment there is a high density of electrons and electron neutrinos present. The udQM would then end up in neutron stars. udQM nuclides may be detectable in cosmic rays.
A star containing a large proportion ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Differences in the abundance of isotopes among natural samples are extremely small (almost always below 0.1% or 1 per mille). Nevertheless, these very small differences can record meaningful geological processes. To compare these tiny but meaningful differences, isotope abundances in natural materials are often reporte... | 0 | Isotopes |
NAIL-MS is used to study RNA modification mechanisms. Therefore, cells in culture are first fed with stable isotope labeled nutrients and the cells incorporate these into their biomolecules. After purification of the nucleic acids, most often RNA, analysis is done by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is an analytica... | 0 | Isotopes |
A variety of different instruments can be used to perform position-specific isotope analysis, and each have distinct advantages and drawbacks. Many of them require comparison the sample of interest to a standard of known isotopic composition; fractionation within the instrument and variation of instrumental conditions ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in ... | 0 | Isotopes |
Iodine-131 is used for unsealed source radiotherapy in nuclear medicine to treat several conditions. It can also be detected by gamma cameras for diagnostic imaging, however it is rarely administered for diagnostic purposes only, imaging will normally be done following a therapeutic dose. Use of the I as iodide salt ex... | 1 | Fission Products + Nuclear Fission |
Doubly labeled water is water in which both the hydrogen and the oxygen have been partly or completely replaced (i.e. labeled) with an uncommon isotope of these elements for tracing purposes.
In practice, for both practical and safety reasons, almost all recent applications of the "doubly labeled water" method use wate... | 0 | Isotopes |
Reference materials are compounds which are carefully calibrated against the primary reference or a calibration material. These compounds allow for isotopic analysis of materials differing in chemical or isotopic composition from the compounds defining the isotopic scales on which measurements are reported. In general ... | 0 | Isotopes |
All biologically active elements exist in a number of different isotopic forms, of which two or more are stable. For example, most carbon is present as C, with approximately 1% being C. The ratio of the two isotopes may be altered by biological and geophysical processes, and these differences can be utilized in a numbe... | 0 | Isotopes |
Site specific isotope enrichments of NO is measured in the environment to help disentangle microbial sources and sinks in the environment. Different isotopologues of N2O absorb light at different wavelengths. Laser spectroscopy converts these differences as it scans across wavelengths to measure the abundance of N-N-O ... | 0 | Isotopes |
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