Hugging Face's logo

Datasets:
electricsheepafrica
/
africa-pqc-migration-synthetic

Languages:
English
Size:
n<1K
Tags:
africa
cryptography
post-quantum
pqc
security
harvest-now-decrypt-later
License:
Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
Dataset Preview
Duplicate
The full dataset viewer is not available (click to read why). Only showing a preview of the rows.
The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 8 new columns ({'applet_budget_kb', 'throughput_kbps', 'ussd_messages_for_mlkem_pk', 'extra_hybrid_pqc_bytes_per_handshake', 'added_handshake_latency_ms', 'note', 'channel', 'verdict'}) and 8 missing columns ({'secret_or_ciphertext_bytes', 'source', 'signature_bytes', 'algorithm', 'role', 'quantum_safe', 'family', 'public_key_bytes'}).

This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using

hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv (at revision 949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0), [/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_algorithm_sizes.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_algorithm_sizes.csv), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_handshake_overhead.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_handshake_overhead.csv)]

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1800, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 765, in write_table
                  self._write_table(pa_table, writer_batch_size=writer_batch_size)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 773, in _write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2321, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2249, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              channel: string
              throughput_kbps: double
              extra_hybrid_pqc_bytes_per_handshake: int64
              added_handshake_latency_ms: double
              ussd_messages_for_mlkem_pk: double
              applet_budget_kb: double
              verdict: string
              note: string
              -- schema metadata --
              pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 1334
              to
              {'algorithm': Value('string'), 'family': Value('string'), 'role': Value('string'), 'public_key_bytes': Value('int64'), 'secret_or_ciphertext_bytes': Value('int64'), 'signature_bytes': Value('int64'), 'quantum_safe': Value('bool'), 'source': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1348, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 882, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 943, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1646, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1802, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 8 new columns ({'applet_budget_kb', 'throughput_kbps', 'ussd_messages_for_mlkem_pk', 'extra_hybrid_pqc_bytes_per_handshake', 'added_handshake_latency_ms', 'note', 'channel', 'verdict'}) and 8 missing columns ({'secret_or_ciphertext_bytes', 'source', 'signature_bytes', 'algorithm', 'role', 'quantum_safe', 'family', 'public_key_bytes'}).
              
              This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
              
              hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv (at revision 949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0), [/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_algorithm_sizes.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_algorithm_sizes.csv), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_channel_feasibility.csv), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/52821895078793-config-parquet-and-info-electricsheepafrica-afric-b22e1cbe/hub/datasets--electricsheepafrica--africa-pqc-migration-synthetic/snapshots/949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_handshake_overhead.csv (origin=hf://datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic@949c06add99baa8ca9d64cacbf1aeb8ef8fc61b0/ds7_handshake_overhead.csv)]
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

algorithm
string
family
string
role
string
public_key_bytes
int64
secret_or_ciphertext_bytes
int64
signature_bytes
int64
quantum_safe
bool
source
string
RSA-2048
classical
kex+sig
256
256
256
false
RFC 8017
ECDHE-P256
classical
kex
65
0
0
false
RFC 8422 (no PFS if RSA kex)
X25519
classical
kex
32
0
0
false
RFC 7748
ECDSA-P256
classical
sig
65
0
72
false
RFC 8422
ML-KEM-512
pqc
kex
800
768
0
true
FIPS 203
ML-KEM-768
pqc
kex
1,184
1,088
0
true
FIPS 203 (TLS default)
ML-KEM-1024
pqc
kex
1,568
1,568
0
true
FIPS 203
ML-DSA-44
pqc
sig
1,312
0
2,420
true
FIPS 204
ML-DSA-65
pqc
sig
1,952
0
3,309
true
FIPS 204
ML-DSA-87
pqc
sig
2,592
0
4,627
true
FIPS 204
SLH-DSA-128s
pqc
sig
32
0
7,856
true
FIPS 205
SLH-DSA-128f
pqc
sig
32
0
17,088
true
FIPS 205
FN-DSA-512
pqc
sig
897
0
666
true
Falcon (FN-DSA draft)
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
false
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
false
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
true
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
true
null

Africa PQC Migration Cost (Synthetic)

Electric Sheep Africa · Post-Quantum Cryptographic Exposure cluster · dataset DS-7 · v0.1

African digital infrastructure is being recorded by state actors today under the assumption it will be decryptable once quantum computers arrive (2030–2035 per NIST/NCSC/ENISA). This dataset is one dimension of the Africa-specific evidence for that claim.

What this dataset answers

What does post-quantum migration cost on the constrained infrastructure Africa actually runs on (2G/USSD, POS, SIM applets)?

Key findings (v0.1)

  • An ML-KEM-768 public key (1184 bytes) is 37× an X25519 share and needs 7 USSD messages — structurally incompatible with in-band *123# mobile-money transport.
  • Hybrid X25519+ML-KEM-768 adds 2,272 bytes per TLS handshake.
  • On 2G GPRS that is +454 ms of handshake latency.

Files

ds7_channel_feasibility.csv (7 rows)

Column Example
channel 2G GPRS
throughput_kbps 40.0
extra_hybrid_pqc_bytes_per_handshake 2272
added_handshake_latency_ms 454.4
ussd_messages_for_mlkem_pk nan
applet_budget_kb nan
verdict HIGH COST — +454.4 ms handshake latency
note voice-era data, dominant rural SSA

ds7_handshake_overhead.csv (4 rows)

Column Example
handshake TLS1.2 RSA kex (no PFS)
client_kex_bytes 256
server_kex_bytes 256
total_kex_bytes 512
delta_vs_classical_pfs_bytes 448
quantum_safe False
note no forward secrecy — fully HNDL-exposed

ds7_algorithm_sizes.csv (13 rows)

Column Example
algorithm RSA-2048
family classical
role kex+sig
public_key_bytes 256
secret_or_ciphertext_bytes 256
signature_bytes 256
quantum_safe False
source RFC 8017

Method

Deterministic model from published NIST FIPS 203/204/205 key/signature sizes versus classical RSA/ECC sizes, applied to African channel profiles (2G GPRS, USSD session, EDGE, 3G, POS, SIM applet). No network; fully reproducible from the sizes.

Sources

NIST FIPS 203/204/205; GSMA device profiles; USSD 182-byte message limit.

Limitations

Synthetic model of transport cost, not field measurement. Real-world impact depends on session reuse and stack specifics.

How to cite 

Electric Sheep Africa (2026). Africa PQC Migration Cost (Synthetic) (africa-pqc-migration-synthetic). African Cryptographic Exposure & Post-Quantum Risk dataset cluster. Hugging Face. https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic

@dataset{esa_africa_pqc_migration_synthetic_2026,
  title  = {Africa PQC Migration Cost (Synthetic)},
  author = {Electric Sheep Africa},
  year   = {2026},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url    = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic}
}

Part of the cluster

This is one of eight datasets in the African Cryptographic Exposure & Post-Quantum Risk cluster by Electric Sheep Africa. The others cover TLS deployment, certificate-authority dependency, algorithm inventory, submarine cable topology, IXP/routing exposure, the regulatory gap, incident history, and PQC migration cost. See the collection on the electricsheepafrica org page.

Methodology & ethics

All collection is passive and uses public data, or standard TLS handshakes against publicly reachable endpoints (the same a browser performs). No interception, no exploitation, no private access. Figures are v0.1 and reproducible from the open collector code.
Downloads last month
38
Total file size:
8.56 kB

Collection including electricsheepafrica/africa-pqc-migration-synthetic