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Which term describes something a behaviorist would pair with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a classically conditioned response? | [
"(A)Conditioned stimulus (B)Positive reinforcementn (C)Conditioned response (D)Unconditioned responsen (E)Negative reinforcement"
] | (D)Behaviorists research how conditioning influences human behavior. They do this by studying how different stimuli, which are external events that elicit behaviors, relate to responses. These responses are physical reactions or behaviors. Punishment (choice A) and reinforcement (choice E) are kinds of stimuli in the c... |
Which of the following lists all the elements of classical conditioning? | [
"(A) one two three four (B)Primary reinforcementn secondary reinforcement continuous reinforcement acquisitionn (C)Unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulusn unconditioned response conditioned response (D)Behaviorn generalization acquisition discrimination responsen (E)Behavioral response shapin... | (E)Behaviorists research how conditioning influences human behavior. They do this by studying how different stimuli, which are external events that elicit behaviors, relate to responses. These responses are physical reactions or behaviors. Choice A refers to cognition (thinking). The context for the term response in th... |
Which of the following is likely to occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without the unconditioned stimulus? | [
"(A)Discrimination (B)Shaping (C)Spontaneous recoveryn (D)Extinction (E)Overjustification"
] | (B)An unconditioned stimulus (like food) automatically causes an unconditioned response (like salivation). The term unconditioned refers to the fact that the unconditioned stimulus automatically causes the unconditioned response without any prior training or experiences; this is a reflexive relationship. If a condition... |
Spontaneous recovery can happen only after which of the following stages of classical conditioning? | [
"(A)Generalization (B)Extinction (C)Punishmentn (D)Reinforcement (E)Deindividuation"
] | (A)In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is paired (presented along) with a conditioned stimulus in order to produce a conditioned response (choice C). Positive reinforcement (choice B) and negative reinforcement (choice E) are types of reinforcement that are used in operant conditioning, not classical c... |
Sometimes organisms begin to respond with the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Which term below is the opposite of this process? | [
"(A)Generalization (B)Behaviorism (C)Structuralismn (D)Overjustification (E)Discrimination"
] | (C)The four elements listed in choice C are the required elements in any classical conditioning example. An unconditioned stimulus causes an unconditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus several times until, eventually, the conditioned stimulus causes the conditioned response.... |
Which of the following concepts would early behaviorists NOT be interested in researching? | [
"(A)Acquisition (B)Discrimination (C)Cognitionn (D)Extinction (E)Shaping"
] | (D)When a conditioned stimulus (like the sound of a bell) is presented many times without the unconditioned stimulus (like food), eventually the conditioned response (salivation) will become extinct. Discrimination, choice A, is related to classical conditioning. It occurs when organisms respond only to a specific cond... |
Which of the following terms applies to both classical and operant conditioning? | [
"(A)Unconditioned stimulus and conditioned responsen (B)Generalization and discriminationn (C)Shaping and reinforcementn (D)Cognitive map and latent learningn (E)Observational and vicarious learning"
] | (B)Spontaneous recovery can occur only after a classically conditioned response becomes extinct. Extinction of a conditioned response occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented many times without an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the conditioned response becomes extinct. Later, the conditioned response may re... |
To a behaviorist, what is the most important difference between reinforcement and punishment? | [
"(A)Reinforcement increases the chances that a behavior will be repeatedn and punishment decreases those chances",
" (B)Organisms interpret reinforcements as rewardsn and they interpret punishments as aversive",
" (C)The major difference between reinforcements and punishments is the frequency of application... | (E)The description in the question describes the process of generalization. The opposite of this process is discrimination, which occurs when an organism responds only to the specific conditioned stimulus. Generalization, choice A, occurs when an organism responds to any stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus. Be... |
Which of the following are two of the factors that differentiate schedules of reinforcement? | [
"(A)Frequency and amplitude (B)Positive and negativen (C)Complete and partial (D)Interval and ration (E)Cognitive and behavioral"
] | (C)John Watson wrote the Behaviorist Manifesto, which argued that psychology should be the science of behavior. He wrote that psychologists should exclusively study behavior rather than nonobservable phenomena like cognition. The concepts mentioned in choices A, B, D, and E (acquisition, discrimination, extinction, and... |
How can you tell the difference between a conditioned response and an unconditioned response? | [
"(A)A conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus alone",
" (B)An unconditioned response occurs each time the conditioned stimulus is detected",
" (C)Conditioned responses are less frequent but more intense than unconditioned responses",
" (D)Unconditioned responses are caused by operant c... | (B)The processes of generalization and discrimination can occur during both operant and classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, organisms begin responding to any stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus (generalization) or only to that specific conditioned stimulus (discrimination). During operant condit... |
Professor Wilikins is demonstrating principles of learning to her class. She gently blows air into the eye of a student volunteer while saying the word puff, and the puff of air makes the student blink. After three pairings, the student blinks when Professor Wilikins says puff but does not blow any air toward the stude... | [
"(A)Operant conditioning (B)Semantic conditioningn (C)Latent learning (D)Expectancy effectn (E)Classical conditioning"
] | (A)By definition, a stimulus that increases the chances that a behavior is repeated is a reinforcement. A stimulus that decreases the chances that a behavior is repeated is a punishment. Choice B refers to interpretation, and behaviorists do not rely on that kind of cognitive process. Choices C, D, and E are incorrect ... |
Dr. Hix has been working with a client for weeks in an effort to help him reduce his smoking habit. The client calls and is excited because he hasn't smoked for seven days in a row. Dr. Hix says, That's great! Please check the reinforcement chart we made to see which reward you should give yourself. What kind of condit... | [
"(A)Fixed-ratio schedule (B)Classical conditioningn (C)Operant conditioning (D)Aversive conditioningn (E)Positive punishment"
] | (D)The schedules of reinforcement differ based on interval and ratio. An interval is the amount of time required between behaviors before a reinforcement is delivered. A ratio is the number of behaviors required before a reinforcement is delivered. The terms listed in choices A, B, C, and E do not have anything to do w... |
My dog, Watch, looks up and starts salivating whenever she hears me pick up her dog bowl from the floor. If this response is classically conditioned, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus? | [
"(A)Watch salivating (B)Watch looking upn (C)The sound of the food bowl (D)Previous training about foodn (E)The smell of dog food"
] | (A)Conditioned responses are elicited by conditioned stimuli. The first stage of classical conditioning is the relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response. The conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, which still produces the unconditioned response. When the con... |
Mrs. Ridcully, a dog trainer, is struggling to train a dog to learn a new trick. Mrs. Ridcully classically conditioned the dog to sit whenever she whistled. However, the dog responds only to Mrs. Ridcully's specific whistle, not to the whistle of the dog's owner (who hired Mrs. Ridcully to train the dog). What operant ... | [
"(A)Instinctive drift (B)Selective attentionn (C)Proactive interference (D)Discrimination (E)Extinction"
] | (E)This scenario is an example of classical conditioning because there is a clear, unconditional relationship between the puff of air (unconditioned stimulus) and the eye blink (unconditioned response). The word puff (conditioned stimulus) eventually elicits the response of the eye blink (now a conditioned response). T... |
Mr. Stibbons is frustrated with how much his son cries every time Mr. Stibbons tells him no. Mr. Stibbons lectured his son for 20 minutes yesterday when this happened. Today, though, when Mr. Stibbons told his son no, his son repeated the same crying behavior as before. What can we conclude based on this example? | [
"(A)The son keeps crying because he thinks he is the center of attention",
" (B)No classical conditioning relationship exists between frustration and crying",
" (C)Mr. Stibbonss lecture is probably not a punishment for his son",
" (D)The negative reinforcement of the lecture is not working",
" (E)Mr. St... | (C)The treatment Dr. Hix is using with this client is an example of operant conditioning because it involves a reinforcement. Dr. Hix and the client created the reinforcement chart to reinforce the client for avoiding smoking. They hope that the reinforcements increase the chances that the client will stay cigarette-fr... |
Mrs. Whitlow's third-period class is very noisy. The students constantly talk and are disruptive whenever Mrs. Whitlow tries to teach a lesson. However, Mrs. Whitlow notices that whenever she has students use their laptops during class, the students stop talking and the disruptive behaviors stop. Mrs. Whitlow starts to... | [
"(A)Negative reinforcement (B)Positive reinforcementn (C)Aversion training (D)Positive modelingn (E)Engagement strategy"
] | (E)Any unconditioned stimulus must automatically cause the unconditioned response. The smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus as it would automatically trigger salivation in the dog. Thus, Watch salivating (choice A) is the unconditioned response. If the smell of food was paired with the sound of picking up the fo... |
When Ms. Brevis decides to train her cat to jump up into her lap on command, she uses cat treats to reinforce the jumping behavior. Later, though, Ms. Brevis notices that her cat is gaining weight because of the treats. What technique can Ms. Brevis use to maintain the desired behavior but avoid giving too many treats? | [
"(A)Classical conditioning instead of operant conditioningn (B)Insight learning after initial conditioningn (C)Negative reinforcement replacing the positive reinforcementn (D)Spontaneous recovery after extinctionn (E)Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement"
] | (D)When an organism responds only to a specific conditioned stimulus, discrimination has occurred. In this example, discrimination is the dog responding only to Mrs. Ridcullys whistle rather than to a similar stimulus, which is the whistle of the dogs owner. Choice A, instinctive drift, isnt relevant to this example. N... |
Mrs. Ogg, a computer programmer, is working on a project for a casino. The casino manager asked her to program a video poker machine to make sure that players win only after they get a winning hand and only after they have been playing for somewhere between 10 and 23 minutes. Which schedule of reinforcement best matche... | [
"(A)Fixed-ratio schedule (B)Variable-interval schedulen (C)Fixed-interval schedule (D)Variable-ratio schedulen (E)Variable-frequency schedule"
] | (C)In operant conditioning, a punishment decreases the chances that the original behavior will be repeated. Mr. Stibbons may intend for the lecture to be punishing. Since his son repeated the original behavior, though, the lecture is probably not a punishment. Choice A includes the phrase center of attention, and the e... |
Dr. Reiman is developing the new summer reading program for children at her library. A few other librarians suggest giving the children ice cream coupons for every book they read. Dr. Reiman decides against this idea because she is concerned that giving rewards might decrease the children's intrinsic motivation to read... | [
"(A)Overjustification effect (B)Primary reinforcementn (C)Secondary reinforcement (D)Latent learning effectn (E)Proactive interference"
] | (A)This is an example of negative reinforcement because a stimulus was removed (the students disruptive behaviors) and Mrs. Whitlow repeated the behavior (having students use laptops). Positive reinforcement, choice B, is incorrect because a stimulus was removed, not added. Aversion training, choice C, is a term used i... |
Jason watches his brother Shawn sneak downstairs to play video games after they were both supposed to be in bed. Their parents don't wake up. Shawn comes back upstairs an hour later, says that playing the games was a lot of fun, and does not get in trouble. A few nights later, Jason sneaks downstairs to play video game... | [
"(A)Positive reinforcement (B)Vicarious rewardn (C)Observational learning (D)Obedience trainingn (E)Permissive parenting style"
] | (E)Ms. Brevis can use a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement to maintain the desired behavior (the cat jumping into her lap) by not giving a food treat (positive reinforcement) every time the cat jumps into her lap. Now that the behavior is established, Ms. Brevis can give her cat a treat only after the cat does the d... |
Olaf is the ringmaster at a local circus. He specializes is training small dogs to do amazing tricks, such as pulling open a file cabinet, getting out a file, balancing a sugar bowl on the nose, and serving Olaf a plate of salmon. You ask Olaf how he trains the dogs. He responds, It's not that hard. I just wait to rewa... | [
"(A)Generalization (B)Conservation (C)Structuralismn (D)Shaping (E)Functionalism"
] | (B)The video poker machine described in the scenario delivers a reinforcement (a payout) after a winning hand and after a random amount of time between 10 and 23 minutes. This matches a variable-interval schedule—when a reinforcement is delivered after the desired behavior is performed and a variable amount of time has... |
Which of the following researchers was most involved with the earliest research into classical conditioning? | [
"(A)Ivan Pavlov (B)John Watson (C)Robert Rescorlan (D)John Garcia (E)B. F. Skinner"
] | (A)If someone is already intrinsically motivated to perform a behavior (such as a child who loves reading), giving that person a reward (positive reinforcement) can decrease that intrinsic motivation. This is the overjustification effect. Primary reinforcement, choice B, does not help explain this scenario. Ice cream i... |
Which of the following psychologists is most associated with operant conditioning research? | [
"(A)Ivan Pavlov (B)John Watson (C)Robert Rescorlan (D)John Garcia (E)B. F. Skinner"
] | (C)Jason is most influenced by observational learning in this scenario. He watches the behavior of his brother and whether his brother Shawn is rewarded or punished. These observations may influence Jasons behaviors in the future. Positive reinforcement, choice A, is incorrect because Jason is never rewarded or punishe... |
Which of the following psychologists is most associated with establishing the behaviorist perspective as a dominant force in psychological thinking? | [
"(A)Ivan Pavlov (B)John Watson (C)Robert Rescorlan (D)John Garcia (E)B. F. Skinner"
] | (D)Shaping occurs when a trainer provides a positive reinforcement whenever the organism makes a small step toward the eventual desired behavior. The trainer waits until the organism gets a little closer to the desired behavior, and eventually shapes the organism toward the actual desired behavior. Generalization, choi... |
Which researcher is the most likely author of this quote? Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data de... | [
"(A)Ivan Pavlov (B)John Watson (C)Robert Rescorlan (D)John Garcia (E)Albert Bandura"
] | (A)Ivan Pavlovs research established the classical conditioning model. Other researchers used his initial findings to develop the current principles and vocabulary associated with classical conditioning. The researchers listed in choices B, C, D, and E participated in research related to conditioning but were not invol... |
Which of the following researchers would have been most interested in cognitive interpretations of external events? | [
"(A)Albert Bandura (B)John Watson (C)B. F. Skinnern (D)John Garcia (E)Ivan Pavlov"
] | (E)B. F. Skinner is the most well-known operant conditioning researcher and one of the most well-known psychologists in history. His research using the Skinner box and other apparatuses established operant conditioning as one of the most important and dominant areas of psychology research for much of the 1900s. The res... |
A researcher wants to investigate which conditioned responses are developed by children who grow up in extremely stressful homes. Which of the following research methods would the researcher need to use? | [
"(A)Experiment (B)Survey (C)Correlation (D)Case studyn (E)Random assignment"
] | (B)John Watson wrote the Behaviorist Manifesto in 1913. He argued that if researchers wanted psychology to be a science, they needed to restrict their studies to observable, measurable phenomena (like behavior). The researchers listed in choices A, C, D, and E participated in research related to conditioning. However, ... |
Esmerelda is a psychology graduate student researching different kinds of positive reinforcements on the behavior of pigeons. She randomly separates the pigeons into two groups. Birds in group A get a food pellet for pecking the target disk. Birds in group B get sweet-flavored water for pecking the target disk. What is... | [
"(A)The amount of food or flavored water each pigeon consumes (B)The number of pigeons in group A versus the number in group Bn (C)The number of times a pigeon pecks the target diskn (D)The operant-conditioned responses resulting from the positive reinforcementsn (E)The difference in the amount of time pigeons i... | (B)This quote is from John Watsons Behaviorist Manifesto (actual title: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It in Psychological Review, 20, 158–177, 1913). In this essay, Watson argued that if psychology wanted to be a science, researchers needed to restrict their thinking to observable, measurable phenomena (like beha... |
One of the most common current psychological therapies combines principles of behaviorism (like positive reinforcement) with talk therapy that focuses on how clients interpret past events and the actions of others. What is this approach to treatment called? | [
"(A)Behavioral psychotherapy (B)Rational emotive treatmentn (C)Reciprocal determinism (D)Humanistic behavioral therapyn (E)Cognitive-behavioral therapy"
] | (A)Albert Banduras research investigated observational learning and modeling. He developed the theory of reciprocal determinism, which included a patients cognitive interpretations and feelings as a crucial element in the theory. The researchers listed in choices B, C, D, and E were behaviorists and would not have been... |
Which of the following combinations of psychological perspectives emphasizes measuring observable phenomena carefully? | [
"(A)Humanism and psychoanalysis (B)Behaviorism and neurosciencen (C)Cognitive and evolutionaryn (D)Structuralism and social-culturaln (E)Incrementalism and psychometrics"
] | (D)In order to study this research question, this researcher would have to find children who grew up in extremely stressful homes. It would obviously be impossible (and very unethical) to assign children to a stressful home. In an experiment, choice A, the researcher must be able to assign participants to either an exp... |
The graph below best illustrates which of the following? | [
"(A)The spacing effectn (B)The impact of elaborative rehearsal on recalln (C)Hermann Ebbinghauss forgetting curven (D)The effect of visual imagery on retentionn (E)The serial position effect"
] | (C)The operational definition of the dependent variable is how the researcher measures (quantifies) the dependent variable. It is the effect of the independent variable. In this study, the independent variable is the kind of positive reinforcement. So, the dependent variable is how effective that reinforcer is at condi... |
What are the three memory processes of the information-processing model? | [
"(A)Sensory short-term long-term (B)Shallow intermediaten deep processing (C)Recall recognition relearningn (D)Encoding storage retrieval (E)Space timen frequency"
] | (E)Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a very commonly used treatment technique. It combines principles of conditioning (usually operant conditioning) with cognitive talk therapy. It strives to help clients change the ways they think about their past and how others treat them. Behavioral psychotherapy (choice A) and humani... |
Where are stored memories integrated with the information that is currently being processed? | [
"(A)Iconic memory (B)Explicit memory (C)Working memoryn (D)Echoic memory (E)Brocas area"
] | (B)Both behaviorism and neuroscience emphasize the need to measure observable variables carefully. Behaviorists measure stimuli and physical responses. Biopsychologists measure neurological responses in the brain and elsewhere in the nervous system. (Biopsychologists also research the influence of genetics and the endo... |
Which of the following is an example of an explicit memory? | [
"(A)Robert can play a song on the piano without having to look at his fingers",
" (B)Jessica can text her friend without having to think about where the letters are located",
" (C)Pari can shift gears in her car and at the same timen have a conversation with a passenger",
" (D)McRae recalls the winning s... | (E)When recalling a list of terms, the first and last items in the list will likely be best remembered. This occurs because of increased rehearsal for items early in the list, called the primacy effect. Since the person has recently been exposed to the items at the end of the list, those items may still be stored in sh... |
Which of the following refers to sensory memories that are devoted to storing auditory information? | [
"(A)Iconic (B)Implicit (C)Explicit (D)Workingn (E)Echoic"
] | (D)The three processes necessary for memory formation are encoding—getting information into the information-processing system, storage—maintaining information over time, and retrieval—getting information out. Sensory, short-term, and long-term (choice A) refer to the three different memory systems. Shallow, intermediat... |
Which of the following is an example of chunking? | [
"(A)Mentally placing items from your shopping list at specific points in your house and then later taking a mental walk around your house to help you recall where you put themn (B)Grouping items on a shopping list as frozen foods dairyn fruits and vegetables or bakeryn (C)Visually connecting items from your sh... | (C)Working memory describes the active processing that occurs in short-term memory, such as the integration of information stored in long-term memory with current incoming information. Iconic memory, choice A, refers to visual sensory memory. Explicit memory, choice B, is a specific type of long-term memory that includ... |
Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for the formation of new memory? | [
"(A)Hippocampus (B)Amygdala (C)Cerebellumn (D)Frontal lobe (E)Hypothalamus"
] | (D)Explicit memories are those that require conscious recall. They include memories for personal events and general information that have been learned over a lifetime. Choices A, B, C, and E all reflect implicit memories, which are those that occur without conscious awareness. Implicit memories include automatic skills... |
Hearing the words student, bus, desk, and backpack led to research participants more easily recalling the word school, even though that word was not specifically mentioned. This demonstration best illustrates which of the following? | [
"(A)Source amnesia (B)Priming (C)Chunkingn (D)Flashbulb memory (E)Echoic memory"
] | (E)Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory. Iconic memory, choice A, is visual sensory memory. Implicit memory, choice B, includes automatic memories for skills. Explicit memories, choice C, are consciously recalled memories, such as for personal events. Working memory, choice D, is a part of short-term memory where c... |
Which of the following examples most accurately illustrates mood congruent memory? | [
"(A)Megan accidentally left her grocery list at home. As she tried to recall it while at the storen she could remember the first and last few items but had difficulty remembering items in the middle",
" (B)After Brians stroken he could remember details from important events in his past but had difficulty formi... | (B)Chunking is the process of grouping items to aid in recall. Choice A refers to a memory mnemonic called the method of loci. Choice C is also a memory mnemonic called the peg word technique. Choice D may take advantage of the spacing effect to increase recall. Although choice E may help in recall by making the inform... |
What is the primary difference between explicit memory and implicit memory? | [
"(A)Explicit memory refers to information already stored in long-term memoryn and implicit memory is the ability to form new memories",
" (B)Explicit memories are stored in the cerebellumn while implicit memories are stored throughout the cerebral cortex",
" (C)Explicit memory is primarily encoded semantica... | (A)The hippocampus is the primary brain region responsible for memory formation. Damage to the hippocampus leads to anterograde amnesia, which is where a person loses the ability to form new memories. The amygdala, choice B, is primarily involved in the emotional responses of fear and anger. The cerebellum, choice C, i... |
Which of the following is the most accurate example of a procedural memory? | [
"(A)Recalling the names of all 50 states in the United Statesn (B)Quizzing yourself on psychology terms before your big final examn (C)Riding your bicycle to schooln (D)Reciting a Shakespearean sonnet youve memorized for your English final exam (E)Telling your best friend about all the places you visited on your... | (B)Priming occurs when exposure to particular stimuli—for example, the words student, bus, and so on—unconsciously activates retrieval of specific information, such as the word school. Source amnesia, choice A, occurs when the origins of stored information are misattributed. Chunking, choice C, is the grouping of infor... |
The ability to focus on one aspect of the environment and block out others is called | [
"(A)framing. (B)confirmation bias. (C)homeostasis",
" (D)mental set. (E)selective attention."
] | (D)Mood congruent memory occurs when our current mood acts as a retrieval cue. Thus, when Jen feels sad, mood congruent memory triggers the recall of other sad events in her life. Choice A refers to the serial position effect. Choice B illustrates anterograde amnesia, which is most likely due to damage to the hippocamp... |
The best example of a category is referred to as a | [
"(A)concept. (B)prototype. (C)phoneme. (D)morpheme",
" (E)schema."
] | (E)Explicit memories require conscious processing. Deliberate effort is needed to locate the stored information about experienced events or acquired facts. Implicit memories become automatically recalled, often through practice. They can be accessed without our conscious awareness. Choice A incorrectly characterizes ex... |
Answering questions on a multiple-choice exam requires that you narrow down your choices to one correct answer. This process is a good example of | [
"(A)trial and error. (B)functional fixedness",
" (C)divergent thinking. (D)incubation",
" (E)convergent thinking."
] | (C)Procedural memories are implicit. This means they are performed automatically and involve performing a specific skill. Therefore, knowing how to ride a bike is a procedural memory. Choices A, B, D, and E are all examples of explicit memories for consciously recalled facts or personally experienced events. |
Making delicious chocolate chip cookies requires that you carefully follow the steps of a recipe. This best illustrates the use of | [
"(A)trial and error. (B)mental set. (C)an algorithm",
" (D)belief perseverance. (E)a heuristic."
] | (C)Short-term memory is limited to holding approximately 7 units of information (±2) for up to 30 seconds. Echoic memory, choice A, is a sensory memory system. Echoic (auditory) memory holds information for up to 4 seconds. Iconic memory, choice B, is also a sensory memory system. Iconic (visual) memory holds informati... |
Which of the following is the best example of the use of a heuristic? | [
"(A)Following the step-by-step instructions to fix a washing machinen (B)Brainstorming ideas for your next short-story assignment in English class (C)Trying on and discarding multiple pairs of shoes to find just the right pair to wear with a new outfit (D)Deciding that the 7-foot-tall man you saw at the grocery st... | (E)Selective attention refers to how we filter extraneous stimuli in order to focus on one aspect of our external world. Framing, choice A, refers to the way information is presented. For example, how a question is asked can impact the choice you give. Confirmation bias, choice B, happens when we look only for informat... |
Executives are designing an advertising campaign for a new ice cream. One ad claims that the ice cream is 20% fat, while the other asserts that the product is 80% fat free. A sample of consumers in a market research study show a preference for the ice cream that is 80% fat free. The consumers' preference reflects the (... | [
"(B)framing effect. (C)spotlight effect",
" (D)bystander effect. (E)placebo effect."
] | (B)The prototype is the best example given of a category. Prototypes help us more effectively store and retrieve information by helping us link similar ideas. A concept, choice A, is a grouping of similar items, ideas, or people. Phonemes, choice C, are speech sounds that compose our language. Morphemes, choice D, are ... |
What's the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? | [
"(A)When you use an algorithmn a solution is always guaranteed. Howevern using heuristics doesnt always lead to successful problem solving",
" (B)Finding a solution takes more time when you use a heuristic than when you use an algorithm",
" (C)When you use an algorithmn you have a sudden realization of how... | (E)Convergent thinking requires searching for a single correct choice. Thus, completing a multiple-choice test requires that you eliminate possible choices to find the single correct choice. Trial and error, choice A, is a problem-solving device where you try various solutions until you find one that succeeds. Function... |
When asked to decide what leads to more deaths in the United States per year, tornadoes or lightning strikes, most people say tornadoes. However, lightning strikes actually lead to more deaths. Because tornadoes receive more nationwide attention and press, these may impact people's impressions. This example best illust... | [
"(B)belief perseverance. (C)the availability heuristic",
" (D)confirmation bias. (E)divergent thinking."
] | (C)A step-by-step problem-solving strategy that guarantees a solution is called an algorithm. When you follow the step-by-step instructions of a recipe, you are using an algorithm. Trial and error, choice A, is a problem-solving device where you randomly try solutions until you find one that works. Mental set, choice B... |
The words dine and dime sound exactly the same except for the sounds n and m. These sounds are different (A)phonemes. | [
"(B)morphemes. (C)prototypes. (D)memes. (E)mnemonics."
] | (D)A heuristic is a rule of thumb or a decision-making shortcut. In choice D, you have decided that a 7-foot-tall man must be a basketball player because he fits your prototype. This is an example of the representativeness heuristic. Choice A illustrates the step-by-step process of an algorithm. Choice B is an example ... |
The words antibody and antisocial both contain the prefix anti-, which means opposite. A prefix is an example of | [
"(A)babbling. (B)a phoneme. (C)grammar. (D)a morpheme",
" (E)a prototype."
] | (E)Confirmation bias occurs when we look only for evidence that supports our preconceived ideas. Thus, Zoe is looking only for evidence to support her view that climate change is a hoax. Choice A is an example of the availability heuristic. Since you left your lights on last week, its the first thing you think of today... |
Saeed learned to speak Farsi as a child and immigrated to the United States when he was a teenager. As an adult, he is fluent in English but has difficulty pronouncing the th sound in the words mother and father. When did Saeed lose the ability to discriminate and produce specific phonemes not found in his native langu... | [
"(A)When he was prelinguistic (B)When he was cooingn (C)When he was babbling (D)At the one-word stagen (E)At the two-word stage"
] | (B)How information is presented or how a question is asked can impact the decisions we make. There is no difference between an ice cream that is 20% fat or that is 80% fat free. However, the way the ice cream is framed or described may make a difference for health-conscious consumers who are purchasing the ice cream. T... |
Micah has been practicing a piece for his piano recital for months. While playing, Micah has found that he can think about what happened at school and not lose his place in the piece. Micah's ability best illustrates which of the following? | [
"(A)Automatic processing (B)Framing (C)Cognitive dissonancen (D) (E)Effortful processing"
] | (A)Algorithms are logical, step-by-step procedures used to solve problems. When you follow the rules of an algorithm, you are guaranteed to find a solution. In contrast, heuristics are mental shortcuts. Heuristics can save time but can lead to more problem-solving errors. Choice B, that heuristics take more time to fin... |
While Allison was watching a storm over the lake, a flash of lightning lit up the dark skies. Even though the flash of light disappeared from the sky quickly, Allison could still briefly see the light. It appears that this information was being held in Allison's | [
"(A)iconic memory. (B)short-term memory. (C)eidetic memory",
" (D)implicit memory. (E)flashbulb memory."
] | (C)The availability heuristic involves judging the likelihood of an event on the basis of how easily examples of that event come to mind. Because tornadoes gain more national attention than lightning strikes, tornadoes are more likely to be the first thing a person thinks of in response to being asked what causes more ... |
Audra is taking a multiple-choice test in her psychology class. Such a test is considered an example of (A)a recall test. | [
"(B)an implicit memory test. (C)a test of recognition",
" (D)an iconic memory test. (E)mood congruent memory."
] | (A)Phonemes are speech sounds that are the basis for language. The speech sounds n and m differentiate these two almost identical words. Morphemes, choice B, are the smallest units of language that have meaning. Prototypes, choice C, are the best examples of a category. Memes, choice D, are ideas or trends that are cul... |
Carrie finds that she remembers more when she studies 10 minutes each night instead of cramming the night before a test for 3 hours. Carrie is taking advantage of | [
"(A)the serial position effect. (B)the spacing effect",
" (C)semantic encoding. (D)the testing effect. (E)chunking."
] | (D)A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has meaning. A morpheme can be a word or a part of a word like a suffix or prefix. Babbling, choice A, is the first stage of language development where children practice phonemes (for example, da da da da). Phonemes, choice B, are speech sounds. Grammar, choice C, is ... |
Researchers found that when a rat's hippocampus was removed a few hours after the animal had learned where to find a treat, the memory for the event did not form. What process has primarily been disrupted? | [
"(A)Chunking (B)Serial processing (C)Primingn (D)Consolidation (E)Convergent thinking"
] | (C)At about 10 months of age, a childs babbling starts to sound like the phonemes of his or her native language. Before that, infants can make any sound in any language. Children begin to specialize in the language that they hear. They also lose the ability to discriminate and produce speech sounds in other languages. ... |
Researchers used a ribbon to tie the ankle of a 3-month-old to a mobile hanging above a crib. The infant quickly learned that kicking his leg would make the mobile turn. When tested later, the infant kicked more when placed into the same crib. This finding best supports which of the following? | [
"(A)Serial position effect (B)Retroactive interferencen (C)Infantile amnesia (D)Context-dependent memoryn (E)Retrograde amnesia"
] | (A)Automatic processing does not require conscious attention. When a person practices something enough, it becomes automatic. Since Micah has been practicing the piano piece so often, his finger movements have become automatic. In fact, he no longer has to pay attention to playing the piano and can actually do somethin... |
Sara is studying for her psychology test. Which of the following methods is most likely to help her encode the information into long-term memory? | [
"(A)Repeating each concept 10 timesn (B)Grouping the concepts based on the letter each word starts withn (C)Making flash cards of each word and its definitionn (D)Creating personal examples and connections to the newly learned informationn (E)Rewriting the concepts in different colors of ink"
] | (A)Iconic memory is visual sensory memory. Visual information, like the lightning flash, is held briefly in iconic memory. Then the information either decays quickly or is transferred to short-term memory. Choice B, short-term memory, stores 7 ± 2 units of information for up to 30 seconds. Choice C, eidetic or photogra... |
When you see your friend at lunch, she says, I heard the best joke from my brother yesterday! Then she tells you the same joke that you had told her yesterday. Your friend is most likely experiencing | [
"(A)mood congruent memory. (B)encoding failure",
" (C)source amnesia. (D)retrieval failure",
" (E)retrograde amnesia."
] | (C)A recognition test, like a multiple-choice test, provides retrieval cues and is a test of familiarity. A recall test, choice A, requires memory reconstruction, such as an essay test. Implicit memory, choice B, does not require conscious thought, such as the ability to ride a bike. Iconic memory, choice D, is visual ... |
Cade accepted an invitation for a blind date. His date described herself as having a medium build with long, dark hair. As he waits to meet her at the coffee shop, he focuses only on people who match that description and ignores anyone who doesn't. This best illustrates | [
"(A)cognitive dissonance. (B)social facilitation",
" (C)mere exposure effect. (D)selective attention",
" (E)reciprocity norm."
] | (B)When information is rehearsed repeatedly over time, recall is improved. This is called the spacing effect. The serial position effect, choice A, occurs when we recall items at the beginning and at the end of a list. Semantic encoding, choice C, refers to encoding information based on the informations meaning. The te... |
Which of the following is the best example of inattentional blindness? | [
"(A)Images disappear when they are projected on the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye",
" (B)You do not notice that your best friend is wearing a different shirt at the end of the school day than he wore during first period",
" (C)While sitting in a movie theatern the words Buy popcorn ... | (D)The hippocampus appears to be the brain region responsible for the formation of new memories. Memory consolidation takes place during sleep when long-term storage of information occurs. Choice A, chunking, helps increase the capacity of short-term memory (by grouping individual memories into larger chunks). This is ... |
Merle refuses to get a yearly flu shot because she believes that she will get the flu from the vaccine, even though her doctor has explained that the virus is inactive and cannot make her sick. Merle's resistance best illustrates which of the following? | [
"(A)Belief perseverance (B)Framing (C)Cognitive dissonancen (D)Trial and error (E)Misinformation effect"
] | (D)Content-dependent memory refers to situations when the encoding of information occurs in the same surroundings as where retrieval takes place. The external cue, or context, triggers our recall. Serial position effect, choice A, occurs when we can recall items at the beginning and end of a list but have difficulty re... |
Which of the following best illustrates telegraphic speech? | [
"(A)Mine! (B)I love you Daddy",
" (C)Mommy goed to the store. (D)Mommy up!n (E)My dolly is cold."
] | (D)Deep processing improves memory recall. In this case, Sara is using elaborative rehearsal by adding personal details and meaning. This type of deep processing is more likely to transfer the information to long-term memory. Choice A relies on maintenance rehearsal. It may keep the information in short-term memory but... |
A stroke patient heard the following sentence, The boy wore a brown belt. Afterward, the patient had difficulty in correctly answering the question, What color was the belt? Which brain area has most likely been impacted by damage caused by the stroke? | [
"(A)Brocas area (B)The motor cortex in the frontal loben (C)Wernickes area (D)The somatosensory cortexn (E)The amygdala"
] | (C)Source amnesia happens when you cant recall where you first acquired information stored in your memory. In this case, when your friend mistakenly says that the joke started with her brother instead of you, this is source amnesia. Mood congruent memory, choice A, occurs when a persons current emotional state acts as ... |
In a study conducted by Dan Simons and Daniel Levin, a confederate holding a map asked a random pedestrian for directions. As they talked, two people holding a door walked in between them. During the interruption, the confederate was replaced by one of the people holding the door. Fifty percent of pedestrians failed to... | [
"(A)Belief perseverance (B)Change blindnessn (C)Episodic memory (D)Mental set (E)Source amnesia"
] | (D)Selective attention allows us to narrow our focus on only one aspect of the external world. Cognitive dissonance, choice A, occurs when we have two competing ideas that cause us internal discomfort. To reduce the discomfort, we must change our belief. Social facilitation, choice B, is shown when our performance impr... |
Researchers have found that over 90% of American drivers believe they are better-than-average drivers. This belief can make them engage in more risky behaviors. This demonstrates the widespread impact of (A)mental set. | [
"(B)hindsight bias. (C)source amnesia. (D)overconfidence",
" (E)the misinformation effect."
] | (D)Inattentional blindness happens when you are focused on one aspect of the environment and do not see another that is in plain view. Thus, while you were focused on texting, you didnt notice that the car in front of you had stopped. Choice A refers to the blind spot. This region of the retina is where the optic nerve... |
When research participants were asked to listen to a series of 15 numbers and then recall them, most remembered 7 numbers. This finding best supports the research of which of the following psychologists? | [
"(A)George Miller (B)Hermann Ebbinghaus (C)Alan Baddeleyn (D)Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrinn (E)Eric R. Kandel and James H. Schwartz"
] | (A)When we cling to our prior beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence, we are experiencing belief perseverance. Framing, choice B, refers to how information is presented or how a question is asked. Cognitive dissonance, choice C, happens when two thoughts, or our belief and behavior, are inconsistent and lead to ... |
Hermann Ebbinghaus studied lists of nonsense words, such as BAZ and LUR. He was interested in investigating the impact of the passage of time on memory retention. Which of the following best represents his findings? | [
"(A) frapish dingbats galorine (B) ptert tret rtet rtern (C) ret sub first quit (D) aft bash tiks worldn (E) for this get that"
] | (D)Telegraphic speech occurs during the two-word stage of language development when children communicate in grammatically correct sentences. Choice A better reflects the language of a child in the one-word stage. Choices B and E reflect more complex sentences not typical of telegraphic speech. Choice C is more complex ... |
Which of the following psychologists demonstrated how easily misleading information can be incorporated into our memories, leading to the creation of false recollections? | [
"(A)Hermann Ebbinghaus (B)Mary Cover Jones (C)Alan Baddeleyn (D)George Miller (E)Elizabeth Loftus"
] | (C)Wernickes area is associated with speech comprehension. Brocas area, choice A, is primarily concerned with speech production. The motor cortex in the frontal lobe, choice B, focuses on generating the impulses that move our bodies. The somatosensory cortex, choice D, is located in the parietal lobe and is responsible... |
Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that if a language does not have a way to communicate about the past, those who speak that language cannot think about the past. His belief is referred to as | [
"(A)aphasia. (B)linguistic determinism",
" (C)the language acquisition device. (D)a critical period",
" (E)receptive language."
] | (B)When we fail to notice an obvious change in our environment, change blindness has occurred. Belief perseverance, choice A, happens when a person clings to his or her preconceived notions in the face of contradictory evidence. Episodic memory, choice C, is a type of explicit memory for personal events. Mental set, ch... |
Wolfgang Köhler challenged a chimpanzee, Sultan, to solve a number of problems. For example, Sultan was placed into a cage with fruit placed outside of his reach. He could reach a stick, but it was too short to reach the fruit. After surveying the situation, Sultan suddenly used the shorter stick to pull a longer stick... | [
"(B)framing. (C)an algorithm. (D)insight",
" (E)the availability heuristic."
] | (D)Overconfidence occurs when we believe we know more than we actually do or can perform better than we actually can. For example, not every driver can be in the upper half of the distribution. Mental set, choice A, occurs when we continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even when they m... |
Who suggested that all humans have the inborn ability to learn grammar rules? | [
"(A)B. F. Skinner (B)Paul Broca (C)Carl Wernicken (D)Noam Chomsky (E)Benjamin Lee Whorf"
] | (A)George Miller referred to the number of units we can hold in short-term memory as the magical number seven. Hermann Ebbinghaus, choice B, is an early memory researcher known for his work on the forgetting curve. Alan Baddeley, choice C, is primarily known for his model of working memory. Richard Atkinson and Richard... |
In an experiment, researchers Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked a sample of 45 students from the University of Washington to watch a film of a car accident. Afterward, participants were asked either one of two questions: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? or About how fast were the cars ... | [
"(A)The number of participantsn (B)The location of the school the students attendedn (C)The wording of the questions askedn (D)The reported speed of the carsn (E)The educational level of the participants"
] | (B)Hermann Ebbinghaus found that at the time he first learned the nonsense words, he could immediately recall 100% of them. However, he found that memory loss occurred immediately after he stopped rehearsing the words. As time passed, memory loss stabilized as illustrated in the graph below. Choice A demonstrates a fi... |
In an experiment, researchers Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked a sample of 45 students from the University of Washington to watch a film of a car accident. Afterward, participants were asked either one of two questions: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? or About how fast were the cars ... | [
"(A)Confirmation bias (B)Experimenter biasn (C)Interviewer bias (D)Sampling bias (E)Hindsight bias"
] | (E)Elizabeth Loftuss groundbreaking studies demonstrated how malleable memory can be. Participants were given purposefully misleading information concerning a filmed car accident. These participants later altered their memories for the event. Loftus called this phenomenon the misinformation effect. Hermann Ebbinghaus, ... |
Researchers asked college females to judge the attractiveness of male faces on a 9-point scale. While looking at each face, participants were presented with either a pleasant or unpleasant scent. Participants rated the faces as being less attractive when presented with an unpleasant scent. What is the independent varia... | [
"(A)The gender of the participantsn (B)The ability of the participants to recall the facesn (C)Exposure to either a pleasant or an unpleasant scentn (D)The attractiveness rating given to each picturen (E)The educational level of the subjects"
] | (B)Benjamin Lee Whorfs linguistic determinism suggests that our language shapes the way we conceptualize the world. Aphasia, choice A, refers to language impairment due to damage in either Brocas or Wernickes area. The language acquisition device, choice C, was suggested by Noam Chomsky to explain how language is innat... |
Researchers asked 10-and 12-year-old children to write text messages describing ten scenarios (for example, telling a friend that children missed the bus and would be late). Participants who used more textisms, such as abbreviations or symbols, tended to score more highly on a reading task. What is the primary reason w... | [
"(A)This is a correlational studyn so the subjects have not been randomly assigned to differing conditions to determine if a possible cause-and-effect relationship is present",
" (B)Using children in research is unethical because they cannot give researchers their informed consent prior to participating in the ... | (D)Sultan used insight, which is also called the aha experience. Insight occurs when we have suddenly realized the solution to a problem. Mental set, choice A, can be detrimental to good decision making as we have a tendency to rely on solutions that have worked for us in our past. Framing, choice B, is how information... |
Participants in a research study played a game where they were given the numbers 2, 4, 6. Participants were then asked to propose three other numbers to see if they could determine the rule behind the given numbers. Researchers found that the majority of their participants proposed sets of numbers such as 4, 8, 10, 6, ... | [
"(A)insight. (B)confirmation bias. (C)functional fixedness",
" (D)framing. (E)misinformation effect."
] | (D)Noam Chomsky is a nativist who believes that all humans have an inborn ability to acquire grammar rules. B. F. Skinner, choice A, argued that language is learned through interactions with others in the environment. Paul Broca, choice B, suggested that the ability to produce speech is centered in a region located in ... |
H. M. underwent brain surgery to stop his epileptic seizures. However, he experienced severe amnesia as a result. To investigate his remaining abilities, researchers asked H. M. to trace the outline of a 5-pointed star while watching his hand in a mirror. H. M. could not remember doing the task. However, his performanc... | [
"(A)people have implicit and explicit memory systems",
" (B)deep processing leads to better memory retention than does shallow processing",
" (C)retrograde amnesia appears to be caused by damage to the hippocampus",
" (D)selective attention is vital to the encoding of new memories",
" (E)proactive inter... | (D)The speed of the cars reported by the students is the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the measured outcome in the experiment. Choice A, the number of participants, is not manipulated between groups. Therefore, it is not an independent variable. Choices B and E, where students attended school and their ... |
H. M. underwent brain surgery to stop his epileptic seizures. However, he experienced severe amnesia as a result. To investigate his remaining abilities, researchers asked H. M. to trace the outline of a 5-pointed star while watching his hand in a mirror. Which of the following was used in the long-term study of H. M.'... | [
"(A)Correlational study (B)Cross-sectional studyn (C)Case study (D)Survey (E)Randomization"
] | (D)Sampling bias occurs when participants in an experiment are not representative of the general population. Since participants in Loftus and Palmers experiment were all college students from the University of Washington, they are not representative of the general population across a number of characteristics, such as ... |
Dr. Simonds is a psychologist interested in the techniques students use to improve their memory for class content. Dr. Simonds is most likely which type of psychologist? | [
"(A)Biological (B)Cognitive (C)Evolutionaryn (D)Sociocultural (E)Psychodynamic"
] | (C)Exposure to either a pleasant or an unpleasant scent is the independent variable as it is the factor that is manipulated. The gender of the participants (choice A) and the educational level of the subjects (choice E) are both subject variables. They can act as potentially confounding variables but are not manipulate... |
B. F. Skinner believed that children learn language by associating words with meanings. The association is formed when a child is positively reinforced for saying a word or phrase correctly. B. F. Skinner's ideas best represent which of the following psychological perspectives? | [
"(A)Cognitive (B)Social-cultural (C)Socioculturaln (D)Behavioral (E)Psychodynamic"
] | (A)From the description of this study, it appears that the subjects were not randomly assigned to different experimental groups. Thus, it is most likely a correlational study. Since there is no manipulation of an independent variable under controlled conditions, researchers would not be able to conclude whether or not ... |
As children acquire language, they overregularize grammatical rules, such as saying tooths instead of teeth or foots instead of feet. This ability changes how which of the following perspectives views language development? | [
"(A)Cognitive (B)Behavioral (C)Evolutionaryn (D)Biological (E)Humanistic"
] | (B)Confirmation bias occurs when we seek out only information that supports our previous beliefs. Once the participants settled on the rule of a sequence of even numbers, they proposed only sets of numbers that supported that conclusion. Choice A, insight, occurs when we have a sudden realization of the solution to a p... |
Most intelligence tests have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Based on this information and on the IQ score distribution shown below, approximately what percentage of individuals are categorized as intellectually disabled? | [
"(A)0.1 (B)2.1 (C)14 (D)16.1 (E)34"
] | (A)Explicit memories for personal events and factual information require conscious recall. These memories are processed by the hippocampus. Implicit memories for skills are automatically recalled and are stored in the cerebellum. In H. M.s case, he cannot recall doing the puzzle because of the damage done during surger... |
Intelligence that is reflected in tests of mental ability, as suggested by Charles Spearman, is called | [
"(A)practical intelligence. (B)multiple intelligences",
" (C)crystallized intelligence. (D)general intelligence (g)",
" (E)the Flynn effect."
] | (C)The case study was the research method employed in the long-term study of H. M.s memory abilities. A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single unique case. A cross-sectional study, choice B, involves the collection of data from individuals of different ages at a set point in time. There is no indication th... |
Factor analysis (A)is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of abilities. | [
"(B)is used to sample from the population randomly",
" (C)allows researchers to determine if the difference in group scores is statistically significant",
" (D)is used to compute the standard deviation for a distribution of test scores",
" (E)is used to determine the reliability of intelligence tests."
] | (B)Cognitive psychologists are interested in how we process and store information, make decisions, and interpret events. Since Dr. Simonds is interested in techniques students use to improve memory, Dr. Simonds is most likely a cognitive psychologist. Biological psychologists, choice A, center on the workings of the ne... |
Howard Gardner suggested that an individual who excels at mentally manipulating objects and enjoys creating and interpreting visual images exhibits which of the following types of intelligence? | [
"(A)Bodily-kinesthetic (B)Crystallized (C)Spatialn (D)Practical (E)Logical-mathematical"
] | (D)The behavioral perspective, of which B. F. Skinner was a pioneer, concentrates on how we learn our behaviors from the environment. Skinner proposed that a primary way in which we learn is operant conditioning—learning behavior through either reinforcement or punishment. The cognitive perspective, choice A, focuses o... |
Robert Sternberg suggested that we have a type of intelligence that is not learned through training, is not found in books, and requires the individual to rely on personal experience to solve new problems. This triarchic intelligence is referred to as (A)analytic intelligence. | [
"(B)general intelligence. (C)creative intelligence",
" (D)emotional intelligence. (E)practical intelligence."
] | (B)Behavioral psychologists, like B. F. Skinner, proposed that we learn language through our interactions with the environment. These interactions may include learning associations between words and meanings through operant conditioning or learning by observation. If children imitate the language of adults in their env... |
Which of the following is most similar to Spearman's concept of g? | [
"(A)Interpersonal intelligence (B)Analytical intelligencen (C)Emotional intelligence (D)The Flynn effectn (E)Existential intelligence"
] | (B)Intellectual disability is defined as scoring below 70 on a standardized intelligence test. Scores on such tests tend to be normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Based on this information, below 70 is 2 standard deviations below the mean. Thus, 2% + 0.1% = 2.1%. Choice A (0.1) is i... |
Of the following, who demonstrates a high level of emotional intelligence? | [
"(A)Ken an architectn enjoys the challenge of designing functional and beautiful buildings",
" (B)Rik a professional basketball playern is known for his agility and ability to handle the ball. (C)Janen a writer reviews local concerts and musicals for the local news",
" (D)Jim a psychologistn investig... | (D)Charles Spearman proposed the idea of general intelligence (g) that refers to the mental abilities that underlie all intelligent behavior. Practical intelligence, choice A, is a type of intelligence, suggested by Robert Sternberg, that reflects our street smarts. Multiple intelligences, choice B, was first proposed ... |
An achievement test (A)quantifies the abilities associated with high levels of emotional intelligence. | [
"(B)assesses the skills associated with Sternbergs concept of creative intelligence",
" (C)figures the standard deviation in a distribution of intelligence test scores",
" (D)determines the reliability of an assessment tool",
" (E)measures an individuals level of knowledge or skill in a specific area."
] | (A)Factor analysis allows researchers to examine patterns in test scores statistically. Intelligence tests tend to measure a number of abilities. Some questions may assess memory abilities, and others might measure processing speed. Factor analysis looks to see if there is a relationship, or correlation, between differ... |
Which of the following refers to the measure of a person's intellectual attainment based on the age at which it takes the average person to achieve that same level? | [
"(A)Aptitude (B)Mental age (C)Criterionn (D)Intrapersonal intelligence (E)General intelligence"
] | (C)Those with spatial intelligence do extremely well with tasks requiring the ability to think in three dimensions. Such individuals do well at both creating visual images and interpreting them, such as creating art or solving puzzles. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, choice A, is seen in those who have good hand-eye c... |
If an 8-year-old child does as well as the average 10-year-old child on an intelligence test, the 8-year-old child would have an IQ of | [
"(A)80 (B)100 (C)110 (D)125 (E)150"
] | (E)Practical intelligence is often referred to as street smarts. Such intelligence is gained through experience. Analytic intelligence, choice A, is the type of intelligence learned in books. It refers to our ability to solve complex hypothetical problems. General intelligence, choice B, is often referred to as g. This... |
If an intelligence test is pretested with a representative sample, the test is | [
"(A)undergoing factor analysis",
" (B)being evaluated for its content validity",
" (C)determining heritability of intelligence",
" (D)undergoing a check on its reliability",
" (E)being standardized."
] | (B)Analytical intelligence, as suggested by Robert Sternberg, is needed for scientific reasoning, perceiving cause and effect, and problem-solving abilities. These skills are also considered an important part of g, or general intelligence. Interpersonal intelligence, choice A, refers to the ability to relate well to ot... |
For an intelligence test with normally distributed scores, with a mean of 100, and with a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of the population scored 70 and above? | [
"(A)34 (B)50 (C)68 (D)84 (E)98"
] | (E)Those high in emotional intelligence are adept at reading others emotional cues and know what to say when handling conflict. Thus Elizabeth, who can skillfully handle disagreements at work, demonstrates a high level of emotional intelligence. Kens ability to design buildings, choice A, reflects a high level of Gardn... |
The Flynn effect refers to the (A)negative impact of a test taker's expectations on performance. | [
"(B)relative impact of nature and of nurture on intelligence",
" (C)increase of intelligence test scores over time",
" (D)difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal testing of intelligence at different ages",
" (E)ability to predict school achievement based on a comparison of mental and chronologi... | (E)An achievement test measures what people have learned. For example, the AP Psychology exam, which attempts to gauge what you know about psychology, is an achievement test. Choices A and B measure specific underlying skills associated with a particular definition of intelligence. These skills would be largely unlearn... |
If an individual takes the same test multiple times and the scores are consistent, the test is considered to be (A)valid. | [
"(B)standardized. (C)heritable. (D)reliable",
" (E)positively skewed."
] | (B)Mental age refers to the age when a child demonstrates intellectual performance like the average person at that same physical age. Aptitude, choice A, refers to an individuals ability to learn. Criterion, choice C, is what a test is designed to measure. Intrapersonal intelligence, choice D, is one of Howard Gardners... |
The ability to think abstractly, reason quickly, identify patterns, and integrate information is referred to as | [
"(A)crystallized intelligence. (B)practical intelligence",
" (C)fluid intelligence. (D)intrapersonal intelligence",
" (E)savant syndrome."
] | (D)The formula for determining the intelligence quotient (IQ) is In this case, Choice A, 80, incorrectly divides the chronological age by the mental age before multiplying by 100. Choice B, 100, is the IQ of someone whose mental age equals his or her chronological age. Choice C, 110, and choice E, 150, cannot result fr... |
Richard Lewontin designed a demonstration where genetically diverse seeds were planted into two different environments. He allowed them to grow to their full heights. One environment had barely enough light, water, and nutrients for the plants to survive. The other environment was ideal for plant growth. Lewontin sugge... | [
"(A)Statistical significance (B)Heritabilityn (C)Factor analysis (D)Predictive validity (E)Grit"
] | (E)When a test is standardized, it is pretested with a representative sample. This method allows individuals to compare their scores against the norm. Factor analysis, choice A, is a statistical measure that allows researchers to group similar abilities. A test has content validity, choice B, when questions measure the... |
When Sue's glasses broke while she was at school, she used a paper clip to hold them together until she could get them fixed. According to Robert Sternberg, Sue's solution shows a high level of which of the following intelligences? | [
"(A)Practical (B)Analytical (C)Bodily-kinestheticn (D)Spatial (E)Creative"
] | (E)In a set of scores that are normally distributed, 50% of the population scores above the mean. In this example, the mean is 100. With a standard deviation of 15, a score of 70 falls 2 standard deviations below the mean. Approximately 48% of the scores fall into this range (34% + 14% = 48%). Thus, 50% + 48% = 98%. Th... |
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