sileod/deberta-v3-base-tasksource-nli
Zero-Shot Classification • 0.2B • Updated • 125k • • 133
Datasets:
QuestionID stringclasses 9
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q10 | unprecedented | 0 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 1 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Would a reader generally expect that ten or more vetoes had been issued by a mayor of Chicago in any significant number of the years leading up to Medill's election? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... |
q20 | unprecedented | 0 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 2 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Could one get the impression that Chicago's city council was generally reluctant to change, and had allowed a lot of waste and inefficiency to build up that would have remained if Medill was not elected mayor? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... |
q30 | unprecedented | 0 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 3 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | If Chicago's city council met regularly throughout the year, in year's prior to Medill's inauguration, would members generally have expected to attend an additional vote one or more times per month, on average, to decide on whether or not to override a mayoral veto? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... |
q10 | unprecedented | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 4 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Would a reader generally expect that ten or more vetoes had been issued by a mayor of Chicago in any significant number of the years leading up to Medill's election? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He had vetoed a previously unforeseen eleven ordinances from the city council during that year, most were narrowly tailored toward specific financial practices that he considered to be inefficient, and the coun... |
q20 | unprecedented | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 5 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Could one get the impression that Chicago's city council was generally reluctant to change, and had allowed a lot of waste and inefficiency to build up that would have remained if Medill was not elected mayor? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He had vetoed a previously unforeseen eleven ordinances from the city council during that year, most were narrowly tailored toward specific financial practices that he considered to be inefficient, and the coun... |
q30 | unprecedented | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 6 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | If Chicago's city council met regularly throughout the year, in year's prior to Medill's inauguration, would members generally have expected to attend an additional vote one or more times per month, on average, to decide on whether or not to override a mayoral veto? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He had vetoed a previously unforeseen eleven ordinances from the city council during that year, most were narrowly tailored toward specific financial practices that he considered to be inefficient, and the coun... |
q10 | unprecedented | 2 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 7 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Would a reader generally expect that ten or more vetoes had been issued by a mayor of Chicago in any significant number of the years leading up to Medill's election? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While some expected an unprecedented number of vetoes, in actuality he only vetoed eleven City Council ordinances that year, and most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he conside... |
q20 | unprecedented | 2 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 8 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Could one get the impression that Chicago's city council was generally reluctant to change, and had allowed a lot of waste and inefficiency to build up that would have remained if Medill was not elected mayor? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While some expected an unprecedented number of vetoes, in actuality he only vetoed eleven City Council ordinances that year, and most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he conside... |
q30 | unprecedented | 2 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 9 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | If Chicago's city council met regularly throughout the year, in year's prior to Medill's inauguration, would members generally have expected to attend an additional vote one or more times per month, on average, to decide on whether or not to override a mayoral veto? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While some expected an unprecedented number of vetoes, in actuality he only vetoed eleven City Council ordinances that year, and most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he conside... |
q10 | unprecedented | 3 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 10 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Would a reader generally expect that ten or more vetoes had been issued by a mayor of Chicago in any significant number of the years leading up to Medill's election? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He vetoed a relatively modest eleven City Council ordinances that year, and even most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful, and none of the vetoes were overri... |
q20 | unprecedented | 3 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 11 | NO | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | Could one get the impression that Chicago's city council was generally reluctant to change, and had allowed a lot of waste and inefficiency to build up that would have remained if Medill was not elected mayor? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He vetoed a relatively modest eleven City Council ordinances that year, and even most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful, and none of the vetoes were overri... |
q30 | unprecedented | 3 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He u... | 12 | YES | While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. | If Chicago's city council met regularly throughout the year, in year's prior to Medill's inauguration, would members generally have expected to attend an additional vote one or more times per month, on average, to decide on whether or not to override a mayoral veto? | 1 | In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He vetoed a relatively modest eleven City Council ordinances that year, and even most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful, and none of the vetoes were overri... |
q10 | never | 0 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 13 | NO | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would a tourist in Sarawak be likely to see any Dutch-style colonial architecture? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... |
q20 | never | 0 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 14 | British | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would Brunei most likely have received its independence from the British or the Dutch? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... |
q30 | never | 0 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 15 | YES | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Is English likely to be an official language in the northern parts of Borneo? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... |
q10 | never | 1 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 16 | NO | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would a tourist in Sarawak be likely to see any Dutch-style colonial architecture? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where the Dutch had found it overly difficult to ever establish their rule. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal... |
q20 | never | 1 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 17 | British | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would Brunei most likely have received its independence from the British or the Dutch? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where the Dutch had found it overly difficult to ever establish their rule. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal... |
q30 | never | 1 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 18 | YES | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Is English likely to be an official language in the northern parts of Borneo? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where the Dutch had found it overly difficult to ever establish their rule. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal... |
q10 | never | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 19 | YES | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would a tourist in Sarawak be likely to see any Dutch-style colonial architecture? | 2 | Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control o... |
q20 | never | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 20 | Dutch | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would Brunei most likely have received its independence from the British or the Dutch? | 2 | Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control o... |
q30 | never | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 21 | NO | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Is English likely to be an official language in the northern parts of Borneo? | 2 | Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control o... |
q10 | never | 3 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 22 | YES | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would a tourist in Sarawak be likely to see any Dutch-style colonial architecture? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of ... |
q20 | never | 3 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 23 | British | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Would Brunei most likely have received its independence from the British or the Dutch? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of ... |
q30 | never | 3 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu,... | 24 | YES | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. | Is English likely to be an official language in the northern parts of Borneo? | 2 | During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of ... |
q10 | absence | 0 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 25 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like employers may worry about an employee who takes sick days, because these short illnesses could be leading up to a more serious issue down the line, which could result in the loss of an employee? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q20 | absence | 0 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 26 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like disability in later life is caused by factors that prevent employees from getting proper care earlier in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q30 | absence | 0 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 27 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Could a program that encourages employees to take time off from work more readily, and for less-serious illnesses, end up being financially viable, if using sick days from work could potentially be linked to less serious disability later in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q10 | absence | 1 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 28 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like employers may worry about an employee who takes sick days, because these short illnesses could be leading up to a more serious issue down the line, which could result in the loss of an employee? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. A link between increased time away... |
q20 | absence | 1 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 29 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like disability in later life is caused by factors that prevent employees from getting proper care earlier in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. A link between increased time away... |
q30 | absence | 1 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 30 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Could a program that encourages employees to take time off from work more readily, and for less-serious illnesses, end up being financially viable, if using sick days from work could potentially be linked to less serious disability later in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. A link between increased time away... |
q10 | absence | 2 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 31 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like employers may worry about an employee who takes sick days, because these short illnesses could be leading up to a more serious issue down the line, which could result in the loss of an employee? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q20 | absence | 2 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 32 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like disability in later life is caused by factors that prevent employees from getting proper care earlier in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q30 | absence | 2 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 33 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Could a program that encourages employees to take time off from work more readily, and for less-serious illnesses, end up being financially viable, if using sick days from work could potentially be linked to less serious disability later in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q10 | absence | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 34 | NO | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like employers may worry about an employee who takes sick days, because these short illnesses could be leading up to a more serious issue down the line, which could result in the loss of an employee? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q20 | absence | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 35 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Does it sound like disability in later life is caused by factors that prevent employees from getting proper care earlier in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q30 | absence | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... | 36 | YES | Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension. | Could a program that encourages employees to take time off from work more readily, and for less-serious illnesses, end up being financially viable, if using sick days from work could potentially be linked to less serious disability later in life? | 3 | Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a li... |
q10 | unmarried | 0 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 37 | YES | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would it be socially appropriate for Angus to set up Charles on a date? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q20 | unmarried | 0 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 38 | NO | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Charles be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q21 | unmarried | 0 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 39 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Scarlett be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q10 | unmarried | 1 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 40 | YES | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would it be socially appropriate for Angus to set up Charles on a date? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the single best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautif... |
q20 | unmarried | 1 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 41 | NO | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Charles be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the single best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautif... |
q21 | unmarried | 1 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 42 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Scarlett be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the single best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautif... |
q10 | unmarried | 2 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 43 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would it be socially appropriate for Angus to set up Charles on a date? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his unmarried flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q20 | unmarried | 2 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 44 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Charles be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his unmarried flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q21 | unmarried | 2 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 45 | NO | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Scarlett be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his unmarried flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... |
q10 | unmarried | 3 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 46 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would it be socially appropriate for Angus to set up Charles on a date? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautiful youn... |
q20 | unmarried | 3 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 47 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Charles be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautiful youn... |
q21 | unmarried | 3 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beau... | 48 | DON'T KNOW | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the unmarried best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. | Would Scarlett be likely to bring a date to Angus and Laura's wedding? | 4 | At the wedding of Angus and Laura in Somerset, the best man Charles, his flatmate Scarlett; his friend Fiona and her brother Tom; Gareth, a gay man, and his Scottish lover Matthew; and Charles's deaf brother David endure the festivities. At the reception, Charles becomes smitten with Caroline (Carrie), a beautiful youn... |
q10 | dislike | 0 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 49 | NO | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been happy to share a meal with a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... |
q11 | dislike | 0 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 50 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been angry to learn his child wanted to marry a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... |
q12 | dislike | 0 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 51 | DON'T KNOW | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have considered accepting a job working alongside a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... |
q10 | dislike | 1 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 52 | NO | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been happy to share a meal with a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) loathed the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because ... |
q11 | dislike | 1 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 53 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been angry to learn his child wanted to marry a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) loathed the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because ... |
q12 | dislike | 1 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 54 | DON'T KNOW | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have considered accepting a job working alongside a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) loathed the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because ... |
q10 | dislike | 2 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 55 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been happy to share a meal with a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Christianity was an incomplete and inferior religion to Judaism, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Gentiles and argued that the Jews had been... |
q11 | dislike | 2 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 56 | NO | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been angry to learn his child wanted to marry a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Christianity was an incomplete and inferior religion to Judaism, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Gentiles and argued that the Jews had been... |
q12 | dislike | 2 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 57 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have considered accepting a job working alongside a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Christianity was an incomplete and inferior religion to Judaism, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Gentiles and argued that the Jews had been... |
q10 | dislike | 3 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 58 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been happy to share a meal with a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) was friendly towards the Jews, but argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the ... |
q11 | dislike | 3 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 59 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have been angry to learn his child wanted to marry a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) was friendly towards the Jews, but argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the ... |
q12 | dislike | 3 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been... | 60 | YES | The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. | Would Tertullian have considered accepting a job working alongside a Jew? | 5 | In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) was friendly towards the Jews, but argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the ... |
q10 | unconventional | 0 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 61 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | From this brief passage, would you say that in order to break from tradition and create a rhyming poem that was also funny to the reader, an author would have to also use less traditional rhyme scemes? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q20 | unconventional | 0 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 62 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | Is it reasonable to assume that poetic form was being taught in schools in the early to late twentieth century, that would lead readers of poetry to seek out (and thus, be more familiar with) humorous poems that themselves followed familiar styles and structures? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q30 | unconventional | 0 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 63 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | If someone was unfamiliar with Nash's work, would they be justified in thinking that he could have wrote a lot of limerick verse, which uses a very predictable sequence of rhymes, but relies on the surprise delivered by the words themselves to deliver the humor (and occasional shock value)? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q10 | unconventional | 1 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 64 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | From this brief passage, would you say that in order to break from tradition and create a rhyming poem that was also funny to the reader, an author would have to also use less traditional rhyme scemes? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. He was named one of the country's most well-known makers of comedic poetry, and he used rhyming schemes that were unusual and non-traditional |
q20 | unconventional | 1 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 65 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | Is it reasonable to assume that poetic form was being taught in schools in the early to late twentieth century, that would lead readers of poetry to seek out (and thus, be more familiar with) humorous poems that themselves followed familiar styles and structures? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. He was named one of the country's most well-known makers of comedic poetry, and he used rhyming schemes that were unusual and non-traditional |
q30 | unconventional | 1 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 66 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | If someone was unfamiliar with Nash's work, would they be justified in thinking that he could have wrote a lot of limerick verse, which uses a very predictable sequence of rhymes, but relies on the surprise delivered by the words themselves to deliver the humor (and occasional shock value)? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. He was named one of the country's most well-known makers of comedic poetry, and he used rhyming schemes that were unusual and non-traditional |
q10 | unconventional | 2 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 67 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | From this brief passage, would you say that in order to break from tradition and create a rhyming poem that was also funny to the reader, an author would have to also use less traditional rhyme scemes? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was nonetheless declared the country's best-known producer of unconventional, humorous poetry. |
q20 | unconventional | 2 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 68 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | Is it reasonable to assume that poetic form was being taught in schools in the early to late twentieth century, that would lead readers of poetry to seek out (and thus, be more familiar with) humorous poems that themselves followed familiar styles and structures? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was nonetheless declared the country's best-known producer of unconventional, humorous poetry. |
q30 | unconventional | 2 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 69 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | If someone was unfamiliar with Nash's work, would they be justified in thinking that he could have wrote a lot of limerick verse, which uses a very predictable sequence of rhymes, but relies on the surprise delivered by the words themselves to deliver the humor (and occasional shock value)? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was nonetheless declared the country's best-known producer of unconventional, humorous poetry. |
q10 | unconventional | 3 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 70 | NO | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | From this brief passage, would you say that in order to break from tradition and create a rhyming poem that was also funny to the reader, an author would have to also use less traditional rhyme scemes? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q20 | unconventional | 3 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 71 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | Is it reasonable to assume that poetic form was being taught in schools in the early to late twentieth century, that would lead readers of poetry to seek out (and thus, be more familiar with) humorous poems that themselves followed familiar styles and structures? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q30 | unconventional | 3 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | 72 | YES | With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. | If someone was unfamiliar with Nash's work, would they be justified in thinking that he could have wrote a lot of limerick verse, which uses a very predictable sequence of rhymes, but relies on the surprise delivered by the words themselves to deliver the humor (and occasional shock value)? | 6 | Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote over 500 pieces. With his traditional rhyming schemes and structures, he was declared the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry. |
q10 | no | 0 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 73 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would a criminal worry about dying if they had an encounter with Red Hood? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q20 | no | 0 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 74 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood make a lot of noise while fighting criminals? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q30 | no | 0 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 75 | NO | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood feel guilty if he killed a criminal while fighting them? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q10 | no | 1 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 76 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would a criminal worry about dying if they had an encounter with Red Hood? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q20 | no | 1 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 77 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood make a lot of noise while fighting criminals? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q30 | no | 1 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 78 | NO | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood feel guilty if he killed a criminal while fighting them? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q10 | no | 2 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 79 | DON'T KNOW | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would a criminal worry about dying if they had an encounter with Red Hood? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q20 | no | 2 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 80 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood make a lot of noise while fighting criminals? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q30 | no | 2 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 81 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood feel guilty if he killed a criminal while fighting them? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q10 | no | 3 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 82 | NO | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would a criminal worry about dying if they had an encounter with Red Hood? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q20 | no | 3 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 83 | DON'T KNOW | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood make a lot of noise while fighting criminals? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q30 | no | 3 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... | 84 | YES | He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. | Would Red Hood feel guilty if he killed a criminal while fighting them? | 7 | Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking." The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1... |
q10 | unofficial | 0 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 85 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Should American students taking a test where they have to list all the states in their country include North Carolina in that list? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q20 | unofficial | 0 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 86 | NO | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Would you likely be able to find the song "Carolina in My Mind" referenced in official North Carolina government documents? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q30 | unofficial | 0 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 87 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | In 2015, if a previous governor of North Carolina says they signed a law making "Carolina in My Mind" the anthem of the state, are they lying? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q10 | unofficial | 1 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 88 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Should American students taking a test where they have to list all the states in their country include North Carolina in that list? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the state, but only in a casual sense. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Cae... |
q20 | unofficial | 1 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 89 | NO | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Would you likely be able to find the song "Carolina in My Mind" referenced in official North Carolina government documents? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the state, but only in a casual sense. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Cae... |
q30 | unofficial | 1 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 90 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | In 2015, if a previous governor of North Carolina says they signed a law making "Carolina in My Mind" the anthem of the state, are they lying? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the state, but only in a casual sense. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Cae... |
q10 | unofficial | 2 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 91 | NO | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Should American students taking a test where they have to list all the states in their country include North Carolina in that list? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the unofficial state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q20 | unofficial | 2 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 92 | DON'T KNOW | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Would you likely be able to find the song "Carolina in My Mind" referenced in official North Carolina government documents? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the unofficial state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q30 | unofficial | 2 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 93 | DON'T KNOW | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | In 2015, if a previous governor of North Carolina says they signed a law making "Carolina in My Mind" the anthem of the state, are they lying? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an anthem for the unofficial state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... |
q10 | unofficial | 3 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 94 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Should American students taking a test where they have to list all the states in their country include North Carolina in that list? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an official anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flack,... |
q20 | unofficial | 3 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 95 | YES | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | Would you likely be able to find the song "Carolina in My Mind" referenced in official North Carolina government documents? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an official anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flack,... |
q30 | unofficial | 3 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flac... | 96 | DON'T KNOW | James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial anthem for the state. | In 2015, if a previous governor of North Carolina says they signed a law making "Carolina in My Mind" the anthem of the state, are they lying? | 8 | The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk, rock, metal, jazz and punk. James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill, and his 1968 song "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an official anthem for the state. Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole, Shirley Caesar, Roberta Flack,... |
q10 | none | 0 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... | 97 | NO | Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. | If I wanted to learn about Telauges, son of Pythagoras, could I read something from Iamblichus? | 9 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... |
q20 | none | 0 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... | 98 | NO | Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. | Would Iamblichus likely have mentioned that Pythagoras had four children? | 9 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... |
q30 | none | 0 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... | 99 | YES | Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. | If I only read from Iamblichus about Pythagoras, would I know that Pythagoras named a son after his own grandfather? | 9 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... |
q10 | none | 1 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... | 100 | NO | Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. | If I wanted to learn about Telauges, son of Pythagoras, could I read something from Iamblichus? | 9 | Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porph... |
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Dataset Card for CondaQA: A Contrastive Reading Comprehension Dataset for Reasoning about Negation
Dataset Summary
Data from the EMNLP 2022 paper by Ravichander et al.: "CondaQA: A Contrastive Reading Comprehension Dataset for Reasoning about Negation".
If you use this dataset, we would appreciate you citing our work:
@inproceedings{ravichander-et-al-2022-condaqa,
title={CONDAQA: A Contrastive Reading Comprehension Dataset for Reasoning about Negation},
author={Ravichander, Abhilasha and Gardner, Matt and Marasovi\'{c}, Ana},
proceedings={EMNLP 2022},
year={2022}
}
From the paper: "We introduce CondaQA to facilitate the future development of models that can process negation effectively. This is the first English reading comprehension dataset which requires reasoning about the implications of negated statements in paragraphs. We collect paragraphs with diverse negation cues, then have crowdworkers ask questions about the implications of the negated statement in the passage. We also have workers make three kinds of edits to the passage---paraphrasing the negated statement, changing the scope of the negation, and reversing the negation---resulting in clusters of question-answer pairs that are difficult for models to answer with spurious shortcuts. CondaQA features 14,182 question-answer pairs with over 200 unique negation cues."
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The task is to answer a question given a Wikipedia passage that includes something being negated. There is no official leaderboard.
Language
English
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Here's an example instance:
{"QuestionID": "q10",
"original cue": "rarely",
"PassageEditID": 0,
"original passage": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"SampleID": 5294,
"label": "YES",
"original sentence": "Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time.",
"sentence2": "If a drug addict is caught with marijuana, is there a chance he will be jailed?",
"PassageID": 444,
"sentence1": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws."
}
Data Fields
QuestionID: unique ID for this question (might be asked for multiple passages)original cue: Negation cue that was used to select this passage from WikipediaPassageEditID: 0 = original passage, 1 = paraphrase-edit passage, 2 = scope-edit passage, 3 = affirmative-edit passageoriginal passage: Original Wikipedia passage the passage is based on (note that the passage might either be the original Wikipedia passage itself, or an edit based on it)SampleID: unique ID for this passage-question pairlabel: answeroriginal sentence: Sentence that contains the negated statementsentence2: questionPassageID: unique ID for the Wikipedia passagesentence1: passage
Data Splits
Data splits can be accessed as:
from datasets import load_dataset
train_set = load_dataset("condaqa", "train")
dev_set = load_dataset("condaqa", "dev")
test_set = load_dataset("condaqa", "test")
Dataset Creation
Full details are in the paper.
Curation Rationale
From the paper: "Our goal is to evaluate models on their ability to process the contextual implications of negation. We have the following desiderata for our question-answering dataset:
- The dataset should include a wide variety of negation cues, not just negative particles.
- Questions should be targeted towards the implications of a negated statement, rather than the factual content of what was or wasn't negated, to remove common sources of spurious cues in QA datasets (Kaushik and Lipton, 2018; Naik et al., 2018; McCoy et al., 2019).
- Questions should come in closely-related, contrastive groups, to further reduce the possibility of models' reliance on spurious cues in the data (Gardner et al., 2020). This will result in sets of passages that are similar to each other in terms of the words that they contain, but that may admit different answers to questions.
- Questions should probe the extent to which models are sensitive to how the negation is expressed. In order to do this, there should be contrasting passages that differ only in their negation cue or its scope."
Source Data
From the paper: "To construct CondaQA, we first collected passages from a July 2021 version of English Wikipedia that contained negation cues, including single- and multi-word negation phrases, as well as affixal negation."
"We use negation cues from Morante et al. (2011) and van Son et al. (2016) as a starting point which we extend."
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
We show ten passages to crowdworkers and allow them to choose a passage they would like to work on.
Who are the source language producers?
Original passages come from volunteers who contribute to Wikipedia. Passage edits, questions, and answers are produced by crowdworkers.
Annotations
Annotation process
From the paper: "In the first stage of the task, crowdworkers made three types of modifications to the original passage: (1) they paraphrased the negated statement, (2) they modified the scope of the negated statement (while retaining the negation cue), and (3) they undid the negation. In the second stage, we instruct crowdworkers to ask challenging questions about the implications of the negated statement. The crowdworkers then answered the questions they wrote previously for the original and edited passages."
Full details are in the paper.
Who are the annotators?
From the paper: "Candidates took a qualification exam which consisted of 12 multiple-choice questions that evaluated comprehension of the instructions. We recruit crowdworkers who answer >70% of the questions correctly for the next stage of the dataset construction task." We use the CrowdAQ platform for the exam and Amazon Mechanical Turk for annotations.
Personal and Sensitive Information
We expect that such information has already been redacted from Wikipedia.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
A model that solves this dataset might be (mis-)represented as an evidence that the model understands the entirety of English language and consequently deployed where it will have immediate and/or downstream impact on stakeholders.
Discussion of Biases
We are not aware of societal biases that are exhibited in this dataset.
Other Known Limitations
From the paper: "Though CondaQA currently represents the largest NLU dataset that evaluates a model’s ability to process the implications of negation statements, it is possible to construct a larger dataset, with more examples spanning different answer types. Further CONDAQA is an English dataset, and it would be useful to extend our data collection procedures to build high-quality resources in other languages. Finally, while we attempt to extensively measure and control for artifacts in our dataset, it is possible that our dataset has hidden artifacts that we did not study."
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
From the paper: "In order to estimate human performance, and to construct a high-quality evaluation with fewer ambiguous examples, we have five verifiers provide answers for each question in the development and test sets." The first author has been manually checking the annotations throughout the entire data collection process that took ~7 months.
Licensing Information
license: apache-2.0
Citation Information
@inproceedings{ravichander-et-al-2022-condaqa,
title={CONDAQA: A Contrastive Reading Comprehension Dataset for Reasoning about Negation},
author={Ravichander, Abhilasha and Gardner, Matt and Marasovi\'{c}, Ana},
proceedings={EMNLP 2022},
year={2022}
}
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Repository:
github.com
Point of Contact:
aravicha@andrew.cmu.edu
Number of rows:
14,182
Total file size:
27 MB
Models trained or fine-tuned on lasha-nlp/CONDAQA
