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35
16,646,360
10.1080/02701367.2006.10599339
2,006
Research quarterly for exercise and sport
Res Q Exerc Sport
Revisiting the development of time sharing using a dual motor task performance.
null
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,507,063
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01690.x
2,006
Psychological science
Psychol Sci
Central interference in driving: is there any stopping the psychological refractory period?
Participants attempted to perform two tasks concurrently during simulated driving. In the choice task, they responded either manually or vocally to the number of times a visual or auditory stimulus occurred; in the braking task, they depressed a brake pedal in response to the lead car's brake lights. The time delay bet...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,478,333
10.1037/0096-1523.32.1.149
2,006
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Backward response-level crosstalk in the psychological refractory period paradigm.
Bottleneck models of psychological refractory period (PRP) tasks suggest that a Task 1 response should be unaffected by the Task 2 response in the same trial, because selection of the former finishes before selection of the latter begins. Contrary to this conception, the authors found backward response-level crosstalk ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,478,330
10.1037/0096-1523.32.1.104
2,006
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Frequency effects in spoken and visual word recognition: evidence from dual-task methodologies.
The authors report 3 dual-task experiments concerning the locus of frequency effects in word recognition. In all experiments, Task 1 entailed a simple perceptual choice and Task 2 involved lexical decision. In Experiment 1, an underadditive effect of word frequency arose for spoken words. Experiment 2 also showed under...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,328,435
10.1007/s00426-005-0014-6
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Task switching and action sequencing.
We investigated if task switching affects late response processes that occur after the selection of a response. Subjects performed a sequence of two responses. The first and second response were selected, and then executed in close succession. The interresponse interval (IRI) was taken as a measure of late response pro...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,283,409
10.1007/s00426-005-0022-6
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Response-specific sources of dual-task interference in human pre-motor cortex.
It is difficult to perform two tasks at the same time. Such performance limitations are exemplified by the psychological refractory period (PRP): when participants make distinct motor responses to two stimuli presented in rapid succession, the response to the second stimulus is increasingly slowed as the time interval ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,237,555
10.1007/s00426-005-0011-9
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Backward crosstalk effects in psychological refractory period paradigms: effects of second-task response types on first-task response latencies.
Three experiments using psychological refractory period (PRP) tasks documented backward crosstalk effects in which the nature of the second-task response influenced the first-task response latencies. Such effects are difficult to explain within currently popular bottleneck models, according to which second-task respons...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,235,643
10.3758/bf03193802
2,005
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Location specificity in response selection processes for visual stimuli.
We used the psychological refractory period paradigm, in which participants respond to two successive tasks (T1 and T2). We created in T2 spatial and color Simon effects, known to be caused by response selection processes. Previous studies in which the spatial Simon effect was manipulated in T2 showed that this effect ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,215,746
10.1007/s00426-005-0020-8
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Task-set inertia and memory-consolidation bottleneck in dual tasks.
Three dual-task experiments examined the influence of processing a briefly presented visual object for deferred verbal report on performance in an unrelated auditory-manual reaction time (RT) task. RT was increased at short stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) relative to long SOAs, showing that memory consolidation proc...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,215,745
10.1007/s00426-005-0021-7
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Emergent perceptual features in the benefit of consistent stimulus-response mappings on dual-task performance.
Duncan (1979) examined all combinations of compatible and incompatible stimulus-response mappings for two spatial three-choice tasks in the psychological refractory period paradigm. Performance was better when the mappings for the tasks were consistent than when they were not, even when both mappings were incompatible....
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,187,136
10.1007/s00426-005-0006-6
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Process-based and code-based interference in dual-task performance.
null
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,184,395
10.1007/s00426-005-0012-8
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
What causes residual dual-task interference after practice?
Practice can dramatically reduce dual-task interference, but typically does not eliminate interference entirely. Residual interference after practice is especially large with certain non-preferred modality pairings (e.g., auditory-manual and visual-vocal). Does this residual interference imply the existence of a persis...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,184,394
10.1007/s00426-005-0008-4
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
On the control of visual spatial attention: evidence from human electrophysiology.
We used electrophysiological methods to track the deployment of visual spatial attention while observers were engaged in concurrent central attentional processing, using a variant of the attentional blink paradigm. Two visual targets (T1, T2) were presented at a stimulus onset asynchrony of either 200 ms or 800 ms. T1 ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,175,414
10.1007/s00426-005-0013-7
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
The neural effect of stimulus-response modality compatibility on dual-task performance: an fMRI study.
Recent fMRI studies suggest that the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) is involved in the coordination of interfering processes in dual-task situations. The present study aims to further specify this assumption by investigating whether the compatibility between stimulus and response modalities modulates dual-task-related a...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,151,721
10.1007/s00426-005-0017-3
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Modality pairing effects and the response selection bottleneck.
The present experiment examined the effects of input/output modality pairings on dual-task performance using the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure. Four groups of participants performed two tasks composed of the same sets of inputs (visual and auditory) and the same sets of outputs (manual and vocal), but...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,150,414
10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.07.002
2,006
Acta psychologica
Acta Psychol (Amst)
Regarding time-sharing with convergent operations.
This study contrasts the structural bottleneck and the resource view of attentional limits in time-sharing performance. The research incorporated features of the psychological refractory period (PRP) and the relative priority paradigm designed to maximize joint performance. A main distinction between the two attention ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,142,491
10.1007/s00426-005-0015-5
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Task-order coordination in dual-task performance and the lateral prefrontal cortex: an event-related fMRI study.
A crucial demand in dual tasks suffering from a capacity limited processing mechanism is task-order scheduling, i.e. the control of the order in which the two component tasks are processed by this limited processing mechanism. The present study aims to test whether the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is associated wit...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,142,490
10.1007/s00426-005-0016-4
2,006
Psychological research
Psychol Res
A neuropsychological assessment of dual-task costs in closed-head injury patients using Cohen's effect size estimation method.
A test of whether patients suffering from a severe closed-head injury (CHI) were affected by disproportionate dual-task costs compared to those of healthy control participants was carried out through a direct comparison of CHI effects on dual-task (psychological refractory period, or PRP) performance and on single-task...
CognitiveTask
PRP
16,131,250
10.1037/0096-1523.31.4.790
2,005
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Testing the predictions of the central capacity sharing model.
The divergent predictions of 2 models of dual-task performance are investigated. The central bottleneck and central capacity sharing models argue that a central stage of information processing is capacity limited, whereas stages before and after are capacity free. The models disagree about the nature of this central ca...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,876,911
10.1097/01.jcp.0000165740.22377.6d
2,005
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology
J Clin Psychopharmacol
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of clozapine plus glycine in refractory schizophrenia negative results.
null
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,828,972
10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01526.x
2,005
Psychological science
Psychol Sci
The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention.
It is believed that the human cognitive system is fundamentally limited in deploying attention over time. This limitation is reflected in the attentional blink, the impaired ability to identify the second of two visual targets presented in close succession. We report the paradoxical finding that the attentional blink i...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,827,737
10.1007/s00221-005-2281-2
2,005
Experimental brain research
Exp Brain Res
Central processing overlap modulates P3 latency.
Two experiments examined the issue of the functional mechanisms exerting a modulatory effect on the latency of the P3. In experiment 1, using a psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, two sequential stimuli (T(1) and T(2)) were presented in each trial at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), each requirin...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,751,472
10.3758/bf03196842
2,004
Perception & psychophysics
Percept Psychophys
Revisiting within-modality and cross-modality attentional blinks: effects of target-distractor similarity.
When two masked targets (T1 and T2) require attention and are presented within half a second of each other, the report accuracy for T2 is reduced, relative to when the two targets are presented farther apart in time. This effect is known as the attentional blink (AB). Potter, Chun, Banks, and Muckenhoupt (1998) argued ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,719,056
10.1371/journal.pbio.0030037
2,005
PLoS biology
PLoS Biol
Parsing a cognitive task: a characterization of the mind's bottleneck.
Parsing a mental operation into components, characterizing the parallel or serial nature of this flow, and understanding what each process ultimately contributes to response time are fundamental questions in cognitive neuroscience. Here we show how a simple theoretical model leads to an extended set of predictions conc...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,709,868
10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.122
2,005
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Dual-task performance with ideomotor-compatible tasks: is the central processing bottleneck intact, bypassed, or shifted in locus?
The present study examined whether the central bottleneck, assumed to be primarily responsible for the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect, is intact, bypassed, or shifted in locus with ideomotor (IM)-compatible tasks. In 4 experiments, factorial combinations of IM- and non-IM-compatible tasks were used for Ta...
CognitiveTask
PRP
21,038,288
10.1080/02643290442000491
2,005
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cogn Neuropsychol
Unitary attention in callosal agenesis.
The interhemispheric organisation of two specific components of attention was investigated in three patients affected by partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. A visuospatial component of attention was explored using a visual search paradigm in which target and distractors were displayed either unilateral...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,584,790
10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.649
2,004
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
Can practice overcome age-related differences in the psychological refractory period effect?
Can dual-task practice remove age-related differences in the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect? To answer this question, younger and older individuals practiced 7 blocks of a PRP design, in which Task 1 (T1) required a vocal response to an auditory stimulus and Task 2 (T2) required a manual response to a vis...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,462,629
10.1037/0096-1523.30.5.913
2,004
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Repetition blindness: out of sight or out of mind?
Does repetition blindness represent a failure of perception or of memory? In Experiment 1, participants viewed rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sentences. When critical words (C1 and C2) were orthographically similar, C2 was frequently omitted from serial report; however, repetition priming for C2 on a postsente...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,462,621
10.1037/0096-1523.30.5.795
2,004
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Virtually no evidence for virtually perfect time-sharing.
An examination of previous claims for virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task situations reveals confounding effects that may have obscured dual-task interference. Two experiments are conducted in which these confounding effects are minimized, revealing statistically significant dual-task interference. These result...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,382,993
10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.416
2,004
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
Aging and input processing in dual-task situations.
The psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm was used to test whether older participants suffer from input interference in dual-task situations. Young (24 years) and older (57 years) adults gave speeded responses to 2 successively presented stimuli. The results showed increased susceptibility of older participant...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,338,087
10.1007/s00221-004-2006-y
2,005
Experimental brain research
Exp Brain Res
Closed head injury and perceptual processing in dual-task situations.
Using a classical psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm we investigated whether increased interference between dual-task input processes is one possible source of dual-task deficits in patients with closed-head injury (CHI). Patients and age-matched controls were asked to give speeded motor reactions to an aud...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,161,387
10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.566
2,004
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
The costs of changing the representation of action: response repetition and response-response compatibility in dual tasks.
In 5 experiments, the authors investigated the costs associated with repeating the same or a similar response in a dual-task setting. Using a psychological refractory period paradigm, they obtained response-repetition costs when the cognitive representation of a specific response (i.e., the category-response mapping) c...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,116,990
10.3758/bf03206464
2,004
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Dissociating sources of dual-task interference using human electrophysiology.
In the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, two unmasked targets are presented, each of which requires a speeded response. Response times to the second target (T2) are slowed when T2 is presented shortly after the first target (T1). Electrophysiological studies have previously shown that the P3 event-related...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,100,617
10.1097/01.alc.0000121652.84754.30
2,004
Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
Alcohol Clin Exp Res
Fast, but error-prone, responses during acute alcohol intoxication: effects of stimulus-response mapping complexity.
Although moderate doses of alcohol can impair performance on tasks that require information processing, little is known about the locus of the alcohol effects within the processing stream. This study used a psychological refractory period paradigm to investigate the effect of alcohol on the central, cognitive stage of ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,084,445
10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.003
2,004
Behavioural brain research
Behav Brain Res
Pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle eye-blink in the Göttingen minipig.
Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is a measure of sensorimotor gating which has been frequently shown to be deficient in schizophrenic patients. In humans it is typically measured as the attenuation of the startle eye-blink reflex EMG when a startle eliciting noise is preceded by a weak white noise pre...
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,011,168
null
2,004
Revista de neurologia
Rev Neurol
[Experimental bases for evaluating attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].
The experimental evaluation of the time variable in attention enables us to distinguish between what can be considered as its normal and its pathological behaviour. It has proved to be useful in evaluating the population suffering from attention disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, frontal lesions, etc....
CognitiveTask
PRP
15,000,537
10.3758/bf03196550
2,003
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Inhibition of return: a graphical meta-analysis of its time course and an empirical test of its temporal and spatial properties.
Immediately after a stimulus appears in the visual field, there is often a short period of facilitated processing of stimuli at or near this location. This period is followed by one in which processing is impaired, rather than facilitated. This impairment has been termed inhibition of return (IOR). In the present study...
CognitiveTask
PRP
14,710,868
10.1037/h0087434
2,003
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale
Can J Exp Psychol
A paradigm for exploring what the mind does while deciding what it should do.
One widespread belief about automatic mental processes is that, among other characteristics, they are involuntary. No initial conscious intent is necessary because such processing is stimulus initiated. This claim was studied in the context of a novel task-choice procedure in which subjects were informed as to which of...
CognitiveTask
PRP
14,640,843
10.1037/0096-1523.29.6.1267
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Still no evidence for perfect timesharing with two ideomotor-compatible tasks: a reply to Greenwald (2003).
For 30 years, A. G. Greenwald and H. G. Shulman's (1973) psychological refractory period (PRP) study has been cited as evidence for perfect timesharing with ideomotor (IM)-compatible tasks. Recently, M.-C. Lien, R. W. Proctor, and P. A. Allen (2002) failed to replicate these results and concluded that IM compatibility ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
14,640,834
10.1037/0096-1523.29.6.1126
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
The locus of redundant-targets and nontargets effects: evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm.
In target detection tasks, responses are faster when displays have 2 targets (redundant-targets effect; RTE) and slower when they have no targets (nontargets effect; NTE) relative to displays with a single target. The psychological refractory period paradigm was used to localize these effects. In Experiment 1, particip...
CognitiveTask
PRP
14,585,021
10.1037/0096-1523.29.5.1036
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Absence of perceptual processing during reconfiguration of task set.
The authors manipulated stimulus contrast and response-stimulus interval in the alternating runs paradigm to investigate whether early processing could be carried out during a task switch. Subjects alternated between judging the magnitude and the parity of a digit. The results suggested that early processing was not ca...
CognitiveTask
PRP
14,585,017
10.1037/0096-1523.29.5.965
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
The psychological refractory period of stopping.
The author examined whether the act of control of stopping is subject to the psychological refractory period (PRP) and whether stopping causes a PRP for the processing of subsequent stimuli. The task was to execute or to stop a rapid finger tapping. PRP interference was predicted for double-stimulation trials, in which...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,956,587
10.3758/bf03194816
2,003
Perception & psychophysics
Percept Psychophys
Dual-task interference with equal task emphasis: graded capacity sharing or central postponement?
Most studies using the psychological refractory period (PRP) design suggest that dual-task performance is limited by a central bottleneck. Because subjects are usually told to emphasize Task 1, however, the bottleneck might reflect a strategic choice rather than a structural limitation. To evaluate the possibility that...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,916,649
10.1076/jcen.25.3.361.13811
2,003
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol
Dual target identification and the attentional blink in Parkinson's disease.
In healthy adults, deficits in identifying a second target following a previously attended target in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) occur between intertarget intervals of approximately 100-500 ms. This Attentional Blink (AB) is investigated in nondemented medicated Parkinson's patients using a modification of ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,848,334
10.1037/0096-1523.29.3.692
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Task switching and response correspondence in the psychological refractory period paradigm.
Three experiments examined the effects of task switching and response correspondence in a psychological refractory period paradigm. A letter task (vowel-consonant) and a digit task (odd-even) were combined to form 4 possible dual-task pairs in each trial: letter-letter, letter-digit, digit-digit, and digit-letter. Fore...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,848,326
10.1037/0096-1523.29.3.556
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Online order control in the psychological refractory period paradigm.
The authors examined the role of online order control in the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. In the first 2 experiments, participants switched between color-letter and letter-color orders so that subtask order was isolated as the only element being switched. The results indicated that order switching im...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,760,615
10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.280
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Vanishing dual-task interference after practice: has the bottleneck been eliminated or is it merely latent?
Practice can, in some cases, largely eliminate measured dual-task interference. Does this absence of interference indicate the absence of a processing bottleneck (defined as an inability to carry out certain stages in parallel)? The authors show that a bottleneck need not produce any observable interference, provided t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,747,495
10.3758/bf03196472
2,003
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Concurrent task effects on memory retrieval.
Previous studies combining continuous free recall with a concurrent task have generally shown that concurrent tasks impose fairly negligible effects on memory retrieval. By contrast, dual-task studies employing either cued recall or semantic retrieval reveal gross memory impairment and suggest that retrieval is delayed...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,674,366
10.1037/h0087409
2,003
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale
Can J Exp Psychol
Lengthening the duration of response execution does not modulate blindness to action-compatible stimuli.
Action-compatible blindness refers to the finding that target stimuli are perceived less frequently if they are presented during the planning or execution of a compatible action (e.g., a left arrow presented during a left manual key press) than during an incompatible action (Müsseler & Hommel, 1997 a, b). We investigat...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,669,744
10.1037//0096-1523.29.1.3
2,003
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
A central capacity sharing model of dual-task performance.
The authors present the central capacity sharing (CCS) model and derive equations describing its behaviors to explain results from dual-task situations. The predictions of the CCS model are contrasted with those of the central bottleneck model. The CCS model predicts all of the hallmark effects of the psychological ref...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,498,339
10.1037//1064-1297.10.4.417
2,002
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol
Constraints on information processing under alcohol in the context of response execution and response suppression.
This study tested the degree that alcohol restricts information processing on tasks requiring response execution and response suppression. A dual task required 12 participants to respond to 2 task stimuli (Tasks 1 and 2) presented in close succession. The task was performed before and after receiving 3 alcohol doses (p...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,495,525
10.1162/089892902760807195
2,002
Journal of cognitive neuroscience
J Cogn Neurosci
Localization of executive functions in dual-task performance with fMRI.
We report a study that investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions in dual-task performance with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed an auditory and a visual three-choice reaction task either separately as single tasks or concurrently as dual tasks. In the dual-task cond...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,473,228
10.1348/000711002760554589
2,002
The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology
Br J Math Stat Psychol
A tandem random walk model of the SAT paradigm: response times and accumulation of evidence.
The speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) paradigm forces participants to trade response speed for information accuracy by presenting them with a response signal at variable times after the onset of processing to which they must give an immediate response (within 300 ms). The processes that underlie the paradigm, especially t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,466,925
10.1007/s00426-002-0101-x
2,002
Psychological research
Psychol Res
All-or-none bottleneck versus capacity sharing accounts of the psychological refractory period phenomenon.
The goal of the present experiment was to test the predictions of Central Bottleneck and Central Capacity Sharing models. According to the Central Bottleneck model, dual task interference, as observed in the PRP paradigm, is caused by an all-or-none bottleneck in information processing. The Central Capacity Sharing mod...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,466,923
10.1007/s00426-002-0099-0
2,002
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Action-based and vision-based selection of input: two sources of control.
In the first part of this paper we review evidence suggesting that there exists a mechanism that selects input on the basis of its similarity to the required action. This response-based input selection differs from the more established space- and object-based input selection in that it is not constrained by the structu...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,243,391
10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.505
2,002
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
Age differences in overlapping-task performance: evidence for efficient parallel processing in older adults.
Two psychological refractory period (PRP) experiments were conducted to examine overlapping processing in younger and older adults. A shape discrimination task (triangle or rectangle) for Task 1 (T1) and a lexical-decision task (word or nonword) for Task 2 (T2) were used. PRP effects, response time for T2 increasing as...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,236,320
10.1017.S0048577202020449
2,002
Psychophysiology
Psychophysiology
The functional significance of ERP effects during mental rotation.
In a parity judgment task, the ERPs at parietal electrode sites become more negative as more mental rotation has to be executed. This article provides a review of the empirical evidence regarding this amplitude modulation. More specifically, experiments are reported that validate both the functional relationship betwee...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,120,784
10.3758/bf03196277
2,002
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Stimulus-response compatibility and psychological refractory period effects: implications for response selection.
The purpose of this paper was to provide insight into the nature of response selection by reviewing the literature on stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effects and the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect individually and jointly. The empirical findings and theoretical explanations of SRC effects that have ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,075,897
10.1037//0096-1523.28.3.695
2,002
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Loci of signal probability effects and of the attentional blink bottleneck.
To investigate the locus of signal probability effects and the influence of stimulus quality on this locus, the authors manipulated probability in Task 2 of a psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. The effect was additive with stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) when the target was not masked but underadditive wit...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,075,886
null
2,002
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Simultaneous dual-task performance reveals parallel response selection after practice.
E. H. Schumacher, T. L. Seymour, J. M. Glass, D. E. Kieras, and D. E. Meyer (2001) reported that dual-task costs are minimal when participants are practiced and give the 2 tasks equal emphasis. The present research examined whether such findings are compatible with the operation of an efficient response selection bottl...
CognitiveTask
PRP
12,009,562
10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00007-8
2,002
Biological psychology
Biol Psychol
Probing the response selection bottleneck with a cardiac measure: individual differences in strategy for a psychological refractory period task.
We examined the coordination of processing streams when two reaction stimuli are presented with minimal temporal separation (the psychological refractory period, PRP, paradigm). We tested the hypothesis that individuals that grouped responses to the two stimuli would schedule response preparation later than those not-g...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,999,862
10.1037//0096-1523.28.2.396
2,002
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Ideomotor compatibility in the psychological refractory period effect: 29 years of oversimplification.
Four experiments examined whether the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect can be eliminated with ideomotor compatible (IM) but not stimulus-response compatible (SR) tasks, as reported by A. G. Greenwald and H. G. Shulman (1973). Their tasks were used: a left or right movement to a left- or right-pointing arrow...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,954,694
10.1068/p3304
2,002
Perception
Perception
Separating perception time from response time: the slope transition paradigm.
This paper describes the slope transition paradigm (STP), a variant of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) that separates early (perceptual) processing time from total response time. The paradigm is based on a very simple idea: provide varying amounts of time for perceptual processing and find the moment when the s...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,901,957
10.1037/h0087381
2,002
Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale
Can J Exp Psychol
Does size rescaling require central attention?
The goal of the present experiment was to determine if object size rescaling in the shape-matching task requires central resources. Two polygons were presented side by side as the second task in a psychological refractory period paradigm. The polygons could be the same as each other or mirror images of each other and t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,863,322
10.1006/cogp.2001.0762
2,002
Cognitive psychology
Cogn Psychol
Separate and shared sources of dual-task cost in stimulus identification and response selection.
There is often strong interference if a second target stimulus (T2) is presented before processing of a prior target stimulus (T1) is complete. In the "Psychological Refractory Period" (PRP) paradigm, responses are speeded and interference manifests as increased response time for T2. In the "Attentional Blink" (AB) par...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,699,122
10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.847
2,001
Psychological review
Psychol Rev
Serial modules in parallel: the psychological refractory period and perfect time-sharing.
The authors describe ACT-R/perceptual-motor (ACT-R/PM), an integrated theory of cognition, perception, and action that consists of the ACT-R production system and a set of perceptual-motor modules. Each module (including cognition) is essentially serial, but modules run in parallel with one another. ACT-R/PM can model ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,521,846
10.3758/bf03194437
2,001
Perception & psychophysics
Percept Psychophys
Cross-modal attentional deficits in processing tactile stimulation.
In order to substantiate recent theorization on the possible links between the causes of the attentional blink and the psychological refractory period phenomena (e.g., Jolicoeur, 1999a), four experiments are reported in which two target stimuli, T1 and T2, were presented in different modalities at varying stimulus onse...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,495,123
10.3758/bf03196170
2,001
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
The dual-task SRT procedure: fine-tuning the timing.
In the standard sequential reaction time study, subjects are presented with a repeating sequence of targets to which they must respond as rapidly as possible. With practice reaction times decrease, suggesting a learned ability to exploit the repeating patterns in the display. In a common variation, a second task is int...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,405,319
null
2,001
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
The effects of aging on reaction time in a signal detection task.
The effects of aging on response time are examined in 2 simple signal detection tasks with young and older subjects (age 60 years and older). Older subjects were generally slower than young subjects, and standard Brinley plot analyses of response times showed typical results: slopes greater than 1 and (mostly) negative...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,394,677
null
2,001
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn
Interference from related items in object identification.
Interference between related items in the identification of objects was examined using a postcue procedure. Pairs of objects were presented as differently colored line drawings followed by a color cue to indicate which object to name. Naming latencies were longer when both objects were from the same superordinate categ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,394,673
null
2,001
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn
Parallel memory retrieval in dual-task situations: II. Episodic memory.
Three experiments asked whether subjects could retrieve information from a 2nd stimulus while they retrieved information from a 1st stimulus. Subjects performed recognition judgments on each of 2 words that followed each other by 0, 250, and 1,000 ms (Experiment 1) or 0 and 300 ms (Experiments 2 and 3). In each experim...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,394,671
null
2,001
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn
On attentional control as a source of residual shift costs: evidence from two-component task shifts.
It is widely assumed that supervisory or attentional control plays a role only in the preparatory reconfiguration of the mental system in task shifting. The well-known fact that residual shift costs are still present even after extensive preparation is usually attributed to passive mechanisms such as cross talk. The au...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,340,917
10.1111/1467-9280.00318
2,001
Psychological science
Psychol Sci
Virtually perfect time sharing in dual-task performance: uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck.
A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such dual-task performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive "bottle-neck," whereas others have hypothesized that s...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,277,457
10.3758/bf03195748
2,001
Memory & cognition
Mem Cognit
Naming the color of a word: is it responses or task sets that compete?
Subjects named the colors in which high- and low-frequency words and pronounceable nonwords, otherwise matched, were displayed. Color naming was slower for all three item types than for visually equivalent strings of nonalphanumeric symbols but was no slower for words than for nonwords, nor for high-frequency words tha...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,248,938
null
2,001
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Why practice reduces dual-task interference.
M. A. Van Selst, E. Ruthruff, and J. C. Johnston (1999) found that practice dramatically reduced dual-task interference in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm with 1 vocal response and 1 manual response. Results from 3 further experiments using the highly trained participants of M. A. Van Selst et al. (199...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,243,478
10.1007/s002210000586
2,001
Experimental brain research
Exp Brain Res
Selective effect of closed-head injury on central resource allocation: evidence from dual-task performance.
Two dual-task experiments are reported bearing on the issue of slower processing time for severe chronic closed-head injury (CHI) patients compared to matched controls. In the first experiment, a classical psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm was employed, in which two sequential stimuli, a pure tone and a co...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,153,866
10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.893
2,000
Perceptual and motor skills
Percept Mot Skills
The psychological refractory period in Parkinson's disease.
The Psychological Refractory Period paradigm was used to investigate whether patients with Parkinson's disease showed disproportional deficits in regulating responses to two sequential presented stimuli. The first task required a speeded key-press response to an auditory stimulus, and the second task required a speeded...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,144,318
10.1037//0882-7974.15.4.571
2,000
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
Aging and the psychological refractory period: task-coordination strategies in young and old adults.
The apparently deleterious effect of aging on dual-task performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control dual-task performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,100,916
10.1023/a:1005127504982
2,000
Journal of abnormal child psychology
J Abnorm Child Psychol
Does the Conners' Continuous Performance Test aid in ADHD diagnosis?
The performance of clinic-referred children aged 6-11 (N = 100) was examined using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and measures of auditory attention (Auditory Continuous Performance Test; ACPT), phonological awareness, visual processing speed, and visual-motor competence. The Conners' CPT overall index ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,099,758
10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00279-5
2,000
Behavioural brain research
Behav Brain Res
Reduction of latent inhibition by D-amphetamine in a conditioned suppression paradigm in humans.
The sensitivity of latent inhibition (LI) to amphetamine has been tested in humans with a paradigm close to the conditioned emotional response suppression currently used in experimental animals. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was a tone, the unconditioned stimulus (US) a strong white noise, and the response a transient ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
11,099,757
10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00280-1
2,000
Behavioural brain research
Behav Brain Res
Associative learning and latent inhibition in a conditioned suppression paradigm in humans.
A paradigm based on conditioned suppression of ongoing motor activity, sensitive to latent inhibition (LI), was developed and tested in healthy volunteers. Subjects were trained to move disks from one peg to another with a high degree of regularity in the Tower of Toronto puzzle, a well-known cognitive skill learning t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,946,719
null
2,000
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
A dual-task investigation of automaticity in visual word processing.
An analysis of activation models of visual word processing suggests that frequency-sensitive forms of lexical processing should proceed normally while unattended. This hypothesis was tested by having participants perform a speeded pitch discrimination task followed by lexical decisions or word naming. As the stimulus o...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,946,714
10.1037//0096-1523.26.4.1260
2,000
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Multiple spatial correspondence effects on dual-task performance.
Three dual-task experiments were conducted to examine whether the underadditive interaction of the Simon effect and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) on Task 2 performance is due to decay. The experiments tested whether the reverse Simon effect obtained with an incompatible stimulus-response (S-R) mapping would show an o...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,909,145
10.3758/bf03212993
2,000
Psychonomic bulletin & review
Psychon Bull Rev
Direct versus indirect tests of memory: directed forgetting meets the generation effect.
Subjects read 20 words and generated 20 others from definitions during a 40-item study phase. Production of each word was followed by an instruction to remember or to forget that word. In free recall, a direct test of memory, words that had been generated were recalled much better than words that had been read. The rem...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,884,011
10.1037//0096-1523.26.3.1091
2,000
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Specification of movement amplitudes for the left and right hands: evidence for transient parametric coupling from overlapping-task performance.
Bimanual coordination tasks suggest transient cross-talk between concurrent specification processes for movements of the left and right hand that vanishes as the time for specification increases. In 2 experiments with overlapping and successive unimanual tasks, the hypothesis of transient coupling was examined for a ps...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,811,163
10.1037//0096-1523.26.2.568
2,000
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
The combined effects of plane disorientation and foreshortening on picture naming: one manipulation or two?
Objects disoriented in plane away from the upright and objects rotated in depth producing foreshortening are harder to identify than canonical views. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants named pictures of familiar objects. There was no interaction between plane and depth rotation effects on initial presentation or afte...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,761,367
10.1017/s1355617700611062
2,000
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
J Int Neuropsychol Soc
Elucidating the contributions of processing speed, executive ability, and frontal lobe volume to normal age-related differences in fluid intelligence.
One theory of normal cognitive aging asserts that decreases in simple processing speed mediate the age-related decline of fluid intelligence. Another possibility is that age-related atrophic changes in frontal brain structures undermine the functioning of executive abilities, thereby producing the same decline. In this...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,590,816
10.1006/brcg.1999.1082
1,999
Brain and cognition
Brain Cogn
Attentional inhibition or paracontrast?
In visual search experiments using asynchronous presentation of target and distractors, a robust and unexpected inhibition of reaction time was observed for the discrimination of a temporally trailing target. A number of experiments were required to determine the source of this inhibition. These experiments eliminated ...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,531,663
10.1037//0096-1523.25.5.1268
1,999
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Can practice eliminate the psychological refractory period effect?
Can people learn to perform two tasks at the same time without interference? To answer this question, the authors trained 6 participants for 36 sessions in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) experiment, where Task 1 required a speeded vocal response to an auditory stimulus and Task 2 required a speeded manual resp...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,527,105
null
1,999
Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol
Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention deficits in schizophrenia.
Despite advances in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia, the neurophysiologic mechanism(s) of disordered attention in schizophrenia remain elusive. The goal of the present study was to assess specific components of attention, including disengagement, movement, re-engagement, and the inhibitory processes involv...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,484,209
10.1046/j.1440-1606.1999.00184.x
1,999
Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology
Aust N Z J Ophthalmol
Temporal limitations of information processing in global and local attention: the effect of information content.
The refractory period during which detection or identification of a probe is degraded, following the successful visual identification of a target, is referred to as the attentional blink (AB). Previous work in this laboratory using global/local letter forms has shown that the degree of complexity of information influen...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,356,971
10.1007/s004260050039
1,999
Psychological research
Psychol Res
Mental rotation, memory scanning, and the central bottleneck.
Two reaction-time experiments using the psychological refractory period paradigm examined whether two prominent tasks, i.e., mental rotation and memory scanning, require access to a single-channel mechanism and must therefore be performed sequentially with other operations requiring the same mechanism. On each trial, s...
CognitiveTask
PRP
10,065,906
10.1177/026988119801200402
1,998
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
J Psychopharmacol
Repeated testing of prepulse inhibition and habituation of the startle reflex: a study in healthy human controls.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of repeated testing on prepulse inhibition (PPI) and habituation of the startle reflex. Fifteen healthy control subjects (eight males, mean age 30 years; seven females, mean age 29 years) were tested on three occasions across the same day separated by a minimum of 2 h. An...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,796,234
10.3758/bf03201181
1,998
Memory & cognition
Mem Cognit
Differential components of the manual and vocal Stroop tasks.
In this study, four components of the Stroop effect were examined for manual word and vocal responses. The components were lexical, semantic relatedness, semantic relevance, and response set membership. The results showed that all four components were present in the vocal response task. However, in the manual word resp...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,796,233
10.3758/bf03201180
1,998
Memory & cognition
Mem Cognit
Modulation of the attentional blink by on-line response selection: evidence from speeded and unspeeded task1 decisions.
Two critical target stimuli (T1 and T2) were embedded in a stream of white letters shown on a black background, using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm (RSVP, 100 msec/item). T1 was a red H or S; T2 was an X or a Y. Performance in a two-alternative discrimination on T2 was impaired when processing of T1 was r...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,640,583
10.1037//0882-7974.13.2.218
1,998
Psychology and aging
Psychol Aging
The psychological refractory period: evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing.
The authors report 2 psychological refractory period (PRP) experiments in which the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between Task 1 and Task 2 was 150 ms, 250 ms, 600 ms, and 1,100 ms for both younger and older adults. H. Pashler's (1994a) response-selection bottleneck theory predicts that SOA manipulations should not a...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,554,094
10.1037//0096-1523.24.2.463
1,998
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
The psychological refractory period effect following callosotomy: uncoupling of lateralized response codes.
A callosotomy patient was tested in 2 dual-task experiments requiring successive speeded responses to lateralized stimuli. The patient showed a robust psychological refractory period (PRP) effect. Three aspects of the data indicate that, unlike for the control participants, the PRP effect for the split-brain patient sh...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,523,914
10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00523-4
1,998
Physiology & behavior
Physiol Behav
Influence of male-related stimuli on female postejaculatory refractory period in rats.
Female rats "pace" their sexual contacts with the male when tested in situations where they can escape from the male during copulation. The type and quality of vaginocervical stimulation that the females receive during copulation influences their pacing behavior. This study investigated the effect of several male-relat...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,347,543
10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.563
1,997
Perceptual and motor skills
Percept Mot Skills
Evidence for psychological refractory effect in motor inhibition for a dual-response Go/No-Go task.
Human subjects exhibit difficulty in initiating two independent, discrete responses in close succession, a difficulty known as the 'psychological refractory effect.' It is not yet known whether motor-inhibition processes are under the influence of this effect, as are motor-execution processes. This study examined the t...
CognitiveTask
PRP
9,180,047
10.1037//0096-1523.23.3.861
1,997
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
Blindness to response-compatible stimuli.
This contribution is devoted to the question of whether action-control processes may be demonstrated to influence perception. This influence is predicted from a framework in which stimulus processing and action control are assumed to share common codes, thus possibly interfering with each other. In 5 experiments, a par...
CognitiveTask
PRP