question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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Which two drugs were compared in the ARISTOTLE Trial? | ['METHODS: We analyzed patients from ARISTOTLE, a randomized trial of 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation comparing the effects of apixaban versus warfarin on the risk of stroke or systemic embolism. ', ' In this study we evaluated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers at baseline and future risk of car... | ['Apixaban for Reduction In Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial compared apixaban and warfarin.'] | ['apixaban', 'warfarin'] |
What is the effect of ROS on cyclin B1? | ['The present study was undertaken to determine whether sulforaphane-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) might cause growth arrest and apoptosis in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. Our results show that the reduced viability of 5637 cells by sulforaphane is due to mitotic arrest, but not the G2 phase. The sulforaphan... | ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is able to cause growth arrest at the G2-M checkpoint of the cell cycle, partly by deregulation of Cyclin B1 expression.'] | [] |
What is the outcome of TAF10 interacting with the GATA1 transcription factor? | ['TAF10 Interacts with the GATA1 Transcription Factor and Controls Mouse Erythropoiesis.', 'we show that TAF10 interacts directly with GATA1 and that TAF10 is enriched on the GATA1 locus in human fetal erythroid cells', 'TAF10 Interacts with the GATA1 Transcription Factor and Controls Mouse Erythropoiesis'] | ['TAF10 Interacts with the GATA1 Transcription Factor and Controls Mouse Erythropoiesis.'] | ['Control of Mouse Erythropoiesis'] |
What makes telomerase a good drug target? | ['Human telomerase is absent in most normal tissues, but is abnormally activated in all major cancer cells. Telomerase enables tumor cells to maintain telomere length, allowing indefinite replicative capacity.', 'telomerase is believed to be necessary for cancer cells to grow without limit', ' Telomerase, a ribonucleop... | ['Human telomerase is absent in most normal tissues, but is abnormally activated in all major cancer cells. Telomerase enables tumor cells to maintain telomere length, allowing indefinite replicative capacity.', 'Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme is considered as a universal therapeutic target of cancer because of... | [] |
What is the role of the E2-conjugating enzyme in the sumoylation pathway? | ['["Among the proteins involved in the sumoylation pathway, Ubc9 is the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for sumoylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners required for sumoylation. ", "We also found a marked rise in levels of Ubc9, the only SUMO conjugation enzyme identified so ... | The E2-conjugating enzyme in the sumoylation pathway, specifically Ubc9, is required for sumoylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners involved in the sumoylation process. Ubc9 is the sole conjugating enzyme for sumoylation and regulates protein function in sumoylation-mediated cel... | [] |
What is the mechanism of action of eprotirome? | ['Eprotirome and Sobetirome are 2 thyromimetics that have selective TRβ1 activity. ', 'Recently, the development of the most promising agent in this class, eprotirome, was halted over toxicology concerns following long-term canine studies. Consequently, the future of contemporary TRβ agonists is unclear. ', 'We designe... | ['Eprotirome belongs to thyromimetics and has selective TRβ1 activity. It has shown to be effective in dyslipidemia by the lipid-lowering action of TH in the liver and also in obesity.'] | [] |
Which is the main regulatory molecule of SERCA2A function in the cardiac muscle? | ['SR Ca-transport is mediated by the SR Ca-ATPase (SERCA2a) and its regulatory phosphoprotein, phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN is an inhibitor of SERCA2a and phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) or calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CAMKII) relieves these inhibitory effects.', 'SERCA2a activit... | ['SERCA2a activity is regulated by phosphorylation of another SR protein, Phospholamban (PLN). Phospholamban (PLB) inhibits the activity of SERCA2a, the Ca(2+)-ATPase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, by decreasing the apparent affinity of the enzyme for Ca(2+).'] | ['Phospholamban', 'PLN', 'plb'] |
Which pathological conditions are caused by mutations in the CYLD gene? | ['We detected a frameshift mutation in the CYLD gene, designated 2253delG, underlying the disorder and were able to show that a single mutation can result in distinct clinical and histologic expression in familial cylindromatosis.', 'Previously, a candidate MTF locus has been mapped to 9p21 while disease gene for famil... | ['Since loss of CYLD expression can be observed in different types of human cancer, it is now well established that CYLD acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Pathogenic mutations in CYLD can be identified in patients affected with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, (Familial) Cylindromatosis or multiple familial trichoepithelioma. ... | ['Brooke-Spiegler syndrome', 'BSS', 'Cylindromatosis', 'Multiple Familial Trichoepithelioma', 'MFT'] |
How many genera comprise the Flaviviridae family? | ['Within a project aimed at discovering new Flaviviridae inhibitors, new variously substituted 2-phenylbenzimidazoles were synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against viruses representatives of the three genera of the Flaviviridae family, i.e.: Pestivirus (BVDV), Flavi... | ['The family Flaviviridae is comprised of three genera: Flavivirus, Pestivirus and Hepacivirus.'] | ['three', '3'] |
Is ocular melanosis a risk factor for uveal melanoma? | ['Ocular/oculodermal (oculo[dermal]) melanocytosis is a congenital periocular pigmentary condition that can lead to the development of uveal melanoma, estimated at 1 in 400 affected patients.', 'Melanosis oculi is often underestimated as a risk factor for uveal melanoma and glaucoma. Ophthalmic surveillance, every 6 or... | ['Yes, ocular melanosis (melanosis oculi) is a risk factor for uveal melanoma.'] | ['yes'] |
Could Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
cause sudden cardiac death? | ['Two siblings died suddenly at the ages of 9 and 10\xa0years', 'Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia that occurs in people with a structurally normal heart. Stress or anxiety-induced release of endogenous catecholamines causes a dysfunction in the myocytic calciu... | ['Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) can cause sudden cardiac death.'] | ['yes'] |
Tumor-treating fields are effective for treatment of which cancers? | ['Alternating electric fields (tumor-treating fields therapy) can improve chemotherapy treatment efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo.', 'e evaluated the effects of combining TTFields with standard chemotherapeutic agents on several NSCLC cell lines, both in vitro and in vivo. Frequency titr... | ['Clinical trials have shown that Tumor-treating fields are effective for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and glioblastoma. Ongoing and future trials will evaluate TTFields in solid tumor brain metastases, and ovarian, pancreatic cancers and multidrug resistance cancer cells.'] | ['non-small cell lung cancer', 'glioblastoma'] |
Which enzyme is inhibited by niraparib? | ['While olaparib is the first PARP inhibitor to receive approval for ovarian cancer treatment, others including rucaparib and niraparib are clearly effective in this disease and, within the next year or two, the results of ongoing randomised trials will clarify their respective roles. ', 'Similar trials with other PARP... | ['Niraparib is a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor. It is used for ovarian cancer treatment.'] | ['Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase'] |
Matuzumab has been tested for treatment of which cancers? | [' Matuzumab and panitumumab have also been studied in phase II trials.', 'A phase I pharmacokinetic study of matuzumab in combination with paclitaxel in patients with EGFR-expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer.', 'This phase I study investigated the tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of matuzumab ... | ['Matuzumab has been tested for treatment of non-small cell lung, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, primary peritoneal, pancreatic, ovarian and cervical cancers.'] | ['non-small cell lung', 'gastric', 'esophageal', 'colorectal', 'primary peritoneal', 'pancreatic', 'ovarian', 'cervical'] |
What is the association between moon cycle and rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms? | ['An incidence peak for aneurysm rupture (28 patients) was seen during the phase of new moon, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001)', 'The lunar cycle seems to affect the incidence of intracranial aneurysm rupture, with the new moon being associated with an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH.'] | ['The lunar cycle seems to affect the incidence of intracranial aneurysm rupture, with the new moon being associated with an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH.'] | [] |
What is oprozomib? | ['Carfilzomib and ONX 0912 inhibit cell survival and tumor growth of head and neck cancer and their activities are enhanced by suppression of Mcl-1 or autophagy.', 'ONX 0912 (oprozomib) is an orally bioavailable derivative. ', 'Carfilzomib and ONX 0912 potently induced apoptosis in HNSCC cell lines via upregulation of ... | ['Oprozomib is a second-generation, highly-selective, orally administered proteasome inhibitor with promising activity against multiple myeloma.\nOprozomib directly inhibited OC formation and bone resorption in vitro, while enhancing osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization. Oprozomib increased trabecular b... | [] |
Have hESC been tested for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration? | ['Development of human embryonic stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration', 'In this review, we describe recent approaches to develop cell-based therapies for the treatment of AMD. Recent research has focused on replacing the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells vital to photoreceptor ... | ['Yes, human embryonic stem cell (hESC) therapies are being assessed for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).'] | ['yes'] |
Oxantel is used for periodontitis treatment. How does it work? | ['Oxantel disrupts polymicrobial biofilm development of periodontal pathogens', 'he anthelmintic drug oxantel has been shown to inhibit fumarate reductase (Frd) activity in some pathogenic bacteria and inhibit P. gingivalis homotypic biofilm formation.', 'Oxantel, a cholinergic anthelmintic and fumarate reductase inhib... | ['Oxantel, a cholinergic anthelmintic and fumarate reductase inhibitor, significantly inhibited biofilm formation by P. gingivalis and disrupted established biofilms.'] | ['Oxantel disrupts polymicrobial biofilm'] |
List symptoms of Hakim Triad. | ['Triad of Hakim--Adams is well known for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): dementia, gait disturbances and urinary incontinence.', 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical triad of gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence combined with radiographic findings of ventriculomegaly and laboratory f... | ['Triad of Hakim--Adams is well known for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): dementia, gait disturbances and urinary incontinence.'] | ['dementia', 'gait disturbances', 'urinary incontinence'] |
Which are the additions of the JASPAR 2016 open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles? | ['For this 2016 release, we expanded the JASPAR CORE collection with 494 new TF binding profiles (315 in vertebrates, 11 in nematodes, 3 in insects, 1 in fungi and 164 in plants) and updated 59 profiles (58 in vertebrates and 1 in fungi). The introduced profiles represent an 83% expansion and 10% update when compared t... | ['Compared to the JASPAR CORE collection, JASPAR 2016 has been expanded with 494 new TF binding profiles (315 in vertebrates, 11 in nematodes, 3 in insects, 1 in fungi and 164 in plants) and 59 profiles (58 in vertebrates and 1 in fungi) have been updated. The introduced profiles represent an 83% expansion and 10% upda... | ['494 new TF binding profiles (315 in vertebrates, 11 in nematodes, 3 in insects, 1 in fungi and 164 in plants) and updated 59 profiles (58 in vertebrates and 1 in fungi)', 'Updated structural annotation of the TF DNA binding domains (DBDs) following a published hierarchical structural classification', '130 transcripti... |
What is the benserazide's mechanism of function when co-administered with L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's Disease? | ["Recent human and animal biochemical investigations clearly confirm and extend previous findings indicating that benserazide is much more potent than carbidopa as peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. L-DOPA in combination with benserazide or carbidopa constitutes the best available therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD).... | ["Benserazide is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Benserazide in combination with L-DOPA constitutes a slow-release formulation of L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), it reduces peaks and rapid fluctuations of L-DOPA plasma levels (possibly responsible for peak-dose dyskinesias and end-of-dose deteri... | [] |
Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin subunits form parallel or antiparallel heterodimers? | ['α- and β-spectrin by LC-MS/MS identifies Cys in these antiparallel chains', 'antiparallel spectrin heterodimers', 'alpha- and beta-spectrins are stable as monomeric forms but occur physiologically as alpha,beta-heterodimers', 'human erythroid alpha-spectrin repeats 13 and 14 (HEalpha13,14) and human erythroid beta-sp... | ['Alpha and beta spectrin subunits form antiparallel spectrin heterodimers by lateral association.'] | ['antiparallel'] |
Which databases exist for experimentally determined topologies of α-helical transmembrane proteins ? | ['ExTopoDB: a database of experimentally derived topological models of transmembrane proteins', 'ExTopoDB is a publicly accessible database of experimentally derived topological models of transmembrane proteins. It contains information collected from studies in the literature that report the use of biochemical methods ... | ['ExTopoDB and TMPDB.'] | ['ExTopoDB', 'TMPDB'] |
Are epigenetic modifications implicated in cardiovascular development and disease? | ['Gene expression regulation through the interplay of DNA methylation and histone modifications is well-established, although the knowledge about the function of epigenetic signatures in cardiovascular disease is still largely unexplored.', 'The study of epigenetic markers is, therefore, a very promising frontier of sc... | ['Genetic and epigenetic factors are of great importance in cardiovascular biology and disease. Aberrant epigenetic mechanisms may lead to pathological consequences such as cardiovascular disease (CAD).Recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the regulation of cardiovascular development at the chromati... | ['yes'] |
Which types of bacterial microflora are associated with the progression of peri-implantitis? | [' Later, the specific plaque hypothesis established the role of some microorganisms such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum in different forms of periodontal diseases', 'The microbiological analysis revealed that the total bacterial load increased ... | ['Bacteria such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum are associated with the progression of peri-implantitis.'] | ['A. actinomycetemcomitans', 'P. gingivalis', 'T. denticola', 'T. forsythia', 'P. intermedia', 'F. nucleatum'] |
Which factors play a role in promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II? | ['Among the factors we describe are the pausing factors--NELF (negative elongation factor) and DSIF (DRB sensitivity-inducing factor)', 'BMP target gene expression requires the pause-inducing negative elongation factor (NELF) complex', 'NA polymerase II (Pol II) and the pausing complex, NELF and DSIF, are detected near... | ['NELF (negative elongator factor) and DSIF (DRB Sensitivity Inducing Factor)'] | ['NELF', 'DSIF'] |
Is olaparib effective for prostate cancer? | ['We hypothesized that metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancers with DNA-repair defects would respond to poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition with olaparib.METHODS: We conducted a phase 2 trial in which patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer were treated... | ['Yes, olaparib was shown to be effective for treatment of prostate cancer. Olaparib led to stable disease or tumor regressions of prostate cancer patients.', 'Treatment with the PARP inhibitor olaparib in patients whose prostate cancers were no longer responding to standard treatments and who had defects in DNA-repair... | ['yes'] |
Which type of lung cancer is afatinib used for? | ['Afatinib is a novel irreversible inhibitor of the ErbB family members EGFR, tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptors HER2 and HER4. It shows preclinical efficacy in NSCLC with common EGFR-activating mutations and the T790M mutation typically associated with EGFR TKI resistance', 'At present, only first-generation ... | ['Afatinib is a small molecule covalently binding and inhibiting the EGFR, HER2 and HER4 receptor tyrosine kinases. Trials showed promising efficacy in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC or enriched for clinical benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib or erlotinib.', 'Afatinib is a novel irreversible inhibi... | ['EGFR-mutant non small cell lung carcinoma', 'EGFR-mutant NSCLC'] |
How are ultraconserved elements called when they form clusters? | ['We were wondering whether this approach could provide insights about utlraconserved non-coding elements (UCNEs). These elements are organized as large clusters, so-called gene regulatory blocks (GRBs) around key developmental genes. Their molecular functions and the reasons for their high degree of conservation remai... | ['Ultraconserved non-coding elements (UCNEs) are organized as large clusters, so-called gene regulatory blocks (GRBs) around key developmental genes. Their molecular functions and the reasons for their high degree of conservation remain enigmatic.'] | ['gene regulatory blocks (GRBs)'] |
Which antibodies cause Riedel thyroiditis? | ['LEARNING POINTS: There are potential clinical applications of identifying subsets of patients with IgG4 thyroiditis (FVHT and Riedel thyroiditis).', 'The importance of IgG4 in the predictive model of thyroiditis.', 'Increased lymphangiogenesis in Riedel thyroiditis (Immunoglobulin G4-related thyroid disease).', 'The ... | ['Riedel thyroiditis (Immunoglobulin G4-related thyroid disease) is caused by IgG4 antibodies. It is part of the spectrum of Ig4-related sclerosing disease.\nIt is associated with fibrosis and inflammation of the thyroid gland.'] | ['IgG4'] |
Which genes have been proposed as potential candidates for gene therapy of heart failure? | ['The molecular abnormalities underlying HF are discussed along with potential targets for gene therapy, focusing on SERCA2a.', 'The aim of this study was to improve cardiac function in chronic HF by overexpressing constitutively active inhibitor-1 (I-1c) ', 'In summary, I-1c overexpression using BNP116 improves cardia... | ['There are at least 6 genes which have been proposed as potential candidates of gene therapy in heart failure.\n1. Cardiac Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2A (SERCA2A)\n2. Inhibitor 1 (I-1) of Protein Phosphatase 1B\n3. Protein Phosphatase 1B (PP1B)\n4. Yes Associated Protein (YAP)\n5. Survivin\n6. S100A1'] | ['Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2A', '(SERCA2A)', 'Inhibitor 1 of Protein Phosphatase 1B', '(I-1)', 'Protein Phosphatase 1B', '(PP1B)', 'Yes Associated Protein', '(YAP)', 'Survivin', 'S100A1'] |
What is hyperosmia | ['Hyperosmia is suspected in pregnancy; however, no empirical study using validated measures of olfactory function has clearly confirmed the anecdotal reports of this phenomenon.', 'subjective hyperosmia is associated with primarily negative odor-related experiences.', 'Hyperosmia is increased olfactory acuity'] | ['Hyperosmia is increased olfactory acuity ', 'increased olfactory acuity'] | ['increased olfactory acuity'] |
What is the mechanism of action of trichostatin A (TSA) as an antitumoral agent? | ['histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), an agent that also targets cancer cells and tumor vasculature', 'Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are promising antitumoral drugs.', ' trichostatin A and FK901228 showed higher potency', 'istone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) show promise as a novel class of an... | ['Trichostatin A (TSA) exerts antitumoral activity as a histone deacetylase inhibitor'] | [] |
Is there any link between the aurora B kinase and the polycomb protein ring1B? | ['The aurora B kinase and the polycomb protein ring1B combine to regulate active promoters in quiescent lymphocytes.', 'We show that the Aurora B kinase and the polycomb protein Ring1B have essential roles in regulating transcriptionally active genes in quiescent lymphocytes. Ring1B and Aurora B bind to a wide range of... | ['Yes. The aurora B kinase and the polycomb protein ring1B combine to regulate active promoters in quiescent lymphocytes.'] | ['yes'] |
Is macitentan an ET agonist? | ['Administration of an ET receptor antagonist, either bosentan or macitentan, markedly attenuated PD-induced MMT, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and peritoneal functional decline. ', 'Macitentan is an oral, once-daily, dual endothelin (ET)A and ETB receptor antagonist with high affinity and sustained receptor binding that was... | ['No, macitentan is anendothelin receptor antagonist.'] | ['no'] |
What are the side effects during statins administration in patients with atherosclerosis? | ['A history of side effects was reported by 40 (19.5%) of the patients, and mainly consisted of muscle complaints and gastrointestinal symptoms. ', 'Treatment Options for Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms.', 'Muscle symptoms are a clinically relevant side effect of statin treatment.', 'At least 5% of patients taking st... | ['The side effects during statins administration in patients with atherosclerosis are:\n1) Myopathy\n2) Transaminase elevations\n3) Diabetes mellitus \n4) Renal and neurologic adverse effects.'] | ['Myopathy', 'Transaminase elevations', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'Renal adverse effects', 'Neurologic adverse effects'] |
Which inherited disorder is known to be caused by mutations in the NEMO gene? | ['Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder with a frequency of 1 in 50,000 newborn, and is associated with mutations in IKBKG gene (NEMO) in Xq28, inherited as an X-linked dominant trait', 'Mutations in the NEMO gene give rise to a heterogeneous group of disorders, including the X-linked dominant d... | ['Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder with a frequency of 1 in 50,000 newborn, and is associated with mutations in IKBKG gene (NEMO) in Xq28, inherited as an X-linked dominant trait', 'Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) or Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder with a frequ... | ['Incontinentia pigmenti or Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome'] |
What is the role of mismatched uracil glycosylase (Mug) in DNA repair? | ['XDG activity is attributable to MUG', 'xanthine DNA glycosylase (XDG) activity in E. coli', 'The wild type MUG possesses more robust activity against xanthine than uracil and is active against all xanthine-containing DNA', 'The gene for the mismatch-specific uracil DNA glycosylase (MUG) was identified in the Escheric... | ['The mismatch-specific uracil DNA glycosylase (MUG) belongs to a homologous family of DNA glycosylases that initiate base-excision repair of G:U/T mismatches. The crystal structure of the Mug repair complex points to a preference of Mug for G:U over G:T mispairs. Nonetheless, Mug does not repair U:G or T:G mismatches ... | [] |
Can venlafaxine block NET and SERT? | ['Treatment for 14 days with 70 mg/kg per day venlafaxine, which inhibits both the NET and SERT, or 10 mg/kg per day phenelzine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, produced antidepressant-like effects on behavior without altering NET or SERT expression.', 'Venlafaxine blocks both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters (... | ['Yes, venlafaxine inhibits both the NET and SERT.'] | ['yes'] |
Is avanafil indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction? | ['CONTEXT: Avanafil (AVA) is used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, but is reported for its poor aqueous solubility. ', 'BACKGROUND: Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and the recently approved avanafil represent the first-line choice for both on-demand and chronic treatm... | ['Yes, avanafil is indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction.'] | ['yes'] |
How many genes does the human hoxD cluster contain? | ['Both children are heterozygous for a deletion that eliminates at least eight (HOXD3-HOXD13) of the nine genes in the HOXD cluster'] | ["The human HOXD complex contains nine genes: HOXD1, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12 and HOXD13, which are clustered from 3′ to 5′ in an approximately 100-kb stretch on chromosome 2q31.1 with HOXD1 at the 3' end and HOXD13 the 5′ end."] | ['9'] |
Are proteasome inhibitors good candidates for treatment of leukemia and solid tumors? | ['We show that treatment with b-AP15 inhibited tumor progression in four different in vivo solid tumor models and inhibited organ infiltration in an acute myeloid leukemia model. Our results show that the deubiquitinating activity of the 19S regulatory particle is a new anticancer drug target', 'We further found that A... | ['Yes, several compounds that inhibit different members of the proteasome pathway (for example Bortezomib) are on trial for treatment of leukemia and solid tumors. It seems that a combination with other drugs may be a useful therapy for solid tumors.'] | ['yes'] |
Which autophagy pathway is trigered by the KFERQ motif of cytosolic proteins? | ['Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective form of lysosomal degradation targeting proteins carrying the KFERQ motif.', 'The significance of the receptor glycoprotein lamp2a in the chaperone-mediated autophagy of cytosolic proteins with KFERQ motif has been described in details as well as the chaperone protein... | ['Cytosolic proteins carrying the KFERQ motif (a specific lysosomal import consensus sequence) are directed to a selective form of lysosomal degradation, called chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), as chaperone protein Hsc73 and other chaperones are involved in this process.'] | ['chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)'] |
Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis? | ['Combined longitudinal analysis of the 2 cohorts suggests further association of several loci with Larsen score (KIF5A, PTPN22, AFF3, TAGAP) and therefore a significant accumulation of RA severity markers among RA susceptibility markers (p = 0.016)', 'A non-intronic marker at TNFAIP3, GIN1/C5orf30, STAT4, ANKRD55/IL6S... | ['The PTPN22 gene has been repeatedly associated with RA-susceptibility in populations of European ancestry.'] | ['yes'] |
Are messenger RNA molecules epigenetically methylated? | ['The most abundant mRNA post-transcriptional modification is N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A), which has broad roles in RNA biology.', 'N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modified base in eukaryotic mRNA and has been linked to diverse effects on mRNA fate.', " Recently, methylation patterns have also been rev... | ['Yes, methyltranscriptome is an exciting new area that studies the mechanisms and functions of methylation in transcripts.'] | ['yes'] |
What is enCHIP? | ['Identification of telomere-associated molecules by engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP).', 'Here, we report isolation of telomeres by engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) using a transcription activator-like (TAL) protein recognizin... | ['Engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) is a novel method for purification of specific genomic regions retaining molecular interactions. EnChIP using the CRISPR system efficiently isolates specific genomic regions. In this form of enChIP, specific genomic regions are immunoprec... | [] |
How does Vildagliptin compare to other DPP-4 inhibitors in reaching HbA1c <7% in type 2 diabetes patients? | [' controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin as initial combination therapy or as monotherapy in patients with T2DM by the end of December 2012, using the key words \'alogliptin\', \'dutogliptin\', \'linagliptin\', \'saxagliptin\', \'sitagliptin\', \'vildagliptin\' and \'metformin\'. ", "Sitagliptin (M... | In conclusion, BI 1356 inhibited DPP-4 more effectively than vildagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin and has the potential to become the first truly once-a-day DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. | [] |
Which are the available biomedical text mining tools for the detection of protein-protein interactions? | ['In this study, we propose a novel algorithm for extracting PPIs from literature which consists of two phases. First, we automatically categorize the data into subsets based on its semantic properties and extract candidate PPI pairs from these subsets. Second, we apply support vector machines (SVMs) to classify candid... | ['Protein-protein interactions (PPI) can be extracted from biomedical literature using text mining approaches. These approaches have been classified into two categories, the statistical calculation of the co-occurrence of proteins and the computational linguistic method. Moreover, bioinformatics methods based on sequen... | ['BioCreative Meta Server', 'Hidden Vector State model', 'iHop', 'LAITOR', 'OntoGene', 'PIE', 'Protein interaction information extraction system', 'PPInterFinder', 'PPIs', 'TafTalent', 'PolySearch', 'OpenDMAP', 'HAPPI', 'GeneView', 'PPI finder', 'Paired-PPI Finder', 'PreBind', 'PreBIND', 'Textomy', 'BioMap', 'eFIP', 'E... |
Have 5q35 microdeletions been implicated in Sotos syndrome development? | ['Loss-of-function mutations of NSD1 and 5q35 microdeletions encompassing NSD1 are a major cause of Sotos syndrome (Sos), which is characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, characteristic facies, and variable intellectual disability (ID)', 'We observed a novel 3.5 Mb 5q subtelomeric deletion in a 3-year-old girl with ... | ['Loss-of-function mutations of NSD1 and 5q35 microdeletions encompassing NSD1 are a major cause of Sotos syndrome (Sos), which is characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, characteristic facies, and variable intellectual disability (ID).', 'Loss-of-function mutations of NSD1 and 5q35 microdeletions encompassing NSD1 ... | ['yes'] |
What is the Pfam database? | ['The Pfam database is an important tool in genome annotation, since it provides a collection of curated protein families.', 'Protein domains are the common currency of protein structure and function. Over 10,000 such protein families have now been collected in the Pfam database. '] | ['The Pfam database provides a collection of curated protein families.'] | ['The Pfam database is a collection of curated protein families.'] |
What is Behçet's disease | ["Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. ", ' Behçet disease is a systemic disease of young adults characterized by venous occlusion in both the deep venous and retinal circulations. In severe ocular disease, blindness may occur despite immunosuppressive treatmen... | ["Behet's disease (BD) is a complex chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology.", "Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology.", "Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. ", "behçet's disease (bd)... | [] |
Which translocation is harbored in the Askin tumor cells? | ['The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors includes osseous Ewing sarcoma, extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and Askin tumor. They share a karyotype abnormality with translocation involving chromosomes 11 and 22', 'Ewing tumor family consists of Ewing tumor of bone, extraosseous Ewing tumor, primi... | ["The Askin tumor is a primitive malignant small-cell tumor of the chest wall mostly seen among children and adolescents. It is closely related to Ewing's sarcoma of the same location, with both tumors harboring reciprocal translocation t(11;22) (q24;q12)."] | ['reciprocal translocation t(11;22) (q24;q12)'] |
Is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum always deadly? | ['Animals treated with trace elements recovered. It appears that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and trace element deficiency could explain the extensive emergence of chronic Botulism.', 'The patient was treated with human botulism immune globulin and had rapid recovery in weakness. A stool sample from the patient was ... | ['There are numerous examples where children and animals survived infection with clostridium botulinum.'] | ['no'] |
Describe the known functions for the prothymosin alpha c-terminal peptide? | ['The C-terminal decapeptide of prothymosin α is responsible for its stimulatory effect on the functions of human neutrophils in vitro', 'In this study, we investigated the ability of the immunoreactive fragment of the polypeptide prothymosin alpha (proTα), i.e., the decapeptide proTα(100-109), to enhance the functions... | ['Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) (encoded in human by the PTMA gene) is a ubiquitous, highly acidic nuclear polypeptide. During early apoptosis, proTα is cleaved by activated caspase-3, with a primary attach site being D99, close to its carboxyl-terminus. The role of the cleaved decapeptide -- proTα(100-109) -- is not fully... | [] |
Is COL5A2 gene associated to ischemic heart disease? | ['Analysis of a gene co-expression network establishes robust association between Col5a2 and ischemic heart disease', 'Col5a2, a gene previously not specifically linked to MI response but responsible for the classic type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, was found to have many and strong co-expression associations within this... | ['Analysis of a gene co-expression network establishes robust association between Col5a2 and ischemic heart disease ', 'In a gene co-expression network from microarray data originating from a mouse model of myocardial infraction, Col5a2 shows predictive potential, and in principle may represent a novel candidate marke... | ['yes'] |
Is the SDHAF2 gene encoding a protein necessary for flavination of SDHA? | ['the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the flavination of SDHA (SDHAF2 or hSDH5)', 'SDHAF2, required for flavination of SDHA', 'Pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndrome is caused by mutations in SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and in SDHAF2, required for flavination of S... | ['Yes, SDHAF2 or hSDH5, is the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the flavination of SDHA.', 'Yes, SDHAF2 is required for flavination of SDHA.'] | ['yes'] |
Which driver mutations have been identified for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)? | ['We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs', 'ACVR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), PIK3CA (n\u2009=\u20092), FGFR1 (n\u2009=\u20092), and MET (n\u2009=\u20091) were also intra-tumorally conse... | ['We found conservation of heterozygous K27M mutations in H3F3A (n\u2009=\u20094) or HIST1H3B (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary, contiguous, and metastatic tumor sites in all DIPGs', 'found conservation of heterozygous k27m mutations in h3f3a (n\u2009=\u20094) or hist1h3b (n\u2009=\u20093) across all primary , conti... | ['K27M in H3F3A', 'HIST1H3B'] |
How does TGF-beta affect myofibroblast phenotype in wound healing and cardiac repair? | ['["Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays a crucial role in cardiac repair by suppressing inflammation while promoting myofibroblast phenotypic modulation and extracellular matrix deposition.", "We then performed a chemical screen and identified several small molecules that increase or reduce cardiomyocyte prolif... | TGF-beta affects myofibroblast phenotype in wound healing and cardiac repair by promoting myofibroblast phenotypic modulation and extracellular matrix deposition in cardiac repair, and inducing acquisition of the myofibroblast phenotype in wound healing through signaling pathways like TGF-β/Smad3. | [] |
Is the mouse Sry gene locus free of repetitive sequences? | ['We demonstrate that the presence of long inverted repeats (IR) flanking the mouse Sry gene leads to the formation of the Sry circular transcript in cultured cells', 'Circularization requires the presence of both IR. As few as 400 complementary nt are necessary for this process', 'The presence of the IR does not signi... | ['We demonstrate that the presence of long inverted repeats (IR) flanking the mouse Sry gene leads to the formation of the Sry circular transcript in cultured cells. We have found that in an in vitro assay, the SRY protein binds to several sites of the Sry gene and especially to a (CA)25 sequence and to a (CAG)30 repea... | ['no'] |
What is SCENAR therapy used for? | ['SCENAR therapy to patients with localized suppurative peritonitis in the postoperative period', 'post-herpetic neuralgia using a bioelectronical device (SCENAR)', 'All patients experienced substantial relief of pain from the first treatment.', 'An electronic biofeedback device (SCENAR) may be successfully utilized in... | ['all patients experienced substantial relief of pain from the first treatment. an electronic biofeedback device (scenar) may be successfully utilized in the management of post-herpetic neuralgia. scenar) as effective in the treatment of neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder in children with nocturnal enuresis. post-he... | ['peritonitis postoperative', 'pain in postherpetic neuralgia', 'duodenal ulcer', 'nocturnal enuresis'] |
Which technique led to the elucidation of the role of HOXD10 in regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C? | ['DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C', 'DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C.', 'DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regu... | ['DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C.', 'DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regulating lymphatic endothelial responses to VEGF-C', 'DeepCAGE transcriptomics identify HOXD10 as a transcription factor regu... | ['DeepCAGE'] |
Name triad of Wernicke encephalopathy. | ['In the classical form it is characterized by a typical triad (confusion, oculomotor disturbance and ataxia), however, in the majority of the cases only confusion is present. ', "Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological disorder characterized by mental confusion, oculomotor dysfunction, and ataxia. ", 'The c... | ["Wernicke's encephalopathy is a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion seen in alcoholics with dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency."] | ['ophthalmoplegia', 'ataxia', 'confusion'] |
Which agents are included in the FLAMSA chemotherapy regimen? | ['After 3 days of rest, RIC was carried out, consisting of 4 Gy total body irradiation, antithymocyte globulin (ATG-Fresenius), and cyclophosphamide (fludarabine, amsacrine, and cytarabine (FLAMSA)-RIC protocol).', 'We report a retrospective single center analysis of aplasia-inducing chemotherapy using fludarabine, cyt... | ['Fludarabine, cytarabine and amsacrine are included in the FLAMSA chemotherapy regimen.'] | ['fludarabine', 'cytarabine', 'amsacrine'] |
Which are the side effects during tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's Disease? | ['Tacrine, the first of the cholinesterase inhibitors to undergo extensive trials for this purpose, was associated with significant adverse effects including hepatotoxicity.', 'Tacrine and its analogues impair mitochondrial function and bioenergetics: a lipidomic analysis in rat brain.', 'However, its low therapeutic e... | ["The side effects during tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's Disease are:\r\n1) Hepatotoxicity\r\n2) Gastrointestinal (diarrhea, anorexia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting)\r\n3) Mitochondrial impairement"] | ['Hepatotoxicity', 'Gastrointestinal', 'diarrhea', 'anorexia', 'dyspepsia', 'abdominal pain', 'nausea', 'vomiting', 'anorexia', 'Mitochondrial impairement'] |
Is Hirschsprung disease one of the characteristics of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | ['Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene. The syndrome is characterized by typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung dise... | ['Mowat-Wilson syndrome is characterized by typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital anomalies, congenital heart disease, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and eye defects.', 'Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a r... | ['yes'] |
Is Prochlorococcus the most abundant photosynthetic organism? | ['The marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest and most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth.', 'The marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant photosynthetic organism in the oligotrophic oceans, and a model system in marine microbial ecology.', 'The marine cyanobacterium Prochl... | ['Yes, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest and most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth.'] | ['yes'] |
Which genes are involved in patient response to warfarin? | ['We identified ORM1 as another polymorphic gene affecting warfarin dose requirements. ORM1 *S carriers require lower maintenance doses to achieve and maintain an optimal level of anticoagulation.', 'Detecting genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 could guide clinical use of warfarin to reduce the risk of adverse r... | ['The following genes have been associated with patient response to warfarin: CYP2C9, VKORC1, ORM1, CYP4F2, EPHX1, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP3A5, protein S, clotting factor V, PROC, GGCX.'] | ['CYP2C9', 'VKORC1', 'ORM1', 'CYP4F2', 'EPHX1', 'CYP2C18', 'CYP2C19', 'CYP3A5', 'protein S', 'clotting factor V', 'PROC', 'GGCX'] |
Is treatment resistant depression related to vitamin B9? | ['Suboptimal serum and red blood cell folate levels have been associated with a poorer response to antidepressant therapy, a greater severity of symptoms, later onset of clinical improvement, and overall treatment resistance. This article reviews the evidence for L-methylfolate and folic acid as antidepressive agents i... | ['Treatment with SAMe, as well as with various formulations of folates and analogues, appears to be efficacious and well tolerated in reducing depressive symptoms in treatment resistant depression.'] | ['yes'] |
Can FOXOs modulate longevity? | ['Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating metazoan lifespan.', 'In contrast to FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO6 were specifically diminished in the CNS of HFD animals possibly contributing to the reduced lifespan observed in these animals.', 'Interestingly, many target proteins of AMP... | ['FOXOs are reliable markers of longevity.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the ubiquitin proteome? | ['Mass spectrometry now allows high throughput approaches for the identification of the thousands of ubiquitinated proteins and of their ubiquitination sites.', 'we used Tandem repeated Ubiquitin Binding Entities (TUBEs) under non-denaturing conditions followed by mass spectrometry analysis to study global ubiquitylati... | ['The ubiquitin proteome is the entire set ubiquitinated proteins and of their respective ubiquitination sites.'] | ['The ubiquitin proteome is the entire set ubiquitinated proteins and of their respective ubiquitination sites.'] |
For the treatment of which conditions can atypical neuroleptic drugs be used? | ['Further clinical implications are described (capability of learning the therapeutic strategies, deliverability in broader clinical settings, acceptability by patients, combination with atypical neuroleptic drugs,and treatment of choice in risk populations).', 'Intervention strategies are a multimodal psychological pr... | ['Atypical neuroloeptic drugs are antipsychotics used in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorders, psychotic relapse in neuroleptic malignant syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder when presenting with negativism and conduct disorder.'] | ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenia psychosis', 'schizoaffective disorder', 'delusional disorder', 'psychotic relapse in neuroleptic malignant syndrome', 'attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with negativism or conduct disorders', 'psychotic disorders'] |
Galassi classification is used for which disorder? | [' All these patients were divided into three subgroups according to Galassi classification. ', 'We are led to conclude that Fenestration is suitable for cysts of types I and II (Galassi classification), cysto-peritoneal shunting is better for cysts of type III.', 'According to Galassi classification they were subdivid... | ['Galassi classification system is used to classify arachnoid cysts.'] | ['arachnoid cyst'] |
Have C12orf65 mutations been associated with axonal neuropathy and optic atrophy? | ['Novel C12orf65 mutations in patients with axonal neuropathy and optic atrophy', 'Charcot-Marie Tooth disease (CMT) forms a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Although a number of disease genes have been identified for CMT, the gene discovery for some complex form of CMT has lagged behind. Th... | ['Novel C12orf65 mutations in patients with axonal neuropathy and optic atrophy', 'The association of neuropathy and optic atrophy (also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth [CMT] disease type 6) has been described with autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked modes of inheritance. Mutations in Mitofusin 2 have been found to... | ['yes'] |
What systems have been developed for the numbering of antibody residues? | ['IMGT is a high quality integrated knowledge resource specialized in immunoglobulins (IG), T cell receptors (TR), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of human and other vertebrates, and related proteins of the immune system (RPI) of any species which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and to the MHC su... | ['The most prevalent antibody numbering systems are the Kabat system, the Chothia system as well as the IMGT numbering system.'] | [] |
Is zyxin a focal adhesion protein? | [' zyxin from FAs', 'zyxin relocation from focal adhesions ', '. Here we systematically examined the expression, localization, and function of zyxin, a focal adhesion protein', 'focal adhesion protein zyxin', 'Focal adhesions formed in the absence of α-actinins are delayed in their maturation, exhibit altered morpholog... | ['Yes, zyxin is a focal adhesion protein.'] | ['yes'] |
Which histone modifications are associated with constitutive heterochromatin? | ['Remarkably, in mammalian somatic cells, H3S10P initiates in the pericentromeric heterochromatin during the late G2 phase, and phosphorylation spreads throughout the chromosomes arms in prophase, being maintained until the onset of anaphase when it gets dephosphorylated', 'Based on these findings, we believe that H3S1... | ['Strong methylation at H3 lysine 9 occurred preferentially in heterochromatic chromocenters of Arabidopsis nuclei. In general, heterochromatin has been linked to trimethylation of H3 at lysine 9 and parsimony analysis reveal that histone H3K9 methylation is, next to histone deacetylation, the evolutionary most stable ... | ['H3K9Me1', 'H3K9Me2', 'H3K9me3', 'H3K9 trimethylation', 'H3K27me1', 'H3K27me2', 'H4K20me3', 'H4K20 trimethylation', 'H3K79me3', 'H3K79 methylation', 'H3S10', 'H3S10 phosphorylation'] |
Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data? | ['CAFE: an R package for the detection of gross chromosomal abnormalities from gene expression microarray data', 'CAFE: an R package for the detection of gross chromosomal abnormalities from gene expression microarray data.', 'It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexibl... | ['CAFE is an R package for the detection of gross chromosomal abnormalities from gene expression microarray data.'] | ['CAFE'] |
Where is the TAZ (G4.5) is located in humans? | ['Tafazzin (EC 2.3.1.23) is a Phospholipid Transacylase involved in Cardiolipin remodeling on mitochondrial membrane and coded by TAZ gene (Cytogenetic Location: Xq28) in human.', 'Barth syndrome is an X-linked cardiomyopathy with neutropenia and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Recently, mutations in the G4.5 gene, locate... | ['TAZ gene (G4.5) is located on Xq28 in humans.'] | ['Xq28'] |
What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)? | ['CR-ABL-targeted TKI that inhibits BCR-ABL with greater potency compared with imatinib', 'reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11), Philadelphia chromosome] creates a BCR-ABL1 fusion protein', 'A novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), imatinib, has been confirmed as an effective targeted... | ['The fusion protein BCR-ABL'] | ['BCR-ABL'] |
Is the protein lefty an inhibitor of nodal? | ['The expression of lefty, an inhibitor of nodal is often reduced in tumor cells.', ' Nodal, and an inhibitor, Lefty.', 'as well as the expression of Lefty, an inhibitor of nodal signaling,', 'he Nodal inhibitor lefty', 'The morphogen Nodal was proposed to form a long-range signaling gradient via a reaction-diffusion s... | ['Yes, lefty is an inhibitor of nodal.'] | ['yes'] |
List types of avoided words in bacterial genomes | ['Avoidance of palindromic words in bacterial and archaeal genomes: a close connection with restriction enzymes.', 'Short palindromic sequences (4, 5 and 6 bp palindromes) are avoided at a statistically significant level in the genomes of several bacteria, including the completely sequenced Haemophilus influenzae and S... | ['Short palindromic sequences (4, 5 and 6 bp palindromes) are avoided at a statistically significant level in the genomes of several bacteria, including the completely sequenced Haemophilus influenzae and Synechocystis sp. genomes and in the complete genome of the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. Palindromes correspo... | ['Short palindromic sequences (4, 5 and 6 bp palindromes)', 'Palindromes corresponding to sites for restriction enzymes from other species'] |
Are deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries associated with congenital disease? | ['Deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries are associated with congenital disease.', 'Our results suggest that enhancer adoption caused by deletions of regulatory boundaries may contribute to a substantial minority of copy-number variation phenotypes and should thus be taken into account in their medical interpre... | ['Yes. Enhancer adoption caused by deletions of regulatory boundaries may contribute to a substantial minority of copy-number variation phenotypes and should thus be taken into account in their medical interpretation.'] | ['yes'] |
Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with? | ['The present study utilizes in vivo amperometry to investigate the impact from unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and l-DOPA (4 mg/kg, including benserazide 15 mg/kg) -induced dyskinetic behavior on striatal basal extracellular glutamate concentration and potassium-evoked glutamate release in urethane-anesthetized r... | ['Co-administration of L-Dopa with carbidopa or benserazide is the most effective symptomatic treatment for Parkinson Disease (PD).'] | ['L-Dopa'] |
Is there an association between serum interleukin-6 concentrations and outcomes of stroke patients? | [' In addition, IL-6 concentrations affect clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke.', 'After appropriate adjustment, the odds ratios for the association of markers and poor outcome (comparing the upper and the lower third) were interleukin-6, 3.1 (95% CI: 1.9-5.0); C-reactive protein, 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2-3.1); fibrinogen, 1.... | ['Yes. Greater serum interleukin-6 concentrations are associated with worse outcomes in ischemic and hemmorhagic stroke patients'] | ['yes'] |
Which packages are used for performing overlap analysis of genomic regions in R/bioconductor? | ['At the core of the infrastructure are three packages: IRanges, GenomicRanges, and GenomicFeatures. These packages provide scalable data structures for representing annotated ranges on the genome, with special support for transcript structures, read alignments and coverage vectors. Computational facilities include eff... | ['IRanges, GenomicRanges, and GenomicFeatures provide scalable data structures for representing annotated ranges on the genome, with special support for transcript structures, read alignments and coverage vectors. Computational facilities include efficient algorithms for overlap and nearest neighbor detection, coverage... | ['IRanges', 'GenomicRanges', 'GenomicFeatures'] |
What is clinical presentation of the Gardner-Diamond syndrome? | ["Antidepressants were prescribed by the psychiatrist that not only cured the depression with time but also the bleeding episodes which were actually related to child's depression (Gardner-Diamond syndrome or psychogenic purpura). ", 'Psychogenic Purpura (Gardner-Diamond Syndrome).', 'Psychogenic purpura, also known as... | ['Psychogenic purpura, also known as Gardner-Diamond syndrome, is a rare, distinctive, localized cutaneous reaction pattern mostly affecting psychologically disturbed adult women. Repeated crops of tender, ill-defined ecchymotic lesions on the extremities and external bleeding from other sites characterize the conditio... | [] |
List co-morbidities that may occur together with "Stiff man Syndrome" | ["To report an association between two autoimmune conditions, Graves' disease and stiff-person (stiff-man) syndrome, and discuss the relevant literature.", "This case illustrates the association between TRAB-positive Graves' disease and stiff-person syndrome and the improvement of Graves' disease with immunosuppressive... | ["SMS (Stiff man Syndrome) is is a rare disorder of the central nervous system of probable autoimmune origin and as such is associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus . GAD-65 is a dominant auto-antigen that is found both in in stiff-man syndrome and insulin-dependent diabete... | ['Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus', 'type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM)', "Grave's disease", 'Breast Cancer', 'Dementia'] |
List non-surgical treatment modalities that are included in the Stupp protocol. | ['OBJECTIVE: It is now accepted that the concomitant administration of temozolomide with radiotherapy (Stupp regime), in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), significantly improves survival and this practice has been adopted locally since 2004.', 'BACKGROUND: The introduction of... | ['Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are non-surgical treatment modalities that are included in the Stupp protocol. This protocol is widely used for treatment of glioblastoma.'] | ['radiotherapy', 'chemotherapy'] |
Can valproic acid prolong survival of glioblastoma patients? | ['For patients who presented with epilepsy, the use of the antiepileptic drug VPA did not associate with survival when compared with patients who did not receive VPA treatment.', 'This prognostic effect is not solely explained by early diagnosis, and survival is not associated with VPA treatment.', 'Several in vivo and... | ['Yes, there is evidence to suggest that valproic acid (VPA) is associated with prolonged survival of glioblastoma patients. Several studies have indicated that VPA has radiosensitizing effects for gliomas and radioprotective influence on normal brain tissue or hippocampal neurons.'] | ['yes'] |
Which types of cancer can be recognized and treated by the use of immunotherapy? | ['omising expansion of antigen-specific T cells, the clinical responses following vaccination have been limited, indicating that further improvements of DC vaccine potency are necessary. Pre-clinical studies suggest that vaccination with combination of primary DC subsets, such as myeloid and plasmacytoid blood DCs (mDC... | ['When normal cells turn into cancer cells, some of the antigens on their surface change. These cells, like many body cells, constantly shed bits of protein from their surface into the circulatory system. Often, tumor antigens are among the shed proteins.\nThese shed antigens prompt action from immune defenders, includ... | ['Melanoma', 'Leukaemia', 'Lung Cancer', 'Colorectal Cancer', 'Breast Cancer', 'Head Cancer', 'Pancreatic Cancer', 'Prostate tumor'] |
Are transcription and splicing connected? | [', as splicing is often cotranscriptional, a complex picture emerges in which splicing regulation not only depends on the balance of splicing factor binding to their pre-mRNA target sites but also on transcription-associated features such as protein recruitment to the transcribing machinery and elongation kinetics.', ... | ['Yes. There is strong evidence that splicing and transcription are intimately coupled in metazoans, with genome wide surveys show that most splicing occurs during transcription. Chromatin structure, RNA polymerase dynamics, and recruitment of splicing factors through the transcriptional machinery are factors that exp... | ['yes'] |
What is the phenotype of people carrying mutations in the gene PRDM12? | ['The evolutionarily conserved transcription factor PRDM12 controls sensory neuron development and pain perception.', 'Here we show that PRDM12 is a key regulator of sensory neuronal specification in Xenopus. Modeling of human PRDM12 mutations that cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) revealed remar... | ['New therapeutic options have recently been derived from studies of individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). Here we identified 10 different homozygous mutations in PRDM12 (encoding PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain-containing protein 12) in subjects with CIP from 11 families.'] | ['congenital insensitivity to pain', 'CIP'] |
Is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients? | ['Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I', 'IGF-I injections significantly increased FSR values in cEDS patients but not in controls', 'In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in connective tissue appeared normal in cEDS patients, and ... | ['Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I ', 'In an experimental setting, baseline protein synthesis rates in connective tissue appeared normal in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon pro... | ['yes'] |
How many and which are the different isoforms for the ryanodine receptor? | ['Skeletal (RyR1) and cardiac muscle (RyR2) isoforms of ryanodine receptor calcium channels', 'Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and are responsible for the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores during excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and skel... | ['Generally, three ryanodine receptor isoforms (RyR1-RyR3) are known. RyR1, expressed in skeletal muscle; RyR2, expressed in cardiac muscle; and RyR3, expressed in various cells. RyR3 is preferentially expressed in the brain especially in the hippocampus and striatum.'] | ['Ryanodine Receptor type 1', 'RyR1', 'Ryanodine Receptor type 2', 'RyR2', 'Ryanodine Receptor type 3', 'RyR3'] |
Which interleukins are inhibited by Dupilumab? | ['The world\'s first prospective controlled studies with the biologic human anti-IL4R antibody dupilumab for the indication "atopic dermatitis" were published in 2014. These motivated (1) to extend the studies to dupilumab and (2) to clinically test antagonization of other target molecules of TH2 polarized, atopic infl... | ['Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, has shown efficacy in patients with asthma and elevated eosinophil levels.'] | ['interleukin-4', 'interleukin-13'] |
Can desvenlafaxine be used at a dose of 50mg/day? | ['Long-term use of desvenlafaxine was safe and well tolerated, with a clinical benefit/risk profile similar to that in other populations.', 'e objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety of desvenlafaxine for continuation treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in Japanese patients. This was a pha... | ['Yes, desvenlafaxine can be at 50mg/day to treat patients with major depressive disorder. Studies suggest that 50 mg is the minimum effective dose of desvenlafaxine for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The recommended dose of DVS ranges from 50 to 100 mg.'] | ['yes'] |
In which proteins is the chromodomain present? | ['Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 affects the repair of X-ray and UV-induced DNA damage.', 'Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins (CHD) belong to a group of highly conserved chromatin remodeling proteins that are implicated in regulation of transcription. In an effort to understand the physiological ro... | ['The chromodomain (chromatin organizer modifier domain) is a highly conserved motif, 40-50 amino acids in length, present in a wide range of animal and plant proteins involved in chromatin organization. Chromodomain-containing proteins can be classified into boader families based, particularly, on the presence of othe... | ['HP1 alpha', 'CHD proteins', 'Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein', 'CReMM', 'cmt3', 'chromointegrases', 'Polycomb group (PcG) proteins', 'Cbx2', 'TgMYST-A', 'MRG15', 'MSL3', 'Swi6', 'Chp1', 'dMi-2', 'Corto', 'ScoHET1', 'cpSRP43', 'CDY', 'chromodomain Y chromosome', 'transposable elements', 'like heterochromatin... |
Is phospholamban a regulatory/inhibitory protein of the Ca ATPase SERCA? | ['The membrane protein complex between the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban (PLN) controls Ca(2+) transport in cardiomyocytes, thereby modulating cardiac contractility. β-Adrenergic-stimulated phosphorylation of PLN at Ser-16 enhances SERCA activity via an unknown mechanism.', 'Phospholamb... | ['Phospholamban (PLB) is a 24- to 27-kDa phosphoprotein that modulates activity of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Expression of PLB is reportedly limited to cardiac, slow-twitch skeletal and smooth muscle in which PLB is an important regulator of [Ca2+]i and contractility in these muscles.The mem... | ['yes'] |
Is phospholamban phosphorylated by Protein kinase A? | ['cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylation of PLB', 'phosphorylation of PLN, at either Ser(16) by PKA ', 'Activation of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) by beta1-agonists involves cAMP- and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB), which relieves the inhibitory effects ... | ['Phospholamban (PLB) is a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) protein that is phosphorylated at Ser16 by PKA. Phosphorylation of PLB by PKA reverses the inhibitory action of PLB.'] | ['yes'] |
What disease in Loxapine prominently used for? | ['To describe the frequency and trends in the use of antipsychotics for adults with schizophrenia in Canada from 2005 to 2009.', 'Antipsychotic recommendations were estimated using CDTI data in which schizophrenia was listed as the indication. RESULTS: First-generation antipsychotic (FGA) recommendations for adults wit... | ['The best indication of loxapine is paranoid schizophrenia.'] | ['schizophrenia'] |
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