Datasets:

zelaix
/

VS-Bench

next_action sequence	prompt dict	next_legal_actions string
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 3 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 2 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}
[ 0 ]	{ "action": "INSTRUCTIONS:\nNow it's your turn to predict the next action of the other player. Please output your prediction in the following JSON format:\n```json\n{\n \"action\": \"<ACTION>\"\n}\n```\nwhere <ACTION> is one of the actions listed in the LEGAL ACTIONS section.", "image_path": [ "iVBORw0KGgoAA...	{"0": "<STAY>", "2": "<UP>", "3": "<DOWN>"}

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Dataset Summary

VS-Bench is a multimodal benchmark for evaluating VLMs in multi-agent environments. We evaluate fourteen state-of-the-art models in eight vision-grounded environments with two complementary dimensions, including offline evaluation of strategic reasoning by next-action prediction accuracy and online evaluation of decision-making by normalized episode return.

Citation Information

@article{xu2025vs,
  title={VS-Bench: Evaluating VLMs for Strategic Reasoning and Decision-Making in Multi-Agent Environments},
  author={Xu, Zelai and Xu, Zhexuan and Yi, Xiangmin and Yuan, Huining and Chen, Xinlei and Wu, Yi and Yu, Chao and Wang, Yu},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.02387},
  year={2025}
}