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sozkz-morphbpe-100k-kk-v1

A morpheme-aware byte-level BPE tokenizer for Kazakh, trained on 55.5M sentences. Inspired by the approach in the HyperCLOVA X Technical Report (NAVER, 2024) for Korean — adapted here for Kazakh.

Why morpheme-aware?

Standard BPE treats text as a flat byte stream and learns merges purely by frequency, ignoring morphological structure. For agglutinative languages like Kazakh — where a single word can contain 5–7 morphemes — this leads to cross-morpheme tokens and inconsistent segmentation:

# Standard BPE (arbitrary splits)
үйлерімізде  →  үйлер | іміз | де        ← splits ROOT+PL together

# morphBPE (morpheme-constrained)
үйлерімізде  →  үй | лер | іміз | де     ← ROOT | PL | POSS.1PL | LOC

Merges are constrained to happen within morphemes only. A BiLSTM model (trained on QazCorpora with BIO tagging) marks morpheme boundaries before BPE training. The boundary marker \x1F is inserted between morphemes, and the BPE pre-tokenizer splits on it — so no merge can ever cross a morpheme boundary.

Stats

Property Value
Vocab size 100,000
Corpus 55.5M sentences
Dataset stukenov/ekitil-corpus-annotated-kk-v1 (detected_lang=kk, lang_confidence ≥ 0.95)
Morpheme coverage 94.4% of words analyzed
Avg fertility 1.51 tok/word
Byte-level Yes — no unknown tokens
Special tokens <|endoftext|>, <|startoftext|>, <|padding|>

Comparison with other tokenizers

Fertility (tokens/word) on 8 Kazakh sentences. Lower = better compression.

Tokenizer Vocab Fertility
morphBPE-100k (this model) 100K 1.51
sozkz-vocab-bpe-32k-kk-base-v1 32K 1.47
sozkz-core-gpt2-50k-kk-base-v1 50K 1.44
ekitil-vocab-bpe-64k-kkru-v1 64K 1.38
sozkz-core-gpt2-200k-kk-base-v1 200K 1.31
mGPT-1.3B-kazakh 100K 4.24
Llama-3.2-1B 128K 4.49

vs LLaMA / mGPT: 3× fewer tokens on Kazakh text — these multilingual tokenizers allocate most of their vocabulary to English/Chinese, leaving Kazakh severely under-represented.

vs other SozKZ tokenizers: fertility is comparable (within ~15%) to our 32k–64k BPE tokenizers despite having 100K vocab. The difference is in morpheme alignment: this tokenizer's token boundaries correspond to real morpheme boundaries, which should benefit downstream language models.

Per-sentence token counts (S1–S8):

Tokenizer S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
morphBPE-100k 6 7 5 9 8 9 12 12
sozkz-bpe-32k 6 6 6 10 9 8 12 9
sozkz-gpt2-50k 6 6 6 9 8 9 12 9
sozkz-gpt2-200k 6 6 6 8 6 7 11 9
ekitil-bpe-64k 6 6 6 8 8 7 12 9
mGPT-1.3B 22 18 19 25 25 25 26 31
Llama-3.2-1B 24 20 18 27 29 28 29 27

Test sentences:

  • S1: Қазақстан — Орталық Азиядағы мемлекет.
  • S2: Бүгін ауа райы жақсы болады.
  • S3: Үйлерімізде кітаптар көп.
  • S4: Университеттердегі студенттер емтихандарға дайындалуда.
  • S5: Мектепте оқушылар математика сабағына дайындалуда.
  • S6: Алматы қаласында жаңа метро стансасы ашылды.
  • S7: Мен кеше дүкенге барып, нан мен сүт сатып алдым.
  • S8: Қазақ тілі — түркі тілдер тобына жататын тіл.

OOV / neologism stress test

The real advantage of morphBPE appears on words that no tokenizer has seen — recent loanwords with Kazakh suffixes stacked 5–8 deep. Standard BPE falls back to arbitrary sub-word splits; morphBPE recognises the root and treats each suffix as a separate unit.

Word Morphemes morphBPE gpt2-50k gpt2-200k LLaMA-3.2
жасандыландырылмағандықтан жасанды+лан+дыр+ыл+ма+ған+дық+тан 5 5 4 18
компьютерлендірілмегендерге компьютер+лен+діріл+ме+ген+дер+ге 5 6 4 14
интернеттендірілмегендіктен интернет+тен+діріл+ме+ген+дік+тен 4 6 4 14
цифрландырылмайтындардың цифр+лан+дыр+ыл+май+тын+дар+дың 5 5 4 16
роботтандырылғандардікіндей робот+тан+дыр+ыл+ған+дар+дікі+ндей 4 6 4 16
вакциналанбағандарымыздан вакцина+лан+ба+ған+дар+ымыз+дан 7 5 4 15
блокчейндендірілмегендерге блокчейн+ден+діріл+ме+ген+дер+ге 6 7 5 14
смартфондастырылмайтынға смартфон+дас+тыр+ыл+май+тын+ға 6 6 5 16
ғаламтортандырылмағандықтан ғаламтор+тан+дыр+ыл+ма+ған+дық+тан 4 6 5 20
Total 52 59 45 157

Selected examples with actual token strings:

ғаламтортандырылмағандықтан  (internet+CAUS+PASS+NEG+PTCP+NOM+ABL)

  morphBPE  [4]: ['ғаламтор', 'тандырыл', 'мағандық', 'тан']
  gpt2-50k  [6]: ['ғал', 'ам', 'тор', 'тан', 'дырылмаған', 'дықтан']
  LLaMA     [20]: ['<|begin_of_text|>', '?', '?', 'ал', 'ам', 'тор', 'т', 'анд', ...]

интернеттендірілмегендіктен  (internet+VERB+PASS+NEG+PTCP+NOM+ABL)

  morphBPE  [4]: ['интернет', 'тендіріл', 'мегендік', 'тен']
  gpt2-50k  [6]: ['интер', 'нет', 'тен', 'дір', 'ілмеген', 'діктен']
  LLaMA     [14]: ['<|begin_of_text|>', 'ин', 'тер', 'нет', 'тен', 'ді', 'рі', ...]

Key observations:

  • morphBPE preserves loanword roots as single tokens (интернет, ғаламтор, робот, блокчейн) — standard BPE splits them arbitrarily (интер+нет, ғал+ам+тор)
  • morphBPE is better than gpt2-50k on 7/10 words and competitive with gpt2-200k (52 vs 45 total) despite gpt2-200k having 2× larger vocab
  • LLaMA produces garbled output with replacement characters (?) for Kazakh-specific letters

Usage

from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizerFast

tokenizer = PreTrainedTokenizerFast.from_pretrained("stukenov/sozkz-morphbpe-100k-kk-v1")

text = "Үйлерімізде кітаптар көп."
ids = tokenizer.encode(text)
print(ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(ids))

At inference time, apply the tokenizer directly on raw text — no morphological pre-processing needed. The morpheme-aware structure is baked into the vocabulary from training.

Training details

  • Segmenter: BiLSTM (QazCorpora, BIO tagging: B-ROOT / I-ROOT / B-SUFFIX / I-SUFFIX) with LRU cache (500K entries, 94.4% hit rate)
  • Boundary marker: \x1F (ASCII Unit Separator) inserted between morphemes
  • Pre-tokenizer: split on \x1F (removed) → ByteLevel encoding per morpheme
  • BPE library: HuggingFace tokenizers (Rust), min_frequency=2
  • Corpus filter: detected_lang == "kk" and lang_confidence >= 0.95
  • Training time: ~8h segmentation + 15 min BPE training (RTX 4090)

Part of the SozKZ / EkiTil project

This tokenizer is part of the SozKZ / EkiTil initiative — open Kazakh language models and tools.

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Dataset used to train stukenov/sozkz-morphbpe-100k-kk-v1

Paper for stukenov/sozkz-morphbpe-100k-kk-v1