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# What Is Anthropology?
## Introduction
Imagine a research project that contains these three members:
Randy Haas discovered the 9,000-year-old grave of a teenager buried with a hunting tool kit in the Andes mountains of Peru. Haas found that this hunter from long ago was a young woman. This discovery has upset the no... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## The Study of Humanity, or "Anthropology Is Vast"
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the study of anthropology in the broadest sense.
2. Summarize the guiding narrative of anthropology.
3. Restate and explain the central commitments of anthropo... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## The Four-Field Approach: Four Approaches within the Guiding Narrative
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify and define the four fields of anthropology.
2. Describe the work of professional anthropologists in each field.
3. Provide an example of... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## Overcoming Ethnocentrism
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concept of ethnocentrism and explain the ubiquity of ethnocentrism as a consequence of enculturation.
2. Distinguish certain forms of ethnocentrism in terms of their historical re... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## Western Bias in Our Assumptions about Humanity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define and recognize cultural bias.
2. Analyze forms of cultural bias in our own interactions and institutions.
3. Describe how the four fields of anthropology can work... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## Holism, Anthropology’s Distinctive Approach
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define and give examples of holism.
2. Analyze how different elements of society cohere with and reinforce one another.
3. Identify how different elements of society can c... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## Cross-Cultural Comparison and Cultural Relativism
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concept of relativism and explain why this term is so important to the study of anthropology.
2. Distinguish relativism from the “anything goes” approach ... |
# What Is Anthropology?
## Reaching for an Insider’s Point of View
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the notion of insider’s point of view.
2. Critique the notion of insider’s point of view, explaining how it is never perfectly achievable.
3. List and describe the dist... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Introduction
Fieldwork is one of the most important practices of anthropology. While all of the subfields of anthropology conduct fieldwork in some form to gather information, each subfield may use different methods of conducting research. The concept of working in “the field... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Archaeological Research Methods
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe archaeological techniques for uncovering artifacts.
2. Explain the importance of context in making sense of artifacts and describe how researchers record conte... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Conservation and Naturalism
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe conservation efforts undertaken in the United States in the 19th century.
2. Define salvage anthropology and describe its origins and methods.
3. Provide an exampl... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Ethnography and Ethnology
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Identify early anthropological practices pertaining to ethnography.
2. Define ethnology and provide examples of how it is used in anthropology.
3. Describe efforts to achieve... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Participant Observation and Interviewing
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define participant observation and identify best practices associated with it.
2. Describe what makes a good informant for anthropological research.
3. Describ... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify differences between quantitative and qualitative information.
2. Provide an example of how an anthropologist might model research findings.
3. Describe t... |
# Methods: Cultural and Archaeological
## Collections
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify and explain the issues and needs of archival collections.
2. Identify and explain the issues and needs of three-dimensional collections.
3. Describe current controversies regardin... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## Introduction
Though all humans have a set of basic needs, we meet those needs in very different ways in response to environmental conditions and social circumstances. For example, consider the basic human need for shelter. In places prone to flooding, people of... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## The Homeyness of Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the importance of culture to the concept of home.
2. Identify the centrality of culture in the discipline of anthropology.
3. Describe how each of the f... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## The Winkiness of Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Provide E. B. Tylor’s definition of culture.
2. Distinguish natural behavior from cultural behavior.
3. Describe deliberate and nondeliberate ways that people a... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## The Elements of Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concept of material culture and provide examples of material culture.
2. Provide a detailed example of cultural practices.
3. Explain how cultural fra... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## The Aggregates of Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how elements of culture combine in aggregates.
2. Give three detailed examples of cultural symbols.
3. Explain how symbols are embedded in rituals.
4. ... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## Modes of Cultural Analysis
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how evolutionary theories have been applied to the study of human culture.
2. Identify two critiques of evolutionary approaches.
3. Describe how anthr... |
# Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change
## The Paradoxes of Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify four paradoxes in the concept of culture.
2. Define four mechanisms of cultural change.
3. Provide a detailed example of the mobility of culture.
4. De... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## Introduction
This chapter applies evolutionary concepts to the understanding of human origins and explains the biological variation seen in our ancestors across time. Chapters 4, Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence and Chapter 5, The Genus Homo and the Emer... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## What Is Biological Anthropology?
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify the five subfields of biological anthropology.
2. Explain how each of the subfields contributes to our understanding of human origins and evolution.... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## What’s in a Name? The Science of Taxonomy
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the historical context of binomial nomenclature and scientific classification.
2. Distinguish between the different categories of groups fo... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## It’s All in the Genes! The Foundation of Evolution
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define alleles, genes, phenotypes, and genotypes.
2. Distinguish the process of mitosis from the process of meiosis.
3. Explain how Mendel’... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## Evolution in Action: Past and Present
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify the major contributors to evolutionary theory and their specific theoretical contributions and historical context.
2. Explain the theory of evo... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## What Is a Primate?
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define primate.
2. Describe the relationship between primate behavior and environment.
3. Identify and classify the key taxonomic groups of primates.
### What Is a Primat... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## Origin of and Classification of Primates
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of deep time.
2. Define fossils and explain some dating methods used on fossils.
3. Identify some of the key characteristics of e... |
# Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence
## Our Ancient Past: The Earliest Hominins
### Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Compare and contrast some early hominin species.
2. Identify some key adaptations and characteristics found in early hominins.
3. Identify key adaptat... |
# The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
## Introduction
Our human story continues with the rise of the genus Homo which at one time represented at least 8 different species in our human lineage – with only H. sapiens surviving. The genus Homo displays some of the most diverse and complex examples of both australopit... |
# The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
## Defining the Genus Homo
### Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the time periods and geological context of the genus Homo.
2. Identify some key differences between the genus Homo and Australopithecus.
3. Define some of the limi... |
# The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
## Tools and Brains: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus
### Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Compare and contrast the anatomy and material culture of H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. ergaster.
2. Define the term “tool industry”... |
# The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
## The Emergence of Us: The Archaic Homo
### Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the context, time frame, and key anatomical characteristics of archaic Homo.
2. Explain the potential environmental conditions that led to evolutiona... |
# The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us
## Tracking Genomes: Our Human Story Unfolds
### Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe how mtDNA sheds light on early human migrations and explain the Out of Africa model.
2. Explain how studying the genomes and coevolution of lice ... |
# Language and Communication
## Introduction
Talk, talk, talk. As human beings, that is what we do all day (and sometimes all night). Even when we are alone, we might be listening to the radio, watching a video, reading, or texting—all activities that incorporate language. Language is often considered to be one of th... |
# Language and Communication
## The Emergence and Development of Language
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe the communicative abilities of wild animals such as birds and primates.
2. Distinguish primate communication from human language.
3. Identify ... |
# Language and Communication
## Language and the Mind
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the role of language in categorizing items in the natural world.
2. Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
3. Provide at least two examples of linguistic universals.
4. Describe how ... |
# Language and Communication
## Language, Community, and Culture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the role of culture in the acquisition of language.
2. Describe how language can form the foundation of sociocultural groups in speech communities.
3. Describe how peopl... |
# Language and Communication
## Performativity and Ritual
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Provide examples of the performative function of speech acts.
2. Describe how ritual language can be performative.
3. Identify the informal ways that people “talk back” to formal speec... |
# Language and Communication
## Language and Power
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how language can operate as a gendered form of power.
2. Identify how racial categories and bias are expressed through linguistic practices.
3. Describe strategies used by communities... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Introduction
If you are in college, someone has probably asked you the question, “So, what you want to do after you graduate?” Are they asking about the hobbies you would like to pursue? Are they asking about the vacation spots you would like to visit, the sporting ev... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Economies: Two Ways to Study Them
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Distinguish between economic anthropology and the discipline of economics.
2. Describe the universalist and normative approaches to studying economic issues.
... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Modes of Subsistence
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define modes of subsistence.
2. Describe the general elements of all modes of subsistence.
3. List the four main modes of subsistence humans have used to make a living.
4.... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Gathering and Hunting
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the subsistence strategy of hunting and gathering, also known as gathering-hunting.
2. Identify and distinguish gathering-hunting groups in prehistory and contempo... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Pastoralism
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the process of animal domestication.
2. List the array of practices associated with the subsistence strategy of pastoralism.
3. Identify the cultural features associated w... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Plant Cultivation: Horticulture and Agriculture
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify and distinguish horticulture and agriculture as distinct subsistence strategies of plant cultivation.
2. Describe the cultural forms as... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Exchange, Value, and Consumption
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Outline four types of exchange.
2. Define the concept of reciprocity.
3. Define the concepts of money and market exchange.
4. Describe how money expresses conf... |
# Work, Life, and Value: Economic Anthropology
## Industrialism and Postmodernity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define industrialism and describe how it developed.
2. Articulate the cultural forms associated with industrialism.
3. Describe how the development of industria... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Introduction
What’s going on in the world? In your country? In your community? Visit any news site or pick up any newspaper, and look at the top stories. The most prominent news of the day usually involves one or more of the following: the actions of leader... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Colonialism and the Categorization of Political Systems
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Trace the colonial origins of political anthropology.
2. Identify European misconceptions about non-Western political organiz... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Acephalous Societies: Bands and Tribes
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the category of acephalous societies.
2. Identify three types of acephalous political organization.
3. Describe leadership in band soci... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Centralized Societies: Chiefdoms and States
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe how lineage orders may develop into chiefdoms.
2. Evaluate the economic, religious, and militaristic aspects of chiefdoms.
3. Id... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Modern Nation-States
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Distinguish nation from state and describe how the two are linked in modern nation-states.
2. Define the concept of imagined communities.
3. Identify the import... |
# Authority, Decisions, and Power: Political Anthropology
## Resistance, Revolution, and Social Movements
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concept of social movement.
2. Distinguish between political parties and social movements.
3. Identify the goals of the Arab ... |
# Social Inequalities
## Introduction
As a student, have you ever experienced social inequalities, whether based around your race, gender, sexuality, class, or abilities? In this chapter you’ll see definitions and examples of the ways social inequalities affect individuals and societies. Over the history of anthropol... |
# Social Inequalities
## Theories of Inequity and Inequality
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate between systematic and systemic inequities.
2. Discuss theories of social inequality and anthropology’s past of upholding social inequalities.
3. Describe the connecti... |
# Social Inequalities
## Systems of Inequality
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the meanings of the terms racism, Whiteness, and White supremacy.
2. Differentiate between economic, social, and cultural capital in relation to class or social mobility.
3. Explain the r... |
# Social Inequalities
## Intersections of Inequality
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain and give examples of intersectionality.
2. Discuss how accumulated wealth creates systems of social inequality.
3. Give examples of the ways that governing bodies can negatively imp... |
# Social Inequalities
## Studying In: Addressing Inequities within Anthropology
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Examine the effects of White supremacy in anthropology.
2. Give examples of how anthropologists in other subfields are working against White supremacy and colonia... |
# The Global Impact of Human Migration
## Introduction
The word migration is likely to bring to mind a stereotype familiar to American culture: people voluntarily coming into another country in search of work and other opportunities. Yet this is only one aspect of the meaning of migration as understood by anthropolog... |
# The Global Impact of Human Migration
## Peopling of the World
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the early migration patterns of the genus Homo.
2. Distinguish the primary controversies in the peopling of America theories.
3. Identify major pre-Clovis sites in the U... |
# The Global Impact of Human Migration
## Early Global Movements and Cultural Hybridity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the ways that globalization connects local populations through the phenomena of flows.
2. Describe the roles that colonialism played in shifting p... |
# The Global Impact of Human Migration
## Peasantry and Urbanization
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how industrialization and internal migration are connected to the creation of a peasant class.
2. Articulate the characteristics of peasantry from an anthropological... |
# The Global Impact of Human Migration
## Inequality along the Margins
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify contemporary types of migration.
2. Describe the major migrant routes and some of the risks migrants face.
3. Identify and give an example of circular migration.
... |
# Forming Family through Kinship
## Introduction
Whom do you consider part of your family? How many mothers do you have? Could you or would you marry your cousin? Each of these questions asks us to consider how our societies structure kinship. Families reflect the social and cultural contexts in which they are formed... |
# Forming Family through Kinship
## What Is Kinship?
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify kinship and explain how it is a sociocultural construction.
2. Identify the importance of kinship in anthropology.
3. Restate the important early works in the anthropological study... |
# Forming Family through Kinship
## Defining Family and Household
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define and contrast family and household.
2. Describe how families differ across cultures.
3. Differentiate between consanguineal and affinal ties.
4. Distinguish between diffe... |
# Forming Family through Kinship
## Reckoning Kinship across Cultures
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the importance of kinship in social structure.
2. Distinguish between different kinship systems.
3. Illustrate three forms of kinship.
By defining relationships be... |
# Forming Family through Kinship
## Marriage and Families across Cultures
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. State the anthropological definition of marriage.
2. Provide examples of different forms of marriage across cultures.
3. Summarize economic and symbolic dimensions of m... |
# Gender and Sexuality
## Introduction
A friend announces, “My sister just had a baby last night!” Many people will immediately ask, “Is it a boy or a girl?” Gender is central to the way people think about and interact with others. Anthropologists are curious about the many ways in which gender shapes impressions and... |
# Gender and Sexuality
## Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Anthropology
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concepts of sex and gender and explain the difference between the two concepts.
2. Describe various cultural expressions of sexuality.
3. Identify the difficultie... |
# Gender and Sexuality
## Performing Gender Categories
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how essentialism triggers circular thinking about gender.
2. Describe the performative aspects of gender.
3. Distinguish between public and private social realms and identify the ... |
# Gender and Sexuality
## The Power of Gender: Patriarchy and Matriarchy
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of gender ideology and identify two such ideologies.
2. Discuss how patriarchy is embedded in practices and institutions.
3. Suggest reasons for the ... |
# Gender and Sexuality
## Sexuality and Queer Anthropology
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how sexuality is threaded through the life cycle and various realms of culture.
2. Describe the prevalence of same-sex relationships in heteronormative societies.
3. Define th... |
# Religion and Culture
## Introduction
Religion is one of the most complex and pervasive of all sociocultural institutions. It is also universal. All cultures and societies across time have had beliefs and worldviews that can be classified as religious in nature, even within political institutions that are areligious... |
# Religion and Culture
## What Is Religion?
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Distinguish between religion, spirituality, and worldview.
2. Describe the connections between witchcraft, sorcery, and magic.
3. Identify differences between deities and spirits.
4. Identify shaman... |
# Religion and Culture
## Symbolic and Sacred Space
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Distinguish between a symbol and sign.
2. Explain the architectural dimensions of sacred space.
3. Understand the meaning of sacred place.
### Symbolism in Religion
Symbolism plays a vital... |
# Religion and Culture
## Myth and Religious Doctrine
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define myth.
2. Explain the social importance of myth.
3. Analyze mythic meaning using a structural approach.
4. Explain the importance of oral tradition in religion.
### The Role of Myth... |
# Religion and Culture
## Rituals of Transition and Conformity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify the characteristics of ritual.
2. Describe how ritual reinforces social solidarity.
3. Distinguish between the different types of ritual.
4. Explain the social forces of ... |
# Religion and Culture
## Other Forms of Religious Practice
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify utopian religious communities.
2. Explain the historical and social importance of the Shakers.
3. Identify secular religion.
4. Give an example of secular religion.
### Uto... |
# Anthropology of Food
## Introduction
The study of food has a long history in anthropology and weaves together various subfields of the discipline. Among other things, food connects to nutrition and health, rituals and behaviors regarding production and consumption, and worldwide trade networks and the related diffu... |
# Anthropology of Food
## Food as a Material Artifact
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe archaeological evidence of food.
2. Identify some of the earliest stone tools associated with food preparation.
3. Explain ways that archaeologists identify early human foods.
4. ... |
# Anthropology of Food
## A Biocultural Approach to Food
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify a biocultural approach.
2. Describe Three Sisters cropping as an Indigenous adaptation.
3. Identify the various types of evidence that anthropologists use to reconstruct ancien... |
# Anthropology of Food
## Food and Cultural Identity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the relationship between food and cultural identity.
2. Contrast food prescriptions with food proscriptions.
3. Illustrate the connection between food and gender.
### Food and Cul... |
# Anthropology of Food
## The Globalization of Food
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the impacts of globalization on food and food diversity.
2. Define food deserts and food oases.
### Globalization of Food
Most people, when they think about food, consider it a lo... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Introduction
“I am sorry I cannot show you my face. Because if I do, the bad guys will come for me.” Who is that masked man? That man is Anas Aremeyaw Anas, the famous investigative journalist from Ghana who gave a TED Talk about how he “names, shames, and jails” those “bad guys” (Anas 2013... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Putting the Mass into Media
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the basic function of media.
2. Distinguish basic media from mass media.
3. Describe the social phenomenon of technophilia.
4. Explain why culture is important to the study of medi... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Putting Culture into Media Studies
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe how an anthropologist might use participant observation to study media.
2. Explain the relationship between modernity and media.
3. Give an example illustrating the comple... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Visual Anthropology and Ethnographic Film
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Give examples of the early use of visual media in ethnographic fieldwork.
2. Define the field of visual anthropology.
3. Describe two examples of ethnographic film.
4. Expla... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Photography, Representation, and Memory
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the gaze and list important features of this concept.
2. Give an example of the imperial gaze in popular photographic media.
3. Describe the use of photography in colon... |
# Anthropology of Media
## News Media, the Public Sphere, and Nationalism
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the worldview presented in news media.
2. Define the concept of the public sphere.
3. Explain the importance of the public sphere to the study of news media.
4... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Community, Development, and Broadcast Media
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Explain how radio is associated with different themes and audiences than print media.
2. Define the concept of community radio.
3. Explain how community radio gives expres... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Broadcasting Modernity and National Identity
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify ways in which governments and development organizations use broadcast media.
2. Detail forms of modernity conveyed by broadcast media in non-Western contexts.
3.... |
# Anthropology of Media
## Digital Media, New Socialities
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define the concept of sociality.
2. Explain how digital media enable new forms of sociality.
3. Identify how digital media shape friendships and romantic relationships.
4. Define the c... |
# Art, Music, and Sport
## Introduction
Think about the last concert or sporting event that you attended, observed on television, or watched on social media. What was the last piece of art that you saw in person, online, or on social media? Did you consider that your experience was likely a culmination of tens of tho... |
# Art, Music, and Sport
## Anthropology of the Arts
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the anthropological approach to understanding art.
2. Provide three examples of material artifacts of art.
3. Identify forms of prehistoric art and describe how anthropologists have... |
# Art, Music, and Sport
## Anthropology of Music
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Define ethnomusicology.
2. Describe evidence of musical instruments in prehistory.
3. Articulate the importance of sociocultural context to the understanding of music.
4. Describe how music can... |
# Art, Music, and Sport
## An Anthropological View of Sport throughout Time
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Describe the anthropology of sports.
2. Explain how sports are a form of performance.
3. Identify the role that sports can play for young people.
Sports are also deep... |
# Art, Music, and Sport
## Anthropology, Representation, and Performance
### Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
1. Identify how cultural identities, norms, values, and social structures are represented in art, music, and sports.
2. Describe how art, music, and sports can function as ... |
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