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BkiUcr3xK3xgpZzQn0yK | 5 | 1 | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
\section{Introduction}
The physics of open quantum systems spans many areas of research, ranging from optical physics to nano science, to atomic, and to nuclear physics. Of particular interest are long-lived metastable states and broad resonances: they
carry rich information ab... | train/arxiv |
BkiUd005qhDBZQiepO8k | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec_intro}
The distribution of the magnetic field generated in the solar interior and connected into the solar wind influences most coronal phenomena, including large-scale and slowly evolving coronal structures.
The coronal density distribution can serve as a tracer of the configuratio... | train/arxiv |
BkiUen_xK6nrxjHzC2mA | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Proofs are traditionally syntactic, inductively generated objects.
For example,
Fig.\,\ref{fig:lk-drinker-proof} shows a syntactic proof of\note{the formula} $\drinkerformula$.
This paper reformulates first-order logic (predicate calculus) \cite{Fre} with proofs which are graph-... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcMPxK6wB9mpb1G_z | 5 | 1 | \section{The action}
This paper contains a summary of \cite{Bergshoeff:2004fq}. In addition, we
demonstrate the existence of regular wormhole solutions in the universal
hypermultiplet, which is present in the low-energy effective action
of type II string theories compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold. Wormhole
solut... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeU3xK7ICUubsz9Zq | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}\label{LEH.sec.0}
Given a fixed non-negative number $t$, consider the hyperplanes of $\mathbb{R}^d$ whose distance to the center of the hypercube $[0,1]^d$ is equal to $t$. In other words, these hyperplanes are tangent to the sphere of radius $t$ whose center coincides with that of $[0,1]^d$. Sig... | train/arxiv |
BkiUaPLxK02iP4Wj9xqf | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction: observations and theoretical challenges}
Compact radio sources provide a precision probe of the ionized interstellar medium
(IISM). The propagation speed of radio waves depends on the density
of free electrons, and therefore the spatial inhomogeneity of the IISM may result in refractive and dif... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbdA4uzki0mx0NYHf | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Adversarial examples \cite{szegedy2013intriguing} cause serious safety concerns in deploying deep learning models. In order to defend against adversarial attacks, many approaches have been proposed \cite{guo2017countering, liao2018defense, at, trades}.
Among them, adversarial training and its... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc7k4eIZjofWfIF00 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
A harmonic morphism is a map between two Riemannian manifolds
that pulls back local harmonic functions to local harmonic functions.
The simplest examples of harmonic morphisms are constant maps,
real-valued harmonic functions and isometries.
A characterization of harmonic morphisms was given by ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcL7xK7kjXIdG9oID | 5 | 1 |
\section{0pt}{12pt plus 5pt minus 5pt}{9pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}
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\def\_email#1@#2\q_nil{%
\href{mailto:#1@#2}{{\emailfont #1\emailampersat #2}}
}
\newcommand\emailfont{\r... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfWc25V5jS9ZhZKg3 | 5 | 1 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\vspace{0.6cm}
\baselineskip 24pt \lineskip 10pt
The idea of a quasi-static and ever-lasting nonsingular universe seems still
to be very attractive among cosmologists. It was first Einstein \cite{E} who
did not believe his equations could really give in general non-static
solutions, until the cl... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdwI4eIOjSKyN9v3k | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The Galactic center, located at a distance of 8 kpc \citep{rei93} (1$\arcsec$ corresponds to 0.038~pc), is our unique laboratory to study the interactions between a supermassive black hole (4~$\times$~10$^{6}$ M$_\odot$, \cite{ghe05,sch05}) and its surrounding environment. This region is compose... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc8XxK4tBVhvvr7Bw | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Bitcoin has become one of the hottest buzzwords among investors and researchers. It is the first and most famous decentralized digital currency\cite{nakamoto2008bitcoin}, which is secured by cryptography (thus, we call it cryptocurrency). Unlike fiat currencies which usually issued by financial i... | train/arxiv |
BkiUe63xK03BfMLyrdDQ | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Space experiments designed to study cosmic ray fluxes at very high
energies must have, among other features, an excellent hadron to
electron discrimination. Electromagnetic calorimeters have a very good
intrinsic hadron rejection power based on the shower topology (depth
and lateral shape). Unfo... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbTTxK1UJ-rWoICmB | 5 | 1 | \section{\def\@secnumfont{\mdseries}\@startsection{section}{1}%
\z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.5\linespacing}%
{\normalfont\scshape\centering}}
\def\subsection{\def\@secnumfont{\bfseries}\@startsection{subsection}{2}%
{\parindent}{.5\linespacing\@plus.7\linespacing}{-.5em}%
{\normalfont\bfseries}}
\make... | train/arxiv |
BkiUazE5qhLACAkw_AnW | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
A fundamental assumption in machine learning is that training and test data are \gls{IID}. This assumption ensures consistency-results from statistical learning theory, meaning that the learning machine obtained from an \gls{ERM} attains the lowest achievable risk as sample size grows ~\cite{Vap... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdqM5qYVBihbKCvDF | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
LS~I +61 303 is a Be X-ray binary with strong and variable radio emission. It has been suggested as the potential counterpart of the gamma-ray sources 2CG 135+01 and 3EG J0241+6103 (Gregory \& Talor 1978, Kniffen et al. 1997). Massi et al. (2001) detected relativistic jets in the so... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbbk5qsMAIq_v3v2D | 5 | 1 | \section*{Introduction}
\setlength\parindent{0em}
Zeta functions of various kinds, such as Hurwitz zeta function, Epstein zeta function and Dirichlet $L$-function, are all-pervasive objects in modern mathematics, especially in analytical number theory, and among which the prototype zeta function is the famous Riemann z... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbZLxaKPQonJtdEDU | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Research into 5d transition metal compounds has blossomed in recent years due to the potential for new electronic and magnetic phenomena to emerge from the interplay between crystal field effects, electronic correlations (Hubbard U) and strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Iridium is an appealing el... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbpU5qoTDtofJ9SD1 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
In the last decade, numerous exotic states were observed in experiments, which results in a renaissance of the study on hadron spectra. Among those exotic hadrons, some of them are unambiguously beyond the conventional $q\bar{q}$ or $qqq$ model, such as the charged heavy quarkonium-like states $... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbtw25V5hYDkHGUKX | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The gravitational instability of collisionless matter in a cosmological
framework is usually studied within the Newtonian approximation,
which basically consists in neglecting terms higher than the first in
metric perturbations around a matter--dominated Friedmann--Robertson--Walker
(FRW) ba... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfLc25V5jNiZ1Jd4X | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Galaxy mergers have long been suggested to be associated with a variety of observational phenomena, including Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs), Quasars, post-starburst galaxies, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and Submillimeter Galaxies (SMGs), etc. In certain galaxy evolution models, th... | train/arxiv |
BkiUgEHxK6wB9dbuWmUE | 5 | 1 | \section{\label{sec:background}Introduction}
\noindent Graphene exhibits massless Dirac Fermions \cite{Wallace,Geim, Neto08, Raza_book} with semi-metallic behavior, for which the collective carrier modes in the form of plasmons have been a topic of study \cite{Andersen, Sarma, Rana, Gangadharaiah, Jablan, Mishchenko}.... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeNnxaL3SuiswghLG | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-1mm}
Smart meters (SMs) provide advanced monitoring of consumer energy usage, thereby enabling optimized management and control of electricity distribution systems~\cite{ipakchi2009grid}. Unfortunately, the data collected by SMs can reveal information about consumers' activities.
For in... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdic4uBhjDigVQF1o | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Let $(\Om,\cF,\dbP)$ be a complete probability space on which a one-dimensional standard Brownian motion $W=\{W(t);0\les t<\i\}$ is defined, with $\dbF=\{\cF_t\}_{t\ges0}$ being the natural filtration of $W$ augmented by all the $\dbP$-null sets in $\cF$. Let $\xi$ be a (random) payoff at some ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUaOvxK7Ehm9ic9xBh | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
During the last two decades, a series of theoretical and experimental studies of particle production in heavy ion collisions (HICs) at
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadrons Collider (LHC) energies has been performed. These results provided us with various
sources of informat... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdSrxaJJQnJnbu_ZQ | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{\columnwidth}
\tikzset{roundrect/.style={
rectangle,
rounded corners,
minimum size=6mm,
draw=black,
}}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,auto, >=Stealth, node distance=2cm,sca... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc3bxK6-gDw5Au4s- | 5 | 1 | \section{Attention-Based Models}
\label{sec:attention_models}
We denote the set of speech utterances, suitably parameterized into feature
vectors as: ${\mathbf x} = ({\mathbf x}_1, {\mathbf x}_2, \cdots, {\mathbf x}_T)$, where ${\mathbf x}_i \in {\mathbb R}^{d}$, and the
corresponding ground-truth label sequence as: ${... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcfbxK6mkyCKC0LFg | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Cosmic magnetism is usually explained by magnetohydrodynamic dynamo theory \cite{Brandenburg2005},
which is, however, only an amplification mechanism that still requires
some initial seed field. There have been many speculations about the
origin of the seed field, but consensus is still lacking ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdCU4eILhQLGUUSO5 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Associahedra are polytopes with importance in many areas of combinatorics. Among other things, the skeleton of the $(n-1)$-dimensional associahedron $\mathcal{A}_n$ represents the \emph{rotation graph} of binary search trees (BSTs) on $n$ keys. More precisely, each vertex of $\mathcal{A}_n$ re... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdvE4eIOjSM_xr_bh | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
This article gives an analogue of the linear series construction for projective toric orbifolds. We start with a finite collection of line bundles $\mathscr{L}$ and use quiver of sections, as defined by Craw-Smith \cite{Craw-Smith}, to package efficiently the sections of line bundles in $\math... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbTrxK1ThhAqzU0X4 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 0.65\hsize]{./Tripple_schematics_column.pdf}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
\includegraphics[width = \hsize]{./COrad_v2v1_radius_obs.pdf}
\end{minipage}
\caption{\label{fig:data}
Disk structu... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdu05qsBDGjv8hpDK | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}\label{Introduction}
Recall the partition $\kappa$ of a positive integer $n$ is a sequence of positive integers $k_1 \ge k_2 \ge \cdots \ge k_m$ with $m\ge 1$ whose sum is $n$. The number $m$ is called the length of $\kappa$ and $k_i$ the $i$th largest part of $\kappa$. Let $\mathcal{P}_n$ denote... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfg7xK1yAgXBVG9Dv | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Discovered in 1995 at the Tevatron $p\bar{p}$ collider by the CDF and D0 collaborations \cite{CDF,D0}, the top quark is known as the heaviest particle in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) \cite{LHC}, top quarks are produced in pairs through the strong... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbi7xK3YB9raXyiXP | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Let $M$ be a (complete) orientable hyperbolic $3$-manifold. Up to isometry, we may identify $M$ with
$\HH^3/\Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is a discrete,
torsion-free subgroup of $\isomplus(\HH^3)$, uniquely determined
up to conjugacy by the hyperbolic structure of $M$, and isomorphic to $\pi_1(M)$. In... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdvQ5qoYAttXCzKxd | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:Intro}
Advances in communication, networking and computing technologies offer
the opportunity to design dynamic, demand responsive and coordinated
transportation systems. Such a paradigm could potentially overcome the
challenging trade-off between cost of the service and the coverage ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbNjxK6EuNArbAS3M | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
A lattice $\mathcal{L} \subset \mathbb{Q}^n$ is the set of all integer linear combinations of some linearly independent basis vectors $\vec{b}_1,\ldots, \vec{b}_n \in \mathbb{Q}^n$.
The two central computational problems on lattices are the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and the Closest Vector P... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc-TxK6mkyCfOB744 | 5 | 1 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
\normalsize
Entanglement is a distinctively quantum phenomenon whereby a pure
state of a composite quantum system may no longer be determined by the
states of its constituent subsystems~\citep{Schroedinger35a}. Entangled
pure states are those that have {\it mixed} subsystem states. To
determine ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc8k5qsBC5S8Fn_E4 | 5 | 1 |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Inflow of cold gas is needed in the Milky Way (MW) to explain the observed stellar chemical abundances \citep{vandenbergh62,schlesinger12}, the chemical evolution of the ISM \citep{larson72,edmunds90,schoenrich17}, and the current star formation rate of $\sim 1 M_\odot$ yr$^{-1... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdZo5qYVBeaTuDOpZ | 5 | 1 | \section*{Introduction}
Humans have been bestowed with a gift, from the heavens: the gift of starlight. Imagine that we were on a planet, like Venus, with an opaque atmosphere. Or like the people of Lagash in `Nightfall', a 1941 science-fiction novelette by Isaac Asimov. Their planet is lit by six suns and they wait... | train/arxiv |
BkiUb4XxK6EuNCwyuEAb | 5 | 1 |
\section{Introduction}
An IDE equipped with a formal verification system at its back end can facilitate an alternative style of developing software that involves using feedback from the verifier to locate and correct errors statically, instead of a more classical testing and debugging approach. This paper illustrate... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdJk5qsBDDqo4B1if | 5 | 1 | \section{\label{chap5_sec:level1}Introduction}
J.\;W.\;Gibbs envisioned uniform solutions decomposing (or phase separating) through two kinds of kinetic processes \cite{gibbs1906scientific,cahn1961spinodal}. In alloy systems, these processes are sometimes classified as continuous and discontinuous transformations. Whil... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdHI5ixsDMFcyPqIK | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The effects of stochastic forcing on solutions of stochastic partial
differential equations ({SPDEs}\xspace) have recently received a great deal of
attention in applications ranging from material science, atmosphere
modelling to neural science. Of particular interest are the eff... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfGHxK0-nUh8iKzNh | 5 | 1 |
\section{Proof of equivalence to Schwinger boson representation of
spin-1 condensate}
In the paper we suggested that an arbitrary $F=1$ spinor BEC wave function may be cast in the form
\begin{eqnarray} \Psi_{F=1} =\sqrt{\rho}e^{i\theta} \bm \eta , \end{eqnarray}
where the spinor part $\bm \eta$ is a linear combinatio... | train/arxiv |
BkiUaf_xK1yAgWay2Xx3 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Over the past decade, increasingly accurate helioseismic observations from
ground-based and space-based instruments have given us a reasonably good
description of the dynamics of the solar interior \citep[e.g.][]{bi50,
thompson2003}. Helioseismic inferences have confirmed that the differential
... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbio241xg-CaAFGDJ | 5 | 1 |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
We address the problem of curve fitting on a Riemannian manifold $\M$.
From a set of data points $d_0,\dots,d_m \in \M$ associated with times
$t_0,\dots,t_m$ on a given time-interval $[0,n]$, we seek
a $\C^1$ curve $\bspline: [0,n] \to \M$ that is ``sufficientl... | train/arxiv |
BkiUb-fxK3YB9m3uuaU9 | 5 | 1 |
\section{Introduction}
{
Multi-scale problems can be found naturally in many fields of science, such as biology, chemistry, fluid dynamics and material science, where processes at different time and/or spatial scales may be described by diverse laws \cite{Weinan11,Weinan03,Pavliotis08}. Thanks to the improv... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbBc4ubnjop7FD4MU | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The Holographic Principle \cite{tHooft:1993dmi,Susskind:1994vu} is, at present, our most promising tool for understanding quantum gravity. Its best-studied realization is the Anti-de~Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence \cite{Maldacena:1997re,Gubser:1998bc,Witten:1998qj,Aharony:... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbZ84uzki04AfVVxM | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
With the startup of the CERN LHC heavy-ion collisions will enter a new era. With a center of mass
energy of 5.5 TeV, about a factor 30 larger than the available energy at RHIC, matter will be produced
in a new domain of high energy density (15 to 60 GeV/fm$^3$) and high initial
tem... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfPvxK7Ehm79fd7ol | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Bound states in quantum field theory are mysterious objects, from mathematical point of view. The calculation of the simplest 1-loop correction to the simplest bound state - hydrogen atom - requires the use of hypergeometric functions and not all steps in the calculation have been done analytic... | train/arxiv |
BkiUddE5qWTA7RDBfVlO | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate an application of the
optimization paradigm to the derivation of
coherent filters for quantum systems, i.e., filters which themselves can be
realized as a quantum system. Such filters are highly
desirable in quantum engineering since they do not requ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdqnxaKPQounYEnVD | 5 | 1 | \section{Bayesian analysis and computation}\label{sec:bac}
\subsection{Notations and Conventions}
\input{notation.tex}
\subsection{Imaging inverse problems}
We consider imaging inverse problems where we seek to estimate an unknown image $x \in \mathbb{R}^d$ from an observation $y$, related to $x$ by a forward statisti... | train/arxiv |
BkiUff_xK7kjXMEc_SEb | 5 | 1 | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
\label{sec:intro}
As a representative of the attractive technique for immersive multimedia data, Light Field (LF) images have attracted widespread attention~\cite{wu2017light}. Unlike traditional 2D images, LF images can record radiance information in both spatial and angular dimensions~... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdz44eIOjRrm8BRzT | 5 | 1 | \section{Signed Hall trees}
Let $X$ be a non-empty set. A signed tree is defined inductively as follows:\\
1- Every element of $X$ is a signed tree.
2- If $t_1$ and $t_2$ are signed trees, then $(t_1, t_2)_-$ and $(t_1, t_2)_+$ are also signed trees.\\
So, every signed tree is in fact an element of $X$ or a trip... | train/arxiv |
BkiUd6PxK0wg09FXWYcL | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Acoustic field in the Sun and its measurement}
Turbulent convection in the upper layers of the solar convection zone can reach almost sonic speeds and serves as an efficient driving mechanism for acoustic oscillations \cite{christensen2014lecture}. We consider the three-dimensional eq... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdLc4uzki0qvyM3GP | 5 | 1 | \section{introduction}
The transport properties of mesoscopic conductors have attracted wide research interest, and are of great importance for future nanoscale electronic applications. One usually probes the dynamics of electron in the conductors by measuring the dc and ac conductance in the linear response regime or... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcavxaKPQoka4Rb7V | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{A}{dvances} in small, low-power CMOS image sensors and related optics have revolutionized consumer photography\cite{Gamal02, Beatriz16, Fossum14, Chang12, Reshidko16}. These technologies have improved dramatically the spatial resolution, dynamic range, and low light sensitivity of d... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbac4uzki0oIf_6Zz | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The search for the electric dipole moments (EDMs) of particles (electrons, muons, neutrons,
protons) as well as the EDMs of closed many-particle systems (nuclei, atoms, molecules) presents
one of the most important fundamental physics problems starting from the works of Purcell and Ramsey
\cite{... | train/arxiv |
BkiUfsnxK6mkyCKC3VvS | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
Let $\Omega$ be an open set in $\mathbb{R}^3$, bounded or unbounded, and set
\[
\begin{split}
H_{loc}(\mathrm{curl}, \Omega)=& \big\{U|_{B}\in H(\mathrm{curl}, B); B\ \mbox{is any bounded subdomain of $\Omega$}\big\}, \\
H(\mathrm{curl}, B)=& \big\{U\in L^2(B)^3; \ \nabla\wedg... | train/arxiv |
BkiUa6bxK0iCl7DT6WVU | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Young L dwarfs are often noted to be redder than their field-age counterparts \citep{kirkpatrick2008, cruz2009, faherty2013, faherty2016, liu2016}. This is partly due to their lower surface gravities, which lead to lower pressures in their atmospheres, and hence reduced collis... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcOs5qhLAB45oIvk6 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
As one of the most important intra-operative data modality, laparoscopic images' quality
is of vital importance for navigation systems and for the operating surgeons~\cite{stoyanov2012surgical}.
The artifacts during laparoscopic images specificities include smoke, blood, dynami... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeqjxK7Tt522WbzKf | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction\label{sec:Introduction}}
In his 1956 paper on the Foundations of Kinetic Theory (\cite{key-9}),
Mark Kac proposed a probabilistic model describing a system of $N$
one dimensional, randomly colliding particles. The description is
given by Kac's Master Equation \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial\psi}{... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbgA4dbjiU7SsVkFS | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The formation and distribution of vortices\cite{Toreblad2004} are
important aspects in the studies of many-body systems, such as
superconductors and Bose-Einstein condensates. The vortices can give
the information of the many-body wave functions and the correlations
between particles. The famous ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUaHA25V5hcGj03IHY | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
During the 2016 U.S. presidential primary election season, the political debate
on Twitter about the four presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, Ted Cruz,
Bernie Sanders, and Donald Trump was particularly lively and created a huge
corpus of data. It has been argued that Twitter can be conside... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc9I4uzlhYyxW3ZF- | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction and main results}
\subsection{Background and motivation}
In this paper we consider a pair of Markov
processes with Laplace transforms which are related by the dual representations.
These representations exchange the time arguments of one process and the argument of its Laplace transform on one si... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeA05qsFAfyQRahV8 | 5 | 1 | \section*{References}}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{epstopdf}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{bbm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{cleveref}
\usepackage{soul}
\usepa... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeQw4dbgheBXBSCHx | 5 | 1 | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Advances in networking, intelligence, and media available in urban areas attracts people towards a more comfortable lifestyle. Urbanization at an unprecedented scale and speed incurs significant challenges to city administrators, urban planners and policy makers. In order to efficiently manage t... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcB_xK2li-F6JxrDQ | 5 | 1 |
\subsection{Interface Visualization}
\label{sec:HCI_CollectiveVisualization}
The \textit{Collective Interface} enabled an operator to interact with multiple collectives simultaneously and each collective was required to choose the highest valued target within its search range. A screenshot of the \textit{Coll... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdTQ5qYVBUVZOizcp | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction and statement of results}\label{intro} We prove that stable Arakelov invariants of a curve over a number field are polynomial in the Belyi degree. We apply our results to give algorithmic, geometric and Diophantine applications.
\subsection{Bounds for Arakelov invariants of three-point covers} Le... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdp44ubng6eY9MekG | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Question answering (QA) and question generation (QG) are two fundamental tasks in natural language processing \cite{Manning1999,Jurafsky2000}.
Both tasks involve reasoning between a question sequence $q$ and an answer sentence $a$.
In this work, we take answer sentence selection \cite{yang2015wi... | train/arxiv |
BkiUd8jxK6-gD0Srd-eN | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
While fashion is a multi-billion dollar global industry it comes with severe \textbf{environmental and social costs} worldwide. The fashion industry is considered to be the world's second largest polluter, after oil and gas. Fashion accounts for 20 to 35 percent of microplastic flows into the oce... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbgY25YjgKDMz-_kH | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Dynamic allocation of communication resources such as bandwidth or transmission power is a central
issue in multiple access channels in view of the time varying nature of the channel and
interference effect. Most of the existing literature focuses on specific communication schemes such
as TDMA (t... | train/arxiv |
BkiUe3g5qhLBjuJj90Kb | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Convolutional layers have made a considerable improvement in computer vision tasks. Before introducing convolutional layers, deep learning was known for using fully connected (FC) layers. One of the main problems of FC layers was utilizing too many parameters (weights), which made the develop... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbFDxK6-gD0SrbSAa | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Ricci solitons are self-similar solutions of the Ricci flow equation. They play an important role in the study of Ricci flow and they often arise as singularity models.
In particular, a steady gradient Ricci soliton is a smooth complete Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ together with a smooth function ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbYY4eIXguy2tN4sB | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Atoms and molecules in electronically excited states are considered as ``metastable", if transitions to lower-lying energy states are forbidden by electric-dipole selection rules. Because of their long natural lifetimes ($\geq 10^{-5}$ s) and their high internal energy ($\geq$ 10 eV), the metasta... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcjLxK2li-DeXzku2 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The central role of the agricultural sector is to provide adequate and high-quality food to an increasing human population,
which is expected to be increased by more than 30\% by 2050 \citep{UNFood}. This means that a significant increase in food production must be achieved.
Because... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdf04dbghZzegCF2N | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
A 1-symmetric basis can be viewed as a rearrangement-invariant function space over $\mathbb{N}$ (equipped with the counting measure). Some bases, though, are only 1-subsymmetric, and we would like to explore an analogous property for certain nonatomic function spaces corresponding to this gener... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcQHxK3YB9m3uuuYW | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The design and discovery of novel drugs for protein targets is powered by an understanding of the underlying principles of protein-compound interaction. Biochemical methods that measure affinity and biophysical methods that describe the interaction in atomistic level detail have provided valuabl... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbsDxK5YsWV5L2k92 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
One of the great breakthroughs in the understanding of physical theories was the construction of Reshetikhin--Turaev
(2+1)-dimensional topological quantum field theories \cite{Turaev10, MR1091619}.
Prior to this, Atiyah axiomatized a TQFT in \cite{MR1001453}.
The simpler (1+1)-dimensional theory... | train/arxiv |
BkiUd4E4eIOjRtI4aEGC | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}\lab{sec-intro}
This note is an addendum to our earlier paper of the same title \cite{BC}.
Our aim here will be to construct invariants for framed
3-dimensional homology spheres $(M,f)$, associated to an acyclic
orthogonal local system $E$ on $M$.
Like in our earlier note, we follow the guideline... | train/arxiv |
BkiUbYXxK4sA-5fmveW9 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction and main results}
\makeatletter{\renewcommand*{\@makefnmark}{}
\footnotetext{AMS subject classification: Primary 47D06, 47D08; Secondary 35A08, 35B25}
\footnotetext{Keywords and phrases: Schr\"odinger perturbation, Gaussian estimates}
\footnotetext{The research of the first author was supported by... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdWI5qdmC_F6-O27b | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is a continuous time Markov process of interacting particles on the integer lattice $\mathbb{Z}$ subject to two rules: (1) A particle at $x$ waits an exponential time with parameter one (independently of all other particles) and then it chooses $y$ w... | train/arxiv |
BkiUb1nxK2li-LM1QnW7 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Real time processes at finite temperature play an essential role in
the physics of the early universe and of heavy ion collisions. A key
quantity in scenarios of baryogenesis~\cite{kuzmin,rs} is the rate for
electroweak baryon number violation (the sphaleron rate). In the broken
phase the sphale... | train/arxiv |
BkiUgB_xK4sA-7sDhzG6 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) marks a fundamental phase transition in cosmic history, where neutral hydrogen filling the intergalactic medium (IGM) was ionized by a radiation field thought to originate from the formation of the first generation of stars and galaxies in the uni... | train/arxiv |
BkiUaLfxK02iP4Y2sH3u | 5 | 1 | \section{Crystal growth and structure}
Recent systematic, synthetic explorations of the Mn$-$Bi$-$Te system have revealed new compounds that are ordered (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)$_n$(MnBi$_2$Te$_4$) ($n = 1, 2$) modular stackings of quintuple (Bi$_2$Te$_3$) and septuple (MnBi$_2$Te$_4$) blocks (Fig.~\ref{fig:Mn147struct}a) \cit... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdIY5qoYAxftPVIYj | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Precision astrophysical and cosmological measurements have now established that a significant fraction of the matter content in the universe is composed of non-baryonic Dark Matter (DM)~\cite{Hooper}. The data favour cold (non-relativistic) dark matter (CDM) and give the presen... | train/arxiv |
BkiUgFQ5qhDCuPMnCpRc | 5 | 1 | \section{I. Introduction}
When a quantum system undergoes a unitary evolution and comes back to its initial state it acquires a
phase. The acquired phase can be of two types; the dynamic phase which
depends on the evolution Hamiltonian and the geometric phase, which depends only on the evolution
path of the quantum sy... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdpU5qoTBG_qrqviM | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Phytoplankton produces organic matter in the surface ocean from sunlight through
photosynthesis, thus providing the source of energy for almost all marine living creatures, including
zooplankton, fish and larger animals~\cite{ML2005}. The efficiency of this
process depends on se... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdtA5qrqCyqr5hUCN | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Qubit state readout is a mandatory step in quantum information processing. For superconducting circuits, the dispersive readout is the standard scheme \cite{PRApplied_Walter_2017, Sunada2022}. It relies on the transverse interaction between an anharmonic mode (whose first two levels are used as ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc4U5qdmB629MGqk_ | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Main results}
The moon is a complex dynamical system.\ Indeed, it is attracted not only by the earth but also with a comparable force by the sun.\ To this complexity George William Hill (1838--1914) made a good first approximation in 1877 and 1878 (see \cite{hill_det} and \cite{hill... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdTQ5qdmB6xJ6-Ya0 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\input{Sections/Introduction}
\section{Background and Related Work}
\input{Sections/Related_Work}
\input{Sections/Approach}
\section{Experiments}
\input{Sections/Experiments}
\section{Discussion}
\input{Sections/Discussion}
\bibliographystyle{SageH}
\section{Riemannian manifold l... | train/arxiv |
BkiUao66NNjgBvv4McD7 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
This work considers (stochastic) iterative solutions for linear operator equations of the form
\begin{align}\label{eqn:inv}
{\mathbf{A}}{\boldsymbol{\mathsf{x}}}={\boldsymbol{\mathsf{y}}}
\end{align}
where ${\mathbf{A}}:\CX\rightarrow\CY$ is a bounded linear operator between Banach spaces $\... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdLo5qg5A52fiCoRy | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
PWFA is one of the most promising novel acceleration technologies able to generate accelerating gradients in the multi-\SI{}{\giga\volt/\meter} level \cite{Blumenfeld}. There are however challenges that still need to be addressed before this technology can be applied to a future linear collider. ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUeJM241xiDnlsQWTC | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
OJ~287 $(z=0.306)$ is one of the most luminous and rapidly variable BL-Lacartae
objects (BLLs) at radio to optical frequencies \citep{1985PASP...97.1158S,1989A&AS...80..103S}.
It is also one of the most extensively studied extra-galactic active galactic nuclei
(AGNs) over the en... | train/arxiv |
BkiUc-TxK6-gD0SrdDDQ | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Mean field games with major and minor players were introduced with the specific intent to extend the realm of applications of the original mean field game paradigm to realistic models for which subgroups of players do not grow in size and as a result, their influence on the remaining population o... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdk05qYVBXTJ3BqdO | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Coupled cell networks are used to represent systems of coupled
dynamical systems schematically. Such systems appear either in various
biological systems. Networks of eight coupled cells modeling central
pattern generators in quadrupeds can be used to recover the primary
animal gaits \cite{Gaits2... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdfQ5qsNCPfdFeh65 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}The Anti-de Sitter / Conformal Field Theory correspondence (AdS/CFT) has revealed important connections between
quantum gravity and gauge theory \cite{Maldacena:1997re,Witten:1998qj}. Even though AdS/CFT
provides a prescription for the holographic computation of correlation functions in a stron... | train/arxiv |
BkiUdPQ5qhDBMCD_RBH5 | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Graph Finding Problem}
We consider the problem of finding edges of a hidden weighted graph using a certain type of queries. Let $G$ be a weighted graph with $n$ vertices.
In the most general setting, the $n$ vertices are known and no other information about $G$ is given. The prob... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcYTxaL3SufhMoGmZ | 5 | 1 | \section*{Abstract}
Within systems biology there is an increasing interest in the stochastic behavior of genetic and biochemical reaction networks. An appropriate stochastic description is provided by the chemical master equation, which represents a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). In this paper we consider the sto... | train/arxiv |
BkiUcg7xK6-gD0Srcpwx | 5 | 1 | \section{Introduction}
Vision could be easy and require little more than mathematical
modelling: the brightness constancy constraint for optical flow,
sobel-filtering and perspective equations for 3D object recognition,
or lambertian reflectance for shape-from-shading. However, the messiness of the real world has long ... | train/arxiv |
BkiUd1c5qhLA_wzE9jjL | 5 | 1 |
\section{Introduction}
The well known tendency for the blue optical continuum in
distant, luminous radio galaxies to be aligned with their
radio sources represents a potentially important evolutionary
phase of radio galaxies. The blue
optical continuum associated with the Fanaroff-Riley class two (FR II)
radio sou... | train/arxiv |
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