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\section{Introduction}
Deformations and extensions of the oscillator algebra have found a lot of
applications to physical problems, such as the description of systems with
non-standard statistics, the construction of integrable lattice models, the
investigation of nonlinearities in quantum optics, as well as the algeb... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Thanks to advances in computer-aided image analysis, radiological image data are now increasingly considered a valuable source of quantitative biomarkers. Body tissue composition is a long-known biomarker with high diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular, oncological and o... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\vspace{-0.26cm}
Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC produce a significant number
of light (anti-)nuclei and (anti-)hypernuclei because of the large amount of energy deposited in a volume, which is much larger than in pp collisions.
This allows to study in detail the production ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\subsection{Aerodynamic constraints verification through an iterative procedure}
blabla
\subsection{Handling reference trajectories with different durations}
In the setting of Section \ref{sec:opti}, the reference trajectories are implicitly assumed to have the same duration $T$ but this may not be the case in pr... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\subsection*{Funding}
National Natural Science Foundation of China (61631014, 61401036, 61471051, 61531003); National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (61225003); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M580008); Youth Research and Innovation Program of BUPT (2015RC12); PhD Students' Overseas R... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Wireless Physical-layer Identification (WPLI) is a promising wireless security solution. Since the software-level device identities (e.g., IP or MAC address) can be manipulated, the physical layer feature cannot be modified without significant efforts. The physical layer features are extracted fr... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In this paper, we address the problem of \emph{distributed learning under communication constraints}, motivated primarily by distributed signal processing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and data mining with distributed databases. WSNs are \textit{a fortiori} designed to make inferences from ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Searches for two-body decays of heavy resonances have a rich history of important discoveries, from the $J/\psi$ to the Higgs boson. Such resonances can provide an unambiguous signature of a localized invariant mass peak and offer simple background estimation from sidebands, allowing for discov... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Let $K$ be a homogeneous convolution
kernel on a homogeneous group ${\hbox{\bf H}}$, so that
so that
$$ K(t \circ x) = t^{-N} K(x)$$
for all $x \in {\hbox{\bf H}}$, $t > 0$, where $t \circ x$ is the dilation operation on $H$ and $t^N$ is the Jacobian of $x \mapsto t \circ x$. Let $K_0$ be the r... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Sub-GeV dark matter (DM) scenarios have received recent attention from various quarters spurred by cosmological observations at the galactic scale in the context of structure formation \cite{ Spergel:1999mh, Nakama:2017ohe, Bullock:2017xww}. Independently a lot of effort have ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The deep connection between entanglement and geometry has the potential to provide profound insights into the inner workings of a nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity. This connection has been made especially manifest in the AdS/CFT duality, which relates certain conformal... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{I}
The Lorentz-symmetry breaking is a promising pros\-pect for experimental detection of new physics at the Planck scale, and the field theoretic approach turns out to be the best way to describe the physics in this context \cite{LV1,LV2}. The comprehensive realistic effective field theor... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Photonic crystals (PC) are structures in which
the dielectric constant varies periodically in space.
If the contrast in dielectric constant is large enough,
a frequency gap may occur in which light cannot propagate
analogous to the electronic band gap in semiconductors.
\cite{Yablonovitch, Jo... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Conclusions}
\labelSec{conclusions}
We have presented an algorithm to generate higher-order conservative finite volume discretizations for Poisson's equation on cut cell grids. The Poisson operator is written in terms of face fluxes, which we approximate using a polynomial interpolant. The key to the met... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{References}}
\journal{Chaos, Solitons $\&$ Fractals }
\begin{document}
\begin{frontmatter}
\title{$q$-Fibonacci bicomplex quaternions}
\author[rvt]{F.~Torunbalc{\i} Ayd{\i}n\corref{cor1}}
\ead{ftorunay@gmail.com}
\cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
\address[rvt]{Yildiz Technical University,
Faculty of ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction, Problem Statement and Main Results}
\subsection{Wyner \cite{wyner1978} and Wyner and Ziv \cite{wyner-ziv1976} Lossy Compression Problem and Generalizations}
Wyner and Ziv \cite{wyner-ziv1976} derived an operational information definition for the lossy compression problem of Fig.~\ref{fg:blockdiag... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{#1}}
\begin{document}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\newpage
\setcounter{page}{0}
\pagestyle{empty}
\rightline{DFTT-25/93}
\rightline{hep-th/9306019}
\rightline{May 1993}
\vs{15}
\begin{center}
{
\LARGE {Explicit Construction of the BRST Charge for {\sf W}$_4$ }
}\\[1cm]
{\large K.\ Horn... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{APPENDIX: NP-completeness of Hartree-Fock}
One of the precursors of DFT which is still widely used
is the Hartree-Fock method.
It is similar to DFT in that
it reduces the $N$-electron equation to a problem of individual electrons
moving in an external field which depends only on the average electron
dist... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}
In this paper we have systematically compared lossy compression algorithms for constrained sensor networking, by investigating whether energy savings are possible depending on signal statistics, compression performance and hardware characteristics. Our results revealed t... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In this paper, all groups considered are finite, and all graphs considered are finite, undirected and simple.
Let $\Gamma$ be a graph with vertex set $V(\Gamma)$ and edge set $E(\Gamma)$, and let $t$ be a positive integer. A subset $C$ of $V(\Gamma)$ is called \cite{Big, Kr86} a \emph{perfect $t... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Only finite undirected graphs without loops or multiple edges are considered. A good reference for any undefined terms is \cite{[2]}.
The earliest two theoretical results in hamiltonian graph theory were developed in 1952 due to Dirac \cite{[4]} in forms of a sufficient condition for a graph t... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction to the Hierarchy Problem and Black Hole Formation at the LHC}
The European Organization of Nuclear Research, CERN, seeks to study the Standard Model of particle physics, its problems, and possible solutions. Arguably the most outstanding and pressing problem that the Standard Model fails to addre... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In spite of all the progress that has been achieved in the study of the high-energy cosmic rays, their sources still remain largely unknown. It is believed that for energies of at least that of the `knee' spectral steepening observed at $E_{\rm k}\simeq 4$~PeV \cite{ku59}, the cosmic rays (CRs) ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The human being interacts with its surrounded environment, and
through this interaction, the environment finds its meaning for
him. He percepts its environment (that he calls it the real world)
through its sensors, and in order to understand it, he constructs
mental symbolic forms~\cite{kn:kasi... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The present paper discusses the dynamics of extremism
in a democratic setting. A probably over-optimistic view
of democracy is that when opinions are openly expressed,
some consensus opinion would emerge and citizens would vote
in favour of a government whose actions would be in accordance... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\subsection{Approach Overview}
We propose a two-steps approach to generate repair patches for transformations containing multiple type errors, as depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:approach_overview}. The first step, ``Exploration phase'', takes as input a faulty transformation and the source and target metamodels defining the... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Heavy quarks, mostly charm and bottom, are produced in the early stage of heavy-ion collisions, therefore they are good probes to study the evolution of hot and dense medium which is expected to be produced in the heavy-ion collisions.
Heavy quark production has been studied in var... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In recent years many measurements of hadronic three-body and four-body decays of charmed mesons have been performed with Dalitz-plot amplitude analyses. Amplitudes describing $D$ meson decays into multibody final states are dominated by quasi-two-body processes, such as $D\to PP, VP, SP, AP$ and... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Machine learning systems are nowadays being extensively adopted in computer security applications, such as network intrusion and malware detection, as they obtained remarkable performances even against the increasing complexity of modern attacks~\cite{AafDuYin13,LinNeuPla15,Pe... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{Motivation}
Gravitational collapse of massive stellar core to a neutron
star or a black hole and the associated supernova explosion are one of the
important and interesting events in the universe.
From observational view point, they are among the most
energetic events in astrophys... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The use of vacuum windows is ubiquitous throughout science and engineering. In certain applications there is a
need to implement two vacuum windows in series. Examples include balloon-borne or space-based applications in
which one prefers to use a thicker window for th... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The near-Earth Asteroid (196256) 2003 EH1 (hereafter 2003 EH1) was discovered on UT 2003 March 6
in the course of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) \citep{S03}.
Dynamical studies show that the asteroid is associated with, and is presumed to be the parent body of,
the Q... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{introduction}
Many models of inflation predict that gravitational waves were produced along with density perturbations in the early universe~\cite{1982PhLB..115..189R,1983PhLB..125..445F,1984NuPhB.244..541A,1988PhRvD..37.2078A,1993PhRvL..70.2371G}. While the density perturbations have been detected and mapped... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{\bf Introduction}
Electric-magnetic duality in supersymmetric gauge theories and the profound role of duality in the second superstring revolution in 1990s generated a lot of interest amongst theoretical high energy physicists in this subject; see a nice review with extensive citation to the literature by Duff... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{Galton--Watson forests and their scaling limits.}
A planar discrete rooted tree is a rooted tree where edges have unit length and which is endowed with an ordering on siblings, in such a way that it can be naturally embedded in the plane. Since the seminal work of Aldous, Neveu, Pitm... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{Acknowledgments}
We are grateful to Ted O'Donoghue, Sendhil Mullainathan, the participants of the AI, Policy, and Practice (AIPP) group at Cornell, and the FEAT reading group at Carnegie Mellon for valuable discussions. This material is based upon work supported in part by NSF IIS2040929,
a Simons Inves... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\vspace{-.3cm}
Microtubules are essential constituents of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They provide mechanical support, and are involved in a wide range of cellular functional modules. For instance, they serve cells to build cilia and flagellae which are slender extensions of the cell us... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
According to the investigation conducted in \cite{tassi2015resource}, the global video traffic will dominate the Internet usage in the future. Since heterogeneous devices request different kinds of video formats, resolutions, and bitrates, the existing video contents may need to be transformed to... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Essential to human cognition is the ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories. The emergence of such categories is accompanied by the development of boundaries encoded in the activity patterns of neural circuitry \cite{Freedman312}. Exactly how new information about objects is mapped i... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The accretion of smaller systems is an integral part of galaxy formation. The accretion history of a galaxy is perhaps most clearly encoded in its stellar halo, due to the combination of a relative scarcity of stars formed ``in-situ'', and long dynamical times which allow orbital information to ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The inflationary paradigm is highly successful and an attractive way
of resolving some of the puzzles of standard cosmology. During
inflation, the early universe undergoes an accelerated expansion,
stretching quantum fluctuations to super-horizon scales which we
observe today as CMB anisotropy \c... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The Brauer-Thrall Conjectures first appeared in a 1957 paper by
Thrall's student J.\ P.\ Jans~\cite{Jans}. They say, roughly
speaking, that if a finite-dimensional algebra $A$ over a field $\mathsf{k}$
has infinite representation type, then $A$ has lots of big
indecomposable finitely generated ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) \cite{Athar:2006yb} is the
proposed underground facility that will house a magnetized Iron
CALorimeter detector (ICAL) designed to study neutrino oscillations
with atmospheric muon neutrinos. In particular, ICAL will focus on
measuring precisely the neu... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In general, the exposure of the image can be adjusted by two different ways. The first way is to change the shutter speed when the aperture is fixed to control the amount of light falling on the sensor. The other way is to keep the shutter speed unchanged while adjusting the aperture's size. Whil... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Cosmic inflation is the most promising solution to many puzzles surrounding the big bang and offers a mechanism to generate cosmological perturbations from primordial quantum fluctuations. The approximate scale invariance of the corresponding inflationary power spectrum reported by the Planck co... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}\label{Intro}
A subset $S$ of a metric space is a {\em $k$-distance set\/} if there are
exactly $k$ non-zero distances occuring between points of $S$.
We also call a $1$-distance set an {\em equilateral set.}
In this paper we find upper bounds for the cardinalities of $k$-distance sets
in {\em ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{section:introduction}
The problem of computing shortest paths in planar graphs arises in application fields such as intelligent transportation system (ITS) and geographic information system (GIS)~\cite{jing-huang,ziliaskopoulos}, route planning~\cite{bauer-delling,goldberg,raney-nagel}, lo... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction and results}\label{sect1}
Let $B_i(t)$, $t\ge 0$, $i\ge 1$, be independent standard Brownian motions. We consider the zero temperature Brownian semi-discrete
directed polymer, \cite{Bar}, \cite{GraTrWi},\cite{BoJeu}, \cite{OCon}. The last-passage time in this model is defined by
\begin{equation}\l... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{Appendix #1. #2}
\renewcommand{\thesection.\arabic{equation}}}{#1.\arabic{equation}}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{#1} }
\newcommand{\appsektion}[1]{\setcounter{equation}{0}\setcounter{subsection}{0}
\section*{Appendix. #1}
\re... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In this work, we continue our study of the category of quantum liquids started in \cite{KZ20b}. Quantum liquids are quantum phases that only ``softly'' depend on the local geometry on spacetime. They include the usual spontaneous symmetry-breaking phases, topological orders, symmetry protected/e... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
A \textbf{circle packing} is a collection $P$ of discs in the Riemann sphere ${\mathcal C} \cup \{\infty\}$ such that distinct discs in $P$ do not overlap (i.e., have disjoint interiors), but may be tangent. Given a circle packing $P$, its \textbf{tangency graph} (or \textbf{nerve}) is the gr... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction and main result}
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain in $\R^3$ with smooth boundary $ {\partial} \Omega$. We denote by $S^2$ the standard 2-sphere. We consider the {\em harmonic map flow}
for maps from $\Omega$ into $S^2$, given by the semilinear parabolic equation
\begin{equation}
\label{har fl... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{ Definitions. Notations. Previous results. Statement of problem.}
\vspace{4mm}
\begin{center}
\ {\it A. Grand Lebesgue \ $ \ G(\psi) \ $ spaces.} \par
\end{center}
\vspace{4mm}
\ Let $ \ (X,B, \mu) \ $ be non-trivial measurable space with separable diffuse measure $ \ \mu. \ $ This imply tha... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction} \label{s_intro}
We will come to these reformulations through the theory of semigroups. Recall a semigroup $S$ is a set equipped with a closed associative binary operation. A group $G$ can be thought of as a semigroup. However in general, unlike groups, semigroups need not contain an identity ele... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In his 2002 Ph.D thesis \cite{Zwegers} Zwegers gave an intrinsic definition of mock theta functions and provided new insight into three
families of such
functions, constructed
\begin{enumerate}
\item
in terms of Appell--Lerch sums,
\item
as the Fourier coefficients of meromorphic Jacobi fo... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
A transformative change for robotics is enabling robots to effectively improvise tools. Tools can extend the physical capabilities of robots and make them more useful, by enabling them to go beyond small, fixed sets of interchangeable end-effectors often found in industrial settings. However, a ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Background galaxy number counts and shear noise-levels}
Because the optical images used in this analysis...
\begin{figure*
\includegraphics[width=10.9cm]{1787f23.eps}
\caption{Shown in greyscale is a...}
\label{cl12301}
\end{figure*}
In this case....
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=16.4cm,cl... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\hspace*{2em}
Short-lived gluinos could be defined to be those which decay before
interacting hadronically in a detector or beam-dump. Their decay
produces the lightest neutralino (lsp)\footnote{Generally, a
superposition of the SUSY partners of the photon, $Z^0$ and neutral
Higgs... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}[b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Figures/AgentPattern.png}
\caption{
Patterns evolved by CA agents.
}
\label{AgentPattern}
\end{figure}
This paper is an extension of the presentation ``Forming Point Patterns by a Probabilistic Cellular Automata Rule''
given at Summer ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\vspace{-0.1cm}
The enhancement of noisy speech in real acoustic scenarios is a challenging task, especially for low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) or non-stationary noises~{\cite{loizou2013speech}}. Recently, the advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has significantly pro... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\vspace{5mm}
The generalized Tower of Hanoi problem can be formally stated as following.
\begin{defn}
Let $n$ and $p\geq3$ be natural numbers. Than a generalized Tower of Hanoi problem is a problem of moving n ordered disks (we may number those disks from 1 to n) from an initial peg to anoth... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The first published paper on noncommutative spacetime was done by Snyder~\cite{HS} for the purpose to cure ultraviolate divergences in quantum field theory although the idea might be traced back earlier. In 1999, Seiberg and Witten proposed~\cite{SW} that some low-energy effective theory of open ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The $b$-family of Camassa-Holm equations (namely $b$-CH equation)
\begin{equation}\label{CH}
u_t-u_{txx}+(b+1)uu_x=bu_xu_{xx}+uu_{xxx},
\end{equation}
was mentioned by Degasperis and Dullin et al. in \cite{Degasperis2,Dullin} by using transformations of the integrable hierarchy of KdV equations,... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
The Milky Way nuclear star cluster (NSC) is the closest galactic nucleus and therefore target of detailed observations over the last few decades. It offers the unique possibility to resolve the stellar population and to study its composition and the dynamics close to a cen... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Alkali halide materials are of technological importance due to their excellent electron-emitting properties in the ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray energy ranges. These materials are currently employed in vacuum and gas-based photon detectors~\cite... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
The code of federal regulations (CRF) Chapter 21, Section~314.126, states
that ``The purpose of conducting clinical investigations of a drug is to
distinguish the effect of a drug from other influences$\ldots$'' and the
purpose is achieved through ``adequate and well-controlled clin... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The study of networks is driven by the many real-world systems which can be represented
in this way~\cite{newman2003}, such as networks of neuronal~\cite{pernice2011}, cardiac~\cite{casaleggio2014}
or smooth muscle~\cite{xu2015} cells. In networks of oscillators it is often the conditions
under w... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{introduction}
The Classical Stekloff problem in its original form is the eigenvalue problem
\begin{align*}
& \begin{cases} \Delta u=0\,\,\,\,&\text{ in } \Omega ,\\
\frac{\partial u}{\partial\nu}=\sigma u\,\,\,\,&\text{ on } \partial\Omega,
\end{cases}
\end{align*}
was introduced by him in \cite{steklof... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction and Results}
The trajectory of a free point particle in a Riemannian manifold is modeled by a geodesic.
Geodesics arise from a variational problem, the existence of closed solutions can be studied by various methods and is well understood at present.
A powerful method to ensure their existence is... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The Higgs boson was hypothesised as a remnant of the Higgs field that
was responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking about a half century
ago~\cite{higgs}. Understanding the mechanism for electroweak symmetry
breaking, especially by testing for the presence or absence of the standard
... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
For aerodynamic flows, a passive flow control device (flap) inspired from self-actuating covert feathers of birds has been shown to improve lift at post-stall angles of attack \citep{bramesfeld2002experimental,duan2021covert}. In particular, when the flap is mounted via a torsional spring, furth... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{INTRODUCTION}
Segmentation of medical images is a long-standing problem with excessive number of deep learning based methods already available nowadays. Although there are recent paradigm-shifting works at segmentation literature such as capsule based segmentation~\cite{lalonde2021capsules} and transformer ba... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Polynomial multiplication (i.e., $c(x)=a(x)\times b(x)$) is a fundamental building block for cryptographic hardware and is often identified as the bottleneck in implementing efficient circuits. The most widely deployed public key crypto systems (e.g., RSA and ECC) need polynomial multiplications ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Nonlocal operators are operators whose functional values are determined by integration over a neighborhood, in contrast to differential operators which are locally determined. The integral nature of these operators allows them to describe multiscale behavior and anomalous behavior such as super-... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Recent years have witnessed considerable development in the study of
multiparameter quantum deformations from both, the algebraic as well the
differential geometric point of view. These have also found profound
applications in many diverse areas of Mathematical Physics. Despite of the
intensive ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Solidification and crystallisation processes are present in
various natural phenomena as well as in a large number of material
production technologies such as, for example, semiconductor
crystal growth from the melt, alloy metallurgy, etc. Usually the
melt used for the production of solid materi... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Semisupervised methods inevitably invoke some assumption that links
the marginal distribution $p(x)$ of the features $X$ to the
regression function $f(x) = \mathbb{E}[Y|X = x]$ of the label $Y$. The most
common assumption is the {\em cluster assumption} in which it is
assumed that $f$ is very ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
If a system has a first-order phase transition, at the transition
temperature it can exist in a mixed state, where two different bulk
phases are separated by an interface. The free energy carried by the
interface is the interface tension $\sigma$. Because at the
transition temperature the free... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Koml\'os' lemma (see \cite{K67}, \cite{S86} and \cite{DS94}) is a classical result on the convergence of random variables that can be used as a substitute for compactness. It has turned out to be very useful, similarly as the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, and has become a work horse of stochastic ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
The principal task here is to initiate a theory of finite transformation monoids that is similar in spirit to the theory of finite permutation groups that can be found, for example, in~\cite{dixonbook,cameron}. I say similar in spirit because attempting to study transformation monoids by analogy... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec-Introduction}
The {\em generalised Sudoku problem} is an NP-complete problem which, effectively, requests a Latin square that satisfies some additional constraints. In addition to the standard requirement that each row and column of the Latin square contains each symbol precisely once,... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The young (1--5~kyr) energetic pulsar PSR~J0537\textminus6910\xspace \citep{wangetal98,chenetal06} resides in the Large Magellanic Cloud at a distance of 49.6~kpc \citep{pietrzynskietal19}. Its pulsations are only detectable at X-ray energies, and the pu... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In power system planning and operation against contingencies (e.g.,
generator loss, transmission line tripping, unexpected power demands),
to avoid the system from running underfrequency or to help the network
recover from it, load shedding and curtailment are commonly employed
to balance supply... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}\label{s1}
As we know, the Dirac equation is introduced as a relativistic wave equation which plays very important role for relativistic particles in molecular physics, quantum chemistry, nuclearphysics, condensed matter, high energy physics and particle physics. Dirac equation is a solvable model... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Protoplanetary disks around young stars contain the gas and dust from which planetary systems will form. In the midplanes of these disks, the temperature becomes so low that molecules freeze out from the gas phase onto dust grains. The radius at which this happens for a certain molecule is defin... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\chapter{\glsresetall}
\newacronym{cegis}{CEGIS}{Counterexample-Guided Inductive Synthesis}
\newacronym{csp}{CSP}{Constraint Satisfiability Problem}
\newacronym{cp}{CP}{Constraint Programming}
\newacronym{smt}{SMT}{Satisfiability Modulo Theories}
\newacronym{lp}{LP}{Linear Programming}
\newacronym{milp}{MILP}{Mixed-In... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{Introduction}
In its simplest form, the Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) \cite{bychkov_properties_1984} occurring in systems with broken inversion symmetry lifts the spin degeneracy of a parabolic band pair, by shifting them oppositely along the wave-vector $k$ \cite{manchon_new_2015}. On each of the two co... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees
of freedom in solid-state systems and is a rapidly growing field of science.\cite{Zutic04} The key purpose of these studies is
the generation, control, and manipulation of spin-polarized curr... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Details on the Evaluated Algorithms}
\label{sec:sota}
\noindent This section provides a detailed description, including parameter settings, of the state-of-the-art algorithms used for experimental evaluation (\emph{c.f}\onedot} \def\Cf{\emph{C.f}\onedot Sec.~5 in the paper).
\subsection{3D Structure-based Lo... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}\label{intro}
An important motivation for our study comes from elliptic inverse boundary value problems, such as the Calder\'on problem. Let us consider a bounded domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N$, $N\geq 2$, which is regular enough and let $\gamma$ be a positive bounded function which is bound... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Thermal convection is one the fundamental mechanisms by which the turbulent flows evolve. The temperature dependence of the fluid mass density and the resulting buoyancy forces drives fluid motion that in turn advects the temperature leading to a fully turbulent motion of the fluid \cite{Kadanoff... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{Monotone systems}
We will be interested in Markov processes, both in discrete and continuous time, that take values in the space $\{0,1\}^{{\mathbb Z}^d}$ of configurations $x=(x(i))_{i\in{\mathbb Z}^d}$ of zeros and ones on the $d$-dimensional integer lattice ${\mathbb Z}^d$. By de... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Reinforcement Learning (RL)~\cite{kaelbling1996reinforcement,szepesvari2010algorithms,sutton2018reinforcement} is a classic online decision making formulation, where an agent interacts with an unknown environment with the goal of maximizing the obtained reward.
Despite the empirical success and ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{Introduction}
We call a geometric figure, that is, a set of points in Euclidean space, $T$ an \emph{$r$-gentile} if $T$ admits an \emph{$r$-gentiling}, that is, a subdivision of $T$ into $r \geq 2$ figures (\emph{tiles}) $T_1,...,T_r$, such that each of the figures $T_1,...,T_r$ is similar to $T$. In other w... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
Given a cohomology theory $h^{\bullet}$, there is a well-known abstract way to define the dual homology theory $h_{\bullet}$, using the theory of spectra. In particular, if $h^{\bullet}$ is representable via a spectrum $E = \{E_{n}, e_{n}, \varepsilon_{n}\}_{n \in \mathbb{Z}}$, for $e_{n}$ the m... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
It is well accepted that nowadays the cosmological data consistently
indicates that the expansion of the Universe began to
accelerate~\cite{Riess, Perlmutter, WMAP, Planck, Planck2016} around
$z=0.64$~\cite{Moresco}. Thus, every model used to describe the
cosmic background evolution must display ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section*{Introduction}
\date{July 26, 2010}
One of the fundamental achievements of quantum topology was a discovery of
a non-trivial connection between monoidal categories and 3-manifolds. This connection was first observed by O. Viro and V. Turaev and later generalized in the papers of J. Barrett, B. Westbur... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{C}{ombinatorial} optimization deals with problems with an objective function that has to be maximized over a set of combinatorial alternatives \cite{Korte2011}. The most naive way of obtaining the optimal solution is to list all the feasible solutions, evaluating them using the obje... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{Global fields and their valuations} \label{gfatv}
In this section, we introduce some notation, and give a brief review of the theory of valuations on global fields.
\bd
Let ${\mathbb K}$ be a field. A {\em valuation} on ${\mathbb K}$ is a mapping $\varphi:{\mathbb K}\to {\mathbb R}^{+}$, such that
\begin{eqnar... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{\label{sec:Introduction}Introduction}
Informally, the Kolmogorov complexity of a finite binary string
is the length of the shortest string from which the original
can be losslessly reconstructed by an effective
general-purpose computer such as a particular universal Turing machine $U$.
Hence it constitutes a... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
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