carlosejimenez/wikipedia-20220301.en-block-size-1024

tokens list	id int64	text string
[ "Ġif", "Ġthey", "Ġsee", "Ġnon", "-", "co", "oper", "at", "iveness", "Ġby", "Ġothers", "Ġand", "Ġthis", "Ġeffect", "Ġtend", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġstronger", "Ġthan", "Ġthe", "Ġopposite", "Ġeffect", "Ġof", "Ġseeing", "Ġcooperative", "Ġbehaviors", ".", "ĠSimply", "Ġcha...	100	if they see non-cooperativeness by others and this effect tend to be stronger than the opposite effect of seeing cooperative behaviors. Simply changing the cooperative framing of a proposal may increase cooperativeness such as calling it a "Community Game" instead of a "Wall Street Game". A tendency towards reciprocit...
[ "Ġrelationships", "Ġwhich", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġexpect", "Ġless", "Ġsuccess", ".", "Ġ", "ĠPeople", "Ġmay", "Ġcompete", "Ġfor", "Ġsocial", "Ġbenefit", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġburn", "ished", "Ġreputation", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġmay", "Ġcause", "Ġcompetitive",...	101	relationships which may be because they expect less success. People may compete for social benefit from a burnished reputation, which may cause competitive altruism. On the other hand, in some experiments a proportion of people do not seem to care about reputation and they do not help more even if this is conspicuous...
[ "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġby", "Ġmaking", "Ġcharitable", "Ġdonations", ",", "Ġanother", "Ġbrain", "Ġcircuit", "Ġwas", "Ġselectively", "Ġactivated", ":", "Ġthe", "Ġsub", "gen", "ual", "Ġcortex", "/", "se", "pt", "al", "Ġregion", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġstructures", "Ġare", ...	102	their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex/septal region. These structures are intimately related to social attachment and bonding in other species. Altruism, the experiment suggested, was not a superior moral faculty that suppresses basic selfish ur...
[ "Ġhelping", "Ġ(", "the", "ĠBy", "stand", "er", "Ġeffect", ").", "ĠGreater", "Ġnumbers", "Ġof", "Ġbystanders", "Ġdecrease", "Ġindividual", "Ġfeelings", "Ġof", "Ġresponsibility", ".", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġa", "Ġwitness", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġhigh", "Ġlevel", "Ġof", "Ġem...	103	helping (the Bystander effect). Greater numbers of bystanders decrease individual feelings of responsibility. However, a witness with a high level of empathic concern is likely to assume personal responsibility entirely regardless of the number of bystanders. Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism (as...
[ "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġcured", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġone", "Ġmedicine", "Ġof", "Ġlove", "Ġand", "Ġcompassion", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġqualities", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġultimate", "Ġsource", "Ġof", "Ġhuman", "Ġhappiness", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġneed", "Ġfor", "Ġthem", "Ġlies", "Ġat...	104	can be cured by the one medicine of love and compassion. These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and the need for them lies at the very core of our being" (Dalai Lama). Still, the notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes our own happine...
[ "Ġdefines", "Ġaltru", "ism", "Ġas", "Ġacting", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "'s", "Ġgood", ",", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġagrees", "Ġwith", "Ġfeminists", "Ġwho", "Ġnote", "Ġthat", "Ġsometimes", "Ġlove", "Ġrequires", "Ġacting", "Ġfor", "Ġone", "'s", "Ġown", "Ġgood", "Ġwhen...	105	defines altruism as acting for the other's good, and he agrees with feminists who note that sometimes love requires acting for one's own good when the other's demands undermine overall well-being. German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak. One way is a sincere express...
[ "Ġ\"", "Pa", "apa", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġwill", "Ġled", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġheaven", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "Sw", "arg", "a", "\"", "Ġin", "Ġafterlife", ".", "ĠAlt", "ru", "ism", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġthe", "Ġcentral", "Ġact", "Ġof", "Ġvarious", "ĠHindu", "Ġmythology", "Ġan...	106	"Paapa" and will led them to heaven or "Swarga" in afterlife. Altruism is also the central act of various Hindu mythology and religious poems and songs. The founder of warkari samprdaya the great saint "Dhnyaneshwar Maharaj" (1275-1296) in his "Pasaydan" pray to the supreme lord "Vitthal" for the wellbeing of all liv...
[ ".", "Ġ", "ĠSee", "Ġalso", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAl", "tr", "uria", ",", "ĠCalifornia", "Ġ", "ĠChar", "itable", "Ġorganization", "Ġ", "ĠComedy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcommons", "Ġ", "ĠConsider", "ation", "Ġ", "ĠE", "got", "ism", "Ġ", "ĠFamily", "Ġeconomics", "Ġ", "ĠGol...	107	. See also Altruria, California Charitable organization Comedy of the commons Consideration Egotism Family economics Golden Rule Gene-centered view of evolution Humanity (virtue) Misanthropy Mutual aid Non nobis solum Prisoner's dilemma Random act of kindness Social preferences Social psychology Soli...
[ ".", "ĠAfter", "Ġcomplaints", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "Ġvisiting", "Ġforeign", "Ġscientists", ",", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpur", "ged", "Ġstudents", "Ġwere", "Ġallowed", "Ġto", "Ġcomplete", "Ġtheir", "Ġwork", "Ġand", "Ġgraduate", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġshe",...	108	. After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, many of the purged students were allowed to complete their work and graduate, which she did in October 1924. She then studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment, Rand wrote an essay about the Polish actress Po...
[ "Ġwho", "Ġattempt", "Ġto", "Ġlive", "Ġthrough", "Ġothers", ",", "Ġplacing", "Ġothers", "Ġabove", "Ġthemselves", ".", "ĠTwelve", "Ġpublishers", "Ġrejected", "Ġit", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "ĠBob", "bs", "-", "M", "err", "ill", "ĠCompany", "Ġfinally", "Ġaccepted", "Ġit"...	109	who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. Twelve publishers rejected it before the Bobbs-Merrill Company finally accepted it at the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the amphetamine...
[ "Ġthe", "ĠN", "BI", "Ġstudents", "Ġand", "Ġheld", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġstrict", "Ġstandards", ",", "Ġsometimes", "Ġreacting", "Ġcold", "ly", "Ġor", "Ġangrily", "Ġto", "Ġthose", "Ġwho", "Ġdisagreed", "Ġwith", "Ġher", ".", "ĠCritics", ",", "Ġincluding", "Ġsome", "Ġ...	110	the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of the NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand. Some described the NBI or...
[ "Ġdestruction", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeconomy", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġloot", "ers", "Ġin", "ĠAtlas", "ĠSh", "rugged", "Ġalso", "Ġreflect", "Ġit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠRand", "'s", "Ġdescriptive", "Ġstyle", "Ġechoes", "Ġher", "Ġearly", "Ġcareer", "Ġwriting", "Ġscenarios", "Ġand", ...	111	destruction of the economy by the looters in Atlas Shrugged also reflect it. Rand's descriptive style echoes her early career writing scenarios and scripts for movies; her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios. They often follow common film editing conventions, such as ...
[ "Ġto", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "Ġanarchism", ",", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġlimited", "Ġgovernment", ".", "Ġ", "ĠComment", "ators", ",", "Ġincluding", "ĠHazel", "ĠBarnes", ",", "ĠAlbert", "ĠEllis", ",", "Ġand", "ĠNathaniel", "ĠBrand", "en", ",", "Ġhave", "Ġcriticized", ...	112	to support of anarchism, rather than limited government. Commentators, including Hazel Barnes, Albert Ellis, and Nathaniel Branden, have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason. Branden said this emphasis led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human ...
[ "Ġand", "Ġprogram", "matic", "Ġneo", "-", "Rom", "antic", "ism", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmisunderstood", "Ġartist", ",", "Ġwhile", "Ġcriticizing", "Ġher", "Ġcharacters", "'", "Ġ\"", "isol", "ated", "Ġrejection", "Ġof", "Ġdemocratic", "Ġsociety", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠPopular",...	113	and programmatic neo-Romanticism of the misunderstood artist, while criticizing her characters' "isolated rejection of democratic society". Popular interest With over 30 million copies sold , Rand's books continue to be read widely. A survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club in 199...
[ "ucked", "Ġa", "Ġticking", "Ġtime", "Ġbomb", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġboiler", "Ġroom", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUS", "Ġeconomy", "\".", "ĠLisa", "ĠDug", "gan", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "ĠRand", "'s", "Ġnovels", "Ġhad", "Ġ\"", "inc", "al", "cul", "able", "Ġimpact", "\"", "Ġin"...	114	ucked a ticking time bomb into the boiler room of the US economy". Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had "incalculable impact" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas. In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attrib...
[ "Ġscientist", "ĠAlan", "ĠWolfe", "Ġdismissed", "ĠRand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "non", "person", "\"", "Ġamong", "Ġacademics", ",", "Ġan", "Ġattitude", "Ġthat", "Ġwriter", "ĠBen", "ĠM", "urn", "ane", "Ġlater", "Ġdescribed", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "the", "Ġtraditional", "Ġa...	115	scientist Alan Wolfe dismissed Rand as a "nonperson" among academics, an attitude that writer Ben Murnane later described as "the traditional academic view" of Rand. To her fiction Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited than the discussion of her philosophy. Mimi Rei...
[ "Ġatheist", "Ġwriters", "ĠAmerican", "Ġessay", "ists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġethic", "ists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpeople", "Ġof", "ĠRussian", "-", "Jewish", "Ġdescent", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpolitical", "Ġactivists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpolitical", "Ġphilosophers", "ĠAmerican", "Ġscience", "Ġfi...	116	atheist writers American essayists American ethicists American people of Russian-Jewish descent American political activists American political philosophers American science fiction writers American women activists American women dramatists and playwrights American women essayists American women novelists American wom...
[ "Ġwool", "en", "Ġclothing", "ĠJoseph", "ĠMichael", "ĠD", "wan", "Ġ(", "18", "57", "âĢĵ", "19", "17", ")", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "ĠMary", "ĠJane", "ĠD", "wan", ",", "Ġn", "Ã©e", "ĠHunt", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfamily", "Ġmoved", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠS...	117	woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892 by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became ...
[ "Ġ(", "19", "21", ")", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠSin", "Ġof", "ĠMartha", "ĠQue", "ed", "Ġ(", "19", "21", ")", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠBroken", "ĠDoll", "Ġ(", "19", "21", ")", "ĠRobin", "ĠHood", "Ġ(", "19", "22", ")", "ĠZ", "aza", "Ġ(", "19", "23", ")", "ĠBig", "ĠBro...	118	(1921) The Sin of Martha Queed (1921) A Broken Doll (1921) Robin Hood (1922) Zaza (1923) Big Brother (1923) Manhandled (1924) Argentine Love (1924) The Coast of Folly (1925) Night Life of New York (1925) Stage Struck (1925) Gloria Swanson Dialogue (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annual "Gambol" hel...
[ "ids", ",", "ĠRust", "am", "ids", ",", "ĠId", "ris", "ids", ",", "ĠA", "gh", "lab", "ids", ",", "ĠFat", "im", "ids", ",", "ĠZ", "ir", "ids", ",", "ĠHam", "mad", "ids", ",", "ĠAl", "mor", "av", "ids", ",", "ĠAlm", "oh", "ads", ",", "ĠZ", "ay",...	119	ids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The vast majority of Algeria's population is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam, and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French serves as an ...
[ "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġsuccessive", "Ġdefeats", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠRomans", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠPun", "ic", "ĠWars", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ146", "ĠBC", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġof", "ĠCarth", "age", "Ġwas", "Ġdestroyed", ".", "ĠAs", "ĠCarth", "agin", "ian", "Ġpower", "Ġw"...	120	because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars. In 146 BC the city of Carthage was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in N...
[ "ĠArab", "Ġcustoms", "Ġand", "Ġculture", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġindigenous", "ĠAm", "az", "igh", "Ġtribes", ",", "Ġhowever", ",", "Ġremained", "Ġlargely", "Ġindependent", ",", "Ġand", "Ġdepending", "Ġon", "Ġtribe", ",", "Ġlocation", "Ġand", "Ġtime", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġvar...	121	Arab customs and culture. The indigenous Amazigh tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that include...
[ ",", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġ10", "57", "Ġthe", "ĠArabs", "Ġspread", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġhigh", "Ġplains", "Ġof", "ĠConstantine", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġenc", "ir", "cled", "Ġthe", "ĠQ", "ala", "a", "Ġof", "ĠBan", "u", "ĠHam", "mad", "Ġ(", "capital", "Ġof", "Ġthe", ...	122	, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of Constantine where they encircled the Qalaa of Banu Hammad (capital of the Hammadid Emirate), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the ...
[ "1600", "s", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġnot", "Ġpaid", "Ġregularly", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthey", "Ġrepeatedly", "Ġrevol", "ted", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġp", "asha", ".", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġa", "gha", "Ġcharged", "Ġthe", "Ġp", "asha", "Ġwit...	123	1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659. Plague had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21...
[ "Ġa", "Ġcombined", "ĠAnglo", "-", "Dutch", "Ġfleet", ",", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġcommand", "Ġof", "ĠLord", "ĠEx", "mouth", "Ġbomb", "arded", "ĠAl", "g", "iers", "Ġto", "Ġstop", "Ġsimilar", "Ġattacks", "Ġon", "ĠEuropean", "Ġfishermen", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġefforts", ...	124	a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the French conquest in 1830. French colonization (1830–1962) Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, ...
[ "ĠBella", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġgovernment", "Ġhad", "Ġbecome", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġsocialist", "Ġand", "Ġauthoritarian", ";", "ĠBou", "m", "Ã©", "d", "ienne", "Ġcontinued", "Ġthis", "Ġtrend", ".", "ĠBut", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġrelied", "Ġmuch", "Ġmore", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġarmy...	125	Bella, the government had become increasingly socialist and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. But, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He collectivised agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive. Oil extraction facilities ...
[ ".", "ĠTo", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", ",", "Ġthe", "ĠTell", "ĠAtlas", "Ġform", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠSah", "aran", "ĠAtlas", ",", "Ġfurther", "Ġsouth", ",", "Ġtwo", "Ġparallel", "Ġsets", "Ġof", "Ġrelief", "s", "Ġin", "Ġapproaching", "Ġeast", "bound", ",", "Ġand", "Ġb...	126	. To the north, the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of Aures and Nememcha occupy the entire northeastern Algeria a...
[ ".", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġrecent", "Ġpresidential", "Ġelection", "Ġwas", "Ġplanned", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ2019", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġwidespread", "Ġprotests", "Ġerupted", "Ġon", "Ġ22", "ĠFebruary", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġpresident", "'s", "Ġdecision", "Ġto", ...	127	. The most recent presidential election was planned to be in April 2019, but widespread protests erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, an independent candidate, was elect...
[ "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġaccepted", ",", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsurvey", "Ġconducted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠBBC", "ĠNews", "ĠArabic", "-", "Arab", "ĠBar", "ometer", "Ġin", "Ġ2019", ".", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġshowed", "Ġlargest", "ĠLGBT", "Ġacceptance", "Ġcompared", "Ġto"...	128	should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed largest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted. Human Rights Watch has accused the Algerian authorities of using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to prevent pr...
[ ".", "5", "Ġtimes", "Ġas", "Ġmuch", "Ġbi", "oc", "ap", "acity", "Ġas", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġcontains", ".", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", ",", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġis", "Ġrunning", "Ġa", "Ġbi", "oc", "ap", "acity", "Ġdeficit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠResearch", "Ġand", "Ġalternative", ...	129	.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. Research and alternative energy sources Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative e...
[ "Ġand", "ĠItalian", "Ġorigin", ".", "ĠAlmost", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġpopulation", "Ġleft", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġof", "Ġindependence", "Ġor", "Ġimmediately", "Ġafter", "Ġits", "Ġend", ".", "Ġ", "ĠLanguages", "Ġ", "ĠModern", "ĠStandard", "ĠArabic", "Ġa...	130	and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. Languages Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is heavily infused wit...
[ "Ġfree", "Ġof", "Ġcharge", ".", "ĠAfter", "Ġnine", "Ġyears", "Ġof", "Ġprimary", "Ġschool", ",", "Ġstudents", "Ġcan", "Ġgo", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġhigh", "Ġschool", "Ġor", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġeducational", "Ġinstitution", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġschool", "Ġoffers", "Ġtwo", "Ġpro...	131	free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue grad...
[ "Ġliterature", "Ġwas", "Ġmarked", "Ġby", "Ġworks", "Ġwhose", "Ġmain", "Ġconcern", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġassertion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAlger", "ian", "Ġnational", "Ġentity", ",", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġpublication", "Ġof", "Ġnovels", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠAlger", "ian"...	132	literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of Mohammed Dib, or even Nedjma of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emerge...
[ "ith", "a", ",", "Ġm", "der", "bel", ",", "Ġd", "ol", "ma", ",", "Ġb", "rik", "Ġor", "Ġbou", "rek", ",", "Ġg", "arant", "ita", ",", "Ġl", "ham", "'", "hl", "ou", ",", "Ġetc", ".", "ĠMer", "g", "uez", "Ġsausage", "Ġis", "Ġwidely", "Ġused", "Ġin"...	133	itha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices. Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities either in Algeria, in Europe or North America. However, traditional cakes are also made at home, fol...
[ "ĠDevelopment", "ĠFore", "casts", "Ġfor", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġfrom", "ĠInternational", "ĠFut", "ures", "Ġ", "ĠEU", "ĠNeigh", "bour", "hood", "ĠInfo", "ĠCentre", ":", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠNorth", "ĠAfrican", "Ġcountries", "ĠMag", "h", "re", "bi", "Ġcountries"...	134	Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria North African countries Maghrebi countries Saharan countries Arab republics Republics Arabic-speaking countries and territories Berber-speaking countries and territories French-speaking countries and territories G15 ...
[ ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġonly", "Ġknows", "Ġof", "ĠLud", "low", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġretired", "Ġfilm", "Ġstar", ".", "ĠCons", "idered", "Ġa", "Ġmis", "fit", "Ġby", "ĠG", "alt", "'s", "Ġother", "Ġadherents", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġviews", "Ġhis", "Ġactions", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġmea...	135	, which only knows of Ludlow as a retired film star. Considered a misfit by Galt's other adherents, he views his actions as a means to speed the world along in understanding Galt's perspective. According to Barbara Branden, who was closely associated with Rand at the time the book was written, there were sections writ...
[ "Ġrenowned", "Ġphilosopher", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDepartment", "Ġof", "ĠPhilosophy", "Ġat", "ĠPatrick", "ĠHenry", "ĠUniversity", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġtaught", "ĠFrancisco", "Ġd", "'", "An", "con", "ia", ",", "ĠJohn", "ĠG", "alt", ",", ...	136	renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He was, along with Robert Stadler, a father figure to these three. Akston's name is so hallowed that a young lady, on hearing that Francisco had studied...
[ "alt", "'s", "Ġmotor", ".", "ĠPart", "way", "Ġthrough", "Ġthis", "Ġprocess", ",", "ĠQuentin", "Ġwithdraw", "s", "Ġhis", "Ġeffort", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġreasons", "ĠJohn", "ĠG", "alt", "Ġhimself", "Ġhad", ".", "ĠDag", "ny", "'s", "Ġpursuit", "Ġof", "Ġ...	137	alt's motor. Partway through this process, Quentin withdraws his effort for the same reasons John Galt himself had. Dagny's pursuit of Quentin leads her to Galt's Gulch. Galt recognizes in him a younger version of himself, having emulated both Galt's achievements in physics and Galt's social reasoning. Sebastian d'Anc...
[ "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġfellow", "Ġconspir", "ators", ".", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "ĠG", "alt", "'s", "Ġthree", "-", "hour", "Ġspeech", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġexpresses", "Ġadmiration", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġman", ",", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġsays", "Ġwhat", "Ġhe", "Ġmeans", ...	138	and his fellow conspirators. At the end of Galt's three-hour speech, he expresses admiration for the man, as he says what he means. Despite this, Kinnan admits that he is one of the people Galt is out to destroy. Paul Larkin is an unsuccessful, middle-aged businessman, a friend of the Rearden family. He meets with the...
[ "Ġhaving", "Ġa", "Ġmeaningless", "Ġsexual", "Ġaffair", "Ġwith", "ĠJames", "ĠT", "agg", "art", ".", "ĠShe", "Ġis", "Ġdeliberately", "Ġcrude", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġway", "Ġthat", "Ġcasts", "Ġridicule", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġhigh", "Ġsocial", "Ġposition", ".", "ĠDr", ".", ...	139	having a meaningless sexual affair with James Taggart. She is deliberately crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high social position. Dr. Potter holds some undefined position with the State Science Institute. He is sent to try to obtain the rights to Rearden Metal. Dr. Simon Pritchett is the prestigious head of t...
[ "Ġout", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcynical", "Ġfollower", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġloot", "ers", "'", "Ġcode", ",", "Ġhis", "Ġexperience", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġmills", "Ġtransforms", "Ġhim", ",", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġcomes", "Ġto", "Ġrespect", "Ġand", "Ġadmire", "Ġthe", "Ġproducers", "...	140	out as a cynical follower of the looters' code, his experience at the mills transforms him, and he comes to respect and admire the producers. He is shot attempting to inform Hank Rearden about a government plot, but does succeed in warning Rearden just before he dies. Ellis Wyatt is the head of Wyatt Oil. He has almos...
[ "Ġconsidered", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwhole", ",", "Ġin", "Ġits", "Ġdetails", ",", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġrelation", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "Ġof", "Ġnature", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠBro", "ca", ",", "Ġbeing", "Ġwhat", "Ġtoday", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġcalled", "Ġa", "Ġneuro", "sur", ...	141	considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech ...
[ "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", ",", "Ġanthropology", "Ġhas", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġbeen", "Ġdivided", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġfour", "Ġfield", "Ġapproach", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġby", "ĠFranz", "ĠBo", "as", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġ20", "th", "Ġcentury", ":", "Ġbiological", ...	142	the United States, anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century: biological or physical anthropology; social, cultural, or sociocultural anthropology; and archaeological anthropology; plus linguistic anthropology. These fields frequently ove...
[ "ae", "ology", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtype", "Ġof", "Ġarchae", "ology", "Ġthat", "Ġstudies", "Ġthe", "Ġpractices", "Ġand", "Ġmaterial", "Ġremains", "Ġof", "Ġliving", "Ġhuman", "Ġgroups", "Ġin", "Ġorder", "Ġto", "Ġgain", "Ġa", "Ġbetter", "Ġunderstanding", "Ġof", "Ġthe", ...	143	aeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological ...
[ "is", "ÅĤ", "aw", "ĠMal", "in", "owski", ",", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "ĠFrench", "Ġcompat", "riot", ",", "ĠMarcel", "ĠMa", "uss", ",", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnature", "Ġof", "Ġgift", "-", "giving", "Ġexchange", "Ġ(", "or", "Ġreciproc", "ity", ")", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġal...	144	isław Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, i...
[ ",", "ĠVera", "ĠMae", "ĠGreen", "Ġwas", ",", "Ġuntil", "Ġ\"[", "w", "]", "ell", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġ1960", "s", "\",", "Ġthe", "Ġonly", "ĠAfrican", "-", "American", "Ġfemale", "Ġanthrop", "ologist", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġalso", "Ġa", "ĠCaribbean", "ist", ".", ...	145	, Vera Mae Green was, until "[w]ell into the 1960s", the only African-American female anthropologist who was also a Caribbeanist. She studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were studied. However, Zora N...
[ "Ġ\"", "demon", "strate", "Ġthe", "Ġability", "Ġof", "Ġanthropology", "Ġand", "Ġanthrop", "ologists", "Ġto", "Ġeffectively", "Ġaddress", "Ġproblems", "Ġbeyond", "Ġthe", "Ġdiscipline", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġilluminating", "Ġlarger", "Ġsocial", "Ġissues", "Ġof", "Ġour", "Ġtimes", ...	146	"demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change". Nature, science, and technology Cyborg ...
[ "Ġcomplete", "Ġcontinuity", "Ġbetween", "Ġmagical", "Ġthinking", "Ġand", "Ġreligion", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġevery", "Ġreligion", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġcultural", "Ġproduct", ",", "Ġcreated", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġhuman", "Ġcommunity", "Ġthat", "Ġwors", "hips", "Ġit", ".", ...	147	complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it. Urban Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists...
[ "ĠAnthrop", "ological", "ĠInstitute", "Ġof", "ĠGreat", "ĠBritain", "Ġand", "ĠIreland", "Ġ", "ĠSociety", "Ġfor", "Ġanthrop", "ological", "Ġsciences", "Ġ", "ĠSociety", "Ġfor", "ĠApplied", "ĠAnthropology", "Ġ", "ĠUSC", "ĠCenter", "Ġfor", "ĠVisual", "ĠAnthropology", "Ġ"...	148	Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Society for anthropological sciences Society for Applied Anthropology USC Center for Visual Anthropology Ethics As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well ...
[ "Ġconstructive", "Ġengagement", "Ġbetween", "Ġanthropology", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġmilitary", "Ġis", "Ġpossible", ",", "ĠC", "EA", "USS", "IC", "Ġsuggests", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠAAA", "Ġemphasize", "Ġthe", "Ġincomp", "atibility", "Ġof", "ĠH", "TS", "Ġwith", "Ġdisciplina...	149	constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD." Post–World...
[ "Ġheritage", "Ġ", "ĠOrigins", "Ġof", "Ġsociety", "Ġ", "ĠPhilos", "ophical", "Ġanthropology", ",", "Ġa", "Ġsub", "-", "field", "Ġof", "Ġphilosophy", "Ġ", "ĠPre", "historic", "Ġmedicine", "Ġ", "ĠQual", "itative", "Ġresearch", "Ġ", "ĠLists", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOut", "...	150	heritage Origins of society Philosophical anthropology, a sub-field of philosophy Prehistoric medicine Qualitative research Lists Outline of anthropology List of indigenous peoples List of anthropologists Notes References Further reading Dictionaries and encyclopedias Fieldnotes and memoirs Histories ...
[ "Ġ", "ĠAgriculture", "Ġministry", "Ġ", "ĠAg", "ro", "ec", "ology", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠSociety", "Ġof", "ĠAg", "ron", "omy", "Ġ", "ĠGen", "omics", "Ġof", "Ġdomest", "ication", "Ġ", "ĠHistory", "Ġof", "Ġagricultural", "Ġscience", "Ġ", "ĠInstitute", "Ġof", "ĠF...	151	Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI List of agricu...
[ "Ġkh", "ume", "ia", "Ġ(", "Ï", "ĩ", "Ï", "ħ", "Î¼", "Îµ", "Î", "¯", "Î±", ")", "Ġand", "Ġkh", "Äĵ", "m", "ÃŃa", "Ġ(", "Ï", "ĩ", "Î", "·", "Î¼", "Î", "¯", "Î±", ")", "Ġ-", "Ġsee", "Ġbelow", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠArabic", "Ġdefinite", "Ġarticl...	152	khumeia (χυμεία) and khēmía (χημία) - see below, and the Arabic definite article al- (), meaning 'The'. Together this association can be interpreted as 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'. Several etymologies have been proposed for the Greek term. The first was ...
[ "Ġdated", "Ġback", "Ġto", "ĠPh", "ara", "onic", "ĠEgypt", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġdomain", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpriest", "ly", "Ġclass", ",", "Ġthough", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġlittle", "Ġto", "Ġno", "Ġevidence", "Ġfor", "Ġhis", "Ġassertion", ".", "ĠAl", ...	153	dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion. Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and allegorize alchemical transmutation. These included the pantheon of god...
[ "Ġand", "Ġphysician", "ĠAb", "Å«", "ĠRay", "h", "Äģ", "n", "ĠB", "Ä«", "r", "Å«", "n", "Ä«", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġvisited", "ĠGujarat", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġof", "ĠMahm", "ud", "Ġof", "ĠGh", "az", "ni", ",", "Ġreported", "Ġthat", "Ġth...	154	and physician Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, who visited Gujarat as part of the court of Mahmud of Ghazni, reported that they The goals of alchemy in India included the creation of a divine body (Sanskrit divya-deham) and immortality while still embodied (Sanskrit jīvan-mukti). Sanskrit alchemical texts include much material on...
[ "Ġthe", "ĠArabic", "Ġconcept", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġthree", "Ġmetallic", "Ġprinciples", ":", "Ġsulph", "ur", "Ġgiving", "Ġfl", "amm", "ability", "Ġor", "Ġcombustion", ",", "Ġmercury", "Ġgiving", "Ġvolatility", "Ġand", "Ġstability", ",", "Ġand", "Ġsalt", "Ġgiving", "...	155	the Arabic concept of the three metallic principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and salt giving solidity. The atomic theory of corpuscularianism, where all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles, also has its origins i...
[ "Ġcentury", ",", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġ28", "Ġal", "chemical", "Ġtracts", "Ġwere", "Ġmis", "att", "ributed", "Ġto", "Ġhim", ",", "Ġa", "Ġcommon", "Ġpractice", "Ġgiving", "Ġrise", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġreputation", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġaccomplished", "Ġal", "chemist", ".",...	156	century, more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed to him, a common practice giving rise to his reputation as an accomplished alchemist. Likewise, alchemical texts have been attributed to Albert's student Thomas Aquinas. Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar who wrote on a wide variety of topics including optics, c...
[ "Ġoccult", ",", "Ġand", "Ġentrepreneurial", "Ġbranches", "Ġof", "Ġal", "chemy", "Ġfollowed", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġ15", "th", "Ġcentury", ",", "ĠMars", "ilo", "ĠF", "ic", "ino", "Ġtranslated", "Ġthe", "ĠCorpus", "ĠHer", "metic", "um", "Ġand", ...	157	occult, and entrepreneurial branches of alchemy followed. In the late 15th century, Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works of Plato into Latin. These were previously unavailable to Europeans who for the first time had a full picture of the alchemical theory that Bacon had declared absent. Renai...
[ "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġlab", "Ġsometime", "Ġaround", "Ġ1600", ".", "ĠSend", "iv", "og", "ious", "Ġtaught", "Ġhis", "Ġtechnique", "Ġto", "ĠCornel", "ius", "ĠDre", "b", "bel", "Ġwho", ",", "Ġin", "Ġ16", "21", ",", "Ġapplied", "Ġthis", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsubmarine", "....	158	in a lab sometime around 1600. Sendivogious taught his technique to Cornelius Drebbel who, in 1621, applied this in a submarine. Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newton's occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics. Other early modern alchemists who w...
[ "Ġwe", "Ġknow", "Ġwas", "ĠMary", "Ġthe", "ĠJew", "ess", "Ġ(", "c", ".", "Ġ200", "ĠA", ".", "D", ".).", "ĠEarly", "Ġsources", "Ġclaim", "Ġthat", "ĠMary", "Ġ(", "or", "ĠMaria", ")", "Ġdevised", "Ġa", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġimprovements", "Ġto", "Ġal", "chemic...	159	we know was Mary the Jewess (c. 200 A.D.). Early sources claim that Mary (or Maria) devised a number of improvements to alchemical equipment and tools as well as novel techniques in chemistry. Her best known advances were in heating and distillation processes. The laboratory water-bath, known eponymously (especially i...
[ "Ġmodern", "Ġesoteric", "Ġand", "ĠNeo", "-", "Her", "metic", "ist", "Ġpractitioners", ",", "Ġal", "chemy", "Ġis", "Ġfundamentally", "Ġspiritual", ".", "ĠIn", "Ġthis", "Ġinterpretation", ",", "Ġtransm", "utation", "Ġof", "Ġlead", "Ġinto", "Ġgold", "Ġis", "Ġpresen...	160	modern esoteric and Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection. According to this view, early alchemists such as Zosimos of Panopolis (c. AD 300) highligh...
[ "utation", "ĠOut", "line", "Ġof", "Ġal", "chemy", "ĠPort", "a", "ĠAl", "chem", "ica", "ĠRenaissance", "Ġmagic", "ĠSp", "agy", "ric", "ĠSup", "ers", "eded", "Ġtheories", "Ġin", "Ġscience", "ĠSynt", "hesis", "Ġof", "Ġprecious", "Ġmetals", "ĠWestern", "Ġes", "o...	161	utation Outline of alchemy Porta Alchemica Renaissance magic Spagyric Superseded theories in science Synthesis of precious metals Western esotericism Notes References Citations Bibliography Further reading General Lawrence Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy, Chicago, 2013. Jennifer M. Rampling. 2020. The Experim...
[ ",", "ĠEarly", "ĠGreek", "ĠAlchemy", ",", "ĠPatron", "age", "Ġand", "ĠInnovation", "Ġin", "ĠLate", "ĠAntiqu", "ity", ",", "ĠCalifornia", "ĠClassical", "ĠStudies", ",", "Ġ2019", ",", "Ġhttps", "://", "es", "ch", "olars", "hip", ".", "org", "/", "uc", "/", ...	162	, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity, California Classical Studies, 2019, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ks0g83x. Sergio Knipe, « Sacrifice and self-transformation in the alchemical writings of Zosimus of Panopolis », in Christopher Kelly, Richard Flower, Michael Stuart Williams (eds.),...
[ "Ġ", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠSecrets", ":", "ĠAlchemy", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠEuropean", "ĠImag", "ination", ",", "Ġ1500", "âĢĵ", "2000", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠA", "Ġdigital", "Ġexhibition", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠBe", "ine", "c", "ke", "ĠRare", "ĠBook", "Ġand", "ĠMan", "uscript", ...	163	Book of Secrets: Alchemy and the European Imagination, 1500–2000 – A digital exhibition from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Othmer MS 2 Alchemical Miscellany at OPenn Alchemy featured topic page on Science History Institute Digital Collections featuring selected manuscripts, rare b...
[ "uer", "-", "We", "il", ",", "Ġin", "ĠM", "ott", "isf", "ont", ",", "ĠHampshire", ",", "ĠEngland", "Ġ", "ĠAliens", "Ġ(", "Dark", "ĠHorse", "ĠComics", "Ġline", ")", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠAliens", "Ġ(", "TV", "Ġseries", "),", "Ġ2016", "ĠBritish", "Ġsci", "-", ...	164	uer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line) The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series "Aliens" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode Other uses Alien (shipping company), a Russian company Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress Alien, a perfume by Thierry M...
[ "Ġlinks", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġ", "ĠEuropean", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġ", "ĠInternational", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠUnion", "Ġ", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠPacific", "Ġ", "ĠSpace", "'s", "Ġast...	165	links American Astronomical Society European Astronomical Society International Astronomical Union Astronomical Society of the Pacific Space's astronomy news Astronomy Science occupations <\|endoftext\|>ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding stand...
[ "Ġhow", "Ġit", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġrecorded", "Ġon", "Ġper", "for", "ated", "Ġtape", ".", "ĠThey", "Ġproposed", "Ġa", "Ġ9", "-", "track", "Ġstandard", "Ġfor", "Ġmagnetic", "Ġtape", ",", "Ġand", "Ġattempted", "Ġto", "Ġdeal", "Ġwith", "Ġsome", "Ġpunched", "Ġca...	166	how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. Design considerations Bit width The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifi...
[ "Ġsymbols", "Ġon", "Ġmodern", "Ġkeyboards", "Ġdo", "Ġnot", "Ġcorrespond", "Ġas", "Ġclosely", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠASCII", "Ġtable", "Ġas", "Ġearlier", "Ġkeyboards", "Ġdid", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġ/", "?", "Ġpair", "Ġalso", "Ġdates", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ2", ",",...	167	symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). Howev...
[ "-", "T", "Ġ(", "DC", "4", ")", "Ġto", "Ġstart", "Ġand", "Ġstop", "Ġthe", "Ġtape", "Ġpunch", ";", "Ġon", "Ġsome", "Ġunits", "Ġequipped", "Ġwith", "Ġthis", "Ġfunction", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġcontrol", "Ġcharacter", "Ġletter", "ing", "Ġon", "Ġthe", ...	168	-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively. Delete vs Backspace The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a B...
[ "ĠMult", "ics", "Ġused", "Ġline", "Ġfeed", "Ġ(", "L", "F", ")", "Ġalone", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġline", "Ġtermin", "ator", ".", "ĠUnix", "Ġand", "ĠUnix", "-", "like", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġand", "ĠAm", "iga", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġadopted", "Ġthis", "Ġconvention", "Ġf...	169	Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete ope...
[ "Ġand", "Ġafter", "ĠJuly", "Ġ1", ",", "Ġ1969", ",", "Ġmust", "Ġhave", "Ġthe", "Ġcapability", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġthe", "ĠStandard", "ĠCode", "Ġfor", "ĠInformation", "ĠInter", "change", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġformats", "Ġprescribed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġmagnetic", "Ġtape", ...	170	and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpasse...
[ "Ġ(", "V", "iet", "nam", ").", "ĠAlthough", "Ġthese", "Ġenc", "od", "ings", "Ġare", "Ġsometimes", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "ĠASCII", ",", "Ġtrue", "ĠASCII", "Ġis", "Ġdefined", "Ġstrictly", "Ġonly", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠAN", "SI", "Ġstandard", ".", "Ġ", "ĠMos...	171	(Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard. Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 wi...
[ "ĠPe", "ay", "ĠState", "ĠUniversity", ",", "ĠClarks", "ville", ",", "ĠTennessee", "Ġ", "ĠReligion", "Ġ", "ĠAugustine", "Ġof", "ĠHipp", "o", "Ġ", "ĠAn", "Ġadjective", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠAugust", "in", "ians", "Ġ", "ĠBusiness", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠAustin", "ĠCa...	172	Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee Religion Augustine of Hippo An adjective for the Augustinians Business American Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker Austin Automobile Company, short-lived American automobile company Austin Motor Company, British car manufacturer Austin cookie...
[ "Ġspinning", "Ġa", "Ġdevice", "Ġmanually", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġflip", "Ġbook", "Ġoften", "Ġcontained", "Ġmore", "Ġpictures", "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġbeginning", "Ġand", "Ġend", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġits", "Ġanimation", "Ġwould", "Ġnot", "Ġlast", "Ġlonger", "Ġthan", "Ġa", ...	173	spinning a device manually. The flip book often contained more pictures and had a beginning and end, but its animation would not last longer than a few seconds. The first to create much longer sequences seems to have been Charles-Émile Reynaud, who between 1892 and 1900 had much success with his 10- to 15-minute-long ...
[ "Ġof", "Ġstyles", ",", "Ġrelatively", "Ġoften", "Ġincluding", "Ġstop", "Ġmotion", "Ġand", "Ġcut", "out", "Ġanimation", "Ġtechniques", ".", "ĠRussia", "'s", "ĠSoy", "uz", "mult", "film", "Ġanimation", "Ġstudio", ",", "Ġfounded", "Ġin", "Ġ1936", ",", "Ġproduced", ...	174	of styles, relatively often including stop motion and cutout animation techniques. Russia's Soyuzmultfilm animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries...
[ "Ġbooks", "Ġand", "Ġmagazines", ".", "ĠSomew", "hat", "Ġsimilarly", ",", "Ġcharacters", "Ġand", "Ġplots", "Ġfor", "Ġvideo", "Ġgames", "Ġ(", "an", "Ġinteractive", "Ġanimation", "Ġmedium", ")", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġderived", "Ġfrom", "Ġfilms", "Ġand", "Ġvice", "Ġve...	175	books and magazines. Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for video games (an interactive animation medium) have been derived from films and vice versa. Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and ...
[ "Ġthey", "Ġenjoy", "Ġmore", "Ġlatitude", "Ġto", "Ġdepart", "Ġfrom", "Ġstory", "boards", "Ġ(", "i", ".", "e", ".,", "Ġreal", "-", "time", "Ġimprovis", "ation", ").", "Ġ", "ĠAnother", "Ġproblem", "Ġunique", "Ġto", "Ġanimation", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġrequirement", "...	176	they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation). Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual style...
[ "ĠTV", "Ġanimation", "Ġstudios", ")", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġthe", "ĠInternet", "Ġ(", "web", "Ġcartoons", ").", "Ġ", "ĠR", "otos", "c", "oping", "Ġ", "ĠR", "otos", "c", "oping", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtechnique", "Ġpatented", "Ġby", "ĠMax", "ĠFle", "ischer", "Ġin", ...	177	TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons). Rotoscoping Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978)...
[ "Ġactors", "Ġand", "Ġsettings", ".", "ĠExamples", "Ġinclude", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġof", "ĠRay", "ĠHarry", "haus", "en", ",", "Ġas", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġfilms", ",", "ĠJason", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠArgon", "auts", "Ġ(", "1963", "),", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġof",...	178	actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films, Jason and the Argonauts (1963), and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, King Kong (1933). Go motion A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in t...
[ "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġme", "chat", "ronics", "Ġto", "Ġcreate", "Ġmachines", "Ġthat", "Ġseem", "Ġanimate", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġrobotic", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAudio", "-", "Anim", "at", "ronics", "Ġand", "ĠAut", "onom", "at", "ronics", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġform", "Ġof", "Ġrob...	179	use of mechatronics to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic. Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or son...
[ "Ġprophetic", "Ġdeity", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDel", "ph", "ic", "ĠOracle", ".", "ĠApollo", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġwho", "Ġaff", "ords", "Ġhelp", "Ġand", "Ġwards", "Ġoff", "Ġevil", ";", "Ġvarious", "Ġepit", "he", "ts", "Ġcall", "Ġhim", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "aver", ...	180	prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the "averter of evil". Delphic Apollo is the patron of seafarers, foreigners and the protector of fugitives and refugees. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god him...
[ "m", "ologies", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġsuggested", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġname", ",", "ĠThe", "ĠH", "itt", "ite", "Ġform", "ĠAp", "ali", "un", "as", "Ġ(", "d", ")", "Ġis", "Ġatt", "ested", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠMan", "apa", "-", "Tar", "hunt", "a", "Ġletter", "."...	181	mologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (d) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter. The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot with Doric . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns /kʷʎðãns/ may reflect an earlier /kʷalyán-/ before pal...
[ ".", "ĠP", "ae", "an", "Ġ(", "Ġ;", "Ġ,", "ĠPai", "Äģ", "n", "),", "Ġphysician", ",", "Ġhealer", "ĠP", "arn", "op", "ius", "Ġ(", "Ġ;", "Ġ,", "ĠP", "arn", "op", "ios", "),", "Ġfrom", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "loc", "ust", "\"", "Ġ", "ĠFounder", "Ġand", "Ġprote...	182	. Paean ( ; , Paiān), physician, healer Parnopius ( ; , Parnopios), from , "locust" Founder and protector Agyieus ( ; , Aguīeus), from , "street", for his role in protecting roads and homes Alexicacus ( ; , Alexikakos), literally "warding off evil" Apotropaeus ( ; , Apotropaios), from , "to avert" Archegetes ( ; , Ark...
[ "ar", "ois", ",", "Ġnear", "ĠCh", "Ã¢", "t", "illon", "-", "sur", "-", "Se", "ine", "Ġin", "Ġpresent", "-", "day", "ĠBurg", "undy", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġof", "Ġhealing", ",", "Ġespecially", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeyes", ".", "Ġ", "ĠApollo", ...	183	arois, near Châtillon-sur-Seine in present-day Burgundy. He was a god of healing, especially of the eyes. Apollo Virotutis ("benefactor of mankind"). Apollo Virotutis was worshipped, among other places, at Fins d'Annecy (Haute-Savoie) and at Jublains (Maine-et-Loire). Origins The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, De...
[ ",", "ĠApollo", "Ġappeared", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġdolphin", "Ġand", "Ġcarried", "ĠC", "ret", "an", "Ġpriests", "Ġto", "ĠDel", "phi", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġevidently", "Ġtransferred", "Ġtheir", "Ġreligious", "Ġpractices", ".", "ĠApollo", "ĠDel", "ph", "in", "ios"...	184	, Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea-god especially worshipped in Crete and in the islands. Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis ...
[ "ĠDel", "ph", "ic", "Ġor", "acle", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġfailed", ".\"", "Ġ", "ĠOr", "acular", "Ġshr", "ines", "Ġ", "ĠApollo", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġfamous", "Ġor", "acle", "Ġin", "ĠDel", "phi", ",", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġnotable", "Ġones", "Ġin", "ĠClar", "os", "Ġan...	185	Delphic oracle, but failed." Oracular shrines Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi, and other notable ones in Claros and Didyma. His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (, Apollon Abaios), was important enough to be consulted by Croesus. His oracular shrines include: Abae ...
[ "acle", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġtemple", "Ġof", "ĠApollo", "ĠD", "aph", "n", "ep", "hor", "os", ",", "Ġ\"", "Ap", "ollo", ",", "Ġlaure", "l", "-", "be", "arer", "\",", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "carry", "ing", "Ġoff", "ĠD", "aph", "ne", "\",", "Ġis", "Ġdated"...	186	acle. The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros, "Apollo, laurel-bearer", or "carrying off Daphne", is dated to 800 B.C. The temple was curvilinear hecatombedon (a hundred feet). In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building. Another temple probably peripteral was...
[ "Ġof", "ĠApollo", "ĠPh", "an", "ai", "os", "Ġwas", "Ġbuilt", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġ6", "th", "Ġcentury", "ĠB", ".", "C", ".", "ĠOnly", "Ġsome", "Ġsmall", "Ġparts", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġfound", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġcapitals", "Ġhad", "Ġflora...	187	of Apollo Phanaios was built at the end of the 6th century B.C. Only some small parts have been found and the capitals had floral ornament. Abae (Phocis). The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 B.C., and later by the Boeotians. It was rebuilt by Hadrian. The oracle was in use from e...
[ "Ġone", "Ġinscription", "Ġfound", "Ġnear", "ĠFal", "er", "ii", ".", "Ġ", "ĠPompe", "ii", "Ġ(", "Italy", "):", "ĠThe", "Ġcult", "Ġof", "ĠApollo", "Ġwas", "Ġwidespread", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġregion", "Ġof", "ĠCamp", "ania", "Ġsince", "Ġthe", "Ġ6", "th", "Ġcentur...	188	one inscription found near Falerii. Pompeii (Italy): The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century B.C. The temple was built in 120 B.V, but its beginnings lie in the 6th century B.C. It was reconstructed after an earthquake in A.D. 63. It demonstrates a mixing of styles which form...
[ "Ġ", "ĠHyper", "b", "orea", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġmystical", "Ġland", "Ġof", "Ġeternal", "Ġspring", ",", "Ġvener", "ated", "ĠApollo", "Ġabove", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", ".", "ĠThe", "ĠHyper", "b", "ore", "ans", "Ġalways", "Ġsang", "Ġand", "Ġdanced", "Ġin", "Ġhis"...	189	Hyperborea, the mystical land of eternal spring, venerated Apollo above all the gods. The Hyperboreans always sang and danced in his honor and hosted Pythian games. There, a vast forest of beautiful trees was called "the garden of Apollo". Apollo spent the winter months among the Hyperboreans. His absence from the wo...
[ "Ġthat", "Ġappears", "Ġin", "Ġdarkness", ",", "Ġand", "Ġgave", "Ġthe", "Ġprivilege", "Ġback", "Ġagain", "Ġto", "ĠL", "ox", "ias", ".", "ĠApollo", "Ġalso", "Ġdemanded", "Ġthat", "Ġall", "Ġother", "Ġmethods", "Ġof", "Ġdiv", "ination", "Ġbe", "Ġmade", "Ġinferior"...	190	that appears in darkness, and gave the privilege back again to Loxias. Apollo also demanded that all other methods of divination be made inferior to his, a wish that Zeus granted him readily. Because of this, Athena, who had been practicing divination by throwing pebbles, cast her pebbles away in displeasure. However...
[ "ĠApollo", "'s", "Ġeff", "em", "inate", "Ġappearance", "Ġand", "ĠArtemis", "'", "Ġman", "ly", "Ġappearance", ".", "ĠLet", "o", ",", "Ġinsulted", "Ġby", "Ġthis", ",", "Ġtold", "Ġher", "Ġchildren", "Ġto", "Ġpunish", "ĠNi", "obe", ".", "ĠAccordingly", ",", "Ġ...	191	Apollo's effeminate appearance and Artemis' manly appearance. Leto, insulted by this, told her children to punish Niobe. Accordingly, Apollo killed Niobe's sons, and Artemis her daughters. According to some versions of the myth, among the Niobids, Chloris and her brother Amyclas were not killed because they prayed to ...
[ "Ġinjured", ",", "ĠApollo", "Ġhealed", "Ġhim", "Ġand", "Ġencouraged", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġup", "Ġhis", "Ġarms", ".", "ĠDuring", "Ġa", "Ġduel", "Ġwith", "ĠAchilles", ",", "Ġwhen", "ĠHector", "Ġwas", "Ġabout", "Ġto", "Ġlose", ",", "ĠApollo", "Ġhid", "ĠHe...	192	injured, Apollo healed him and encouraged him to take up his arms. During a duel with Achilles, when Hector was about to lose, Apollo hid Hector in a cloud of mist to save him. When the Greek warrior Patroclus tried to get into the fort of Troy, he was stopped by Apollo. Encouraging Hector to attack Patroclus, Apollo ...
[ "Ġand", "Ġnecks", "Ġaround", "Ġtowards", "Ġtheir", "Ġwounds", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġpulled", "Ġtogether", "Ġtheir", "Ġskin", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġabdomen", ",", "Ġand", "Ġse", "wed", "Ġthe", "Ġskin", "Ġtogether", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġmiddle", "Ġof", "Ġit", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġi...	193	and necks around towards their wounds, he pulled together their skin at the abdomen, and sewed the skin together at the middle of it. This is what we call navel today. He smoothened the wrinkles and shaped the chest. But he made sure to leave a few wrinkles on the abdomen and around the navel so that they might be rem...
[ "et", "es", "Ġ(\"", "leader", "Ġof", "ĠMus", "es", "\")", "Ġhe", "Ġleads", "Ġthem", "Ġin", "Ġdance", ".", "ĠThey", "Ġspend", "Ġtheir", "Ġtime", "Ġon", "ĠP", "arn", "ass", "us", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġsacred", "Ġplaces", ".", "...	194	etes ("leader of Muses") he leads them in dance. They spend their time on Parnassus, which is one of their sacred places. Apollo is also the lover of the Muses and by them he became the father of famous musicians like Orpheus and Linus. Apollo is often found delighting the immortal gods with his songs and music on the...
[ "Ġplayed", "Ġthe", "Ġfl", "ute", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġneeded", "Ġair", "Ġblown", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġthroat", ",", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġsimilar", "Ġto", "Ġsinging", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġeither", "Ġthey", "Ġboth", "Ġshould", "Ġget", "Ġan", "Ġequal", "Ġchance", "Ġto...	195	played the flute, which needed air blown from the throat, it was similar to singing, and that either they both should get an equal chance to combine their skills or none of them should use their mouths at all. The nymphs decided that Apollo's argument was just. Apollo then played his lyre and sang at the same time, me...
[ "ians", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "ĠOd", "ys", "se", "us", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "ĠAthena", "Ġand", "ĠAres", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġbattlefield", "Ġand", "Ġtook", "Ġsides", ".", "ĠAthena", "Ġhelped", "Ġthe", "Ġhero", "ĠOd", "ys", ...	196	ians, who had the support of Odysseus. The gods Athena and Ares came to the battlefield and took sides. Athena helped the hero Odysseus while Ares fought alongside of the Brygoi. When Odysseus lost, Athena and Ares came into a direct duel. To stop the battling gods and the terror created by their battle, Apollo interve...
[ "ĠPrometheus", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPrometheus", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġtitan", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġpunished", "Ġby", "ĠZeus", "Ġfor", "Ġstealing", "Ġfire", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġbound", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġrock", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġeach", "Ġday", "Ġan", "Ġeagle", "Ġwas", "Ġsent",...	197	Prometheus Prometheus was the titan who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire. He was bound to a rock, where each day an eagle was sent to eat Prometheus' liver, which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day. Seeing his plight, Apollo pleaded Zeus to release the kind Titan, while Artemis and L...
[ "T", "roy", ").", "ĠI", "le", "us", "Ġwas", "Ġvery", "Ġdear", "Ġto", "ĠApollo", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ro", ",", "Ġdaughter", "Ġof", "ĠPh", "yl", "as", ",", "Ġa", "Ġmaiden", "Ġas", "Ġbeautiful", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġmoon", "be", "ams", ",", "Ġwas", "Ġloved",...	198	Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo. Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant Apollo, and she loved him in return. By their union, she became mother of Chaeron, who was famed as "the tamer of horses". He later built the city Chaeronea. Hyrie or Thyrie was the mother...
[ "Ġman", "Ġwith", "ĠAph", "rod", "ite", "Ġand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", "Ġwith", "ĠApollo", ".", "ĠA", "ty", "mn", "ius", ",", "Ġotherwise", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġbeloved", "Ġof", "ĠS", "arp", "ed", "on", "ĠBore", "as", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġof", "...	199	man with Aphrodite and as a woman with Apollo. Atymnius, otherwise known as a beloved of Sarpedon Boreas, the god of North winds Helenus, the son of Priam and a Trojan Prince, was a lover of Apollo and received from him an ivory bow with which he later wounded Achilles in the hand. Hippolytus of Sicyon (not the same a...

[ "Ġif", "Ġthey", "Ġsee", "Ġnon", "-", "co", "oper", "at", "iveness", "Ġby", "Ġothers", "Ġand", "Ġthis", "Ġeffect", "Ġtend", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġstronger", "Ġthan", "Ġthe", "Ġopposite", "Ġeffect", "Ġof", "Ġseeing", "Ġcooperative", "Ġbehaviors", ".", "ĠSimply", "Ġcha...

100

if they see non-cooperativeness by others and this effect tend to be stronger than the opposite effect of seeing cooperative behaviors. Simply changing the cooperative framing of a proposal may increase cooperativeness such as calling it a "Community Game" instead of a "Wall Street Game". A tendency towards reciprocit...

[ "Ġrelationships", "Ġwhich", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġexpect", "Ġless", "Ġsuccess", ".", "Ġ", "ĠPeople", "Ġmay", "Ġcompete", "Ġfor", "Ġsocial", "Ġbenefit", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġburn", "ished", "Ġreputation", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġmay", "Ġcause", "Ġcompetitive",...

101

relationships which may be because they expect less success. People may compete for social benefit from a burnished reputation, which may cause competitive altruism. On the other hand, in some experiments a proportion of people do not seem to care about reputation and they do not help more even if this is conspicuous...

[ "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġby", "Ġmaking", "Ġcharitable", "Ġdonations", ",", "Ġanother", "Ġbrain", "Ġcircuit", "Ġwas", "Ġselectively", "Ġactivated", ":", "Ġthe", "Ġsub", "gen", "ual", "Ġcortex", "/", "se", "pt", "al", "Ġregion", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġstructures", "Ġare", ...

102

their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex/septal region. These structures are intimately related to social attachment and bonding in other species. Altruism, the experiment suggested, was not a superior moral faculty that suppresses basic selfish ur...

[ "Ġhelping", "Ġ(", "the", "ĠBy", "stand", "er", "Ġeffect", ").", "ĠGreater", "Ġnumbers", "Ġof", "Ġbystanders", "Ġdecrease", "Ġindividual", "Ġfeelings", "Ġof", "Ġresponsibility", ".", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġa", "Ġwitness", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġhigh", "Ġlevel", "Ġof", "Ġem...

103

helping (the Bystander effect). Greater numbers of bystanders decrease individual feelings of responsibility. However, a witness with a high level of empathic concern is likely to assume personal responsibility entirely regardless of the number of bystanders. Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism (as...

[ "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġcured", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġone", "Ġmedicine", "Ġof", "Ġlove", "Ġand", "Ġcompassion", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġqualities", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġultimate", "Ġsource", "Ġof", "Ġhuman", "Ġhappiness", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġneed", "Ġfor", "Ġthem", "Ġlies", "Ġat...

104

can be cured by the one medicine of love and compassion. These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and the need for them lies at the very core of our being" (Dalai Lama). Still, the notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes our own happine...

[ "Ġdefines", "Ġaltru", "ism", "Ġas", "Ġacting", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "'s", "Ġgood", ",", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġagrees", "Ġwith", "Ġfeminists", "Ġwho", "Ġnote", "Ġthat", "Ġsometimes", "Ġlove", "Ġrequires", "Ġacting", "Ġfor", "Ġone", "'s", "Ġown", "Ġgood", "Ġwhen...

105

defines altruism as acting for the other's good, and he agrees with feminists who note that sometimes love requires acting for one's own good when the other's demands undermine overall well-being. German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak. One way is a sincere express...

[ "Ġ\"", "Pa", "apa", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġwill", "Ġled", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġheaven", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "Sw", "arg", "a", "\"", "Ġin", "Ġafterlife", ".", "ĠAlt", "ru", "ism", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġthe", "Ġcentral", "Ġact", "Ġof", "Ġvarious", "ĠHindu", "Ġmythology", "Ġan...

106

"Paapa" and will led them to heaven or "Swarga" in afterlife. Altruism is also the central act of various Hindu mythology and religious poems and songs. The founder of warkari samprdaya the great saint "Dhnyaneshwar Maharaj" (1275-1296) in his "Pasaydan" pray to the supreme lord "Vitthal" for the wellbeing of all liv...

[ ".", "Ġ", "ĠSee", "Ġalso", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAl", "tr", "uria", ",", "ĠCalifornia", "Ġ", "ĠChar", "itable", "Ġorganization", "Ġ", "ĠComedy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcommons", "Ġ", "ĠConsider", "ation", "Ġ", "ĠE", "got", "ism", "Ġ", "ĠFamily", "Ġeconomics", "Ġ", "ĠGol...

107

. See also Altruria, California Charitable organization Comedy of the commons Consideration Egotism Family economics Golden Rule Gene-centered view of evolution Humanity (virtue) Misanthropy Mutual aid Non nobis solum Prisoner's dilemma Random act of kindness Social preferences Social psychology Soli...

[ ".", "ĠAfter", "Ġcomplaints", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "Ġvisiting", "Ġforeign", "Ġscientists", ",", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpur", "ged", "Ġstudents", "Ġwere", "Ġallowed", "Ġto", "Ġcomplete", "Ġtheir", "Ġwork", "Ġand", "Ġgraduate", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġshe",...

108

. After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, many of the purged students were allowed to complete their work and graduate, which she did in October 1924. She then studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment, Rand wrote an essay about the Polish actress Po...

[ "Ġwho", "Ġattempt", "Ġto", "Ġlive", "Ġthrough", "Ġothers", ",", "Ġplacing", "Ġothers", "Ġabove", "Ġthemselves", ".", "ĠTwelve", "Ġpublishers", "Ġrejected", "Ġit", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "ĠBob", "bs", "-", "M", "err", "ill", "ĠCompany", "Ġfinally", "Ġaccepted", "Ġit"...

109

who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. Twelve publishers rejected it before the Bobbs-Merrill Company finally accepted it at the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the amphetamine...

[ "Ġthe", "ĠN", "BI", "Ġstudents", "Ġand", "Ġheld", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġstrict", "Ġstandards", ",", "Ġsometimes", "Ġreacting", "Ġcold", "ly", "Ġor", "Ġangrily", "Ġto", "Ġthose", "Ġwho", "Ġdisagreed", "Ġwith", "Ġher", ".", "ĠCritics", ",", "Ġincluding", "Ġsome", "Ġ...

110

the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of the NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand. Some described the NBI or...

[ "Ġdestruction", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeconomy", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġloot", "ers", "Ġin", "ĠAtlas", "ĠSh", "rugged", "Ġalso", "Ġreflect", "Ġit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠRand", "'s", "Ġdescriptive", "Ġstyle", "Ġechoes", "Ġher", "Ġearly", "Ġcareer", "Ġwriting", "Ġscenarios", "Ġand", ...

111

destruction of the economy by the looters in Atlas Shrugged also reflect it. Rand's descriptive style echoes her early career writing scenarios and scripts for movies; her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios. They often follow common film editing conventions, such as ...

[ "Ġto", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "Ġanarchism", ",", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġlimited", "Ġgovernment", ".", "Ġ", "ĠComment", "ators", ",", "Ġincluding", "ĠHazel", "ĠBarnes", ",", "ĠAlbert", "ĠEllis", ",", "Ġand", "ĠNathaniel", "ĠBrand", "en", ",", "Ġhave", "Ġcriticized", ...

112

to support of anarchism, rather than limited government. Commentators, including Hazel Barnes, Albert Ellis, and Nathaniel Branden, have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason. Branden said this emphasis led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human ...

[ "Ġand", "Ġprogram", "matic", "Ġneo", "-", "Rom", "antic", "ism", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmisunderstood", "Ġartist", ",", "Ġwhile", "Ġcriticizing", "Ġher", "Ġcharacters", "'", "Ġ\"", "isol", "ated", "Ġrejection", "Ġof", "Ġdemocratic", "Ġsociety", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠPopular",...

113

and programmatic neo-Romanticism of the misunderstood artist, while criticizing her characters' "isolated rejection of democratic society". Popular interest With over 30 million copies sold , Rand's books continue to be read widely. A survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club in 199...

[ "ucked", "Ġa", "Ġticking", "Ġtime", "Ġbomb", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġboiler", "Ġroom", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUS", "Ġeconomy", "\".", "ĠLisa", "ĠDug", "gan", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "ĠRand", "'s", "Ġnovels", "Ġhad", "Ġ\"", "inc", "al", "cul", "able", "Ġimpact", "\"", "Ġin"...

114

ucked a ticking time bomb into the boiler room of the US economy". Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had "incalculable impact" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas. In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attrib...

[ "Ġscientist", "ĠAlan", "ĠWolfe", "Ġdismissed", "ĠRand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "non", "person", "\"", "Ġamong", "Ġacademics", ",", "Ġan", "Ġattitude", "Ġthat", "Ġwriter", "ĠBen", "ĠM", "urn", "ane", "Ġlater", "Ġdescribed", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "the", "Ġtraditional", "Ġa...

115

scientist Alan Wolfe dismissed Rand as a "nonperson" among academics, an attitude that writer Ben Murnane later described as "the traditional academic view" of Rand. To her fiction Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited than the discussion of her philosophy. Mimi Rei...

[ "Ġatheist", "Ġwriters", "ĠAmerican", "Ġessay", "ists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġethic", "ists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpeople", "Ġof", "ĠRussian", "-", "Jewish", "Ġdescent", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpolitical", "Ġactivists", "ĠAmerican", "Ġpolitical", "Ġphilosophers", "ĠAmerican", "Ġscience", "Ġfi...

116

atheist writers American essayists American ethicists American people of Russian-Jewish descent American political activists American political philosophers American science fiction writers American women activists American women dramatists and playwrights American women essayists American women novelists American wom...

[ "Ġwool", "en", "Ġclothing", "ĠJoseph", "ĠMichael", "ĠD", "wan", "Ġ(", "18", "57", "âĢĵ", "19", "17", ")", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "ĠMary", "ĠJane", "ĠD", "wan", ",", "Ġn", "Ã©e", "ĠHunt", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfamily", "Ġmoved", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠS...

117

woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892 by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became ...

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118

(1921) The Sin of Martha Queed (1921) A Broken Doll (1921) Robin Hood (1922) Zaza (1923) Big Brother (1923) Manhandled (1924) Argentine Love (1924) The Coast of Folly (1925) Night Life of New York (1925) Stage Struck (1925) Gloria Swanson Dialogue (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annual "Gambol" hel...

[ "ids", ",", "ĠRust", "am", "ids", ",", "ĠId", "ris", "ids", ",", "ĠA", "gh", "lab", "ids", ",", "ĠFat", "im", "ids", ",", "ĠZ", "ir", "ids", ",", "ĠHam", "mad", "ids", ",", "ĠAl", "mor", "av", "ids", ",", "ĠAlm", "oh", "ads", ",", "ĠZ", "ay",...

119

ids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The vast majority of Algeria's population is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam, and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French serves as an ...

[ "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġsuccessive", "Ġdefeats", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠRomans", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠPun", "ic", "ĠWars", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ146", "ĠBC", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġof", "ĠCarth", "age", "Ġwas", "Ġdestroyed", ".", "ĠAs", "ĠCarth", "agin", "ian", "Ġpower", "Ġw"...

120

because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars. In 146 BC the city of Carthage was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in N...

[ "ĠArab", "Ġcustoms", "Ġand", "Ġculture", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġindigenous", "ĠAm", "az", "igh", "Ġtribes", ",", "Ġhowever", ",", "Ġremained", "Ġlargely", "Ġindependent", ",", "Ġand", "Ġdepending", "Ġon", "Ġtribe", ",", "Ġlocation", "Ġand", "Ġtime", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġvar...

121

Arab customs and culture. The indigenous Amazigh tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that include...

[ ",", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġ10", "57", "Ġthe", "ĠArabs", "Ġspread", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġhigh", "Ġplains", "Ġof", "ĠConstantine", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġenc", "ir", "cled", "Ġthe", "ĠQ", "ala", "a", "Ġof", "ĠBan", "u", "ĠHam", "mad", "Ġ(", "capital", "Ġof", "Ġthe", ...

122

, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of Constantine where they encircled the Qalaa of Banu Hammad (capital of the Hammadid Emirate), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the ...

[ "1600", "s", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġnot", "Ġpaid", "Ġregularly", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthey", "Ġrepeatedly", "Ġrevol", "ted", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġp", "asha", ".", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġa", "gha", "Ġcharged", "Ġthe", "Ġp", "asha", "Ġwit...

123

1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659. Plague had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21...

[ "Ġa", "Ġcombined", "ĠAnglo", "-", "Dutch", "Ġfleet", ",", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġcommand", "Ġof", "ĠLord", "ĠEx", "mouth", "Ġbomb", "arded", "ĠAl", "g", "iers", "Ġto", "Ġstop", "Ġsimilar", "Ġattacks", "Ġon", "ĠEuropean", "Ġfishermen", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġefforts", ...

124

a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the French conquest in 1830. French colonization (1830–1962) Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, ...

[ "ĠBella", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġgovernment", "Ġhad", "Ġbecome", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġsocialist", "Ġand", "Ġauthoritarian", ";", "ĠBou", "m", "Ã©", "d", "ienne", "Ġcontinued", "Ġthis", "Ġtrend", ".", "ĠBut", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġrelied", "Ġmuch", "Ġmore", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġarmy...

125

Bella, the government had become increasingly socialist and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. But, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He collectivised agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive. Oil extraction facilities ...

[ ".", "ĠTo", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", ",", "Ġthe", "ĠTell", "ĠAtlas", "Ġform", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠSah", "aran", "ĠAtlas", ",", "Ġfurther", "Ġsouth", ",", "Ġtwo", "Ġparallel", "Ġsets", "Ġof", "Ġrelief", "s", "Ġin", "Ġapproaching", "Ġeast", "bound", ",", "Ġand", "Ġb...

126

. To the north, the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of Aures and Nememcha occupy the entire northeastern Algeria a...

[ ".", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġrecent", "Ġpresidential", "Ġelection", "Ġwas", "Ġplanned", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ2019", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġwidespread", "Ġprotests", "Ġerupted", "Ġon", "Ġ22", "ĠFebruary", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġpresident", "'s", "Ġdecision", "Ġto", ...

127

. The most recent presidential election was planned to be in April 2019, but widespread protests erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, an independent candidate, was elect...

[ "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġaccepted", ",", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsurvey", "Ġconducted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠBBC", "ĠNews", "ĠArabic", "-", "Arab", "ĠBar", "ometer", "Ġin", "Ġ2019", ".", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġshowed", "Ġlargest", "ĠLGBT", "Ġacceptance", "Ġcompared", "Ġto"...

128

should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed largest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted. Human Rights Watch has accused the Algerian authorities of using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to prevent pr...

[ ".", "5", "Ġtimes", "Ġas", "Ġmuch", "Ġbi", "oc", "ap", "acity", "Ġas", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġcontains", ".", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", ",", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġis", "Ġrunning", "Ġa", "Ġbi", "oc", "ap", "acity", "Ġdeficit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠResearch", "Ġand", "Ġalternative", ...

129

.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. Research and alternative energy sources Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative e...

[ "Ġand", "ĠItalian", "Ġorigin", ".", "ĠAlmost", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġpopulation", "Ġleft", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġof", "Ġindependence", "Ġor", "Ġimmediately", "Ġafter", "Ġits", "Ġend", ".", "Ġ", "ĠLanguages", "Ġ", "ĠModern", "ĠStandard", "ĠArabic", "Ġa...

130

and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end. Languages Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is heavily infused wit...

[ "Ġfree", "Ġof", "Ġcharge", ".", "ĠAfter", "Ġnine", "Ġyears", "Ġof", "Ġprimary", "Ġschool", ",", "Ġstudents", "Ġcan", "Ġgo", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġhigh", "Ġschool", "Ġor", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġeducational", "Ġinstitution", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġschool", "Ġoffers", "Ġtwo", "Ġpro...

131

free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue grad...

[ "Ġliterature", "Ġwas", "Ġmarked", "Ġby", "Ġworks", "Ġwhose", "Ġmain", "Ġconcern", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġassertion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAlger", "ian", "Ġnational", "Ġentity", ",", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġpublication", "Ġof", "Ġnovels", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠAlger", "ian"...

132

literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of Mohammed Dib, or even Nedjma of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emerge...

[ "ith", "a", ",", "Ġm", "der", "bel", ",", "Ġd", "ol", "ma", ",", "Ġb", "rik", "Ġor", "Ġbou", "rek", ",", "Ġg", "arant", "ita", ",", "Ġl", "ham", "'", "hl", "ou", ",", "Ġetc", ".", "ĠMer", "g", "uez", "Ġsausage", "Ġis", "Ġwidely", "Ġused", "Ġin"...

133

itha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices. Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities either in Algeria, in Europe or North America. However, traditional cakes are also made at home, fol...

[ "ĠDevelopment", "ĠFore", "casts", "Ġfor", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġfrom", "ĠInternational", "ĠFut", "ures", "Ġ", "ĠEU", "ĠNeigh", "bour", "hood", "ĠInfo", "ĠCentre", ":", "ĠAlgeria", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠNorth", "ĠAfrican", "Ġcountries", "ĠMag", "h", "re", "bi", "Ġcountries"...

134

Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria North African countries Maghrebi countries Saharan countries Arab republics Republics Arabic-speaking countries and territories Berber-speaking countries and territories French-speaking countries and territories G15 ...

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135

, which only knows of Ludlow as a retired film star. Considered a misfit by Galt's other adherents, he views his actions as a means to speed the world along in understanding Galt's perspective. According to Barbara Branden, who was closely associated with Rand at the time the book was written, there were sections writ...

[ "Ġrenowned", "Ġphilosopher", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDepartment", "Ġof", "ĠPhilosophy", "Ġat", "ĠPatrick", "ĠHenry", "ĠUniversity", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġtaught", "ĠFrancisco", "Ġd", "'", "An", "con", "ia", ",", "ĠJohn", "ĠG", "alt", ",", ...

136

renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He was, along with Robert Stadler, a father figure to these three. Akston's name is so hallowed that a young lady, on hearing that Francisco had studied...

[ "alt", "'s", "Ġmotor", ".", "ĠPart", "way", "Ġthrough", "Ġthis", "Ġprocess", ",", "ĠQuentin", "Ġwithdraw", "s", "Ġhis", "Ġeffort", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġreasons", "ĠJohn", "ĠG", "alt", "Ġhimself", "Ġhad", ".", "ĠDag", "ny", "'s", "Ġpursuit", "Ġof", "Ġ...

137

alt's motor. Partway through this process, Quentin withdraws his effort for the same reasons John Galt himself had. Dagny's pursuit of Quentin leads her to Galt's Gulch. Galt recognizes in him a younger version of himself, having emulated both Galt's achievements in physics and Galt's social reasoning. Sebastian d'Anc...

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138

and his fellow conspirators. At the end of Galt's three-hour speech, he expresses admiration for the man, as he says what he means. Despite this, Kinnan admits that he is one of the people Galt is out to destroy. Paul Larkin is an unsuccessful, middle-aged businessman, a friend of the Rearden family. He meets with the...

[ "Ġhaving", "Ġa", "Ġmeaningless", "Ġsexual", "Ġaffair", "Ġwith", "ĠJames", "ĠT", "agg", "art", ".", "ĠShe", "Ġis", "Ġdeliberately", "Ġcrude", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġway", "Ġthat", "Ġcasts", "Ġridicule", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġhigh", "Ġsocial", "Ġposition", ".", "ĠDr", ".", ...

139

having a meaningless sexual affair with James Taggart. She is deliberately crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high social position. Dr. Potter holds some undefined position with the State Science Institute. He is sent to try to obtain the rights to Rearden Metal. Dr. Simon Pritchett is the prestigious head of t...

[ "Ġout", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcynical", "Ġfollower", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġloot", "ers", "'", "Ġcode", ",", "Ġhis", "Ġexperience", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġmills", "Ġtransforms", "Ġhim", ",", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġcomes", "Ġto", "Ġrespect", "Ġand", "Ġadmire", "Ġthe", "Ġproducers", "...

140

out as a cynical follower of the looters' code, his experience at the mills transforms him, and he comes to respect and admire the producers. He is shot attempting to inform Hank Rearden about a government plot, but does succeed in warning Rearden just before he dies. Ellis Wyatt is the head of Wyatt Oil. He has almos...

[ "Ġconsidered", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwhole", ",", "Ġin", "Ġits", "Ġdetails", ",", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġrelation", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "Ġof", "Ġnature", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠBro", "ca", ",", "Ġbeing", "Ġwhat", "Ġtoday", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġcalled", "Ġa", "Ġneuro", "sur", ...

141

considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech ...

[ "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", ",", "Ġanthropology", "Ġhas", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġbeen", "Ġdivided", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġfour", "Ġfield", "Ġapproach", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġby", "ĠFranz", "ĠBo", "as", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġ20", "th", "Ġcentury", ":", "Ġbiological", ...

142

the United States, anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century: biological or physical anthropology; social, cultural, or sociocultural anthropology; and archaeological anthropology; plus linguistic anthropology. These fields frequently ove...

[ "ae", "ology", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtype", "Ġof", "Ġarchae", "ology", "Ġthat", "Ġstudies", "Ġthe", "Ġpractices", "Ġand", "Ġmaterial", "Ġremains", "Ġof", "Ġliving", "Ġhuman", "Ġgroups", "Ġin", "Ġorder", "Ġto", "Ġgain", "Ġa", "Ġbetter", "Ġunderstanding", "Ġof", "Ġthe", ...

143

aeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological ...

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144

isław Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, i...

[ ",", "ĠVera", "ĠMae", "ĠGreen", "Ġwas", ",", "Ġuntil", "Ġ\"[", "w", "]", "ell", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġ1960", "s", "\",", "Ġthe", "Ġonly", "ĠAfrican", "-", "American", "Ġfemale", "Ġanthrop", "ologist", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġalso", "Ġa", "ĠCaribbean", "ist", ".", ...

145

, Vera Mae Green was, until "[w]ell into the 1960s", the only African-American female anthropologist who was also a Caribbeanist. She studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were studied. However, Zora N...

[ "Ġ\"", "demon", "strate", "Ġthe", "Ġability", "Ġof", "Ġanthropology", "Ġand", "Ġanthrop", "ologists", "Ġto", "Ġeffectively", "Ġaddress", "Ġproblems", "Ġbeyond", "Ġthe", "Ġdiscipline", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġilluminating", "Ġlarger", "Ġsocial", "Ġissues", "Ġof", "Ġour", "Ġtimes", ...

146

"demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change". Nature, science, and technology Cyborg ...

[ "Ġcomplete", "Ġcontinuity", "Ġbetween", "Ġmagical", "Ġthinking", "Ġand", "Ġreligion", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġevery", "Ġreligion", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġcultural", "Ġproduct", ",", "Ġcreated", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġhuman", "Ġcommunity", "Ġthat", "Ġwors", "hips", "Ġit", ".", ...

147

complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it. Urban Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists...

[ "ĠAnthrop", "ological", "ĠInstitute", "Ġof", "ĠGreat", "ĠBritain", "Ġand", "ĠIreland", "Ġ", "ĠSociety", "Ġfor", "Ġanthrop", "ological", "Ġsciences", "Ġ", "ĠSociety", "Ġfor", "ĠApplied", "ĠAnthropology", "Ġ", "ĠUSC", "ĠCenter", "Ġfor", "ĠVisual", "ĠAnthropology", "Ġ"...

148

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Society for anthropological sciences Society for Applied Anthropology USC Center for Visual Anthropology Ethics As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well ...

[ "Ġconstructive", "Ġengagement", "Ġbetween", "Ġanthropology", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġmilitary", "Ġis", "Ġpossible", ",", "ĠC", "EA", "USS", "IC", "Ġsuggests", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠAAA", "Ġemphasize", "Ġthe", "Ġincomp", "atibility", "Ġof", "ĠH", "TS", "Ġwith", "Ġdisciplina...

149

constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD." Post–World...

[ "Ġheritage", "Ġ", "ĠOrigins", "Ġof", "Ġsociety", "Ġ", "ĠPhilos", "ophical", "Ġanthropology", ",", "Ġa", "Ġsub", "-", "field", "Ġof", "Ġphilosophy", "Ġ", "ĠPre", "historic", "Ġmedicine", "Ġ", "ĠQual", "itative", "Ġresearch", "Ġ", "ĠLists", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOut", "...

150

heritage Origins of society Philosophical anthropology, a sub-field of philosophy Prehistoric medicine Qualitative research Lists Outline of anthropology List of indigenous peoples List of anthropologists Notes References Further reading Dictionaries and encyclopedias Fieldnotes and memoirs Histories ...

[ "Ġ", "ĠAgriculture", "Ġministry", "Ġ", "ĠAg", "ro", "ec", "ology", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠSociety", "Ġof", "ĠAg", "ron", "omy", "Ġ", "ĠGen", "omics", "Ġof", "Ġdomest", "ication", "Ġ", "ĠHistory", "Ġof", "Ġagricultural", "Ġscience", "Ġ", "ĠInstitute", "Ġof", "ĠF...

151

Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI List of agricu...

[ "Ġkh", "ume", "ia", "Ġ(", "Ï", "ĩ", "Ï", "ħ", "Î¼", "Îµ", "Î", "¯", "Î±", ")", "Ġand", "Ġkh", "Äĵ", "m", "ÃŃa", "Ġ(", "Ï", "ĩ", "Î", "·", "Î¼", "Î", "¯", "Î±", ")", "Ġ-", "Ġsee", "Ġbelow", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠArabic", "Ġdefinite", "Ġarticl...

152

khumeia (χυμεία) and khēmía (χημία) - see below, and the Arabic definite article al- (), meaning 'The'. Together this association can be interpreted as 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'. Several etymologies have been proposed for the Greek term. The first was ...

[ "Ġdated", "Ġback", "Ġto", "ĠPh", "ara", "onic", "ĠEgypt", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġdomain", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpriest", "ly", "Ġclass", ",", "Ġthough", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġlittle", "Ġto", "Ġno", "Ġevidence", "Ġfor", "Ġhis", "Ġassertion", ".", "ĠAl", ...

153

dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion. Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and allegorize alchemical transmutation. These included the pantheon of god...

[ "Ġand", "Ġphysician", "ĠAb", "Å«", "ĠRay", "h", "Äģ", "n", "ĠB", "Ä«", "r", "Å«", "n", "Ä«", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġvisited", "ĠGujarat", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġof", "ĠMahm", "ud", "Ġof", "ĠGh", "az", "ni", ",", "Ġreported", "Ġthat", "Ġth...

154

and physician Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, who visited Gujarat as part of the court of Mahmud of Ghazni, reported that they The goals of alchemy in India included the creation of a divine body (Sanskrit divya-deham) and immortality while still embodied (Sanskrit jīvan-mukti). Sanskrit alchemical texts include much material on...

[ "Ġthe", "ĠArabic", "Ġconcept", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġthree", "Ġmetallic", "Ġprinciples", ":", "Ġsulph", "ur", "Ġgiving", "Ġfl", "amm", "ability", "Ġor", "Ġcombustion", ",", "Ġmercury", "Ġgiving", "Ġvolatility", "Ġand", "Ġstability", ",", "Ġand", "Ġsalt", "Ġgiving", "...

155

the Arabic concept of the three metallic principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and salt giving solidity. The atomic theory of corpuscularianism, where all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles, also has its origins i...

[ "Ġcentury", ",", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġ28", "Ġal", "chemical", "Ġtracts", "Ġwere", "Ġmis", "att", "ributed", "Ġto", "Ġhim", ",", "Ġa", "Ġcommon", "Ġpractice", "Ġgiving", "Ġrise", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġreputation", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġaccomplished", "Ġal", "chemist", ".",...

156

century, more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed to him, a common practice giving rise to his reputation as an accomplished alchemist. Likewise, alchemical texts have been attributed to Albert's student Thomas Aquinas. Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar who wrote on a wide variety of topics including optics, c...

[ "Ġoccult", ",", "Ġand", "Ġentrepreneurial", "Ġbranches", "Ġof", "Ġal", "chemy", "Ġfollowed", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġ15", "th", "Ġcentury", ",", "ĠMars", "ilo", "ĠF", "ic", "ino", "Ġtranslated", "Ġthe", "ĠCorpus", "ĠHer", "metic", "um", "Ġand", ...

157

occult, and entrepreneurial branches of alchemy followed. In the late 15th century, Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works of Plato into Latin. These were previously unavailable to Europeans who for the first time had a full picture of the alchemical theory that Bacon had declared absent. Renai...

[ "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġlab", "Ġsometime", "Ġaround", "Ġ1600", ".", "ĠSend", "iv", "og", "ious", "Ġtaught", "Ġhis", "Ġtechnique", "Ġto", "ĠCornel", "ius", "ĠDre", "b", "bel", "Ġwho", ",", "Ġin", "Ġ16", "21", ",", "Ġapplied", "Ġthis", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsubmarine", "....

158

in a lab sometime around 1600. Sendivogious taught his technique to Cornelius Drebbel who, in 1621, applied this in a submarine. Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newton's occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics. Other early modern alchemists who w...

[ "Ġwe", "Ġknow", "Ġwas", "ĠMary", "Ġthe", "ĠJew", "ess", "Ġ(", "c", ".", "Ġ200", "ĠA", ".", "D", ".).", "ĠEarly", "Ġsources", "Ġclaim", "Ġthat", "ĠMary", "Ġ(", "or", "ĠMaria", ")", "Ġdevised", "Ġa", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġimprovements", "Ġto", "Ġal", "chemic...

159

we know was Mary the Jewess (c. 200 A.D.). Early sources claim that Mary (or Maria) devised a number of improvements to alchemical equipment and tools as well as novel techniques in chemistry. Her best known advances were in heating and distillation processes. The laboratory water-bath, known eponymously (especially i...

[ "Ġmodern", "Ġesoteric", "Ġand", "ĠNeo", "-", "Her", "metic", "ist", "Ġpractitioners", ",", "Ġal", "chemy", "Ġis", "Ġfundamentally", "Ġspiritual", ".", "ĠIn", "Ġthis", "Ġinterpretation", ",", "Ġtransm", "utation", "Ġof", "Ġlead", "Ġinto", "Ġgold", "Ġis", "Ġpresen...

160

modern esoteric and Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection. According to this view, early alchemists such as Zosimos of Panopolis (c. AD 300) highligh...

[ "utation", "ĠOut", "line", "Ġof", "Ġal", "chemy", "ĠPort", "a", "ĠAl", "chem", "ica", "ĠRenaissance", "Ġmagic", "ĠSp", "agy", "ric", "ĠSup", "ers", "eded", "Ġtheories", "Ġin", "Ġscience", "ĠSynt", "hesis", "Ġof", "Ġprecious", "Ġmetals", "ĠWestern", "Ġes", "o...

161

utation Outline of alchemy Porta Alchemica Renaissance magic Spagyric Superseded theories in science Synthesis of precious metals Western esotericism Notes References Citations Bibliography Further reading General Lawrence Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy, Chicago, 2013. Jennifer M. Rampling. 2020. The Experim...

[ ",", "ĠEarly", "ĠGreek", "ĠAlchemy", ",", "ĠPatron", "age", "Ġand", "ĠInnovation", "Ġin", "ĠLate", "ĠAntiqu", "ity", ",", "ĠCalifornia", "ĠClassical", "ĠStudies", ",", "Ġ2019", ",", "Ġhttps", "://", "es", "ch", "olars", "hip", ".", "org", "/", "uc", "/", ...

162

, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity, California Classical Studies, 2019, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ks0g83x. Sergio Knipe, « Sacrifice and self-transformation in the alchemical writings of Zosimus of Panopolis », in Christopher Kelly, Richard Flower, Michael Stuart Williams (eds.),...

[ "Ġ", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠSecrets", ":", "ĠAlchemy", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠEuropean", "ĠImag", "ination", ",", "Ġ1500", "âĢĵ", "2000", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠA", "Ġdigital", "Ġexhibition", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠBe", "ine", "c", "ke", "ĠRare", "ĠBook", "Ġand", "ĠMan", "uscript", ...

163

Book of Secrets: Alchemy and the European Imagination, 1500–2000 – A digital exhibition from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Othmer MS 2 Alchemical Miscellany at OPenn Alchemy featured topic page on Science History Institute Digital Collections featuring selected manuscripts, rare b...

[ "uer", "-", "We", "il", ",", "Ġin", "ĠM", "ott", "isf", "ont", ",", "ĠHampshire", ",", "ĠEngland", "Ġ", "ĠAliens", "Ġ(", "Dark", "ĠHorse", "ĠComics", "Ġline", ")", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠAliens", "Ġ(", "TV", "Ġseries", "),", "Ġ2016", "ĠBritish", "Ġsci", "-", ...

164

uer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line) The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series "Aliens" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode Other uses Alien (shipping company), a Russian company Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress Alien, a perfume by Thierry M...

[ "Ġlinks", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġ", "ĠEuropean", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġ", "ĠInternational", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠUnion", "Ġ", "ĠAstron", "omical", "ĠSociety", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠPacific", "Ġ", "ĠSpace", "'s", "Ġast...

165

links American Astronomical Society European Astronomical Society International Astronomical Union Astronomical Society of the Pacific Space's astronomy news Astronomy Science occupations <|endoftext|>ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding stand...

[ "Ġhow", "Ġit", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġrecorded", "Ġon", "Ġper", "for", "ated", "Ġtape", ".", "ĠThey", "Ġproposed", "Ġa", "Ġ9", "-", "track", "Ġstandard", "Ġfor", "Ġmagnetic", "Ġtape", ",", "Ġand", "Ġattempted", "Ġto", "Ġdeal", "Ġwith", "Ġsome", "Ġpunched", "Ġca...

166

how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. Design considerations Bit width The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifi...

[ "Ġsymbols", "Ġon", "Ġmodern", "Ġkeyboards", "Ġdo", "Ġnot", "Ġcorrespond", "Ġas", "Ġclosely", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠASCII", "Ġtable", "Ġas", "Ġearlier", "Ġkeyboards", "Ġdid", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġ/", "?", "Ġpair", "Ġalso", "Ġdates", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ2", ",",...

167

symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). Howev...

[ "-", "T", "Ġ(", "DC", "4", ")", "Ġto", "Ġstart", "Ġand", "Ġstop", "Ġthe", "Ġtape", "Ġpunch", ";", "Ġon", "Ġsome", "Ġunits", "Ġequipped", "Ġwith", "Ġthis", "Ġfunction", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġcontrol", "Ġcharacter", "Ġletter", "ing", "Ġon", "Ġthe", ...

168

-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively. Delete vs Backspace The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a B...

[ "ĠMult", "ics", "Ġused", "Ġline", "Ġfeed", "Ġ(", "L", "F", ")", "Ġalone", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġline", "Ġtermin", "ator", ".", "ĠUnix", "Ġand", "ĠUnix", "-", "like", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġand", "ĠAm", "iga", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġadopted", "Ġthis", "Ġconvention", "Ġf...

169

Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete ope...

[ "Ġand", "Ġafter", "ĠJuly", "Ġ1", ",", "Ġ1969", ",", "Ġmust", "Ġhave", "Ġthe", "Ġcapability", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġthe", "ĠStandard", "ĠCode", "Ġfor", "ĠInformation", "ĠInter", "change", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġformats", "Ġprescribed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġmagnetic", "Ġtape", ...

170

and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpasse...

[ "Ġ(", "V", "iet", "nam", ").", "ĠAlthough", "Ġthese", "Ġenc", "od", "ings", "Ġare", "Ġsometimes", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "ĠASCII", ",", "Ġtrue", "ĠASCII", "Ġis", "Ġdefined", "Ġstrictly", "Ġonly", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠAN", "SI", "Ġstandard", ".", "Ġ", "ĠMos...

171

(Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard. Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 wi...

[ "ĠPe", "ay", "ĠState", "ĠUniversity", ",", "ĠClarks", "ville", ",", "ĠTennessee", "Ġ", "ĠReligion", "Ġ", "ĠAugustine", "Ġof", "ĠHipp", "o", "Ġ", "ĠAn", "Ġadjective", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠAugust", "in", "ians", "Ġ", "ĠBusiness", "Ġ", "ĠAmerican", "ĠAustin", "ĠCa...

172

Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee Religion Augustine of Hippo An adjective for the Augustinians Business American Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker Austin Automobile Company, short-lived American automobile company Austin Motor Company, British car manufacturer Austin cookie...

[ "Ġspinning", "Ġa", "Ġdevice", "Ġmanually", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġflip", "Ġbook", "Ġoften", "Ġcontained", "Ġmore", "Ġpictures", "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġbeginning", "Ġand", "Ġend", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġits", "Ġanimation", "Ġwould", "Ġnot", "Ġlast", "Ġlonger", "Ġthan", "Ġa", ...

173

spinning a device manually. The flip book often contained more pictures and had a beginning and end, but its animation would not last longer than a few seconds. The first to create much longer sequences seems to have been Charles-Émile Reynaud, who between 1892 and 1900 had much success with his 10- to 15-minute-long ...

[ "Ġof", "Ġstyles", ",", "Ġrelatively", "Ġoften", "Ġincluding", "Ġstop", "Ġmotion", "Ġand", "Ġcut", "out", "Ġanimation", "Ġtechniques", ".", "ĠRussia", "'s", "ĠSoy", "uz", "mult", "film", "Ġanimation", "Ġstudio", ",", "Ġfounded", "Ġin", "Ġ1936", ",", "Ġproduced", ...

174

of styles, relatively often including stop motion and cutout animation techniques. Russia's Soyuzmultfilm animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries...

[ "Ġbooks", "Ġand", "Ġmagazines", ".", "ĠSomew", "hat", "Ġsimilarly", ",", "Ġcharacters", "Ġand", "Ġplots", "Ġfor", "Ġvideo", "Ġgames", "Ġ(", "an", "Ġinteractive", "Ġanimation", "Ġmedium", ")", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġderived", "Ġfrom", "Ġfilms", "Ġand", "Ġvice", "Ġve...

175

books and magazines. Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for video games (an interactive animation medium) have been derived from films and vice versa. Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and ...

[ "Ġthey", "Ġenjoy", "Ġmore", "Ġlatitude", "Ġto", "Ġdepart", "Ġfrom", "Ġstory", "boards", "Ġ(", "i", ".", "e", ".,", "Ġreal", "-", "time", "Ġimprovis", "ation", ").", "Ġ", "ĠAnother", "Ġproblem", "Ġunique", "Ġto", "Ġanimation", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġrequirement", "...

176

they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation). Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual style...

[ "ĠTV", "Ġanimation", "Ġstudios", ")", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġthe", "ĠInternet", "Ġ(", "web", "Ġcartoons", ").", "Ġ", "ĠR", "otos", "c", "oping", "Ġ", "ĠR", "otos", "c", "oping", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtechnique", "Ġpatented", "Ġby", "ĠMax", "ĠFle", "ischer", "Ġin", ...

177

TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons). Rotoscoping Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978)...

[ "Ġactors", "Ġand", "Ġsettings", ".", "ĠExamples", "Ġinclude", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġof", "ĠRay", "ĠHarry", "haus", "en", ",", "Ġas", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġfilms", ",", "ĠJason", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠArgon", "auts", "Ġ(", "1963", "),", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġof",...

178

actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films, Jason and the Argonauts (1963), and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, King Kong (1933). Go motion A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in t...

[ "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġme", "chat", "ronics", "Ġto", "Ġcreate", "Ġmachines", "Ġthat", "Ġseem", "Ġanimate", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġrobotic", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAudio", "-", "Anim", "at", "ronics", "Ġand", "ĠAut", "onom", "at", "ronics", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġform", "Ġof", "Ġrob...

179

use of mechatronics to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic. Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or son...

[ "Ġprophetic", "Ġdeity", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDel", "ph", "ic", "ĠOracle", ".", "ĠApollo", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġwho", "Ġaff", "ords", "Ġhelp", "Ġand", "Ġwards", "Ġoff", "Ġevil", ";", "Ġvarious", "Ġepit", "he", "ts", "Ġcall", "Ġhim", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "aver", ...

180

prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the "averter of evil". Delphic Apollo is the patron of seafarers, foreigners and the protector of fugitives and refugees. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god him...

[ "m", "ologies", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġsuggested", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġname", ",", "ĠThe", "ĠH", "itt", "ite", "Ġform", "ĠAp", "ali", "un", "as", "Ġ(", "d", ")", "Ġis", "Ġatt", "ested", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠMan", "apa", "-", "Tar", "hunt", "a", "Ġletter", "."...

181

mologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (d) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter. The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot with Doric . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns /kʷʎðãns/ may reflect an earlier /kʷalyán-/ before pal...

[ ".", "ĠP", "ae", "an", "Ġ(", "Ġ;", "Ġ,", "ĠPai", "Äģ", "n", "),", "Ġphysician", ",", "Ġhealer", "ĠP", "arn", "op", "ius", "Ġ(", "Ġ;", "Ġ,", "ĠP", "arn", "op", "ios", "),", "Ġfrom", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "loc", "ust", "\"", "Ġ", "ĠFounder", "Ġand", "Ġprote...

182

. Paean ( ; , Paiān), physician, healer Parnopius ( ; , Parnopios), from , "locust" Founder and protector Agyieus ( ; , Aguīeus), from , "street", for his role in protecting roads and homes Alexicacus ( ; , Alexikakos), literally "warding off evil" Apotropaeus ( ; , Apotropaios), from , "to avert" Archegetes ( ; , Ark...

[ "ar", "ois", ",", "Ġnear", "ĠCh", "Ã¢", "t", "illon", "-", "sur", "-", "Se", "ine", "Ġin", "Ġpresent", "-", "day", "ĠBurg", "undy", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġof", "Ġhealing", ",", "Ġespecially", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeyes", ".", "Ġ", "ĠApollo", ...

183

arois, near Châtillon-sur-Seine in present-day Burgundy. He was a god of healing, especially of the eyes. Apollo Virotutis ("benefactor of mankind"). Apollo Virotutis was worshipped, among other places, at Fins d'Annecy (Haute-Savoie) and at Jublains (Maine-et-Loire). Origins The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, De...

[ ",", "ĠApollo", "Ġappeared", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġdolphin", "Ġand", "Ġcarried", "ĠC", "ret", "an", "Ġpriests", "Ġto", "ĠDel", "phi", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġevidently", "Ġtransferred", "Ġtheir", "Ġreligious", "Ġpractices", ".", "ĠApollo", "ĠDel", "ph", "in", "ios"...

184

, Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea-god especially worshipped in Crete and in the islands. Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis ...

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185

Delphic oracle, but failed." Oracular shrines Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi, and other notable ones in Claros and Didyma. His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (, Apollon Abaios), was important enough to be consulted by Croesus. His oracular shrines include: Abae ...

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186

acle. The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros, "Apollo, laurel-bearer", or "carrying off Daphne", is dated to 800 B.C. The temple was curvilinear hecatombedon (a hundred feet). In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building. Another temple probably peripteral was...

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187

of Apollo Phanaios was built at the end of the 6th century B.C. Only some small parts have been found and the capitals had floral ornament. Abae (Phocis). The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 B.C., and later by the Boeotians. It was rebuilt by Hadrian. The oracle was in use from e...

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188

one inscription found near Falerii. Pompeii (Italy): The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century B.C. The temple was built in 120 B.V, but its beginnings lie in the 6th century B.C. It was reconstructed after an earthquake in A.D. 63. It demonstrates a mixing of styles which form...

[ "Ġ", "ĠHyper", "b", "orea", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġmystical", "Ġland", "Ġof", "Ġeternal", "Ġspring", ",", "Ġvener", "ated", "ĠApollo", "Ġabove", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", ".", "ĠThe", "ĠHyper", "b", "ore", "ans", "Ġalways", "Ġsang", "Ġand", "Ġdanced", "Ġin", "Ġhis"...

189

Hyperborea, the mystical land of eternal spring, venerated Apollo above all the gods. The Hyperboreans always sang and danced in his honor and hosted Pythian games. There, a vast forest of beautiful trees was called "the garden of Apollo". Apollo spent the winter months among the Hyperboreans. His absence from the wo...

[ "Ġthat", "Ġappears", "Ġin", "Ġdarkness", ",", "Ġand", "Ġgave", "Ġthe", "Ġprivilege", "Ġback", "Ġagain", "Ġto", "ĠL", "ox", "ias", ".", "ĠApollo", "Ġalso", "Ġdemanded", "Ġthat", "Ġall", "Ġother", "Ġmethods", "Ġof", "Ġdiv", "ination", "Ġbe", "Ġmade", "Ġinferior"...

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that appears in darkness, and gave the privilege back again to Loxias. Apollo also demanded that all other methods of divination be made inferior to his, a wish that Zeus granted him readily. Because of this, Athena, who had been practicing divination by throwing pebbles, cast her pebbles away in displeasure. However...

[ "ĠApollo", "'s", "Ġeff", "em", "inate", "Ġappearance", "Ġand", "ĠArtemis", "'", "Ġman", "ly", "Ġappearance", ".", "ĠLet", "o", ",", "Ġinsulted", "Ġby", "Ġthis", ",", "Ġtold", "Ġher", "Ġchildren", "Ġto", "Ġpunish", "ĠNi", "obe", ".", "ĠAccordingly", ",", "Ġ...

191

Apollo's effeminate appearance and Artemis' manly appearance. Leto, insulted by this, told her children to punish Niobe. Accordingly, Apollo killed Niobe's sons, and Artemis her daughters. According to some versions of the myth, among the Niobids, Chloris and her brother Amyclas were not killed because they prayed to ...

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192

injured, Apollo healed him and encouraged him to take up his arms. During a duel with Achilles, when Hector was about to lose, Apollo hid Hector in a cloud of mist to save him. When the Greek warrior Patroclus tried to get into the fort of Troy, he was stopped by Apollo. Encouraging Hector to attack Patroclus, Apollo ...

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193

and necks around towards their wounds, he pulled together their skin at the abdomen, and sewed the skin together at the middle of it. This is what we call navel today. He smoothened the wrinkles and shaped the chest. But he made sure to leave a few wrinkles on the abdomen and around the navel so that they might be rem...

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194

etes ("leader of Muses") he leads them in dance. They spend their time on Parnassus, which is one of their sacred places. Apollo is also the lover of the Muses and by them he became the father of famous musicians like Orpheus and Linus. Apollo is often found delighting the immortal gods with his songs and music on the...

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195

played the flute, which needed air blown from the throat, it was similar to singing, and that either they both should get an equal chance to combine their skills or none of them should use their mouths at all. The nymphs decided that Apollo's argument was just. Apollo then played his lyre and sang at the same time, me...

[ "ians", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "ĠOd", "ys", "se", "us", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "ĠAthena", "Ġand", "ĠAres", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġbattlefield", "Ġand", "Ġtook", "Ġsides", ".", "ĠAthena", "Ġhelped", "Ġthe", "Ġhero", "ĠOd", "ys", ...

196

ians, who had the support of Odysseus. The gods Athena and Ares came to the battlefield and took sides. Athena helped the hero Odysseus while Ares fought alongside of the Brygoi. When Odysseus lost, Athena and Ares came into a direct duel. To stop the battling gods and the terror created by their battle, Apollo interve...

[ "ĠPrometheus", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPrometheus", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġtitan", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġpunished", "Ġby", "ĠZeus", "Ġfor", "Ġstealing", "Ġfire", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġbound", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġrock", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġeach", "Ġday", "Ġan", "Ġeagle", "Ġwas", "Ġsent",...

197

Prometheus Prometheus was the titan who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire. He was bound to a rock, where each day an eagle was sent to eat Prometheus' liver, which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day. Seeing his plight, Apollo pleaded Zeus to release the kind Titan, while Artemis and L...

[ "T", "roy", ").", "ĠI", "le", "us", "Ġwas", "Ġvery", "Ġdear", "Ġto", "ĠApollo", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ro", ",", "Ġdaughter", "Ġof", "ĠPh", "yl", "as", ",", "Ġa", "Ġmaiden", "Ġas", "Ġbeautiful", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġmoon", "be", "ams", ",", "Ġwas", "Ġloved",...

198

Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo. Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant Apollo, and she loved him in return. By their union, she became mother of Chaeron, who was famed as "the tamer of horses". He later built the city Chaeronea. Hyrie or Thyrie was the mother...

[ "Ġman", "Ġwith", "ĠAph", "rod", "ite", "Ġand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", "Ġwith", "ĠApollo", ".", "ĠA", "ty", "mn", "ius", ",", "Ġotherwise", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġbeloved", "Ġof", "ĠS", "arp", "ed", "on", "ĠBore", "as", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġof", "...

199

man with Aphrodite and as a woman with Apollo. Atymnius, otherwise known as a beloved of Sarpedon Boreas, the god of North winds Helenus, the son of Priam and a Trojan Prince, was a lover of Apollo and received from him an ivory bow with which he later wounded Achilles in the hand. Hippolytus of Sicyon (not the same a...