carlosejimenez/wikipedia-20220301.en-block-size-1024

tokens list	id int64	text string
[ ",", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "ĠAberdeen", ",", "ĠMississippi", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", "ĠTownship", ",", "ĠNew", "ĠJersey", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", ",", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", "ĠHistoric", "ĠDistrict", "Ġ(", "A", "ber", "deen", ",", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", ")", ...	300	, close to Aberdeen, Mississippi Aberdeen Township, New Jersey Aberdeen, North Carolina Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, North Carolina) Aberdeen, Ohio Aberdeen, South Dakota Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, South Dakota) Aberdeen, Texas Aberdeen (Disputanta, Virginia) Aberdeen Gardens (Hampton, Virg...
[ "iat", "oms", "Ġand", "Ġbrown", "Ġalgae", "Ġare", "Ġexamples", "Ġof", "Ġalgae", "Ġwith", "Ġsecondary", "Ġchlor", "opl", "asts", "Ġderived", "Ġfrom", "Ġan", "Ġend", "os", "y", "mb", "iotic", "Ġred", "Ġal", "ga", ".", "ĠAl", "gae", "Ġexhibit", "Ġa", "Ġwide",...	301	iatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction. Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the...
[ "Ġsix", "Ġorders", ":", "ĠD", "iat", "om", "aceae", ",", "ĠNost", "och", "ine", "ae", ",", "ĠConf", "erv", "o", "ide", "ae", ",", "ĠU", "lv", "aceae", ",", "ĠFlor", "i", "ade", "ae", "Ġand", "ĠFu", "co", "ide", "ae", ".", "ĠAround", "Ġ1880", ",",...	302	six orders: Diatomaceae, Nostochineae, Confervoideae, Ulvaceae, Floriadeae and Fucoideae. Around 1880, algae along with fungi were grouped under Thallophyta, a division created by Eichler (1836). Encouraged by this, Adolf Engler and Karl A. E. Prantl (1912) proposed a revised scheme of classification of algae and incl...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġstill", "Ġhave", "Ġdupl", "icated", "Ġclass", "ifications", "Ġ(", "see", "Ġamb", "ire", "gn", "al", "Ġprot", "ists", ").", "Ġ", "ĠSome", "Ġparasitic", "Ġalgae", "Ġ(", "e", ".", "g", ".,", "Ġthe", "Ġgreen", "Ġalgae", "ĠProt", "othe", "c...	303	the past still have duplicated classifications (see ambiregnal protists). Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae Prototheca and Helicosporidium, parasites of metazoans, or Cephaleuros, parasites of plants) were originally classified as fungi, sporozoans, or protistans of incertae sedis, while others (e.g., the g...
[ ",", "Ġt", "urg", "or", "Ġregulation", ",", "Ġsalt", "Ġtolerance", ",", "Ġcy", "top", "l", "asm", "ic", "Ġstreaming", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġgeneration", "Ġof", "Ġaction", "Ġpotential", "s", ".", "Ġ", "ĠPh", "yt", "oh", "orm", "ones", "Ġare", "Ġfound", ...	304	, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials. Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae, too. Symbiotic algae Some species of algae form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. In these symbioses, the algae supply photosynthates (organ...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġdifference", "Ġof", "Ġabout", "Ġ15", ",", "000", "Ġspecies", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġtext", "Ġconcludes", ":", "Ġ\"", "It", "Ġwill", "Ġrequire", "Ġmany", "Ġdetailed", "Ġfield", "Ġsurveys", "Ġbefore", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġpossible", "Ġto", "Ġprovide", "Ġa", "Ġrelia...	305	the difference of about 15,000 species, the text concludes: "It will require many detailed field surveys before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of species ..." Regional and group estimates have been made, as well: 5,000–5,500 species of red algae worldwide "some 1,300 in Australian...
[ "Ġused", "Ġboth", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "alg", "ae", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġ(", "in", "Ġthe", "Ġmodest", "Ġtradition", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġimperial", "Ġscholars", ")", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "liter", "ary", "Ġtalent", "\".", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġisland", "Ġin", "ĠKun", "ming", "ĠLa...	306	used both for "algae" and (in the modest tradition of the imperial scholars) for "literary talent". The third island in Kunming Lake beside the Summer Palace in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao, which thus simultaneously means "Island of the Algae-Viewing Hall" and "Island of the Hall for Reflecting on Literar...
[ "-", "chain", "ĠEPA", "Ġand", "ĠD", "HA", "Ġfrom", "Ġother", "Ġvegetarian", "Ġsources", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġfl", "ax", "seed", "Ġoil", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġonly", "Ġcontains", "Ġthe", "Ġshort", "-", "chain", "Ġalpha", "-", "lin", "olen", "ic", "Ġacid", "Ġ(", "...	307	-chain EPA and DHA from other vegetarian sources such as flaxseed oil, which only contains the short-chain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Pollution control Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use of large amounts of toxic chemicals that would otherwise be needed. Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in r...
[ "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġmethods", "Ġof", "Ġreducing", "Ġthe", "Ġerrors", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġexperimental", "Ġmethods", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpersonal", "Ġequation", "Ġwere", "Ġlater", "Ġaccepted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġemerging", ...	308	and had developed methods of reducing the errors. The experimental methods used in the study of the personal equation were later accepted by the emerging field of psychology which developed strong (full factorial) experimental methods to which randomization and blinding were soon added. An eloquent non-mathematical...
[ "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfixed", "-", "effects", "Ġmodel", "Ġwould", "Ġcompare", "Ġa", "Ġlist", "Ġof", "Ġcandidate", "Ġtexts", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġrandom", "-", "effects", "Ġmodel", "Ġwould", "Ġdetermine", "Ġwhether", "Ġimportant", "Ġdifferences", "Ġexist", "Ġamong", "Ġa"...	309	The fixed-effects model would compare a list of candidate texts. The random-effects model would determine whether important differences exist among a list of randomly selected texts. The mixed-effects model would compare the (fixed) incumbent texts to randomly selected alternatives. Defining fixed and random effec...
[ "based", "Ġanalysis", ".", "Ġ", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġstudies", "Ġof", "Ġprocesses", "Ġthat", "Ġchange", "Ġvar", "iances", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġmeans", "Ġ(", "called", "Ġdisp", "ersion", "Ġeffects", ")", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġconducted", "Ġusing", "...	310	based analysis. However, studies of processes that change variances rather than means (called dispersion effects) have been successfully conducted using ANOVA. There are no necessary assumptions for ANOVA in its full generality, but the F-test used for ANOVA hypothesis testing has assumptions and practical limitatio...
[ "Ġis", "Ġless", "Ġthan", "Ġor", "Ġequal", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsignificance", "Ġlevel", "Ġ(", "Î±", ").", "ĠThe", "ĠAN", "OVA", "ĠF", "-", "test", "Ġis", "Ġknown", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġnearly", "Ġoptimal", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsense", "Ġof", "Ġminimizing", "Ġfalse", "Ġ...	311	is less than or equal to the significance level (α). The ANOVA F-test is known to be nearly optimal in the sense of minimizing false negative errors for a fixed rate of false positive errors (i.e. maximizing power for a fixed significance level). For example, to test the hypothesis that various medical treatments have...
[ "Ġtechnique", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġfact", "orial", "Ġdesigns", "Ġis", "Ġto", "Ġminimize", "Ġreplication", "Ġ(", "possibly", "Ġno", "Ġreplication", "Ġwith", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "Ġanalytical", "Ġtrick", "ery", ")", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġcombine", "Ġgroups", "Ġwhen", "Ġeffect...	312	technique used in factorial designs is to minimize replication (possibly no replication with support of analytical trickery) and to combine groups when effects are found to be statistically (or practically) insignificant. An experiment with many insignificant factors may collapse into one with a few factors supported...
[ "Ġto", "Ġtest", "Ġfor", "Ġdifferences", "Ġamong", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġthree", "Ġgroups", ",", "Ġsince", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "-", "group", "Ġcase", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġcovered", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġt", "-", "test", ".", "ĠWhen", "Ġthere", "Ġare", "Ġonly", "Ġtwo", "Ġmean...	313	to test for differences among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by a t-test. When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by . Factorial ANOVA is used when there is more than one factor. Repeated measure...
[ "Ġ", "ĠRosen", "baum", ",", "ĠPaul", "ĠR", ".", "Ġ(", "2002", ").", "ĠObserv", "ational", "ĠStudies", "Ġ(", "2", "nd", "Ġed", ".).", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", ":", "ĠSpringer", "-", "Ver", "lag", ".", "Ġ", "ĠFurther", "Ġreading", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ...	314	Rosenbaum, Paul R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. Further reading Cox, David R. & Reid, Nancy M. (2000). The theory of design of experiments. (Chapman & Hall/CRC). Freedman, David A.; Pisani, Robert; Purves, Roger (2007) Statistics, 4th edition. W.W. Norton & Com...
[ "Ġis", "omers", "Ġincreases", "Ġrapidly", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġcarbon", "Ġatoms", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġfor", "Ġac", "y", "cl", "ic", "Ġalk", "anes", ":", "Ġ", "ĠC", "1", ":", "Ġmethane", "Ġonly", "Ġ", "ĠC", "2", ":", "Ġeth", ...	315	isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms. For example, for acyclic alkanes: C1: methane only C2: ethane only C3: propane only C4: 2 isomers: butane and isobutane C5: 3 isomers: pentane, isopentane, and neopentane C6: 5 isomers: hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,...
[ "Ġhex", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "6", "H", "14", ";", "Ġhe", "pt", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "7", "H", "16", ";", "Ġoct", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "8", "H", "18", ";", "Ġetc", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġnum", "eral", "Ġprefix", "Ġis", "Ġgenerally", "ĠGreek", ",", "Ġhowever", "Ġ...	316	hexane, C6H14; heptane, C7H16; octane, C8H18; etc. The numeral prefix is generally Greek, however alkanes with a carbon atom count ending in nine, for example nonane, use the Latin prefix non-. For a more complete list, see list of straight-chain alkanes. Branched alkanes Simple branched alkanes often have a common ...
[ "ane", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgreater", "Ġsurface", "Ġarea", "Ġin", "Ġcontact", ",", "Ġthus", "Ġthe", "Ġgreater", "Ġvan", "Ġder", "ĠWa", "als", "Ġforces", ",", "Ġbetween", "Ġadjacent", "Ġmolecules", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġcompare", "Ġis", "ob", "u...	317	ane due to the greater surface area in contact, thus the greater van der Waals forces, between adjacent molecules. For example, compare isobutane (2-methylpropane) and n-butane (butane), which boil at −12 and 0 °C, and 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane which boil at 50 and 58 °C, respectively. On the other ha...
[ "Ġfor", "Ġstudying", "Ġthe", "Ġcon", "formation", "Ġof", "Ġalk", "anes", ",", "Ġas", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġonly", "Ġone", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbond", ".", "ĠIf", "Ġone", "Ġlooks", "Ġdown", "Ġthe", "Ġaxis", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbond", ",", "Ġo...	318	for studying the conformation of alkanes, as there is only one C–C bond. If one looks down the axis of the C–C bond, one will see the so-called Newman projection. The hydrogen atoms on both the front and rear carbon atoms have an angle of 120° between them, resulting from the projection of the base of the tetrahedron ...
[ "Ġcontaining", "Ġthe", "ĠNF", "4", "+", "Ġc", "ation", ").", "Ġ", "ĠBy", "Ġvirtue", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġstrongly", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "H", "Ġbonds", "Ġ(~", "100", "Ġkcal", "/", "mol", ")", "Ġand", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbonds", "Ġ(~", "90", "Ġkcal", "/", "mol"...	319	containing the NF4+ cation). By virtue of their strongly C–H bonds (~100 kcal/mol) and C–C bonds (~90 kcal/mol, but usually less sterically accessible), they are also relatively unreactive toward free radicals, although many electron-deficient radicals will react with alkanes in the absence of other electron-rich bon...
[ "Ġare", "Ġan", "Ġimportant", "Ġindustrial", "Ġroute", "Ġto", "Ġhal", "ogen", "ated", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", ".", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġthree", "Ġsteps", ":", "Ġ", "ĠInit", "iation", "Ġthe", "Ġhal", "ogen", "Ġradicals", "Ġform", "Ġby", "Ġhom", "oly", "sis", ...	320	are an important industrial route to halogenated hydrocarbons. There are three steps: Initiation the halogen radicals form by homolysis. Usually, energy in the form of heat or light is required. Chain reaction or Propagation then takes place—the halogen radical abstracts a hydrogen from the alkane to give an alkyl r...
[ "Ġand", "Ġbut", "ane", ":", "Ġoil", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġmixture", "Ġof", "Ġliquid", "Ġalk", "anes", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", "Ġwere", "Ġformed", "Ġwhen", "Ġmarine", "Ġanimals", "Ġand", "Ġplants", "Ġ(", "...	321	and butane: oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were formed when marine animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) died and sank to the bottom of ancient seas and were covered with sediments in an anoxic environment and converted over many millions of years at high tem...
[ "%", "Ġpr", "ist", "ane", "Ġ(", "2", ",", "6", ",", "10", ",", "14", "-", "t", "et", "ram", "ethyl", "pent", "ade", "c", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "19", "H", "40", ").", "ĠThey", "Ġare", "Ġimportant", "Ġas", "Ġp", "her", "om", "ones", ",", "Ġchemical",...	322	% pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, C19H40). They are important as pheromones, chemical messenger materials, on which insects depend for communication. In some species, e.g. the support beetle Xylotrechus colonus, pentacosane (C25H52), 3-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) and 9-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) are transf...
[ "Ġnickel", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġreaction", "Ġis", "Ġex", "other", "mic", "Ġbecause", "Ġthe", "Ġproduct", "Ġalk", "ane", "Ġis", "Ġmore", "Ġstable", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġimportant", "Ġprocess", "Ġin", "Ġseveral", "Ġfields", "Ġof", "Ġindustrial", "Ġand", "Ġres...	323	nickel. The reaction is exothermic because the product alkane is more stable. This is an important process in several fields of industrial and research chemistry. From haloalkanes Several methods produce alkanes from haloalkanes. In the Wurtz reaction, a haloalkane is treated with sodium in dry ether to yield an al...
[ ".", "ĠProp", "ane", ",", "Ġtoo", ",", "Ġis", "Ġfl", "amm", "able", "Ġand", "Ġexplosive", ",", "Ġand", "Ġmay", "Ġcause", "Ġd", "rows", "iness", "Ġor", "Ġunconscious", "ness", "Ġif", "Ġinh", "aled", ".", "ĠBut", "ane", "Ġpresents", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġhaza...	324	. Propane, too, is flammable and explosive, and may cause drowsiness or unconsciousness if inhaled. Butane presents the same hazards as propane. Alkanes also pose a threat to the environment. Branched alkanes have a lower biodegradability than unbranched alkanes. Methane is considered to be the greenhouse gas that is ...
[ "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġjurisdictions", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġor", "Ġprosecution", "Ġmay", "Ġappeal", "Ġan", "Ġissue", "Ġof", "Ġlaw", "Ġ\"", "by", "Ġleave", "\"", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġtrial", "Ġcourt", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġappellate", "Ġcourt", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġab...	325	in some jurisdictions, the state or prosecution may appeal an issue of law "by leave" from the trial court or the appellate court. The ability of the prosecution to appeal a decision in favor of a defendant varies significantly internationally. All parties must present grounds to appeal, or it will not be heard. By ...
[ "Ġpost", "-", "conv", "iction", "Ġrelief", "Ġprocess", ".", "Ġ", "ĠSimilar", "Ġto", "Ġfederal", "Ġpost", "-", "conv", "iction", "Ġrelief", ",", "Ġan", "Ġappellant", "Ġcan", "Ġpetition", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġto", "Ġcorrect", "Ġalleged", "Ġfundamental", "Ġerrors", ...	326	post-conviction relief process. Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review. Typical claims might include ineffective assistance of counsel and actual innocence based on new evidence. These proceedings a...
[ "Ġcan", "Ġpresent", "Ġarguments", "Ġagainst", "Ġit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠArg", "uments", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġparties", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġappeal", "Ġare", "Ġpresented", "Ġthrough", "Ġtheir", "Ġappellate", "Ġlawyers", ",", "Ġif", "Ġrepresented", ",", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "pro", "Ġ...	327	can present arguments against it. Arguments of the parties to the appeal are presented through their appellate lawyers, if represented, or "pro se" if the party has not engaged legal representation. Those arguments are presented in written briefs and sometimes in oral argument to the court at a hearing. At such hear...
[ "Ġcompetent", "Ġrepresentation", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġentitled", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġtrial", ".", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġlawyer", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġstarts", "Ġan", "Ġoral", "Ġargument", "Ġto", "Ġany", "Ġappellate", "Ġcourt", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġwords", "Ġ\"", "May", ...	328	competent representation, he is entitled to a new trial. A lawyer traditionally starts an oral argument to any appellate court with the words "May it please the court." After an appeal is heard, the "mandate" is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, wh...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġdef", "erence", "Ġit", "Ġwould", "Ġgive", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġlower", "Ġcourt", "'s", "Ġdecision", ",", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġwhether", "Ġthe", "Ġappeal", "Ġwere", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġfact", "Ġor", "Ġof", "Ġlaw", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġreviewing", "Ġan", "Ġis...	329	the deference it would give to the lower court's decision, based on whether the appeal were one of fact or of law. In reviewing an issue of fact, an appellate court ordinarily gives deference to the trial court's findings. It is the duty of trial judges or juries to find facts, view the evidence firsthand, and obser...
[ "ĠNew", "ĠJersey", "ĠCourt", "Ġof", "ĠErrors", "Ġand", "ĠAppeals", "Ġ(", "which", "Ġexisted", "Ġfrom", "Ġ18", "44", "Ġto", "Ġ1947", "),", "Ġthe", "ĠConnecticut", "ĠSupreme", "ĠCourt", "Ġof", "ĠErrors", "Ġ(", "which", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġrenamed", "Ġthe", "ĠConn...	330	New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals (which existed from 1844 to 1947), the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court), the Kentucky Court of Errors (renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court), and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals (since renamed the Supreme Co...
[ "Ġarra", "ignment", "Ġtakes", "Ġplace", "Ġin", "Ġtwo", "Ġstages", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġis", "Ġcalled", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "initial", "Ġarra", "ignment", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġmust", "Ġtake", "Ġplace", "Ġwithin", "Ġ48", "Ġhours", "Ġof", "Ġan", "Ġindividual", "'s", ...	331	arraignment takes place in two stages. The first is called the "initial arraignment" and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday. During this stage, the defendant is informed of the pending legal ch...
[ "ĠSil", "as", "ĠPratt", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġpoem", "Ġwas", "Ġpublished", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠCong", "reg", "ational", "ist", ".", "ĠBy", "Ġ1900", ",", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġ75", "Ġdifferent", "Ġmelodies", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġwritten", ".", "ĠA", "Ġhy", "mn", "Ġtun...	332	Silas Pratt when the poem was published in The Congregationalist. By 1900, at least 75 different melodies had been written. A hymn tune composed in 1882 by Samuel A. Ward, the organist and choir director at Grace Church, Newark, was generally considered the best music as early as 1910 and is still the popular tune tod...
[ "Ġoriginally", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġchar", "ters", "Ġof", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEnglish", "ĠColon", "ies", "Ġin", "ĠNorth", "ĠAmerica", ",", "Ġis", "Ġan", "ĠAmerican", "Ġid", "iom", "Ġmeaning", "Ġ\"", "from", "Ġthe", "ĠAtlantic", "ĠOcean", "Ġto", "Ġ...	333	originally used in the charters of some of the English Colonies in North America, is an American idiom meaning "from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean" (or vice versa). Other songs that have used this phrase include the American patriotic song "God Bless the U.S.A." and Schoolhouse Rock's "Elbow Room". The phras...
[ "Ġdevices", "Ġthat", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġmanually", "Ġpropelled", "Ġor", "Ġelectr", "ically", "Ġpropelled", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġinclude", "Ġa", "Ġseating", "Ġsystem", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġdesigned", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġsubstitute", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnormal", "Ġm...	334	devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, and that include a seating system and are designed to be a substitute for the normal mobility that most people have. Wheelchairs and other mobility devices allow people to perform mobility-related activities of daily living which include feeding, toilet...
[ "Ġto", "Ġprovide", "Ġback", "Ġsupport", ",", "Ġsense", "Ġthe", "Ġuser", "'s", "Ġmotion", ",", "Ġand", "Ġsend", "Ġa", "Ġsignal", "Ġto", "Ġmotors", "Ġwhich", "Ġmanage", "Ġthe", "Ġgears", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġex", "os", "keleton", "Ġsupports", "Ġthe", "Ġshoulder", ",...	335	to provide back support, sense the user's motion, and send a signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton supports the shoulder, waist and thigh, and assists movement for lifting and holding heavy items, while lowering back stress. Adaptive seating and positioning People with balance and motor function c...
[ "Ġhas", "Ġlarge", "Ġletters", "Ġprinted", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġkeys", ".", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġkeyboard", "Ġshown", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġround", "Ġbuttons", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġcontrol", "Ġsoftware", "Ġwhich", "Ġcan", "Ġmagn", "ify", "Ġthe", "Ġscreen", "Ġ(", "z...	336	has large letters printed on the keys. On the keyboard shown, the round buttons at the top control software which can magnify the screen (zoom in), change the background color of the screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger. The "bump dots" on the keys, installed in this case by the organization using t...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġsignal", "Ġand", "Ġlisten", "Ġat", "Ġhis", "/", "her", "Ġpreferred", "Ġvolume", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAmpl", "ified", "Ġtelephone", "Ġequipment", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThis", "Ġtype", "Ġof", "Ġassist", "ive", "Ġtechnology", "Ġallows", "Ġusers", "Ġto", "Ġamplify", "Ġthe"...	337	the signal and listen at his/her preferred volume. Amplified telephone equipment This type of assistive technology allows users to amplify the volume and clarity of their phone calls so that they can easily partake in this medium of communication. There are also options to adjust the frequency and tone of a call to...
[ "Ġa", "Ġrepository", "Ġof", "Ġaccessible", "Ġtext", "Ġincluding", "Ġpublisher", "'s", "Ġtextbooks", "Ġto", "Ġstudents", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġqualifying", "Ġdisability", ".", "Ġ", "ĠFiles", "Ġprovided", "Ġare", "Ġin", "ĠXML", "Ġformat", "Ġand", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġa", ...	338	a repository of accessible text including publisher's textbooks to students with a qualifying disability. Files provided are in XML format and used as a starting platform for braille readers, screen readers, and other digital text software. IDEA defines assistive technology as follows: "any item, piece of equipment,...
[ "Ġall", "Ġwith", "Ġsome", "Ġkind", "Ġof", "Ġdevelopmental", ",", "Ġphysical", ",", "Ġsensory", ",", "Ġor", "Ġcognitive", "Ġdisability", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġassist", "ive", "Ġtechnology", "Ġcreated", "Ġimprovements", "Ġin", "Ġchild", "Ġdevelopment", ".", ...	339	all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology created improvements in child development. These included improvements in "cognitive, social, communication, literacy, motor, adaptive, and increases in engagement in learning activities". Additionally, it ...
[ "\".", "Ġ", "ĠEgypt", "ĠGreek", "Ġhistorian", "ĠHerod", "ot", "us", "Ġmentioned", "Ġthe", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġin", "ĠAncient", "ĠEgypt", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwrote", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġmanipulated", "Ġthe", "Ġpe", "b", "bles", "Ġfrom", "Ġright", "Ġto", "...	340	". Egypt Greek historian Herodotus mentioned the abacus in Ancient Egypt. He wrote that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method. Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters. However, wa...
[ "Ġthe", "ĠRoman", "Ġmodel", "Ġ(", "like", "Ġmost", "Ġmodern", "ĠKorean", "Ġand", "ĠJapanese", ")", "Ġhas", "Ġ4", "Ġplus", "Ġ1", "Ġbead", "Ġper", "Ġdecimal", "Ġplace", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġstandard", "Ġsu", "an", "pan", "Ġhas", "Ġ5", "Ġplus", "Ġ2", ".", "ĠInc", ...	341	the Roman model (like most modern Korean and Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2. Incidentally, this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system (or any base up to 18) which may have been used for traditional Chinese measures of weight. (Instead of running on wires as in t...
[ "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġis", "Ġstill", "Ġmanufactured", "Ġin", "ĠJapan", "Ġeven", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġproliferation", ",", "Ġpractical", "ity", ",", "Ġand", "Ġaffordability", "Ġof", "Ġpocket", "Ġelectronic", "Ġcalcul", "ators", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", ...	342	The abacus is still manufactured in Japan even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators. The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation. Using visual imagery can complete a calc...
[ "Ġwith", "Ġeach", "Ġwire", "Ġrunning", "Ġhorizontally", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġwires", "Ġare", "Ġusually", "Ġbowed", "Ġupward", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcenter", ",", "Ġto", "Ġkeep", "Ġthe", "Ġbeads", "Ġpinned", "Ġto", "Ġeither", "Ġside", ".", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġcleared", "Ġwhen...	343	with each wire running horizontally. The wires are usually bowed upward in the center, to keep the beads pinned to either side. It is cleared when all the beads are moved to the right. During manipulation, beads are moved to the left. For easy viewing, the middle 2 beads on each wire (the 5th and 6th bead) usually are...
[ "Ġimpaired", "Ġusers", "ĠAn", "Ġadapted", "Ġab", "acus", ",", "Ġinvented", "Ġby", "ĠTim", "ĠCran", "mer", ",", "Ġand", "Ġcalled", "Ġa", "ĠCran", "mer", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġis", "Ġcommonly", "Ġused", "Ġby", "Ġvisually", "Ġimpaired", "Ġusers", ".", "ĠA", "Ġpiece"...	344	impaired users An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, and called a Cranmer abacus is commonly used by visually impaired users. A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads, keeping them in place while the users manipulate them. The device is then used to perform the mathematical functions of multip...
[ "Ġacids", ".", "Ġ", "ĠMost", "Ġacids", "Ġencountered", "Ġin", "Ġeveryday", "Ġlife", "Ġare", "Ġa", "que", "ous", "Ġsolutions", ",", "Ġor", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġdissolved", "Ġin", "Ġwater", ",", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "ĠAr", "r", "hen", "ius", "Ġand", "ĠBr", "Ã¸", "n"...	345	acids. Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are the most relevant. The Brønsted–Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acid–base reactions are assumed to involve the trans...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġg", "ase", "ous", "ĠH", "Cl", "Ġand", "ĠNH", "3", "Ġcombine", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġthe", "Ġsolid", ".", "Ġ", "ĠLewis", "Ġacids", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġthird", ",", "Ġonly", "Ġmarginally", "Ġrelated", "Ġconcept", "Ġwas", "Ġproposed", "Ġin", "Ġ1923",...	346	the third gaseous HCl and NH3 combine to form the solid. Lewis acids A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis, which includes reactions with acid–base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer. A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from anothe...
[ "ton", ".", "ĠA", "Ġstrong", "Ġacid", "Ġis", "Ġone", "Ġthat", "Ġcompletely", "Ġdiss", "oci", "ates", "Ġin", "Ġwater", ";", "Ġin", "Ġother", "Ġwords", ",", "Ġone", "Ġmole", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġstrong", "Ġacid", "ĠHA", "Ġdiss", "olves", "Ġin", "Ġwater", "Ġyieldin...	347	ton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A−, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the...
[ "Ġmakes", "Ġsulfur", "ic", "Ġa", "Ġstrong", "Ġacid", ".", "ĠIn", "Ġa", "Ġsimilar", "Ġmanner", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġweak", "Ġunstable", "Ġcarbon", "ic", "Ġacid", "Ġ", "Ġcan", "Ġlose", "Ġone", "Ġpro", "ton", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġb", "ic", "arbon", "ate", "Ġan", "io...	348	makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO). Both Ka values are small, but Ka1 > Ka2 . A triprotic acid (H3A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation co...
[ "Ġions", "Ġare", "Ġtit", "rated", ".", "ĠTherefore", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "ĠOH", "âĪĴ", "Ġadded", "Ġequals", "Ġtwice", "Ġthe", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "ĠH", "2", "A", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġa", "Ġweak", "Ġdip", "rot", "ic", "Ġacid", ...	349	ions are titrated. Therefore, the amount of OH− added equals twice the amount of H2A at this time. For a weak diprotic acid titrated by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base wi...
[ "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġbodies", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAcid", "Ġcat", "alysis", "Ġ", "ĠAc", "ids", "Ġare", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġcataly", "sts", "Ġin", "Ġindustrial", "Ġand", "Ġorganic", "Ġchemistry", ";", "Ġfor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġsulfur", "ic", "Ġacid", "Ġis", "Ġused", "Ġ...	350	in human bodies. Acid catalysis Acids are used as catalysts in industrial and organic chemistry; for example, sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities in the alkylation process to produce gasoline. Some acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids, also effect dehydration and condensation react...
[ ".", "Ġ", "ĠCommon", "Ġacids", "Ġ", "ĠMineral", "Ġacids", "Ġ(", "in", "organic", "Ġacids", ")", "Ġ", "ĠHyd", "rogen", "Ġhal", "ides", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġsolutions", ":", "Ġhydro", "flu", "oric", "Ġacid", "Ġ(", "HF", "),", "Ġhydro", "chlor", "ic", "Ġacid...	351	. Common acids Mineral acids (inorganic acids) Hydrogen halides and their solutions: hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI) Halogen oxoacids: hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO2), chloric acid (HClO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), and corresponding analo...
[ "Ġge", "ologists", "Ġtend", "Ġto", "Ġfavor", "Ġthe", "Ġterm", "Ġ\"", "bit", "umen", "\"", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnaturally", "Ġoccurring", "Ġmaterial", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġthe", "Ġmanufactured", "Ġmaterial", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġrefined", "Ġresidue", "Ġfrom", "...	352	geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in American English, "asphalt" is more commonly used. To help ...
[ "Ġand", "Ġpy", "ro", "ly", "sis", "Ġof", "Ġorganic", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", "Ġprimarily", "Ġsourced", "Ġfrom", "Ġvegetation", "Ġmasses", ",", "Ġwhether", "Ġfossil", "ized", "Ġas", "Ġwith", "Ġcoal", ",", "Ġor", "Ġfreshly", "Ġharvested", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġmajorit...	353	and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons primarily sourced from vegetation masses, whether fossilized as with coal, or freshly harvested. The majority of bitumen, on the other hand, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diag...
[ "Ġis", "Ġlocated", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠMcM", "ur", "ray", "ĠFormation", "Ġof", "ĠNorthern", "ĠAlberta", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġformation", "Ġis", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "ĠC", "ret", "aceous", ",", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġcomposed", "Ġof", "Ġnumerous", "Ġlenses", "Ġof", "...	354	is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies show the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace Rive...
[ "Ġin", "Ġlarge", "Ġquantities", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġvicinity", "Ġof", "ĠNe", "uf", "ch", "atel", "\",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġproposed", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġit", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġways", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ\"", "pr", "inc", "ip", "ally", "Ġin", "Ġth...	355	in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water u...
[ "Ġwas", "Ġmore", "Ġwidely", "Ġused", ".", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġthe", "ĠFirst", "ĠWorld", "ĠWar", "Ġruined", "Ġthe", "ĠCl", "armac", "ĠCompany", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġentered", "Ġinto", "Ġliquid", "ation", "Ġin", "Ġ1915", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfailure", "Ġof", "ĠCl", "arma...	356	was more widely used. However, the First World War ruined the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the ...
[ "Ġroad", "Ġin", "ĠEdmonton", ",", "ĠAlberta", ".", "ĠOther", "Ġroads", "Ġin", "ĠAlberta", "Ġwere", "Ġpaved", "Ġwith", "Ġmaterial", "Ġextracted", "Ġfrom", "Ġoil", "Ġsands", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġgenerally", "Ġnot", "Ġeconomic", ".", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "...	357	road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with material extracted from oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separatio...
[ "Ġper", "Ġinch", "Ġof", "Ġpavement", "Ġthickness", ".", "Ġ", "ĠWhen", "Ġmaintenance", "Ġis", "Ġperformed", "Ġon", "Ġasphalt", "Ġpave", "ments", ",", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġmill", "ing", "Ġto", "Ġremove", "Ġa", "Ġworn", "Ġor", "Ġdamaged", "Ġsurface", ",", "Ġthe", ...	358	per inch of pavement thickness. When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavem...
[ "ĠThis", "Ġis", "Ġparticularly", "Ġcommon", "Ġin", "Ġareas", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠUS", "ĠGulf", "Ġcoast", ",", "Ġwhere", "Ġref", "ineries", "Ġwere", "Ġdesigned", "Ġto", "Ġprocess", "ĠVenezuelan", "Ġand", "ĠMexican", "Ġoil", ",", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġareas", "...	359	This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually pre...
[ "ĠMaterial", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġboiling", "Ġpoint", "Ġgreater", "Ġthan", "Ġaround", "Ġ500", "Âł", "Â°", "C", "Ġis", "Ġconsidered", "Ġasphalt", ".", "ĠVac", "uum", "Ġdist", "illation", "Ġseparates", "Ġit", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġcomponents", "Ġin", "Ġcrude", ...	360	Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the prope...
[ "izza", "Ġis", "Ġavailable", "Ġin", "Ġpowder", "Ġor", "Ġin", "Ġgran", "ular", "Ġmaterial", "Ġof", "Ġvarious", "Ġparticle", "Ġsizes", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġpackaged", "Ġin", "Ġsacks", "Ġor", "Ġin", "Ġthermal", "Ġf", "us", "ible", "Ġpoly", "ethyl", "ene", "Ġbags", ...	361	izza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in sacks or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags. A life-cycle assessment study of the natural selenizza compared with petroleum asphalt has shown that the environmental impact of the selenizza is about half the impact of the...
[ "Ġstandards", "Ġfor", "Ġproducts", ",", "Ġservices", ",", "Ġprocesses", ",", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġand", "Ġpersonnel", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġorganization", "Ġalso", "Ġcoordinates", "ĠU", ".", "S", ".", "Ġstandards", "Ġwith", "Ġinternat...	362	standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, gove...
[ "AN", "SI", "-", "N", "SP", ")", "Ġ", "ĠID", "ĠTheft", "ĠPrevention", "Ġand", "ĠID", "ĠManagement", "ĠStandards", "ĠPanel", "Ġ(", "ID", "SP", ")", "Ġ", "ĠAN", "SI", "ĠEnergy", "ĠEfficiency", "ĠStandard", "ization", "ĠCoord", "ination", "ĠCollabor", "ative", ...	363	ANSI-NSP) ID Theft Prevention and ID Management Standards Panel (IDSP) ANSI Energy Efficiency Standardization Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC) Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP) ANSI-NAM Network on Chemical Regulation ANSI Biofuels Standards Coor...
[ "Ġregions", "Ġplanned", "Ġfor", "Ġfuture", "Ġcontent", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAN", "SI", "Ġdesign", "Ġstandards", "Ġhave", "Ġalso", "Ġbeen", "Ġincorporated", "Ġinto", "Ġbuilding", "Ġcodes", "Ġencomp", "assing", "Ġseveral", "Ġspecific", "Ġbuilding", "Ġsub", "-", "sets", ",", ...	364	regions planned for future content. ANSI design standards have also been incorporated into building codes encompassing several specific building sub-sets, such as the ANSI/SPRI ES-1, which pertains to "Wind Design Standard for Edge Systems Used With Low Slope Roofing Systems", for example. See also Accredited Cran...
[ "ĠOctober", "Ġ4", ",", "Ġ1957", ",", "Ġthe", "ĠSoviet", "ĠUnion", "Ġlaunched", "ĠSp", "ut", "nik", "Ġ1", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġartificial", "Ġsatellite", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġsurprise", "Ġsuccess", "Ġfired", "Ġfears", "Ġand", "Ġimag", "inations", "Ġaround", "Ġth...	365	October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, eco...
[ "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġinitial", "Ġcrew", "Ġassignment", "Ġof", "ĠCommander", "ĠNeil", "ĠArmstrong", ",", "ĠCommand", "ĠModule", "ĠPilot", "Ġ(", "C", "MP", ")", "ĠJim", "ĠLove", "ll", ",", "Ġand", "ĠLunar", "ĠModule", "ĠPilot", "Ġ(", "L", "MP", ")", "ĠBuzz", "ĠAld...	366	The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew for Apollo9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. Due to design and manufacturi...
[ "Ġso", "Ġit", "Ġwould", "Ġ\"", "be", "Ġrepresentative", "Ġof", "Ġeveryone", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġworked", "Ġtoward", "Ġa", "Ġlunar", "Ġlanding", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠAn", "Ġillust", "rator", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠM", "anned", "ĠSpace", "craft", "ĠCenter", "Ġ(", "MS", "C", ...	367	so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing". An illustrator at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval. The design was rejected. Bob Gilruth, the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlik...
[ "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġversions", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġe", "gress", "Ġchecklist", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġlunar", "Ġmodule", "Ġpilot", "Ġexit", "Ġthe", "Ġspacecraft", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġcommander", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġmatched", "Ġwhat", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġdone", "Ġon", "ĠGemi...	368	the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions, where the commander had never performed the spacewalk. Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate...
[ "Ġcabinet", "Ġmembers", ",", "Ġ19", "Ġstate", "Ġgovernors", ",", "Ġ40", "Ġmayors", ",", "Ġ60", "Ġambassadors", "Ġand", "Ġ200", "Ġcongress", "men", ".", "ĠVice", "ĠPresident", "ĠSp", "iro", "ĠAg", "new", "Ġviewed", "Ġthe", "Ġlaunch", "Ġwith", "Ġformer", "Ġpresi...	369	cabinet members, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen. Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with former president Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson. Around 3,500 media representatives were present. About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 o...
[ "asing", "Ġmismatch", "Ġbetween", "Ġtwo", "Ġparts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrend", "ezvous", "Ġradar", "Ġsystem", "Ġcould", "Ġcause", "Ġthe", "Ġstationary", "Ġantenna", "Ġto", "Ġappear", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġcomputer", "Ġas", "Ġd", "ithering", "Ġback", "Ġand", "Ġforth", "Ġ...	370	asing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, ...
[ ";", "Ġthree", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġhalf", "Ġhours", "Ġinstead", "Ġof", "Ġtwo", ".", "ĠDuring", "Ġtraining", "Ġon", "ĠEarth", ",", "Ġeverything", "Ġrequired", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġneatly", "Ġlaid", "Ġout", "Ġin", "Ġadvance", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġt...	371	; three and a half hours instead of two. During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools. Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing Armstrong and Aldrin were re...
[ "oping", "Ġrod", "Ġand", "Ġcould", "Ġonly", "Ġjam", "Ġthe", "Ġpole", "Ġabout", "Ġ", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġhard", "Ġlunar", "Ġsurface", ".", "ĠAld", "rin", "Ġwas", "Ġafraid", "Ġit", "Ġmight", "Ġtopple", "Ġin", "Ġfront", "Ġof", "ĠTV", "Ġviewers", ".", "ĠBut", "...	372	oping rod and could only jam the pole about into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute". Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Ni...
[ "ĠVladimir", "ĠKom", "arov", "Ġand", "ĠYuri", "ĠG", "ag", "arin", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġdied", "Ġin", "Ġ1967", "Ġand", "Ġ1968", "Ġrespectively", ";", "Ġa", "Ġmemorial", "Ġbag", "Ġcontaining", "Ġa", "Ġgold", "Ġreplica", "Ġof", "Ġan", "Ġolive", "Ġbranch", "Ġas", "Ġa"...	373	Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of ...
[ "Ġin", "Ġrecovery", "Ġof", "ĠApollo", "Ġspacecraft", ",", "Ġspecialized", "Ġdivers", "Ġof", "ĠU", "DT", "ĠDet", "achment", "ĠApollo", ",", "Ġa", "Ġ35", "-", "man", "ĠNASA", "Ġrecovery", "Ġteam", ",", "Ġand", "Ġabout", "Ġ120", "Ġmedia", "Ġrepresentatives", ".",...	374	in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornets air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a boilerplate command module used for training. O...
[ "'s", "Ġcrane", ",", "Ġplaced", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġdoll", "y", "Ġand", "Ġmoved", "Ġnext", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠM", "Q", "F", ".", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġthen", "Ġattached", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠM", "Q", "F", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġflexible", "Ġtunnel", ",", "Ġallowing", "Ġthe...	375	's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Cen...
[ "Ġindicate", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġmajority", "Ġof", "ĠAmericans", "Ġfavored", "Ġ\"", "doing", "Ġmore", "\"", "Ġin", "Ġspace", "Ġas", "Ġopposed", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "doing", "Ġless", "\".", "ĠBy", "Ġ1973", ",", "Ġ59", "Ġpercent", "Ġof", "Ġthose", "Ġpolled", "Ġfavored", ...	376	indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of détente. This was also a time w...
[ "Ġrocks", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "ĠLunar", "ĠSample", "ĠLaboratory", "ĠFacility", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠLyndon", "ĠB", ".", "ĠJohnson", "ĠSpace", "ĠCenter", "Ġin", "ĠHouston", ",", "ĠTexas", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġsafe", "keeping", ",", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġa", "Ġsmaller", ...	377	rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indir...
[ "Ġshow", "Ġon", "ĠSaturday", ",", "Ġdelayed", "Ġslightly", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "Ġportion", "Ġwhere", "ĠArmstrong", "Ġfirst", "Ġset", "Ġfoot", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġwould", "Ġhappen", "Ġexactly", "Ġ50", "Ġyears", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġactua...	378	show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event. On July 19, 2019, the Google Doodle paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut...
[ "ĠF", ".", "ĠKennedy", "'s", "Ġgoal", "Ġof", "Ġlanding", "Ġa", "Ġman", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdecade", ".", "ĠThe", "ĠApollo", "8", "Ġastronauts", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "ĠEarth", "Ġon", "ĠDecember", "Ġ27", ",", "Ġ...	379	F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. The Apollo8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named Time magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return. Background In the la...
[ "),", "ĠG", "lynn", "ĠLun", "ney", "Ġ(", "Black", "Ġteam", "),", "Ġand", "ĠMilton", "ĠWind", "ler", "Ġ(", "Mar", "oon", "Ġteam", ").", "Ġ", "ĠMission", "Ġinsign", "ia", "Ġand", "Ġcalls", "ign", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtriangular", "Ġshape", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġinsig...	380	), Glynn Lunney (Black team), and Milton Windler (Maroon team). Mission insignia and callsign The triangular shape of the insignia refers to the shape of the Apollo CM. It shows a red figure8 looping around the Earth and Moon to reflect both the mission number and the circumlunar nature of the mission. On the bottom ...
[ "Ġwanted", "Ġto", "Ġfly", "Ġit", ".", "ĠMcD", "iv", "itt", "Ġturned", "Ġit", "Ġdown", ";", "Ġhis", "Ġcrew", "Ġhad", "Ġspent", "Ġa", "Ġgreat", "Ġdeal", "Ġof", "Ġtime", "Ġpreparing", "Ġto", "Ġtest", "Ġthe", "ĠLM", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġwhat", "Ġh...	381	wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the Dand Emissions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while M...
[ "Ġinjection", "Ġmaneuver", ".", "ĠApollo", "Ġlunar", "Ġmissions", "Ġwould", "Ġbegin", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġnominal", "Ġ", "Ġcircular", "ĠEarth", "Ġparking", "Ġorbit", ".", "ĠApollo", "8", "Ġwas", "Ġlaunched", "Ġinto", "Ġan", "Ġinitial", "Ġorbit", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġa...	382	injection maneuver. Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal circular Earth parking orbit. Apollo8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of and a perigee of , with an inclination of 32.51° to the Equator, and an orbital period of 88.19 minutes. Propellant venting increased the apogee by over the...
[ "Ġwore", "Ġa", "ĠPersonal", "ĠRadiation", "ĠDos", "imeter", "Ġthat", "Ġtransmitted", "Ġdata", "Ġto", "ĠEarth", ",", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthree", "Ġpassive", "Ġfilm", "Ġdos", "imeters", "Ġthat", "Ġshowed", "Ġthe", "Ġcumulative", "Ġradiation", "Ġexperienced", "Ġ...	383	wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted data to Earth, as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew. By the end of the mission, the crew members experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy. Lunar trajectory Lovell's main job as Command Module...
[ ".", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġdifficulties", "Ġaiming", "Ġthe", "Ġnarrow", "-", "angle", "Ġlens", "Ġwithout", "Ġthe", "Ġaid", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġmonitor", "Ġto", "Ġshow", "Ġwhat", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġlooking", "Ġat", "Ġmade", "Ġshowing", "Ġthe", "ĠEarth", "Ġimpossible", "....	384	. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, without proper filters, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bri...
[ "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAfter", "Ġreporting", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġstatus", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġspacecraft", ",", "ĠLove", "ll", "Ġgave", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġdescription", "Ġof", "Ġwhat", "Ġthe", "Ġlunar", "Ġsurface", "Ġlooked", "Ġlike", ":", "Ġ", "...	385	around the Moon. After reporting on the status of the spacecraft, Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like: Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in M...
[ "Ġ\"", "And", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġcrew", "Ġof", "ĠApollo", "8", ",", "Ġwe", "Ġclose", "Ġwith", "Ġgood", "Ġnight", ",", "Ġgood", "Ġluck", ",", "Ġa", "ĠMerry", "ĠChristmas", "Ġand", "ĠGod", "Ġbless", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġyou", "âĢĶ", "all", "Ġof", "Ġyou", "Ġon"...	386	"And from the crew of Apollo8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth." The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the trans-Earth injection (TEI), which was scheduled for hours after the end of the television transmission. The T...
[ "Ġaircraft", "Ġcarrier", "Ġ", "Ġarrived", "Ġ43", "Ġminutes", "Ġafter", "Ġsplash", "down", ".", "ĠForty", "-", "five", "Ġminutes", "Ġlater", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġcrew", "Ġwas", "Ġsafe", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġflight", "Ġdeck", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠYork", "town", ".", "Ġ", ...	387	aircraft carrier arrived 43 minutes after splashdown. Forty-five minutes later, the crew was safe on the flight deck of the Yorktown. Legacy Historical importance Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world. Even though the year saw political assa...
[ ".", "Ġ", "ĠParts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmission", "Ġare", "Ġdram", "at", "ized", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ1998", "Ġmin", "iser", "ies", "ĠFrom", "Ġthe", "ĠEarth", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġepisode", "Ġ\"", "1968", "\".", "ĠThe", "ĠS", "-", "IV", "B", "Ġstage", "Ġ...	388	. Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode "1968". The S-IVB stage of Apollo8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 UFO episode "Conflict". Apollo8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side"...
[ ".", "ĠPeggy", "ĠA", ".", "ĠWh", "its", "on", "Ġholds", "Ġthe", "Ġrecord", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġtime", "Ġin", "Ġspace", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", ",", "Ġ377", "Ġdays", ".", "Ġ", "ĠTermin", "ology", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1959", ",", "Ġwhen", "Ġboth", "Ġthe",...	389	. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, 377 days. Terminology In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft cre...
[ "Ġlength", "Ġdifference", ",", "Ġor", "Ġa", "Ġshort", "Ġstature", "Ġ(", "less", "Ġthan", "Ġ).", "Ġ", "ĠOther", "Ġterms", "ĠWith", "Ġthe", "Ġrise", "Ġof", "Ġspace", "Ġtourism", ",", "ĠNASA", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠRussian", "ĠFederal", "ĠSpace", "ĠAgency", "Ġagreed"...	390	length difference, or a short stature (less than ). Other terms With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies. While no nation o...
[ "im", "ÃŃ", "r", "ĠRem", "ek", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġcos", "mon", "aut", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġcountry", "Ġother", "Ġthan", "Ġthe", "ĠSoviet", "ĠUnion", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", ",", "Ġwho", "Ġflew", "Ġto", "Ġspace", "Ġin", "Ġ1978", "Ġon", "Ġa"...	391	imír Remek, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket. Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel to space. He was launched aboard Soyuz T-11, on 2 April 1984. On 23 July 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first As...
[ "Ġwhich", "Ġaffected", "Ġhis", "Ġproductivity", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġself", "-", "funded", "Ġspace", "Ġtourist", "Ġwas", "ĠDennis", "ĠTit", "o", "Ġon", "Ġboard", "Ġthe", "ĠRussian", "Ġspacecraft", "ĠSoy", "uz", "ĠTM", "-", "3", "Ġon", "Ġ28", "ĠApril...	392	which affected his productivity. The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001. Self-funded travelers The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey, although...
[ "Ġthese", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "ĠAdvanced", "ĠDiagn", "ostic", "ĠUltr", "as", "ound", "Ġin", "ĠMicro", "gravity", "ĠStudy", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġastronauts", "Ġ(", "including", "Ġformer", "ĠISS", "Ġcommanders", "ĠLer", "oy", "ĠCh", "iao", "Ġand", "ĠG", "enn", "ady", ...	393	these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are no...
[ "Ġlost", "Ġtheir", "Ġlives", "Ġduring", "Ġfour", "Ġspace", "Ġflights", ".", "ĠBy", "Ġnationality", ",", "Ġthirteen", "Ġwere", "ĠAmerican", ",", "Ġfour", "Ġwere", "ĠRussian", "Ġ(", "Soviet", "ĠUnion", "),", "Ġand", "Ġone", "Ġwas", "ĠIsraeli", ".", "Ġ", "Ġ,", ...	394	lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. , eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned du...
[ "ings", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġspirit", "Ġof", "Ġbitter", "Ġmockery", ",", "Ġnot", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġdelight", "Ġin", "Ġcalculations", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġsake", "\".", "Ġ", "ĠR", "het", "oric", "ĠAuthor", "ĠCharles", "ĠK", ".", "ĠSmith", "Ġargues", "Ġtha...	395	ings from a spirit of bitter mockery, not from the delight in calculations for their own sake". Rhetoric Author Charles K. Smith argues that Swift's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish. Swift's specific strategy is twofold, using a "trap" to create sympathy for the Irish and ...
[ "idd", "ian", "Ġstresses", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġreader", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpamphlet", "Ġmust", "Ġlearn", "Ġto", "Ġdistinguish", "Ġbetween", "Ġthe", "Ġsatirical", "Ġvoice", "Ġof", "ĠJonathan", "ĠSwift", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġapparent", "Ġeconomic", "Ġprojections", "Ġof", "Ġ...	396	iddian stresses that a reader of the pamphlet must learn to distinguish between the satirical voice of Jonathan Swift and the apparent economic projections of the Proposer. He reminds readers that "there is a gap between the narrator's meaning and the text's, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by ...
[ "Ġand", "ĠLo", "athing", "Ġin", "ĠAmerica", ":", "ĠThe", "ĠBrut", "al", "ĠOdyssey", "Ġof", "Ġan", "ĠOut", "law", "ĠJournal", "ist", "Ġincludes", "Ġa", "Ġletter", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġhe", "Ġuses", "ĠSwift", "'s", "Ġapproach", "Ġin", "Ġconnection", "Ġwith", "Ġt...	397	and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist includes a letter in which he uses Swift's approach in connection with the Vietnam War. Thompson writes a letter to a local Aspen newspaper informing them that, on Christmas Eve, he is going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any hum...
[ "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġpredicted", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġsome", "Ġdifferences", "Ġin", "Ġphysical", "Ġand", "Ġchemical", "Ġproperties", "Ġfrom", "Ġits", "Ġlighter", "Ġhom", "olog", "ues", ".", "Ġ", "ĠMost", "Ġalk", "ali", "Ġmetals", "Ġhave", "Ġmany", "Ġdifferent", "Ġapplic...	398	it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues. Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks form the basis of t...
[ "Ġtable", "Ġplacing", "Ġlithium", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġgroup", "Ġwith", "Ġsodium", ",", "Ġpotassium", ",", "Ġrub", "idium", ",", "Ġca", "es", "ium", ",", "Ġand", "Ġth", "all", "ium", ".", "ĠTwo", "Ġyears", "Ġlater", ",", "ĠMend", "ele", ...	399	table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and thallium. Two years later, Mendeleev revised his table, placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium, and also moving thallium to the boron group. In this 1871 version, copper, silver, and gold were placed twice, once as part of gr...

[ ",", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "ĠAberdeen", ",", "ĠMississippi", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", "ĠTownship", ",", "ĠNew", "ĠJersey", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", ",", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", "Ġ", "ĠAberdeen", "ĠHistoric", "ĠDistrict", "Ġ(", "A", "ber", "deen", ",", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", ")", ...

300

, close to Aberdeen, Mississippi Aberdeen Township, New Jersey Aberdeen, North Carolina Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, North Carolina) Aberdeen, Ohio Aberdeen, South Dakota Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, South Dakota) Aberdeen, Texas Aberdeen (Disputanta, Virginia) Aberdeen Gardens (Hampton, Virg...

[ "iat", "oms", "Ġand", "Ġbrown", "Ġalgae", "Ġare", "Ġexamples", "Ġof", "Ġalgae", "Ġwith", "Ġsecondary", "Ġchlor", "opl", "asts", "Ġderived", "Ġfrom", "Ġan", "Ġend", "os", "y", "mb", "iotic", "Ġred", "Ġal", "ga", ".", "ĠAl", "gae", "Ġexhibit", "Ġa", "Ġwide",...

301

iatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction. Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the...

[ "Ġsix", "Ġorders", ":", "ĠD", "iat", "om", "aceae", ",", "ĠNost", "och", "ine", "ae", ",", "ĠConf", "erv", "o", "ide", "ae", ",", "ĠU", "lv", "aceae", ",", "ĠFlor", "i", "ade", "ae", "Ġand", "ĠFu", "co", "ide", "ae", ".", "ĠAround", "Ġ1880", ",",...

302

six orders: Diatomaceae, Nostochineae, Confervoideae, Ulvaceae, Floriadeae and Fucoideae. Around 1880, algae along with fungi were grouped under Thallophyta, a division created by Eichler (1836). Encouraged by this, Adolf Engler and Karl A. E. Prantl (1912) proposed a revised scheme of classification of algae and incl...

[ "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġstill", "Ġhave", "Ġdupl", "icated", "Ġclass", "ifications", "Ġ(", "see", "Ġamb", "ire", "gn", "al", "Ġprot", "ists", ").", "Ġ", "ĠSome", "Ġparasitic", "Ġalgae", "Ġ(", "e", ".", "g", ".,", "Ġthe", "Ġgreen", "Ġalgae", "ĠProt", "othe", "c...

303

the past still have duplicated classifications (see ambiregnal protists). Some parasitic algae (e.g., the green algae Prototheca and Helicosporidium, parasites of metazoans, or Cephaleuros, parasites of plants) were originally classified as fungi, sporozoans, or protistans of incertae sedis, while others (e.g., the g...

[ ",", "Ġt", "urg", "or", "Ġregulation", ",", "Ġsalt", "Ġtolerance", ",", "Ġcy", "top", "l", "asm", "ic", "Ġstreaming", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġgeneration", "Ġof", "Ġaction", "Ġpotential", "s", ".", "Ġ", "ĠPh", "yt", "oh", "orm", "ones", "Ġare", "Ġfound", ...

304

, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials. Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae, too. Symbiotic algae Some species of algae form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. In these symbioses, the algae supply photosynthates (organ...

[ "Ġthe", "Ġdifference", "Ġof", "Ġabout", "Ġ15", ",", "000", "Ġspecies", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġtext", "Ġconcludes", ":", "Ġ\"", "It", "Ġwill", "Ġrequire", "Ġmany", "Ġdetailed", "Ġfield", "Ġsurveys", "Ġbefore", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġpossible", "Ġto", "Ġprovide", "Ġa", "Ġrelia...

305

the difference of about 15,000 species, the text concludes: "It will require many detailed field surveys before it is possible to provide a reliable estimate of the total number of species ..." Regional and group estimates have been made, as well: 5,000–5,500 species of red algae worldwide "some 1,300 in Australian...

[ "Ġused", "Ġboth", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "alg", "ae", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġ(", "in", "Ġthe", "Ġmodest", "Ġtradition", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġimperial", "Ġscholars", ")", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "liter", "ary", "Ġtalent", "\".", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġisland", "Ġin", "ĠKun", "ming", "ĠLa...

306

used both for "algae" and (in the modest tradition of the imperial scholars) for "literary talent". The third island in Kunming Lake beside the Summer Palace in Beijing is known as the Zaojian Tang Dao, which thus simultaneously means "Island of the Algae-Viewing Hall" and "Island of the Hall for Reflecting on Literar...

[ "-", "chain", "ĠEPA", "Ġand", "ĠD", "HA", "Ġfrom", "Ġother", "Ġvegetarian", "Ġsources", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġfl", "ax", "seed", "Ġoil", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġonly", "Ġcontains", "Ġthe", "Ġshort", "-", "chain", "Ġalpha", "-", "lin", "olen", "ic", "Ġacid", "Ġ(", "...

307

-chain EPA and DHA from other vegetarian sources such as flaxseed oil, which only contains the short-chain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Pollution control Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the use of large amounts of toxic chemicals that would otherwise be needed. Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in r...

[ "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġmethods", "Ġof", "Ġreducing", "Ġthe", "Ġerrors", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġexperimental", "Ġmethods", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpersonal", "Ġequation", "Ġwere", "Ġlater", "Ġaccepted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġemerging", ...

308

and had developed methods of reducing the errors. The experimental methods used in the study of the personal equation were later accepted by the emerging field of psychology which developed strong (full factorial) experimental methods to which randomization and blinding were soon added. An eloquent non-mathematical...

[ "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfixed", "-", "effects", "Ġmodel", "Ġwould", "Ġcompare", "Ġa", "Ġlist", "Ġof", "Ġcandidate", "Ġtexts", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġrandom", "-", "effects", "Ġmodel", "Ġwould", "Ġdetermine", "Ġwhether", "Ġimportant", "Ġdifferences", "Ġexist", "Ġamong", "Ġa"...

309

The fixed-effects model would compare a list of candidate texts. The random-effects model would determine whether important differences exist among a list of randomly selected texts. The mixed-effects model would compare the (fixed) incumbent texts to randomly selected alternatives. Defining fixed and random effec...

[ "based", "Ġanalysis", ".", "Ġ", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġstudies", "Ġof", "Ġprocesses", "Ġthat", "Ġchange", "Ġvar", "iances", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġmeans", "Ġ(", "called", "Ġdisp", "ersion", "Ġeffects", ")", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġconducted", "Ġusing", "...

310

based analysis. However, studies of processes that change variances rather than means (called dispersion effects) have been successfully conducted using ANOVA. There are no necessary assumptions for ANOVA in its full generality, but the F-test used for ANOVA hypothesis testing has assumptions and practical limitatio...

[ "Ġis", "Ġless", "Ġthan", "Ġor", "Ġequal", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsignificance", "Ġlevel", "Ġ(", "Î±", ").", "ĠThe", "ĠAN", "OVA", "ĠF", "-", "test", "Ġis", "Ġknown", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġnearly", "Ġoptimal", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsense", "Ġof", "Ġminimizing", "Ġfalse", "Ġ...

311

is less than or equal to the significance level (α). The ANOVA F-test is known to be nearly optimal in the sense of minimizing false negative errors for a fixed rate of false positive errors (i.e. maximizing power for a fixed significance level). For example, to test the hypothesis that various medical treatments have...

[ "Ġtechnique", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġfact", "orial", "Ġdesigns", "Ġis", "Ġto", "Ġminimize", "Ġreplication", "Ġ(", "possibly", "Ġno", "Ġreplication", "Ġwith", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "Ġanalytical", "Ġtrick", "ery", ")", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġcombine", "Ġgroups", "Ġwhen", "Ġeffect...

312

technique used in factorial designs is to minimize replication (possibly no replication with support of analytical trickery) and to combine groups when effects are found to be statistically (or practically) insignificant. An experiment with many insignificant factors may collapse into one with a few factors supported...

[ "Ġto", "Ġtest", "Ġfor", "Ġdifferences", "Ġamong", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġthree", "Ġgroups", ",", "Ġsince", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "-", "group", "Ġcase", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġcovered", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġt", "-", "test", ".", "ĠWhen", "Ġthere", "Ġare", "Ġonly", "Ġtwo", "Ġmean...

313

to test for differences among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by a t-test. When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by . Factorial ANOVA is used when there is more than one factor. Repeated measure...

[ "Ġ", "ĠRosen", "baum", ",", "ĠPaul", "ĠR", ".", "Ġ(", "2002", ").", "ĠObserv", "ational", "ĠStudies", "Ġ(", "2", "nd", "Ġed", ".).", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", ":", "ĠSpringer", "-", "Ver", "lag", ".", "Ġ", "ĠFurther", "Ġreading", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ...

314

Rosenbaum, Paul R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. Further reading Cox, David R. & Reid, Nancy M. (2000). The theory of design of experiments. (Chapman & Hall/CRC). Freedman, David A.; Pisani, Robert; Purves, Roger (2007) Statistics, 4th edition. W.W. Norton & Com...

[ "Ġis", "omers", "Ġincreases", "Ġrapidly", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġcarbon", "Ġatoms", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġfor", "Ġac", "y", "cl", "ic", "Ġalk", "anes", ":", "Ġ", "ĠC", "1", ":", "Ġmethane", "Ġonly", "Ġ", "ĠC", "2", ":", "Ġeth", ...

315

isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms. For example, for acyclic alkanes: C1: methane only C2: ethane only C3: propane only C4: 2 isomers: butane and isobutane C5: 3 isomers: pentane, isopentane, and neopentane C6: 5 isomers: hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,...

[ "Ġhex", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "6", "H", "14", ";", "Ġhe", "pt", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "7", "H", "16", ";", "Ġoct", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "8", "H", "18", ";", "Ġetc", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġnum", "eral", "Ġprefix", "Ġis", "Ġgenerally", "ĠGreek", ",", "Ġhowever", "Ġ...

316

hexane, C6H14; heptane, C7H16; octane, C8H18; etc. The numeral prefix is generally Greek, however alkanes with a carbon atom count ending in nine, for example nonane, use the Latin prefix non-. For a more complete list, see list of straight-chain alkanes. Branched alkanes Simple branched alkanes often have a common ...

[ "ane", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgreater", "Ġsurface", "Ġarea", "Ġin", "Ġcontact", ",", "Ġthus", "Ġthe", "Ġgreater", "Ġvan", "Ġder", "ĠWa", "als", "Ġforces", ",", "Ġbetween", "Ġadjacent", "Ġmolecules", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġcompare", "Ġis", "ob", "u...

317

ane due to the greater surface area in contact, thus the greater van der Waals forces, between adjacent molecules. For example, compare isobutane (2-methylpropane) and n-butane (butane), which boil at −12 and 0 °C, and 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane which boil at 50 and 58 °C, respectively. On the other ha...

[ "Ġfor", "Ġstudying", "Ġthe", "Ġcon", "formation", "Ġof", "Ġalk", "anes", ",", "Ġas", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġonly", "Ġone", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbond", ".", "ĠIf", "Ġone", "Ġlooks", "Ġdown", "Ġthe", "Ġaxis", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbond", ",", "Ġo...

318

for studying the conformation of alkanes, as there is only one C–C bond. If one looks down the axis of the C–C bond, one will see the so-called Newman projection. The hydrogen atoms on both the front and rear carbon atoms have an angle of 120° between them, resulting from the projection of the base of the tetrahedron ...

[ "Ġcontaining", "Ġthe", "ĠNF", "4", "+", "Ġc", "ation", ").", "Ġ", "ĠBy", "Ġvirtue", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġstrongly", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "H", "Ġbonds", "Ġ(~", "100", "Ġkcal", "/", "mol", ")", "Ġand", "ĠC", "âĢĵ", "C", "Ġbonds", "Ġ(~", "90", "Ġkcal", "/", "mol"...

319

containing the NF4+ cation). By virtue of their strongly C–H bonds (~100 kcal/mol) and C–C bonds (~90 kcal/mol, but usually less sterically accessible), they are also relatively unreactive toward free radicals, although many electron-deficient radicals will react with alkanes in the absence of other electron-rich bon...

[ "Ġare", "Ġan", "Ġimportant", "Ġindustrial", "Ġroute", "Ġto", "Ġhal", "ogen", "ated", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", ".", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġthree", "Ġsteps", ":", "Ġ", "ĠInit", "iation", "Ġthe", "Ġhal", "ogen", "Ġradicals", "Ġform", "Ġby", "Ġhom", "oly", "sis", ...

320

are an important industrial route to halogenated hydrocarbons. There are three steps: Initiation the halogen radicals form by homolysis. Usually, energy in the form of heat or light is required. Chain reaction or Propagation then takes place—the halogen radical abstracts a hydrogen from the alkane to give an alkyl r...

[ "Ġand", "Ġbut", "ane", ":", "Ġoil", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġmixture", "Ġof", "Ġliquid", "Ġalk", "anes", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", ".", "ĠThese", "Ġhydro", "car", "bons", "Ġwere", "Ġformed", "Ġwhen", "Ġmarine", "Ġanimals", "Ġand", "Ġplants", "Ġ(", "...

321

and butane: oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were formed when marine animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) died and sank to the bottom of ancient seas and were covered with sediments in an anoxic environment and converted over many millions of years at high tem...

[ "%", "Ġpr", "ist", "ane", "Ġ(", "2", ",", "6", ",", "10", ",", "14", "-", "t", "et", "ram", "ethyl", "pent", "ade", "c", "ane", ",", "ĠC", "19", "H", "40", ").", "ĠThey", "Ġare", "Ġimportant", "Ġas", "Ġp", "her", "om", "ones", ",", "Ġchemical",...

322

% pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, C19H40). They are important as pheromones, chemical messenger materials, on which insects depend for communication. In some species, e.g. the support beetle Xylotrechus colonus, pentacosane (C25H52), 3-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) and 9-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) are transf...

[ "Ġnickel", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġreaction", "Ġis", "Ġex", "other", "mic", "Ġbecause", "Ġthe", "Ġproduct", "Ġalk", "ane", "Ġis", "Ġmore", "Ġstable", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġimportant", "Ġprocess", "Ġin", "Ġseveral", "Ġfields", "Ġof", "Ġindustrial", "Ġand", "Ġres...

323

nickel. The reaction is exothermic because the product alkane is more stable. This is an important process in several fields of industrial and research chemistry. From haloalkanes Several methods produce alkanes from haloalkanes. In the Wurtz reaction, a haloalkane is treated with sodium in dry ether to yield an al...

[ ".", "ĠProp", "ane", ",", "Ġtoo", ",", "Ġis", "Ġfl", "amm", "able", "Ġand", "Ġexplosive", ",", "Ġand", "Ġmay", "Ġcause", "Ġd", "rows", "iness", "Ġor", "Ġunconscious", "ness", "Ġif", "Ġinh", "aled", ".", "ĠBut", "ane", "Ġpresents", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġhaza...

324

. Propane, too, is flammable and explosive, and may cause drowsiness or unconsciousness if inhaled. Butane presents the same hazards as propane. Alkanes also pose a threat to the environment. Branched alkanes have a lower biodegradability than unbranched alkanes. Methane is considered to be the greenhouse gas that is ...

[ "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġjurisdictions", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġor", "Ġprosecution", "Ġmay", "Ġappeal", "Ġan", "Ġissue", "Ġof", "Ġlaw", "Ġ\"", "by", "Ġleave", "\"", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġtrial", "Ġcourt", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġappellate", "Ġcourt", ".", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġab...

325

in some jurisdictions, the state or prosecution may appeal an issue of law "by leave" from the trial court or the appellate court. The ability of the prosecution to appeal a decision in favor of a defendant varies significantly internationally. All parties must present grounds to appeal, or it will not be heard. By ...

[ "Ġpost", "-", "conv", "iction", "Ġrelief", "Ġprocess", ".", "Ġ", "ĠSimilar", "Ġto", "Ġfederal", "Ġpost", "-", "conv", "iction", "Ġrelief", ",", "Ġan", "Ġappellant", "Ġcan", "Ġpetition", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġto", "Ġcorrect", "Ġalleged", "Ġfundamental", "Ġerrors", ...

326

post-conviction relief process. Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review. Typical claims might include ineffective assistance of counsel and actual innocence based on new evidence. These proceedings a...

[ "Ġcan", "Ġpresent", "Ġarguments", "Ġagainst", "Ġit", ".", "Ġ", "ĠArg", "uments", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġparties", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġappeal", "Ġare", "Ġpresented", "Ġthrough", "Ġtheir", "Ġappellate", "Ġlawyers", ",", "Ġif", "Ġrepresented", ",", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "pro", "Ġ...

327

can present arguments against it. Arguments of the parties to the appeal are presented through their appellate lawyers, if represented, or "pro se" if the party has not engaged legal representation. Those arguments are presented in written briefs and sometimes in oral argument to the court at a hearing. At such hear...

[ "Ġcompetent", "Ġrepresentation", ",", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġentitled", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġtrial", ".", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġlawyer", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġstarts", "Ġan", "Ġoral", "Ġargument", "Ġto", "Ġany", "Ġappellate", "Ġcourt", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġwords", "Ġ\"", "May", ...

328

competent representation, he is entitled to a new trial. A lawyer traditionally starts an oral argument to any appellate court with the words "May it please the court." After an appeal is heard, the "mandate" is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, wh...

[ "Ġthe", "Ġdef", "erence", "Ġit", "Ġwould", "Ġgive", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġlower", "Ġcourt", "'s", "Ġdecision", ",", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġwhether", "Ġthe", "Ġappeal", "Ġwere", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġfact", "Ġor", "Ġof", "Ġlaw", ".", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġreviewing", "Ġan", "Ġis...

329

the deference it would give to the lower court's decision, based on whether the appeal were one of fact or of law. In reviewing an issue of fact, an appellate court ordinarily gives deference to the trial court's findings. It is the duty of trial judges or juries to find facts, view the evidence firsthand, and obser...

[ "ĠNew", "ĠJersey", "ĠCourt", "Ġof", "ĠErrors", "Ġand", "ĠAppeals", "Ġ(", "which", "Ġexisted", "Ġfrom", "Ġ18", "44", "Ġto", "Ġ1947", "),", "Ġthe", "ĠConnecticut", "ĠSupreme", "ĠCourt", "Ġof", "ĠErrors", "Ġ(", "which", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġrenamed", "Ġthe", "ĠConn...

330

New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals (which existed from 1844 to 1947), the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court), the Kentucky Court of Errors (renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court), and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals (since renamed the Supreme Co...

[ "Ġarra", "ignment", "Ġtakes", "Ġplace", "Ġin", "Ġtwo", "Ġstages", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġis", "Ġcalled", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "initial", "Ġarra", "ignment", "\"", "Ġand", "Ġmust", "Ġtake", "Ġplace", "Ġwithin", "Ġ48", "Ġhours", "Ġof", "Ġan", "Ġindividual", "'s", ...

331

arraignment takes place in two stages. The first is called the "initial arraignment" and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday. During this stage, the defendant is informed of the pending legal ch...

[ "ĠSil", "as", "ĠPratt", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġpoem", "Ġwas", "Ġpublished", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠCong", "reg", "ational", "ist", ".", "ĠBy", "Ġ1900", ",", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġ75", "Ġdifferent", "Ġmelodies", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġwritten", ".", "ĠA", "Ġhy", "mn", "Ġtun...

332

Silas Pratt when the poem was published in The Congregationalist. By 1900, at least 75 different melodies had been written. A hymn tune composed in 1882 by Samuel A. Ward, the organist and choir director at Grace Church, Newark, was generally considered the best music as early as 1910 and is still the popular tune tod...

[ "Ġoriginally", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġchar", "ters", "Ġof", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEnglish", "ĠColon", "ies", "Ġin", "ĠNorth", "ĠAmerica", ",", "Ġis", "Ġan", "ĠAmerican", "Ġid", "iom", "Ġmeaning", "Ġ\"", "from", "Ġthe", "ĠAtlantic", "ĠOcean", "Ġto", "Ġ...

333

originally used in the charters of some of the English Colonies in North America, is an American idiom meaning "from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean" (or vice versa). Other songs that have used this phrase include the American patriotic song "God Bless the U.S.A." and Schoolhouse Rock's "Elbow Room". The phras...

[ "Ġdevices", "Ġthat", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġmanually", "Ġpropelled", "Ġor", "Ġelectr", "ically", "Ġpropelled", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġinclude", "Ġa", "Ġseating", "Ġsystem", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġdesigned", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġsubstitute", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnormal", "Ġm...

334

devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, and that include a seating system and are designed to be a substitute for the normal mobility that most people have. Wheelchairs and other mobility devices allow people to perform mobility-related activities of daily living which include feeding, toilet...

[ "Ġto", "Ġprovide", "Ġback", "Ġsupport", ",", "Ġsense", "Ġthe", "Ġuser", "'s", "Ġmotion", ",", "Ġand", "Ġsend", "Ġa", "Ġsignal", "Ġto", "Ġmotors", "Ġwhich", "Ġmanage", "Ġthe", "Ġgears", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġex", "os", "keleton", "Ġsupports", "Ġthe", "Ġshoulder", ",...

335

to provide back support, sense the user's motion, and send a signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton supports the shoulder, waist and thigh, and assists movement for lifting and holding heavy items, while lowering back stress. Adaptive seating and positioning People with balance and motor function c...

[ "Ġhas", "Ġlarge", "Ġletters", "Ġprinted", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġkeys", ".", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġkeyboard", "Ġshown", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġround", "Ġbuttons", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġcontrol", "Ġsoftware", "Ġwhich", "Ġcan", "Ġmagn", "ify", "Ġthe", "Ġscreen", "Ġ(", "z...

336

has large letters printed on the keys. On the keyboard shown, the round buttons at the top control software which can magnify the screen (zoom in), change the background color of the screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger. The "bump dots" on the keys, installed in this case by the organization using t...

[ "Ġthe", "Ġsignal", "Ġand", "Ġlisten", "Ġat", "Ġhis", "/", "her", "Ġpreferred", "Ġvolume", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAmpl", "ified", "Ġtelephone", "Ġequipment", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThis", "Ġtype", "Ġof", "Ġassist", "ive", "Ġtechnology", "Ġallows", "Ġusers", "Ġto", "Ġamplify", "Ġthe"...

337

the signal and listen at his/her preferred volume. Amplified telephone equipment This type of assistive technology allows users to amplify the volume and clarity of their phone calls so that they can easily partake in this medium of communication. There are also options to adjust the frequency and tone of a call to...

[ "Ġa", "Ġrepository", "Ġof", "Ġaccessible", "Ġtext", "Ġincluding", "Ġpublisher", "'s", "Ġtextbooks", "Ġto", "Ġstudents", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġqualifying", "Ġdisability", ".", "Ġ", "ĠFiles", "Ġprovided", "Ġare", "Ġin", "ĠXML", "Ġformat", "Ġand", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġa", ...

338

a repository of accessible text including publisher's textbooks to students with a qualifying disability. Files provided are in XML format and used as a starting platform for braille readers, screen readers, and other digital text software. IDEA defines assistive technology as follows: "any item, piece of equipment,...

[ "Ġall", "Ġwith", "Ġsome", "Ġkind", "Ġof", "Ġdevelopmental", ",", "Ġphysical", ",", "Ġsensory", ",", "Ġor", "Ġcognitive", "Ġdisability", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġassist", "ive", "Ġtechnology", "Ġcreated", "Ġimprovements", "Ġin", "Ġchild", "Ġdevelopment", ".", ...

339

all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology created improvements in child development. These included improvements in "cognitive, social, communication, literacy, motor, adaptive, and increases in engagement in learning activities". Additionally, it ...

[ "\".", "Ġ", "ĠEgypt", "ĠGreek", "Ġhistorian", "ĠHerod", "ot", "us", "Ġmentioned", "Ġthe", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġin", "ĠAncient", "ĠEgypt", ".", "ĠHe", "Ġwrote", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġmanipulated", "Ġthe", "Ġpe", "b", "bles", "Ġfrom", "Ġright", "Ġto", "...

340

". Egypt Greek historian Herodotus mentioned the abacus in Ancient Egypt. He wrote that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method. Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters. However, wa...

[ "Ġthe", "ĠRoman", "Ġmodel", "Ġ(", "like", "Ġmost", "Ġmodern", "ĠKorean", "Ġand", "ĠJapanese", ")", "Ġhas", "Ġ4", "Ġplus", "Ġ1", "Ġbead", "Ġper", "Ġdecimal", "Ġplace", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġstandard", "Ġsu", "an", "pan", "Ġhas", "Ġ5", "Ġplus", "Ġ2", ".", "ĠInc", ...

341

the Roman model (like most modern Korean and Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2. Incidentally, this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system (or any base up to 18) which may have been used for traditional Chinese measures of weight. (Instead of running on wires as in t...

[ "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġis", "Ġstill", "Ġmanufactured", "Ġin", "ĠJapan", "Ġeven", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġproliferation", ",", "Ġpractical", "ity", ",", "Ġand", "Ġaffordability", "Ġof", "Ġpocket", "Ġelectronic", "Ġcalcul", "ators", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", ...

342

The abacus is still manufactured in Japan even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators. The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation. Using visual imagery can complete a calc...

[ "Ġwith", "Ġeach", "Ġwire", "Ġrunning", "Ġhorizontally", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġwires", "Ġare", "Ġusually", "Ġbowed", "Ġupward", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcenter", ",", "Ġto", "Ġkeep", "Ġthe", "Ġbeads", "Ġpinned", "Ġto", "Ġeither", "Ġside", ".", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġcleared", "Ġwhen...

343

with each wire running horizontally. The wires are usually bowed upward in the center, to keep the beads pinned to either side. It is cleared when all the beads are moved to the right. During manipulation, beads are moved to the left. For easy viewing, the middle 2 beads on each wire (the 5th and 6th bead) usually are...

[ "Ġimpaired", "Ġusers", "ĠAn", "Ġadapted", "Ġab", "acus", ",", "Ġinvented", "Ġby", "ĠTim", "ĠCran", "mer", ",", "Ġand", "Ġcalled", "Ġa", "ĠCran", "mer", "Ġab", "acus", "Ġis", "Ġcommonly", "Ġused", "Ġby", "Ġvisually", "Ġimpaired", "Ġusers", ".", "ĠA", "Ġpiece"...

344

impaired users An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, and called a Cranmer abacus is commonly used by visually impaired users. A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads, keeping them in place while the users manipulate them. The device is then used to perform the mathematical functions of multip...

[ "Ġacids", ".", "Ġ", "ĠMost", "Ġacids", "Ġencountered", "Ġin", "Ġeveryday", "Ġlife", "Ġare", "Ġa", "que", "ous", "Ġsolutions", ",", "Ġor", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġdissolved", "Ġin", "Ġwater", ",", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "ĠAr", "r", "hen", "ius", "Ġand", "ĠBr", "Ã¸", "n"...

345

acids. Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry definitions are the most relevant. The Brønsted–Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acid–base reactions are assumed to involve the trans...

[ "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġg", "ase", "ous", "ĠH", "Cl", "Ġand", "ĠNH", "3", "Ġcombine", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġthe", "Ġsolid", ".", "Ġ", "ĠLewis", "Ġacids", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġthird", ",", "Ġonly", "Ġmarginally", "Ġrelated", "Ġconcept", "Ġwas", "Ġproposed", "Ġin", "Ġ1923",...

346

the third gaseous HCl and NH3 combine to form the solid. Lewis acids A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis, which includes reactions with acid–base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer. A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from anothe...

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347

ton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A−, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the...

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348

makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO). Both Ka values are small, but Ka1 > Ka2 . A triprotic acid (H3A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation co...

[ "Ġions", "Ġare", "Ġtit", "rated", ".", "ĠTherefore", ",", "Ġthe", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "ĠOH", "âĪĴ", "Ġadded", "Ġequals", "Ġtwice", "Ġthe", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "ĠH", "2", "A", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġa", "Ġweak", "Ġdip", "rot", "ic", "Ġacid", ...

349

ions are titrated. Therefore, the amount of OH− added equals twice the amount of H2A at this time. For a weak diprotic acid titrated by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base wi...

[ "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġbodies", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAcid", "Ġcat", "alysis", "Ġ", "ĠAc", "ids", "Ġare", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġcataly", "sts", "Ġin", "Ġindustrial", "Ġand", "Ġorganic", "Ġchemistry", ";", "Ġfor", "Ġexample", ",", "Ġsulfur", "ic", "Ġacid", "Ġis", "Ġused", "Ġ...

350

in human bodies. Acid catalysis Acids are used as catalysts in industrial and organic chemistry; for example, sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities in the alkylation process to produce gasoline. Some acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids, also effect dehydration and condensation react...

[ ".", "Ġ", "ĠCommon", "Ġacids", "Ġ", "ĠMineral", "Ġacids", "Ġ(", "in", "organic", "Ġacids", ")", "Ġ", "ĠHyd", "rogen", "Ġhal", "ides", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġsolutions", ":", "Ġhydro", "flu", "oric", "Ġacid", "Ġ(", "HF", "),", "Ġhydro", "chlor", "ic", "Ġacid...

351

. Common acids Mineral acids (inorganic acids) Hydrogen halides and their solutions: hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI) Halogen oxoacids: hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO2), chloric acid (HClO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), and corresponding analo...

[ "Ġge", "ologists", "Ġtend", "Ġto", "Ġfavor", "Ġthe", "Ġterm", "Ġ\"", "bit", "umen", "\"", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnaturally", "Ġoccurring", "Ġmaterial", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġthe", "Ġmanufactured", "Ġmaterial", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġrefined", "Ġresidue", "Ġfrom", "...

352

geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in American English, "asphalt" is more commonly used. To help ...

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353

and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons primarily sourced from vegetation masses, whether fossilized as with coal, or freshly harvested. The majority of bitumen, on the other hand, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diag...

[ "Ġis", "Ġlocated", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠMcM", "ur", "ray", "ĠFormation", "Ġof", "ĠNorthern", "ĠAlberta", ".", "ĠThis", "Ġformation", "Ġis", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "ĠC", "ret", "aceous", ",", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġcomposed", "Ġof", "Ġnumerous", "Ġlenses", "Ġof", "...

354

is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies show the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace Rive...

[ "Ġin", "Ġlarge", "Ġquantities", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġvicinity", "Ġof", "ĠNe", "uf", "ch", "atel", "\",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġproposed", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġit", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġways", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ\"", "pr", "inc", "ip", "ally", "Ġin", "Ġth...

355

in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water u...

[ "Ġwas", "Ġmore", "Ġwidely", "Ġused", ".", "ĠHowever", ",", "Ġthe", "ĠFirst", "ĠWorld", "ĠWar", "Ġruined", "Ġthe", "ĠCl", "armac", "ĠCompany", ",", "Ġwhich", "Ġentered", "Ġinto", "Ġliquid", "ation", "Ġin", "Ġ1915", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġfailure", "Ġof", "ĠCl", "arma...

356

was more widely used. However, the First World War ruined the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the ...

[ "Ġroad", "Ġin", "ĠEdmonton", ",", "ĠAlberta", ".", "ĠOther", "Ġroads", "Ġin", "ĠAlberta", "Ġwere", "Ġpaved", "Ġwith", "Ġmaterial", "Ġextracted", "Ġfrom", "Ġoil", "Ġsands", ",", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġgenerally", "Ġnot", "Ġeconomic", ".", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "...

357

road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with material extracted from oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separatio...

[ "Ġper", "Ġinch", "Ġof", "Ġpavement", "Ġthickness", ".", "Ġ", "ĠWhen", "Ġmaintenance", "Ġis", "Ġperformed", "Ġon", "Ġasphalt", "Ġpave", "ments", ",", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġmill", "ing", "Ġto", "Ġremove", "Ġa", "Ġworn", "Ġor", "Ġdamaged", "Ġsurface", ",", "Ġthe", ...

358

per inch of pavement thickness. When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavem...

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359

This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually pre...

[ "ĠMaterial", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġboiling", "Ġpoint", "Ġgreater", "Ġthan", "Ġaround", "Ġ500", "Âł", "Â°", "C", "Ġis", "Ġconsidered", "Ġasphalt", ".", "ĠVac", "uum", "Ġdist", "illation", "Ġseparates", "Ġit", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġcomponents", "Ġin", "Ġcrude", ...

360

Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the prope...

[ "izza", "Ġis", "Ġavailable", "Ġin", "Ġpowder", "Ġor", "Ġin", "Ġgran", "ular", "Ġmaterial", "Ġof", "Ġvarious", "Ġparticle", "Ġsizes", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġpackaged", "Ġin", "Ġsacks", "Ġor", "Ġin", "Ġthermal", "Ġf", "us", "ible", "Ġpoly", "ethyl", "ene", "Ġbags", ...

361

izza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in sacks or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags. A life-cycle assessment study of the natural selenizza compared with petroleum asphalt has shown that the environmental impact of the selenizza is about half the impact of the...

[ "Ġstandards", "Ġfor", "Ġproducts", ",", "Ġservices", ",", "Ġprocesses", ",", "Ġsystems", ",", "Ġand", "Ġpersonnel", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", ".", "ĠThe", "Ġorganization", "Ġalso", "Ġcoordinates", "ĠU", ".", "S", ".", "Ġstandards", "Ġwith", "Ġinternat...

362

standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, gove...

[ "AN", "SI", "-", "N", "SP", ")", "Ġ", "ĠID", "ĠTheft", "ĠPrevention", "Ġand", "ĠID", "ĠManagement", "ĠStandards", "ĠPanel", "Ġ(", "ID", "SP", ")", "Ġ", "ĠAN", "SI", "ĠEnergy", "ĠEfficiency", "ĠStandard", "ization", "ĠCoord", "ination", "ĠCollabor", "ative", ...

363

ANSI-NSP) ID Theft Prevention and ID Management Standards Panel (IDSP) ANSI Energy Efficiency Standardization Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC) Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP) ANSI-NAM Network on Chemical Regulation ANSI Biofuels Standards Coor...

[ "Ġregions", "Ġplanned", "Ġfor", "Ġfuture", "Ġcontent", ".", "Ġ", "ĠAN", "SI", "Ġdesign", "Ġstandards", "Ġhave", "Ġalso", "Ġbeen", "Ġincorporated", "Ġinto", "Ġbuilding", "Ġcodes", "Ġencomp", "assing", "Ġseveral", "Ġspecific", "Ġbuilding", "Ġsub", "-", "sets", ",", ...

364

regions planned for future content. ANSI design standards have also been incorporated into building codes encompassing several specific building sub-sets, such as the ANSI/SPRI ES-1, which pertains to "Wind Design Standard for Edge Systems Used With Low Slope Roofing Systems", for example. See also Accredited Cran...

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365

October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, eco...

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366

The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew for Apollo9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. Due to design and manufacturi...

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367

so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing". An illustrator at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval. The design was rejected. Bob Gilruth, the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlik...

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368

the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions, where the commander had never performed the spacewalk. Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate...

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369

cabinet members, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen. Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with former president Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson. Around 3,500 media representatives were present. About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 o...

[ "asing", "Ġmismatch", "Ġbetween", "Ġtwo", "Ġparts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrend", "ezvous", "Ġradar", "Ġsystem", "Ġcould", "Ġcause", "Ġthe", "Ġstationary", "Ġantenna", "Ġto", "Ġappear", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġcomputer", "Ġas", "Ġd", "ithering", "Ġback", "Ġand", "Ġforth", "Ġ...

370

asing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, ...

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371

; three and a half hours instead of two. During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools. Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing Armstrong and Aldrin were re...

[ "oping", "Ġrod", "Ġand", "Ġcould", "Ġonly", "Ġjam", "Ġthe", "Ġpole", "Ġabout", "Ġ", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġhard", "Ġlunar", "Ġsurface", ".", "ĠAld", "rin", "Ġwas", "Ġafraid", "Ġit", "Ġmight", "Ġtopple", "Ġin", "Ġfront", "Ġof", "ĠTV", "Ġviewers", ".", "ĠBut", "...

372

oping rod and could only jam the pole about into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute". Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Ni...

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373

Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of ...

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374

in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornets air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a boilerplate command module used for training. O...

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375

's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Cen...

[ "Ġindicate", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġmajority", "Ġof", "ĠAmericans", "Ġfavored", "Ġ\"", "doing", "Ġmore", "\"", "Ġin", "Ġspace", "Ġas", "Ġopposed", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "doing", "Ġless", "\".", "ĠBy", "Ġ1973", ",", "Ġ59", "Ġpercent", "Ġof", "Ġthose", "Ġpolled", "Ġfavored", ...

376

indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of détente. This was also a time w...

[ "Ġrocks", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "ĠLunar", "ĠSample", "ĠLaboratory", "ĠFacility", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠLyndon", "ĠB", ".", "ĠJohnson", "ĠSpace", "ĠCenter", "Ġin", "ĠHouston", ",", "ĠTexas", ".", "ĠFor", "Ġsafe", "keeping", ",", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġa", "Ġsmaller", ...

377

rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indir...

[ "Ġshow", "Ġon", "ĠSaturday", ",", "Ġdelayed", "Ġslightly", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "Ġportion", "Ġwhere", "ĠArmstrong", "Ġfirst", "Ġset", "Ġfoot", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġwould", "Ġhappen", "Ġexactly", "Ġ50", "Ġyears", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġactua...

378

show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event. On July 19, 2019, the Google Doodle paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut...

[ "ĠF", ".", "ĠKennedy", "'s", "Ġgoal", "Ġof", "Ġlanding", "Ġa", "Ġman", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠMoon", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdecade", ".", "ĠThe", "ĠApollo", "8", "Ġastronauts", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "ĠEarth", "Ġon", "ĠDecember", "Ġ27", ",", "Ġ...

379

F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. The Apollo8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named Time magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return. Background In the la...

[ "),", "ĠG", "lynn", "ĠLun", "ney", "Ġ(", "Black", "Ġteam", "),", "Ġand", "ĠMilton", "ĠWind", "ler", "Ġ(", "Mar", "oon", "Ġteam", ").", "Ġ", "ĠMission", "Ġinsign", "ia", "Ġand", "Ġcalls", "ign", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtriangular", "Ġshape", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġinsig...

380

), Glynn Lunney (Black team), and Milton Windler (Maroon team). Mission insignia and callsign The triangular shape of the insignia refers to the shape of the Apollo CM. It shows a red figure8 looping around the Earth and Moon to reflect both the mission number and the circumlunar nature of the mission. On the bottom ...

[ "Ġwanted", "Ġto", "Ġfly", "Ġit", ".", "ĠMcD", "iv", "itt", "Ġturned", "Ġit", "Ġdown", ";", "Ġhis", "Ġcrew", "Ġhad", "Ġspent", "Ġa", "Ġgreat", "Ġdeal", "Ġof", "Ġtime", "Ġpreparing", "Ġto", "Ġtest", "Ġthe", "ĠLM", ",", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġwhat", "Ġh...

381

wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the Dand Emissions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while M...

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382

injection maneuver. Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal circular Earth parking orbit. Apollo8 was launched into an initial orbit with an apogee of and a perigee of , with an inclination of 32.51° to the Equator, and an orbital period of 88.19 minutes. Propellant venting increased the apogee by over the...

[ "Ġwore", "Ġa", "ĠPersonal", "ĠRadiation", "ĠDos", "imeter", "Ġthat", "Ġtransmitted", "Ġdata", "Ġto", "ĠEarth", ",", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthree", "Ġpassive", "Ġfilm", "Ġdos", "imeters", "Ġthat", "Ġshowed", "Ġthe", "Ġcumulative", "Ġradiation", "Ġexperienced", "Ġ...

383

wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted data to Earth, as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew. By the end of the mission, the crew members experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy. Lunar trajectory Lovell's main job as Command Module...

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. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, without proper filters, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bri...

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around the Moon. After reporting on the status of the spacecraft, Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like: Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in M...

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"And from the crew of Apollo8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth." The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the trans-Earth injection (TEI), which was scheduled for hours after the end of the television transmission. The T...

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aircraft carrier arrived 43 minutes after splashdown. Forty-five minutes later, the crew was safe on the flight deck of the Yorktown. Legacy Historical importance Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world. Even though the year saw political assa...

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. Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode "1968". The S-IVB stage of Apollo8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 UFO episode "Conflict". Apollo8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side"...

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. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, 377 days. Terminology In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft cre...

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length difference, or a short stature (less than ). Other terms With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies. While no nation o...

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391

imír Remek, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, who flew to space in 1978 on a Soyuz-U rocket. Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel to space. He was launched aboard Soyuz T-11, on 2 April 1984. On 23 July 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first As...

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which affected his productivity. The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001. Self-funded travelers The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a suborbital journey, although...

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these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are no...

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lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. , eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned du...

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395

ings from a spirit of bitter mockery, not from the delight in calculations for their own sake". Rhetoric Author Charles K. Smith argues that Swift's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish. Swift's specific strategy is twofold, using a "trap" to create sympathy for the Irish and ...

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396

iddian stresses that a reader of the pamphlet must learn to distinguish between the satirical voice of Jonathan Swift and the apparent economic projections of the Proposer. He reminds readers that "there is a gap between the narrator's meaning and the text's, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by ...

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397

and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist includes a letter in which he uses Swift's approach in connection with the Vietnam War. Thompson writes a letter to a local Aspen newspaper informing them that, on Christmas Eve, he is going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any hum...

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it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues. Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks form the basis of t...

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399

table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and thallium. Two years later, Mendeleev revised his table, placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium, and also moving thallium to the boron group. In this 1871 version, copper, silver, and gold were placed twice, once as part of gr...